Malaysian Standard: Coated Glass in Building - Specification (First Revision)

MALAYSIAN MS 2397:2016
STANDARD
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Coated glass in building - Specification

(First revision)
ICS: 81.040.20; 91.190

Descriptors: coated glass, pyrolytic, vacuum, test method, visual inspection, appearance, low-e, soft
coated, hard coated
© Copyright 2016
DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA
DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN STANDARDS
The Department of Standards Malaysia (STANDARDS MALAYSIA) is the national

standards and accreditation body of Malaysia.
The main function of STANDARDS MALAYSIA is to foster and promote standards,

standardisation and accreditation as a means of advancing the national economy, promoting
industrial efficiency and development, benefiting the health and safety of the public,
protecting the consumers, facilitating domestic and international trade and furthering
international cooperation in relation to standards and standardisation.
Malaysian Standards (MS) are developed through consensus by committees which comprise
balanced representation of producers, users, consumers and others with relevant interests,
as may be appropriate to the subject at hand. To the greatest extent possible, Malaysian
Standards are aligned to or are adoption of international standards. Approval of a standard
as a Malaysian Standard is governed by the Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 [Act 549].
Malaysian Standards are reviewed periodically. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary
except in so far as they are made mandatory by regulatory authorities by means of
regulations, local by-laws or any other similar ways.
For the purposes of Malaysian Standards, the following definitions apply:
Revision: A process where existing Malaysian Standard is reviewed and updated which
resulted in the publication of a new edition of the Malaysian Standard.
Confirmed MS: A Malaysian Standard that has been reviewed by the responsible
committee and confirmed that its contents are current.
Amendment: A process where a provision(s) of existing Malaysian Standard is altered. The

changes are indicated in an amendment page which is incorporated into the existing
Malaysian Standard. Amendments can be of technical and/or editorial nature.
Technical corrigendum: A corrected reprint of the current edition which is issued to correct
either a technical error or ambiguity in a Malaysian Standard inadvertently introduced either
in drafting or in printing and which could lead to incorrect or unsafe application of the
publication.
NOTE: Technical corrigenda are not to correct errors which can be assumed to have no consequences in the application
of the MS, for example minor printing errors.
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For further information on Malaysian Standards, please contact:
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MS 2397:2016
Contents
Page
Committee representation ..................................................................................................... ii
Foreword ...............................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references................................................................................................ 1
3 Terms and definitions................................................................................................ 1
4 Classification ............................................................................................................ 4
5 Quality ...................................................................................................................... 5
6 Glass substrate ......................................................................................................... 7
7 Shapes and dimensions ............................................................................................ 7
8 Test methods ............................................................................................................ 8
9 Testing and certification .......................................................................................... 15
10 Packaging............................................................................................................... 15
11 Marking .................................................................................................................. 16
Annex A Colour index ................................................................................................... 17
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 26
© STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved i

MS 2397:2016
Committee representation
The Industry Standards Committee on Building, Construction and Civil Engineering (ISC D) under whose authority this
Malaysian Standard was developed, comprises representatives from the following organisations:
Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia

Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia
Department of Standards Malaysia
Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur
Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers
Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia
Jabatan Kerajaan Tempatan
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Malaysian Plastics Manufacturers Association
Malaysian Timber Council

Malaysian Timber Industry Board
Master Builders Association Malaysia
Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia
Projek Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan Berhad
Real Estate and Housing Developers' Association Malaysia
SIRIM Berhad (Secretariat)
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
The Cement and Concrete Association of Malaysia
The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
The Technical Committee on Household Fittings and Building Accessories which supervised the development of this
Malaysian Standard consists of representatives from the following organisations:
Building Materials Distributors Association of Malaysia
IKRAM QA Services Sdn Bhd
Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Malaysian Institute of Interior Designers
Master Builders Association Malaysia
Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia
Pertubuhan Jurureka Dalaman Malaysia
SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd
The Chartered Institute of Building Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi MARA
ii © STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved

MS 2397:2016
Committee representation (continued)
The Working Group on WG 1 - Revision of MS 2397 which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of
representatives from the following organisations:
Ajiya Safety Glass Sdn Bhd
Golden Pharos Glass Sdn Bhd
Innoglass Sdn Bhd

Kien Safety Glass Sdn Bhd
Malaysian Sheet Glass Bhd
Platinum Safety Glass Sdn Bhd
SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd
Topline Safety Glass (M) Sdn Bhd
© STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved iii

MS 2397:2016
Foreword
This Malaysian Standard was developed by the Working Group on WG 1 - Revision of MS 2397
under the authority of the Industry Standards Committee on Building, Construction and Civil
Engineering.
Major modifications in this revision are as follows:
a) the title has been changed from “Solar reflective glass - Specification” to “Coated
glass in building - Specification”;
b) the scope of this standard is extended to include non-solar performance glass and
low-e glass;
c) emissivity test is introduced in this standard; and
d) amendment of the test requirements.
This Malaysian Standard cancels and replaces MS 2397:2011, Solar reflective glass -
Specification.
Compliance with a Malaysian Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.
iv © STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved

MS 2397:2016
Coated glass in building - Specification
1 Scope
1.1 This Malaysian Standard specifies the optical and aesthetic quality requirements for
coatings applied to glass for use in building glazing.
1.2 The coatings covered are applied to the glass using either pyrolytic, vacuum (sputtering)
deposition or any other methods and are typically applied to control solar heat gain, energy
performance, comfort level, condensation and enhance the aesthetic value of the building. Non-
solar and low-e performance glass is also covered in this standard.
This standard is not applicable to:
a) adhesive backed polymeric films on glass;
b) mirrors made from silvered float glass;
c) enameled glass;
d) painted glass;
e) ceramic frits; and
f) organic glass.
2 Normative references
The following normative references are indispensable for the application of this standard. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the normative reference (including any amendments) applies.
MS 1135, Float and polished plate glasses - Specification
MS 1498, Specification for safety glass
ISO 9050, Glass in building - Determination of light transmittance, solar direct transmittance,
total solar energy transmittance, ultraviolet transmittance and related glazing factors
ISO 10292, Glass in building - Calculation of steady-state U values (thermal transmittance) of

multiple glazing
ASTM C 1371, Standard test method for determination of emittance of materials near room
temperature using portable emissometers
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
© STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved 1

MS 2397:2016
3.1 coating
One or more thin solid layers of inorganic materials applied on to the surface of a glass
substrate by various methods of deposition.
3.1.1 hard coating
On-line coating process that deposits thin layer of any coating material onto a sheet of glass
while the glass is still slightly molten at the forming sections.
3.1.2 soft coating
Off-line coating process that involves the application of metals, oxides, nitrides, fluorides or
other compounds onto a glass.
3.2 corrected emissivity (εi)
The corrected emissivity is defined and measured according to ISO 10292, εi = 0.837.
3.3 definitions of appearance defects
3.3.1 cluster
Accumulation of very small defects giving the impression of stain.
3.3.2 punctual defect
Punctual disturbance of the visual transparent looking through the glass and of the visual
reflectance looking at the glass.
NOTE. Spot, pinhole and scratch are types of punctual defect.
3.3.2.1 pinhole
Punctual void in the coating with partial or total. Absence of coating and it normally contrasts
clear relative to the coating, when viewed in transmission.
3.3.2.2 scratches
Variety of linear score marks, whose visibility depend on their length, depth, width, position and
arrangement.
3.3.2.3 spot
Defect that commonly looks dark against the surrounding coating, when viewed in transmission.
3.3.3 stain
Defect in the coating larger than punctual defect, often irregularly shaped, partially of mottled
structure.
3.3.4 colour variation
Visible variation in colour in solar reflection within a coated glass pane.

2 © STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved
MS 2397:2016
3.4 emissivity
Ratio of energy radiated from a material surface to that radiated from a blackbody at the same
temperature under the same viewing condition.
3.5 enameled glass
Tempered or heat-strengthened glass, one face of which is covered, either partially or totally,
with mineral pigments.
3.6 glass substrate
Soda lime glass, tempered glass or heat strengthened glass and laminated glass.
3.7 low-e glass
A surface condition that emits low levels of radiant thermal (heat) energy.
3.8 physical film formation processes
Processes under vacuum conditions, whereby materials from a source are transferred as
elements, compounds or ions. Their subsequent condensation on the glass surface produces
the film. Chemical reactions can be associated with this process.
3.9 self-cleaning glass
On-line coated self-cleaning glass with photo-catalytic and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties.
3.10 solar direct reflectance (ρe)
Fraction of the incident solar radiation that is reflected by the glass surface.
3.11 solar direct transmittance (τe)
Fraction or incident solar radiation that is directly transmitted through the glass surface.
3.12 solar factor (total solar energy transmittance) (g)
Fraction of the incident solar radiation that is totally transmitted through the glass surface.
A ratio of the solar energy transmitted through a window to the incident solar energy; used to
express the effectiveness of a shading device. The solar factor is theoretically expressed as a
number without units between 0 and 1.The lower solar factor, the less solar heat it transmits,
and the greater is its shading ability.
NOTE. For method of calculation refer to ISO 9050.
3.13 spray-coating
Sprayed liquids reacting pyrolytically on the hot surface(s) of the glass substrate.

MS 2397:2016
3.14 sputtering
In a gas discharge, ions bombard a target causing sputtering of material which condenses on
the glass surface.
3.15 visible light reflectance (ρv)
Fraction of the incident light that is reflected by the glass surface.
3.16 visible light transmittance (τv)
Fraction of the incident light that is transmitted through the glass surface.
4 Classification
4.1 Division according to shading performance for solar reflective glass
The classification of the solar reflective glasses according to solar factor shall be given as
Table 1 based on the test results, specified in 8.4.2.
Table 1. Division according to shading performances for solar reflective glass
Classification Solar factor (g)

Class 1 ≤ 0.40
Class 2 0.41 to 0.55
Class 3 0.56 to 0.70
NOTES:
i. Solar factor theoretically ranges from 0 - 1. A lower solar factor represents less
solar gain.
ii. The result of the solar factor should be round up to two decimal points.
4.2 Division according to durability
The classification of the coated glass according to durability by abrasion resistance, acid
resistance and alkali resistance shall be as given in Table 2.
Table 2. Summary of test method for Group A and Group B for coated glass
Abrasion Acid Alkali

Group Light fastness
resistance resistance resistance
Coated surface facing the light 200
Group A 24 h 24 h
source revolutions
Uncoated surface facing the light 100
Group B 6h 6h
source revolutions
NOTE. Table 2 to be read together with clause 8.5, 8.6 and 8.7.

MS 2397:2016
4.3 Classification according to performance and durability
4.3.1 The classification of solar reflective glasses shall be referred to Table 3.
Table 3. Classification according to performance and durability for

solar reflective glass
Division according
Class 1 Class 2 and Class 3
to solar factor
Division according to Comply to Group A Comply to Group A or B

durability requirements requirements
4.3.2 For solar reflective glass, the compliance of any group for all classifications and groups
shall be declared by the applicant prior to the application submission. For other coated glass,
only group on coating durability shall be declared.
Table 4. Type of coated glass and performance test required
Type of coated glass Solar Light Abrasion Acid Alkali Emissivity

factor fastness resistance resistance resistance
Solar Soft X X X X X
reflective coated
Hard X X X X X
coated
Low-e Soft X
coated
Hard X X X X X
Coated
Non-solar Hard X X X X
performance Coated
glass
4.4 For soft coated low-e glass, the emissivity value shall not be more than 0.18.
5 Quality
5.1 Appearance
The appearance of the coated glass, when subjected to the visual test of 8.1, shall conform to
the respective specification of Table 5.

MS 2397:2016
Table 5. Appearance specification
Item Appearance specification
Colour There shall be no visible variation in colour in solar reflection within a coated
variation glass pane with the minimum preferred size of 600 mm x 600 mm, viewed
at approximately at 1 m distance.
When the colour variation is observed, the variation (a* b*) shall be within
± 3.
NOTE. Refer to Annex A for details on colour index.
Scratch of
Individual pane
coating
>75 mm Not allowed Not allowed

Allowed as local density is not Allowed as local density is not
≤ 75 mm
visually disturbing visually disturbing
Pinhole There shall be no pinhole exceeding 2 mm. Within area of 300 mm x

300 mm there shall be not more than 5 pinholes
Cluster There shall be no noticeable impression of stain
Spot There shall be no spot exceeding 3 mm
For pinhole, cluster and spot shall be visually checked at approximately 500 mm distance.
5.2 Coating durability
For coating durability, the specification shall be as given in Table 6.

MS 2397:2016
Table 6. Coating durability
Before and after

Type of testing Type of coating Requirements
testing analysis
Hard coated low-e
Emissivity
glass
Light fastness
Visible light
Other coated glass
transmittance
All coated glass
Abrasion Visible light
except soft coated
resistance transmittance The difference
glass
between before
Hard coated low-e
Emissivity and after test

glass shall not be
Acid resistance
Visible light more than 4 %
Other coated glass
transmittance
Hard coated low-e
Emissivity
glass
Alkali resistance
Visible light
Other coated glass
transmittance
This table shall be read together with Table 4.
6 Glass substrate
For the compliance purpose, the substrate of coated glass shall comply with requirements of
Table 7.
Table 7. Substrate compliance requirement
Substrate Specification
Float glass MS 1135

Safety glass MS 1498
7 Shapes and dimensions

7.1 Shapes and dimensions
The shapes and dimensions tolerances shall comply with MS 1135.
The glass shall be flat plate, generally in the shape of square or rectangle. The thickness, length
and width shall be expressed in mm.

MS 2397:2016
7.2 Thickness and their tolerances
The thickness and their tolerances shall comply with MS 1135.
For the odd thickness, the tolerance requirement shall refer to the next higher thickness
specification. For thickness more than 19 mm, the tolerance value shall be within ±1.2 mm.
8 Test methods
8.1 Visual inspection
The visual inspection shall be conducted under daylight (without direct sunlight) or other uniform
diffused background lighting with a minimum luminance of 1 700 lux measured at the surface
of the glass facing the light source.
For viewing distance refer to Table 5.

MS 2397:2016
a) Reflection
b) Transmission
Key:
1 illumination source
2 observer position
3 coated glass sample
NOTE. These are plan views.
Figure 1. Observer position for visual inspection
8.2 Measurement of thickness
The measurement of thickness shall be performed with the micrometer or caliper which is
capable of measuring to the nearest 0.01 mm, or measuring instrument with equal accuracy or
superior to those specified.

MS 2397:2016
8.3 Specimen
The test piece which has been manufactured in the same method as the product and cut
according to dimensions given in Table 8 shall be taken as the specimen. However, for the
specimen of the material plate glasses of the plane tempered glass and the heat-strengthened
glass, the test piece shall be obtained by cutting according to dimensions given in Table 8 and
shall represent the similar quality.
Table 8. Dimensions of specimen
Preferred dimensions (mm)

Type of test
Coated glass low-e
Abrasion resistance test 100 x 100 100 x 100

Solar factor 50 x 100 Not required
Light fastness test 50 x 100 100 x 150
Acid resistance test 50 x 100 100 x 150
Alkali resistance test 50 x 100 100 x 150
8.4 Test of solar factor
8.4.1 Apparatus
The measuring apparatus shall be spectrophotometer with the wavelength band within the
range of 2 500 nm to 300 nm in accordance with ISO 9050.
8.4.2 Procedure
The procedure for test of solar factor shall be performed as the following.
a) Measure the spectral transmittance and spectral reflectance of the wavelength band of
solar radiation in accordance with ISO 9050.
b) Calculate the transmittance and the absorbance factor of solar radiation from the
measurement result of a) in accordance with ISO 9050.
c) Calculate the solar factor in accordance to the following equation and round up the result
to two decimal places.
d) For the solar reflective glass, the corrected emissivity, εi = 0.837, shall be used in the
calculation of solar factor.
The solar factor, g is the sum of the solar direct transmittance, τe and the secondary heat
transfer factor qi towards the inside, the latter resulting from heat transfer by convection and
longwave IR-radiation of that part of the incident solar radiation which has been absorbed by
the glazing.

MS 2397:2016
g = τe + qi
where
g is total solar energy transmittance;
τe is sum of the solar direct transmittance; and

qi is secondary heat transfer actor.
Values for εi lower than 0.837 (due to surface coatings with higher reflectance in the far infrared)
should only to be taken into account if condensation on the coated surface can be excluded.
qi = ae =

where
ae is solar direct absorbance;
he, hi are the heat transfer coefficients towards the outside and inside, respectively.
Standard values for he and hi are obtained:
he = 23 W/m2K
. ɛ
hi = [3.6 + .
] W/m2K
where
εi is the corrected emissivity of the inside surface (for soda lime glass, εi = 0.837 and hi = 8
2
W/m K).
8.5 Light fastness test
The light fastness test shall be performed as the following.
8.5.1 Apparatus
The apparatus used for the light fastness test shall be as follows:
a) Black light
The equipment shall be ultraviolet radiation equipment with capability of temperature

adjustment having the quartz glass mercury lamp of 750 W ± 50 W.
b) Visible light transmittance measuring apparatus
It shall be the colour difference meter with integrating sphere, the spectrophotometer with
integrating sphere, or other measuring instruments with equivalent performance.

MS 2397:2016
8.5.2 Procedure
The procedure for light fastness test shall be performed as the following.
a) For the specimen before irradiation by ultraviolet rays for coated glass obtain the visible
light transmittance (%) and for low - e glass obtain the emissivity value as specified in 8.9
b).
b) Before irradiation by ultraviolet rays, for coated glass specimen obtain the visible light
transmittance (%). For low - e glass specimen, obtain the emissivity value as specified in
8.9.
c) Place the specimen on the apparatus of black light being maintained at 45 ºC ± 5 ºC at the
distance of approximately 230 mm from the light source, facing the coated surface to the
light source for the group A specimen and uncoated surface for the group B.
d) Irradiate the specimen with ultraviolet rays for 1000 h.
e) For the specimen after irradiation with ultraviolet rays for coated glass obtain the visible
light transmittance (%) and for low - e glass obtain the emissivity value.
f) Obtain the absolute value of difference between the values of a) and d).
8.6 Abrasion resistance test
The abrasion resistance test shall be performed as the following.
8.6.1 Apparatus
The abrasion testing apparatus shall be Taber type abrasion tester or equivalent. The abrasion
tester as shown in Figure 2 shall consist of the horizontal table which rotates at a speed of
65 rpm ± 10 rpm and a pair of abrading wheels which rotate smoothly, fixed at an interval of
65 mm ± 3 mm.
a) Rotary table
The rotary table rotates as a plane, and the load of each abrading wheel being applied to
the specimen shall be 4.90 N.
b) Abrading wheels
The abrading wheels shall be those made of rubber kneaded with medium hardness
abrasives of 45 mm to 50 mm diameter and 12.5 mm thickness. These shall be installed
so as to avoid the play in axial direction and radial run out and the Taber type be
No. CS-10 F.

MS 2397:2016
All diameters are in millimeter

Figure 2. Abrasion tester
8.6.2 Procedure
The procedure for abrasion resistance test shall be performed as the following.
a) Before the abrasion test is conducted, for coated glass obtain the visible light transmittance
(%) at the marking point indicated by “O” as shown in Figure 3.
b) Install the specimen on the rotary table of abrasion tester so that the coated surface
becomes the abrasion surface, and allow the specimen to rotate and to be abraded. The
number of revolutions at this time shall be as given in Table 9.
c) After abrasion test conducted, for coated glass obtain the visible light transmittance (%) at
four marking points indicated by “X” as shown in Figure 2 then calculate their mean value.
d) Obtain the absolute value of the difference between the values of a) and c).
Specimen
Measuring position Abrasion mark
Measuring position
Figure 3. Measuring position

MS 2397:2016
Table 9. Number of revolutions in abrasion test
Division according to durability Number of revolution
Group A 200
Group B 100
8.7 Acid resistance test
The acid resistance test shall be performed as follows.
a) Before the immersion of specimen for coated glass obtain the visible light transmittance
(%), for hard coated low-e glass, additional emissivity value shall be obtained.
b) Immerse the entire part of the specimen into the hydrochloric acid of concentration of 1
kmol/m3 so that the thin film surface is completely in contact with the solution at a
temperature of 23 C ± 2 C for the time given in Table 10.
c) After immersion, for coated glass obtain the visible light transmittance (%). For hard coated
low-e glass additional emissivity value shall be obtained on the specimen which has been
washed with water and dried.
d) Obtain the absolute value of the different between the values of a) and c).
8.8 Alkali resistance test
The alkali resistance test shall be performed as follows:
a) Before the immersion of specimen for coated glass obtain the visible light transmittance
(%). For hard coated low-e glass additional emissivity value shall be obtained.
b) Immerse the entire part the specimen into the sodium hydroxide solution of concentration
of 1 kmol/m3 so that the thin film surface is completely in contact with the solution at a
temperature of 23 C ± 2 C for the time given in Table 10.
c) After immersion, for coated glass obtain the visible light transmittance (%). For hard coated
low-e glass additional emissivity value shall be obtained on the specimen which has been
washed with water and dried.
d) Obtain the absolute value of the difference between the values of a) and c).
Table 10. Immersing time in acid resistance test and alkali resistance tests
Division according to durability Immersing time
Group A 24 h
Group B 6h

MS 2397:2016
8.9 Emissivity
8.9.1 Test of emissivity
The test of emissivity shall be performed for low-e glass as follows.
8.9.2 Apparatus
The measuring apparatus shall be emissometer or reflectometer which are capable to

determine the total hemispherical by comparing with the high and low-emittance standards.
8.9.3 Procedure
The procedure for test of emissivity value shall be performed as the following.
a) The emissivity value shall be measured based on the general conformance of

ASTM C 1371.
b) The measurement of the emissivity value of the emittance standard reference shall be
conducted at the same temperature with the test sample.
c) The emissivity value shall be recorded at least after 3 min the emissivity value achieve the
stability.
9 Testing and certification

For the purpose of testing and certification, the following items shall be included:
a) appearance;
b) thickness;
c) solar factor;
d) light fastness;
e) abrasion;
f) acid resistance; and
g) alkali resistance.
10 Packaging
The coated glass shall generally be packed with an appropriate buffer material.

MS 2397:2016
11 Marking
The coated glass shall be marked with the following information on each package.
a) classification and group according to Table 3;
b) manufacturing date for batch reference;
c) manufacturer’s name or trademark;
d) nominal thickness (mm);
e) coating code;
f) name of material;
g) country of origin; and
h) number of this Malaysian Standard, i.e. MS 2397.

MS 2397:2016
Annex A
(informative)
Colour index
A.1 Attributes of colour

Each colour has its own distinct appearance, based on three elements: hue, chroma and value
(lightness). By describing a colour using these three attributes, a particular colour can
accurately identify and distinguish it from any other.
A.2 Hue
Hue is the way an object’s colour is perceived - red, orange, green, blue, etc. The colour wheel
in Figure A.1 shows the continuum of colour from one hue to the next. As the wheel illustrates,
if blue is to be mixed with green paints, the result would be blue-green.
Figure A.1. Hue
A.3 Chroma
Chroma describes the vividness or dullness of a colour. It shows how close the colour is to
either gray or the pure hue. For example, the appearance of a tomato and a radish. The red of
tomato is vivid while the radish appears duller. Figure A.2 shows how chroma changes from
center to the perimeter. Colours in the center are gray (dull) and become more saturated (vivid)
as they move toward the perimeter. Chroma is also known as saturation.

MS 2397:2016
A.4 Lightness
The luminous intensity of a colour i.e. its degree of lightness is referred as the colour value.
Colours can be classified as light or dark when comparing their value. For example, when a
tomato and a radish are placed side by side, the red of the tomato appears to be much lighter.
In contrast, the radish has a darker red value. In Figure A.3, the value or lightness,
characteristics is represented on the vertical axis.
Figure A.2. Chromaticity

MS 2397:2016
Figure A.3. Three-dimensional colour system depicting lightness
A.5 CIE Color systems

The CIE or Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (International Commission on Illumination)
is the body responsible for international recommendations for photometry and colorimetry. In
1931, CIE standardized colour order systems by specifying the light source (or illuminants), the
observer and the methodology used to derive values for describing colour.
The CIE Color systems utilize three coordinates to locate a colour in a colour space. These
colour spaces include:
i) CIE XYZ;
ii) CIE L*a*b*; and
iii) CIE L*C*h°.
To obtain these values, colour measurement instruments gather and filter the wavelengths of
light reflected from an object. The instrument perceives the reflected light wavelengths as
numeric values. These values are recorded as points across the visible spectrum and are called
spectral data. Spectral data is represented as a spectral curve. This curve is the colour’s
fingerprint (Figure A.4). Once the colour’s reflectance curve is obtained, multiply the data by a
CIE standard illuminant. The illuminant is a graphical representation of the light source under
which samples are viewed. Each light source has a power distribution that affects the way a
colour is seen. Examples of different illuminants are A - incandescent, D65 - daylight (Figure
A.5) and F2 - fluorescent.

MS 2397:2016
The result of this calculation by the CIE standard observer is multiply. The CIE commissioned
work in 1931 and 1964 to derive the concept of a standard observer, which is based on the
average human response to wavelengths of light (Figure A.6).
The standard observer represents how an average person sees colour across the visible
spectrum. Once these values are calculated, the data is converted into the tristimulus values of
XYZ (Figure A.7). These values can now identify a colour numerically.
Figure A.4. Spectral curve from a measured sample
Figure A.5. Daylight (Standard Illuminant D65/10°)

MS 2397:2016
Figure A.6. CIE 2° and 10° Standard observers
Figure A.7. Tristimulus values
A.6 Chromaticity values

Tristimulus values, unfortunately, have limited use as color specifications because they
correlate poorly with visual attributes. While Y relates to value (lightness), X and Z do not
correlate to hue and chroma. As a result, when the 1931 CIE standard observer was
established, the commission recommended using the chromaticity coordinates xyz. These
coordinates are used to form the chromaticity diagram in Figure A.8. The notation Yxy specifies
colours by identifying value (Y) and the colour as viewed in the chromaticity diagram (x,y).
As Figure A.9 shows, hue is represented at all points around the perimeter of the chromaticity
diagram. Chroma, or saturation is represented by a movement from the central white (neutral)
area out toward the diagram’s perimeter, where 100 % saturation equals pure hue.

22
MS 2397:2016
Figure A.8. CIE 1931 (x,y) chromaticity diagram
© STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved

MS 2397:2016
Figure A.9. Chromaticity diagram
To overcome the limitations of chromaticity diagrams like Yxy, CIE recommended two alternate,
uniform colour scales: CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) or CIELAB, and CIELCH (L*C*h°). These colour
scales are based on the opponent-colours theory of colour vision, which says that two colours
cannot be both green and red at the same time, nor blue and yellow at the same time. As a
result, single values can be used to describe the red/green and the yellow/blue attributes.
A.7 CIELAB (L*a*b*)

When a colour is expressed in CIELAB, L* defines lightness, a* denotes the red/green value
and b* the yellow/blue value.
Figures A.10 and A.11 show the colour-plotting diagrams for L*a*b. The* axis runs from left to
right. A colour measurement movements in the +a direction depicts a shift toward red. Along
the b* axis, +b movement represents a shift toward yellow. The center L* axis shows L = 0
(black or total absorption) at the bottom. At the center of this plane is neutral or gray.
To demonstrate how the L*a*b* values represent the specific colours of Flowers A and B, we’ve
plotted their values on the CIELAB Colour Chart in Figure A.10.
The a* and b* values for Flowers A and B intersect at colour spaces and are identified
respectively as points A and B (see Figure A.10). These points specify each flower’s hue
(colour) and chroma (vividness/dullness). When their L* values (degrees of lightness) are
added in Figure A.11, the final colour of each flower is obtained.

24
MS 2397:2016
Figure A.10. CIELAB colour chart

MS 2397:2016
Figure A.11. The L* value is represented on the center axis. The a* and b* axes
appear on the horizontal plane
A.8 CIELCH (L*C*h°)

While CIELAB uses Cartesian coordinates to calculate a colour in colour space, CIELCH uses
polar coordinates. This colour expression can be derived from CIELAB. The L* defines
lightness, C*specifies chroma and h° denotes hue angle, an angular measurement.
The L*C*h° expression offers an advantage over CIELAB as it is easier to relate to the earlier
systems based on physical samples, like Munsell Colour Scale.
L* = 116 (Y/Yn)1/3 - 16
a* = 500 [(X/Xn)1/3 - (Y/Yn)1/3]
b* = 200 [(Y/Yn)1/3 - (Z/Zn)1/3]
L* = 116 (Y/Yn)1/3 - 16
C* = (a2 + b2) ½
h° = arctan (b*/a*)
Xn, Yn, Zn are values for a reference white for the illumination/observer used.

MS 2397:2016
Bibliography
[1] EN 673: 1998, Glass in building - Determination of thermal transmittance (U-value) -

Calculation method
[2] EN 1096-1: 1999, Glass in building - Coated glass - Part 1: Definition and classification
[3] EN 1096-2: 2001, Glass in building - Coated glass - Part 2: Test methods
[4] JIS 3221: 2002, Solar reflective glass


Acknowledgements
Members of Technical Committee on Household Fittings and Building Accessories

Name Organisation
Ar Jasmin Kamarudin (Chairman) Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia
Ms Nadiah Mohamed (Secretary) SIRIM Berhad
Mr Timothy Lim/ Building Materials Distributors Association of
Mr Brian Gan Malaysia
Ms Rohana Abd Manan Construction Industry Development Board
Malaysia
Mr Woo Kok Woh Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers
Mr Mohamad Akhir Abdullah IKRAM QA Services Sdn Bhd
Mr Tiong Ling Hii Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia

Ar Thulasaidas Sivasubramaniam Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Mr Hamidon Abdullah Malaysian Institute of Interior Designers
Mr Michael Thong Master Builders Association Malaysia
Mr Faiz Mohd Yusuf SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd
Brig Gen Sr Haji Mohd Amin Mohd Din The Chartered Institute of Building Malaysia
Dr Mariyana Aida Ab Kadir Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Dr Norhayati Abdul Hamid Universiti Teknologi MARA
Members of Working Group on WG 1 - Revision of MS 2397

Name Organisation
Mr Woo Kok Woh (Chairman) Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers
Ms Nadiah Mohamed (Secretary) SIRIM Berhad
Mr Sim Chee Liang/ Ajiya Safety Glass Sdn Bhd
Mr Mohd Farizal Mansor
Ms Rohana Abd Manan Construction Industry Development Board
Malaysia
Mr Stanley Lau Chan Ming/ Golden Pharos Glass Sdn Bhd
Mr Lee You Yao
Mr Yong Tze Keong/ Innoglass Sdn Bhd
Mr Lim Le Kern/
Mr Mohd Yuzi Jusoh
Mr Low Kheng Chow Kien Safety Glass Sdn Bhd
Mr Ng Chee Peng Malaysian Sheet Glass Bhd
Mr Low Kheng Foong Platinum Safety Glass Sdn Bhd
Mr Faiz Mohd Yusuf SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd
Mr Jesmond Khor/ Topline Safety Glass (M) Sdn Bhd
Mr Sapardin Haji Kamarrudin

© Copyright 2016
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm,
without permission in writing from the Department of Standards Malaysia.

Malaysian Standard: Coated Glass in Building - Specification (First Revision)

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MALAYSIAN MS 2397:2016

Coated glass in building - Specification

ICS: 81.040.20; 91.190

The Department of Standards Malaysia (STANDARDS MALAYSIA) is the national

The main function of STANDARDS MALAYSIA is to foster and promote standards,

For the purposes of Malaysian Standards, the following definitions apply:

Amendment: A process where a provision(s) of existing Malaysian Standard is altered. The

For further information on Malaysian Standards, please contact:

Department of Standards Malaysia OR SIRIM Berhad

Tel: 60 3 8318 0002 Tel: 60 3 5544 6000

Committee representation ..................................................................................................... ii

3 Terms and definitions................................................................................................ 1

6 Glass substrate ......................................................................................................... 7

7 Shapes and dimensions ............................................................................................ 7

8 Test methods ............................................................................................................ 8

9 Testing and certification .......................................................................................... 15

Annex A Colour index ................................................................................................... 17

© STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved i

Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia

Malaysian Timber Council

Building Materials Distributors Association of Malaysia

Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia

Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers

IKRAM QA Services Sdn Bhd

Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia

Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia

Malaysian Institute of Interior Designers

Master Builders Association Malaysia

Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia

Pertubuhan Jurureka Dalaman Malaysia

SIRIM Berhad (Secretariat)

SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd

The Chartered Institute of Building Malaysia

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Universiti Teknologi MARA

ii © STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved

Committee representation (continued)

Ajiya Safety Glass Sdn Bhd

Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia

Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers

Golden Pharos Glass Sdn Bhd

Innoglass Sdn Bhd

Kien Safety Glass Sdn Bhd

Malaysian Sheet Glass Bhd

Platinum Safety Glass Sdn Bhd

SIRIM Berhad (Secretariat)

SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd

Topline Safety Glass (M) Sdn Bhd

© STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved iii

Major modifications in this revision are as follows:

c) emissivity test is introduced in this standard; and

d) amendment of the test requirements.

iv © STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved

Coated glass in building - Specification

This standard is not applicable to:

a) adhesive backed polymeric films on glass;

b) mirrors made from silvered float glass;

e) ceramic frits; and

MS 1135, Float and polished plate glasses - Specification

MS 1498, Specification for safety glass

ISO 10292, Glass in building - Calculation of steady-state U values (thermal transmittance) of

3 Terms and definitions

© STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2016 - All rights reserved 1