Petroleum Department Third Stage Drilling Engineering I

Lecture- / /2019

OIL WELL CEMENTING

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 Introduction
Oil well cement (OWC) is a powdery substance made of limestone and clay. Most
cement used in the oil industry is a type of Portland cement. In the construction industry,
cements are mixed with sand, gravel, and water to form concrete. In the oil industry,
cements are mixed with water and special additives to form slurry, which is then
pumped into the well. The slurry solidifies when it reaches the targeted place.
 Cementing operation
Oil well cementing is the process of placing cement slurry in the annulus space
between the well casing and the geological formations surrounding to the well bore.
When a certain section of the depth of an oil or gas well has been drilled successfully,
the drilling fluid cannot permanently prevent the well bore from collapsing.
All drill cuttings and drilling fluid must be removed from the annulus and replaced by
cement slurry.
 Functions of Oil Cementing
The main functions of cementation are:-
1) To bond the casing to the formation
2) To prevent the flow of fluids b/w formations behind the casing
3) To provide support for the casing
4) To protect the casing from corrosive attack by formation fluids.
5) Sidetracking

 The Manufacture and Composition of Cement

 Raw material from calcareous and argillaceous rocks (limestone, clay, shale and
slag)
 Dry raw materials finely ground and mixed in correction proportions (kiln feed)
 Chemical compositions of dry mix determined and adjusted Kiln feed fed at a
uniform rate in a sloping rotary kiln
 The mixture travels at the lower end
 Powdered coal, fuel oil or gas, fired into the kiln
 Temperature reached to 2600-2800oF (1427-1538 oC), calcined
 Chemical reactions of raw materials took place and a new material formed
(clinker)
 The clinker varies in size from dust to particles of several inches in diameter
 The clinkers sent to air cooler, quenched and put into storage (storage time)
 The clinker ground with a controlled amount of gypsum (Portland cement)

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 Classes of Cement

The API classified cement into nine classes:

Class-A
 Used at a depth range of 0 – 6000 ft.
 Used at a temperature of up to 170 oF.
 Intended for use when special properties are not required; well conditions permit.
 Economical compared with premium cements.
Class-B
 Used at a depth range of 0 – 6000 ft.
 Used at a temperature of up to 170 oF.
 Intended for use when moderate to high sulfate resistance is required; well
conditions permit.
 Economical compared with premium cements.

Class-C
 Used at a depth range of 0 – 6000 ft.
 Used at a temperature of up to 170 oF.
 Intended for use when early strength is required; its special properties are
required.
 High in tricalcium silicate.
Class-D & E
 Class-D is used at a depth range of 6000 – 10000 ft.
 Class-E is used at a depth range of 10000 – 14000 ft.
 Class-D is used at a temperature of 170 oF to 260 oF.
 Class-E is used at a temperature of 170 oF to 290 oF.
 Intended for use when moderately high temperature and high pressure are
encountered; its special properties are not required.
 Available in types that exhibit regular and high resistance to sulfate.
 Retarded with an organic compound, chemical composition and grind.
 More expensive than Portland cement.
Class-F
 Used at a depth range of 10000 – 16000 ft.
 Used at a temperature of 230 oF to 320 oF.

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 Intended for use when extremely high temperature and high pressure are
encountered; its special properties are not required.
 Available in types that exhibit moderate and high resistance to sulfate.
 Retarded with an organic compound, chemical composition and grind.
Class-G & H
 Used at a depth range of 0 – 8000 ft.
 Used at a temperature up to 200 oF without modifiers. Basic cement compatible
with accelerators or retarders.
 Useable over the complete range of classes A to E with additives.
Class-J
 Used at a depth range of 12000 – 16000 ft.
 Used at a temperature of 170 oF to 320 oF without modifiers.
 Useable with accelerators and retarders.
 Will not set at temperature less than 150 oF if used as neat slurry.

 API Cement Properties

Thicken. Comp.
Cement Mix Water Slurry density Slurry yield
Time Strength
Class (gal /sx) ppg ft3 / sx
113 oF, hr 110 oF, psi
A 5.2 15.6 1.12 2½ 4000
C 6.3 14.8 1.32 1¾ 2700
G 5 15.8 1.15 1¾ 3000
H 4.3 16.5 1.05 2 3700

 Effect of Temperature on Compressive Strength

Curing Time 80 oF 100 oF 120 oF 140 oF 160 oF

8 203 1100 2320 2235 2900
12 750 1710 2600 3420 4150
24 1570 2720 3740 4580 5190

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 Effect of Gel Additive on Class H Slurries

Mixing Water
% Gel Slurry Density (lb/gal) Slurry Volume (ft3 /sx)
(gal/sx)
0 5.18 15.7 1.17
4 7.57 14.2 1.52
8 9.96 13.3 1.86
12 12.4 12.6 2.21
16 14.7 12.2 2.55

 Cement Additives
Neat slurry is a mixture of water and cement only. Special chemicals are often added to
the slurry to achieve some desired purposes. These additives are:
1) Accelerators
2) Retarders
3) Density adjuster
4) Dispersants
5) Fluid loss additives

 Accelerators: Most operators wait for cement to reach a minimum of 500 psi
compressive strength before resuming operations. At temperatures below 100 oF
common cement may require a day or two to develop 500 psi strengths.
Accelerators are useful at reducing the amount of waiting-on-cement (WOC)
time. Low concentration of cement accelerators, usually 2-4 % by weight of
cement, shorten the setting time of cement and promote rapid strength
development. Calcium chloride is perhaps the most commonly used chemical for
this purpose and Calcium Chloride, Sodium Chloride, Sea water, potassium
Chloride, Sodium Silicate, Gypsum etc.
 Retarders: High formation temperatures associated with increased well depths
necessitate the use of chemicals that retard the setting time of the cement; i.e.
increase the pumping time. The most common retarder may be calcium
lignosulfonate. Its effectiveness is limited in temperatures above 200 oF. Other
retarders such as carboxymethyl-hydoxyethylcellulose, can be used to about 240
o
F.
 Fluid Loss: Lower fluid loss rate of cement slurry during and after placement.

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 Density Adjusters: High formation pressures for neat slurry densities require
additions in cement density. Formations with low fracture gradients require
reductions in cement weight. Dispersants as an additive can increase slurry
densities to 17.5 ppg due to their effect on viscosity. Adding more water to the
slurry and adding materials to prevent solid separation achieve density reductions.
The most common density adjusters may be Haematite, Ilmenite and Barytes.
 Dispersants: Dispersants provide several beneficial features for the slurry.
1) Reduce slurry viscosity
2) Allow slurry turbulence at lower pump rates
3) Assist in providing fluid loss control for densified slurries
The most common dispersants may be Polynapthalene sulfonate(PNS).
 Defoamer: Prevent and release entrained air while mixing cement.
 Fluid Loss Additives: Fluid loss agents are used in cement slurries for the following
reasons:
1) Minimize cement dehydration in the annulus
2) Reduce gas migration
3) Improve bonding
4) Minimize formation damage.
 Expansion: improve bond of cement to pipe and formation.

 Cementing Equipment and Accessories

 Casing Shoe: A casing shoe is a short, heavy walled pipe run on the bottom of the
casing string. It has a rounded “nose” to guide the casing into the hole. The shoe is
screwed on the casing and generally is “glued” with a thread-locking compound.
Casing shoes are generally available in three types.
1. Guide shoe
2. Float shoe and
3. Differential fill shoe.

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 Collars: A cementing collar is typically run as an integral part of the string and is
placed at the top of the first or second casing joint. The collar serves as a stop for
the cement wiper plug so that all the cement is not inadvertently pumped
completely out of the casing and into the annulus. Multi-stage cementing requires
special collars with sliding sleeves and ports. The sleeves are usually closed during
the primary stage of cementing. The sleeves are activated with either the free-fall
or displacement methods
 Centralizers: Centralizers are placed on the exterior of the casing string to provide
stand-off distance between the well bore and the pipe in an effort to assist in
attaining cement encirclement of the pipe. Numerous types of centralizers are
available. The bow spring type is most common.

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 Scratchers: To achieve an effective cement job, the slurry must bond to the
formation. Scratchers assist by scraping and scratching the mud cake on the
formation to promote bonding to the virgin formation.

 Cement Baskets: Cement baskets provide support for the column of cement while
it cures, or hardens. The baskets are often placed above lost circulation zones that
cannot support a full column of cement.

 Plugs: The cement slurry is normally separated from the mud column by plugs that
minimize interface contamination. The bottom plug has a diaphragm that is
ruptured with pump pressure after it seats on the collar or shoe. The top plug has
a solid aluminum insert. The plugs are mounted in a cementing head at the top of
the casing.

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 Cement Head

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 Washes (flushes) and Spacers
One of the aspects of ensuring an annular seal during a cementing operation after
achieving bulk displacement of the drilling mud is bonding of the cement to the
formation and wellbore surfaces.
Spacers and flushes are effective displacement aids because they separate unlike fluid
such as cement and drilling fluid, and enhance the removal of gelled mud allowing a
better cement bond.
Compatibility test of the mixture of the fluids with the spacer must be conducted to
ensure there will no incompatibility when pumped into the well bore.
Spacer
A fluid used to separate drilling fluids from cementing slurries. Spacers can be designed
for use with either water based or oil-based drilling fluids. A spacer prepares both pipe
and formation for the cementing operation.
Spacers are typically densified with insoluble solid weighting agents.
Spacer “Ability” for optimum efficiency, spacers must provide:
 Mixability
 Pumpability
 Compatibility
 Stability
 Wettability
Washes (preflush)
A fluid used to separate drilling fluids from cementing slurries. Preflush can be designed
for use with either water based or oil-based drilling fluids. A preflush prepares both pipe
and formation for the cementing operation.
Spacers are typically NOT densified with insoluble solid weighting agents.

What is the number 1 cause of cement job failures?

What is the number 1 cause of poor mu removal?
The final equation
Poor mud quality = poor mud removal
Poor mud removal = poor cement job
Poor cement job = poor stimulation job
Poor stimulation job = poor producing well

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 Cementing Procedure
1. Preparing the Hole
 Preparation of the hole for the cementing jobs starts long before the cementing
operation itself.
 Before lowering the casing, usually drill pipes have been out of the hole a matter
of 12 to 24 hours while surveys and other information were being obtained prior to
the decision to set the casing, for example caliper survey of the hole size are run
to know the exact dimension of the hole.
 Before pumping the slurry, mud circulation appears necessary to clean the hole
and to remove cuttings and mud cake attached to the walls.
 At the same time the casing is worked up or down or rotated during mud
circulation.
 Sometimes, immediately before putting cement, water added with 5%
hexametaphosphate is pumped down the casing to disintegrate the mud cake.
2. Injection of Slurry
 Most bore holes are filled with drilling fluid when the cementing operation begins
and for this reason drilling mud is normally used as the displacing fluid.
 After the introduction of, the bottom plug, as the cement is pumped inside the
casing the pumping pressure steadily decreases.
 When the bottom plug reaches the float collar (joint) pressure slightly increases
then drops to indicate the rupture of the top plug.
 Then, the circulation pressure steadily increases indicating an increasing amount
of slurry outside the casing. The arrival of the top plug on the bottom plug results
in a sharp increase of the pump pressure.
 During the cementing operation, the return mud will flow back into the mud tanks.
 The returning mud should be watched carefully.
 If mud returns are not obtained at the surface while the cement is being pumped
into the casing, then some fluid, either cement or mud is being lost in the
formations.
 When this occurs, there is always some doubt about the proper placement of
cement.

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 Considerations after Cementing
 After cement hardens, release the pressure on the casing permits it to contract so
that the bond with the cement may be loosened.
 Release of pressure on the casing before the cement sets eliminates this problem.
Bleed off the pressure is made if the back-pressure valve in the casing is holding
satisfactorily.
 The usual waiting on cement (WOC) before drilling starts is about 12 hours for
intermediate casing and 5 to 8 hours for surface casing counted from the moment
the top plug reaches the float collar seat.
 WOC is required in order that the cement: anchors the pipe and withstands the
shocks of subsequent operations; seals the permeable zones for prevention of the
fluid movements behind the casing.
 The WOC usually employed permits a compressive strength of 500 psi to develop.
 Roughly WOC is equal to three times the thickening time under hole conditions.
 Temperature surveys to determine the cement top behind the casing should be
run 4 to 6 hours after mixing. In most areas casing is pressure tested after the
casing head and blowout preventers have been installed.
 The general practice is to exert 1500 psi with the rig pumps and hold this pressure
for 30 minutes a pressure drop of 50psi/min is considered satisfactory.

 Techniques of Oil Well Cementing

Oil well cementing falls into three categories:
1) Primary cementing job on a casing string
2) Secondary or (Squeeze cementing)
3) Plugs

 Primary Cementing
Casing strings are usually cemented:
1. To isolate troublesome behind the casing from deeper formations to be drilled,
2. To isolate high-pressure formations below the casing from the weaker shallow
zones behind the casing,
3. To isolate producing zones from water bearing sands.
The cement is normally placed behind the casing in a single or multi-stage technique.
The single stage technique pumps cement down the casing and up to annulus. The
heavier cement in the annulus is prevented from U-tubing by back-pressure valves in

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the bottom of the casing string. The initial stage of multi-stage job is usually planned as
if it were a single stage effort. Cement is pumped down and up to annulus. The next
stage is pumped through a special port collar at the desired location up to annulus. The
port is opened after the initial stage is cemented.

Primary Cementing Operations

 Squeeze Cementing
A common method for repairing faulty primary casing jobs or performing remedial
operations on the hole is squeeze cementing. Major applications:
1) Supplement a faulty primary casing cement job
2) Reduce water-oil, water-gas and gas-oil ratio
3) Repair casing leaks
4) Stop lost circulation in an open hole while drilling
5) Bring a well under control

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Placement techniques and slurry design are important considerations squeeze
operations. Supplementing a faulty or ineffective primary casing cement job is the most
prominent application for squeeze cementing.

Secondary or Squeeze Cementing Operation

 Plug Cementing

This is a type of cementing operation where cement slurry is pumped down a drill pipe or
tubing and into the annulus.

This creates a blocked area which is referred to as a cement plug.

The main reasons for setting a cement plug are as follows:

1) To plug back a zone or abandon a well

2) To sidetrack above a fish or to initiate a sidetrack
3) To provide a seal for open hole testing
4) To cure a lost circulation zone.

“Cement Plugs are Required During the Life of Every Well”

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 Lab testing
The following tests are conducted among others for drilling, cementing and stimulation
operations:
 Mud/Cement weight
 Rheology
 Fluid loss
 Free fluid
 Thickening Time
 Compressive strength
 Compatibility tests

 Cement Volume Calculation

1) Cement additive calculations
Weight of additive per sack of cement:
Weight, lb = percent of additive x 94 Ib/sk
2) Total water requirement, gal/sk, of cement:
Water, gal/sk = Cement water requirement, gal/sk + Additive water requirement,
gal/sk
3) Volume of slurry, gal/sk:
𝟗𝟒 𝐈𝐛 𝐖𝐭. 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐈𝐛
𝐕𝐨𝐥. 𝐠𝐚𝐥/𝐬𝐤 = + + 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐥
𝐒𝐩.𝐠𝐫.𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 ×𝟖.𝟑𝟑 𝐩𝐩𝐠 𝐒𝐩.𝐠𝐫.𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 ×𝟖.𝟑𝟑 𝐩𝐩𝐠
4) Slurry yield, ft3/sk:
𝐯𝐨𝐥.𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐥𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐲 𝐠𝐚𝐥/𝐬𝐤
𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /𝐬𝐤 =
𝟕.𝟒𝟖 𝐠𝐚𝐥 /𝐟𝐭 𝟑
5) Slurry density, Ib/gal:
∑𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝑾𝒊
𝐒𝐥𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐲 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 (𝝆𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 )𝐩𝐩𝐠 = ∑𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝑽𝒊
𝐈𝐛 𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 + 𝐈𝐛 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 + 𝐈𝐛 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝐒𝐥𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐲 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 (𝝆𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 )𝐩𝐩𝐠 =
𝐠𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭+𝐠𝐚𝐥 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫+𝐠𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝟗𝟒+𝐖𝐭.𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞+(𝟖.𝟑𝟑×𝐯𝐨𝐥.𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐠𝐚𝐥 /𝐬𝐤)
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐥𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐲 (𝝆𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 ) 𝐩𝐩𝐠 =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐥𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐲 𝐠𝐚𝐥 /𝐬𝐤

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Table below show in lists absolute volumes and specific gravities of common
cementing materials.
Material Absolute volume (gal/lb) Specific gravity
Barytes 0.0278 4.25
Bentonite 0.0454 2.65
Class G 0.0382 3.14
Gilsonite 0.1123 1.06
Hematite 0.0244 4.95
Silica 0.0454 2.65
Fresh Water 0.1202 1
Problem (3-1): Class A cement plus 4% bentonite using normal mixing water:
Determine the following:
1. Amount of bentonite to add
2. Total water requirements
3. Slurry yield
4. Slurry weight
Solution:
1) Weight of additive:
Weight, lb/sk = 0.04 x 94 lb/sk
Weight = 3.76 lb/sk
2) Total water requirement:
Water = 5.1 (cement) + 2.6 (bentonite)
Water = 7.7gal/sk of cement

3) Volume of slurry:
gal 94 Ib 3.76
Vol. = + + 7.7 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 gal/sk
sk 3.14 ×8.33 ppg 2.65 ×8.33 ppg
4) Slurry yield, ft3/sk:
Yield, ft3/sk = 11.46gal/sk + 7.48gal/ft3
Yield = 1.53ft3/sk
5) Slurry density (ppg):
94+3.76+(8.33×7.7)
Density of slurry (ppg) = = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟑 ppg
11.46

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Problem (3-2): A slurry is composed of a sack Class G cement, 35% silica flour and 44%
water. Find the density of slurry.
Solution:
Given data:
Weight of Cement 94 lbs/sack
Weight of Water 44% of a cement sack
Weight of Silica Flour 35% of cement sack
Required data:
Wt = Total weight (lbs)
Vt = Total volume (gal)
Vabst = Absolute volumes (cementing table above)

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6) Calculations for the Number of Sacks of Cement Required

If the number of feet to be cemented is known, use the following:

Step 1
Determine the following capacities:
a) Annular capacity, ft3/ft:
𝐈𝐃𝟐𝐡 −𝐎𝐃𝟐𝐂
𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /𝐟𝐭 =
𝟏𝟖𝟑.𝟑𝟓

b) Casing capacity, ft3/ft:

𝐈𝐃𝟐𝐂
𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /𝐟𝐭 =
𝟏𝟖𝟑.𝟑𝟓

c) Casing capacity, bbl/ft:

𝐈𝐃𝟐𝐂
𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐛𝐛𝐥/𝐟𝐭 =
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗. 𝟒
c) Annular capacity, bbl/ft:
𝐈𝐃𝟐𝐡 −𝐎𝐃𝟐𝐂
𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐛𝐛𝐥/𝐟𝐭 =
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗.𝟒

Step 2
Determine the number of sacks of LEAD or FILLER cement required:
𝐅𝐞𝐞𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝×𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /𝐟𝐭×𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬
𝐒𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 =
𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /𝐬𝐤 𝐋𝐄𝐀𝐃 𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

Step 3
Determine the number of sacks of TAIL or NEAT cement required:

𝐅𝐞𝐞𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝×𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /𝐟𝐭×𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬

𝐒𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐬 =
𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /𝐬𝐤 𝐓𝐀𝐈𝐋 𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

𝐍𝐨.𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐞𝐞𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐞×𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /𝐟𝐭

𝐒𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 =
𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /𝐬𝐤 𝐓𝐚𝐢𝐥 𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

Total Sacks of TAIL cement required:

Sacks = sacks required in annulus + sacks required in casing

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Petroleum Department Third Stage Drilling Engineering I
Lecture- / /2019
Step 4
Determine the casing capacity down to the float collar:
Casing capacity, bbl = casing capacity, bbl/ft x Feet of casing to the float collar

Step 5
Determine the number of strokes required to bump the plug:
𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲,𝐛𝐛𝐥
𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐬 =
𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭,𝐛𝐛𝐥/𝐬𝐭𝐤

Step 6
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐬
𝐌𝐢𝐱𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 =
𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐤 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲

Step 7
𝐕𝐨𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 =
𝐏𝐮𝐦𝐩 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲

Problem (3-3): From the data listed below determine the following:
1. How many sacks of LEAD cement will be required?
2. How many sacks of TAIL cement will be required?
3. How many barrels of mud will be required to bump the plug?
4. How many strokes will be required to bump the top plug?
Data:
Casing setting depth = 3000ft
Hole size = 17-1/2in.
Casing-54.5 Ib/ft = 13-3/8in.
Casing ID = 12.615in.
Float collar (number of feet above shoe) = 44ft
Pump (5-1/2 in. by 14in. duplex @ 90%eff) = 0.112bbl/stk
Cement program: LEAD cement (13.8 Ib/gal) = 2000 ft
TAIL cement (15.8 lblgal) = 1000 ft
Slurry yield = 1.59 ft3/sk
Slurry yield = 1.15 ft3/sk
Excess volume = 50%

Solution:

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Petroleum Department Third Stage Drilling Engineering I
Lecture- / /2019

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Petroleum Department Third Stage Drilling Engineering I
Lecture- / /2019

Problem (3-4): Estimate the slurry volume used to cement the 500 feet cement Colum in
the casing schematic below. How many sacks of cement were used if slurry yield was 1.12
ft3/sack?

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Petroleum Department Third Stage Drilling Engineering I
Lecture- / /2019
Solution:

Problem (3-5): Calculate the number of sacks of cement and bentonite required to
obtain cement returns on surface casing.
Given:
• Annular volume between 9⅝-in casing and 12½-in hole = 0.3469 ft3/ft.
• Float collar placed 30 ft above the shoe.
• Volume of 9⅝-in, 40-Ib/ft casing = 0.4256 ft3/ft.
• Class A cement with 4% gel
• Water-cement ratio = 7.73 gal/sack
• Slurry weight = 14.10 Ib/gal
• Slurry volume = 1.536 ft3/sack of cement
• Casing to be landed at 1400 ft
• Excess cement required = 35 %

Solution
Cement left in casing = 30 ft x 0.4256 = 12.77 cu ft
Cement required to fill annulus = 1400 x 0.3469 x 1.35 = 655.65 cu ft

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Petroleum Department Third Stage Drilling Engineering I
Lecture- / /2019
Total cement required = 668.41 cu ft
668.41
Sacks of cement required = = 435
1.536
Pounds of cement = 435 x 94 = 40890 Ib
Bentonite required = 40890 x 4% = 1636 Ib
Problem (3-6):
Given:
• 19 inch diameter hole
• 13⅜ in 68 Ib/ft casing to be run to bottom and cemented to surface. Casing ID is
12.415 inch. Float collar is to be set 40 ft above shoe.
• Cement to be used is “D” neat 16.4 Ib per gallon. Slurry yield per sack of dry
cement is 1.06 ft3 per sack.
• Pump output is 1.5 ft3 per cycle.
Calculate:
1) Volume of slurry required to cement annulus to surface
2) Number of pump strokes to bump top cement plug

• Volume of slurry = capacity of casing x 40 ft + capacity of annulus x 3500 ft.

(0.7854)(12.415)2 (40) (0.7854)(192 −13.3752 )(3500)
= +
144 144
= 33.6265 + 3476.4
= 3510 ft3
𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 (3500 −40)
• Pump strokes =
𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
(0.7854)(12.415)2 (3460)
= (144)(1.5)
= 1939 strokes

Problem (3-7): Calculate the total cementing time for a long protection string of casing.
Given:
 12,000 ft (top float collar) of 53.5 Ib/ft, 9⅝-in casing (capacity = 0.3973 ft3/ft).
 Hole diameter =12¼-in
 1000 sacks of cement and cementing truck having a mixing capacity of 20 sacks
of cement per min.
 Mud pump with an 18-in stroke and 6½-in linere operating at 60 rpm with 90%
efficiency and with a capacity of 1.1523 ft3/cycle.

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Petroleum Department Third Stage Drilling Engineering I
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Solution:
No of sacks 1000
Mixing time = = = 50 min
truck capacity 20
Volume of casing = 0.3973 x 12,000 = 4768 cu ft
Vol of casing 4768
Displacing time = = = 69 min
Pump capacity 60 x 1.1523
Total cement time = 50 + 69 = 119 min

H.W.): Calculate the weight, percent mix and yield or set volume of a slurry given?
Water-cement ratio = 5.5 gal/sk
Sp.gr. of cement = 3.14
1 sk = 1 cu ft = 94 lb
Density of water = 8.33 ppg

H.W.): Calculate the number of sacks of cement and bentonite required to obtain
cement returns on surface casing.
Given:
Annular volume between 9⅝-in casing and 12½-in hole = 0.3469 ft3/ft.
Float collar placed 30 ft above the shoe.
Volume of 9⅝-in, 40-Ib/ft casing = 0.4256 ft3/ft.
Class A cement with 4% gel
Water-cement ratio = 7.73 gal/sack
Slurry weight = 14.10 Ib/gal
Slurry volume = 1.536 ft3/sack of cement
Casing to be landed at 1400 ft
Excess cement required = 35 %
H.W.): A 3000 ft 13 3/8 inch surface casing is to be cemented in a 17.5 inch hole. The 1000
ft tail slurry is 14.2 ppg Class-A cement with 4 % gel. The remaining lead slurry is 12.2 ppg
Class-A cement with 16 % gel. Use 100 % volumetric wash out. Compute the cement,
water and gel requirements.

 Thickening Time
Thickening time is the time duration in which cement slurry remains pumpable.

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