CONFIDENTIAL

FINAL EXAMINATION SEMESTER I

SESSION 2011/2012

SUBJECT CODE : SEL 4223

SUBJECT NAME : DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

LECTURERS : DR. MUSA MOHD MOKJI

DR. USMAN ULLAH SHEIKH
DR. JEONG JINSOO
DR. KHAIRUL HAMIMAH ABAS
DR. OKONKWO UCHE KENNEDY

COURSE : SEL, SEW, SEC, SEP, SET, SEM, SWB

SECTION : 01, 02, 03, 04, 10

DURATION : 2.5 HOURS

DATE :
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- SOLUTION -

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THIS SOLUTION CONSISTS OF 15 PAGES INCLUDING THE FRONT COVER

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PART A

QUESTION 1
Consider the discrete-time system shown in Figure Q1. This system can be represented as
[ ] [ ] [ ] where [ ] is composed of three impulse responses expressed as follows:

[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] ( ) [ ]

Figure Q1

a) Determine the linearity and time-invariant of the overall system. Explain.

(4 marks)
(Answer)
System in Figure Q1 is an LTI system as the operation used is convolution. Thus, the
system is linear and time-invariant.

b) Determine the type of the impulse responses, whether FIR or IIR appropriate for [ ],
[ ] and [ ].
(3 marks)
(Answer)
[ ] FIR
[ ] FIR
[ ] FIR
[ ] IIR
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c) Determine whether the [ ] corresponds to a stable and causal system. Justify your
answer.
(6 marks)

(Answer)

The system is stable; ∑ [ ] ∑ ( )

The system is causal; [ ] for

d) Suppose the input signal to the system in Figure Q1 is given as [ ] [ ].

Determine the stability of the system.
(4 marks)
(Answer)
The system is not stable because the input signal is not bounded. A stable system
requires the system to have bounded input and bounded output.

e) Determine the overall impulse response, [ ] for the system shown in Figure Q1.
(Note: use LTI system properties).
(8 marks)
(Answer)
Based on LTI system properties; [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
The overall impulse response is
[ ] [ ] ( [ ] [ ])
[ ] [ ] ( [ ] [ ]) ( ( ) [ ])
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
[ ]
Thus,
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]
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QUESTION 2
The input-output relation to a linear time-invariant (LTI) system is shown in Figure Q2.1:

x[n] h[n] y[n]

Input System output

Figure Q2.1

a) A system is described by a difference equation as [ ] [ ] [ ]. Find the

transfer function, ( ) of the system and its impulse response [ ].
(5 marks)
(Answer)
Y ( z)  0.8Y ( z) z 1  X ( z)
Y ( z) 1
Y ( z) [1  0.8z 1 ]  X ( z ) Therefore, H ( z )  
X ( z ) 1  0.8 z 1

h[n]  (0.8) n u[n]

b) An input sequence [ ] [ ] is applied to the impulse response

[ ] [ ]. Find its output signal [ ] using z-transform.
(7 marks)
(Answer)
h[n]  [1,  1,  2] . Hence, H ( z)  1  z 1  2 z 2  (1  2 z 1 )(1  z 1 ) .


1 (1  2 z 1 )(1  z 1 )
X ( z)  . Therefore, Y ( z )  X ( z ) H ( z )  1
 1  z 1 and its
1  2 z 1 (1  2 z )
inverse z-transform, y[n]  [1, 1]   [n]   [n  1]
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| |
c) Given that an input sequence [ ] , find the z-transform ( ) and specify its
region of convergence (ROC).
(7 marks)
(Answer)

n
0.8

………… …………
n

Input sequence can be described as x[n]  0.8  0.8 n u[n]  0.8  n u[n]   [n] .
n

1 1 1 1
Therefore, X ( z )  1
 1  
1  0.8 z 1  0.8 z 1  0.8 z 1 1
1  ( ) z 1
0.8
1 1 z z
 1
 1
 
1  0.8 z 1  1.25 z z  0.8 z  1.25
Because the sequence is noncausal, the ROC should be ring type and for the stable
sequence, ROC should include a unit circle , hence 0.8  z  1.25 .

d) Find the impulse response h [n] when the system is consisting of two subsystems as
1
shown in Figure Q2.2 below. [ ] [ ] and H 2 ( z )  , which is z-
( z  1)( z  2)
transform of [ ]. Both [ ] and [ ] are causal.

h[n]
x[n] y[n]
h1[n] h2 [n]
Input output

System

Figure Q2.2

(6 marks)
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(Answer)
1 z
H 1 ( z)  
1 z 1
( z  1)

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

H ( z) 1 A B B2
   1 
z ( z  1) ( z  2) z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2
2

1 d 1 1
A 1 B1   1 B2   1
( z  1) 2 z 2
dz ( z  2) z 1
( z  2) z 1

H ( z) 1 1 1
  
z z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2

z z z 1 1 z 1
H ( z)      
z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2 1  2 z 1 1  z 1 (1  z 1 ) 2

Therefore, [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
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QUESTION 3

Suppose you hear the sound of a thunder clap echoing while standing between two walls. The
echoes are separated by a time interval of 0.1 sec. If the discrete-time version of the echo
signal is given by:

[ ] [ ], Sampling time

a) Find the signal sampling frequency.

(3 marks)
(Answer)

b) Sketch the graph of the echo signal [ ] for .

(5 marks)
(Answer)

1
0.607

0.3684
0.2236
0.1358

0
0 1 2 3 4

c) Find the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) ( ) of the signal [ ] for

where is frequency in Hz.
(6 marks)
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(Answer)

( ) ∑ ( )

∑( )

( ) ( )

( )
( ) ( )

d) To cancel the echo, [ ] is convolved with signal [ ] [ ] [ ].

Compute 2-point DFT of signal [ ].
(5 marks)
(Answer)

[ ] ∑ [ ]

[ ] ∑ [ ]

[ ] ∑ [ ]

e) Compute DFT of the output signal, [ ] [ ] [ ] for .

(6 marks)
(Answer)
[ ] [ ] [ ]
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( ) ( ) ( )

( )

Thus, the DFT of [ ] is

[ ]
For , [ ] [ ]
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PART B

QUESTION 4

a) Digital filters can be implemented using FIR filters or IIR filters. Give two advantages
of FIR filters over IIR filters.
(4 Marks)
(Answer)
1. FIR filters are inherently stable.
2. FIR filters can be designed to have linear phase.
3. FIR filters can be implemented easily of DSP processors
4. IIR filters are affected by finite precision math due to feedback.
5. FIR filters are relatively insensitive to quantization.

b) Design a causal FIR filter with and a filter order of 6 using Hamming
window as below:
i. Determine the impulse response of the filter.
(12 Marks)
(Answer)
N = 6, ,

[ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ( ))

The above filter is only valid between , thus valid between

only.
(3 marks)
Compute [ ] ( ) for .

Thus,
[ ] [ ]
(3 Marks)
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Compute the Hamming window function for .

[ ] ( )

Thus giving us
[ ] [ ]
(3 Marks)
The impulse response for is
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]

To make the filter causal, it is delay by 3 samples so that [ ] for .

Thus, the final impulse response is

[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]
for
(3 Marks)

ii. Sketch the ROC of this filter and its corresponding poles. Determine the
stability of this filter.
(4 Marks)
(Answer)
This filter is stable as can be seen from the ROC and all the poles are at the
origin. This is a unique characteristic of an FIR filter. The ROC is obviously;
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c) If [ ] ( ) is filtered with the FIR filter in (b), sketch the output signal for
2 . Shown in Figure Q4 below is the signal [ ] for

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 2 4 6 8
20 22 24 26
Figure Q4
(5 Marks)
(Answer)
Frequency of signal [ ] is similar to the cutoff frequency of the FIR filter in (b). At
cutoff frequency, the amplitude of the filtered signal will be reduced into half. Thus,
maximum amplitude of the output signal will equals to 0.5.

To obtain causality, filter in (b) was delayed by 3 samples. Thus, the output signal will
also delayed by 3 samples compare to the input signal.

The output signal is as below where it is the input signal reduced by half on its
amplitude and delayed by 3 samples:

23 24 25 26 27
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QUESTION 5

Given below is the difference equation of an IIR Butterworth lowpass filter. The filter was
design using bilinear transformation method where .

[ ] ( [ ] [ ] [ ])

a) Plot the poles and zeros of the filter on the z-plane.

(6 marks)
(Answer)

[ ] ( [ ] [ ] [ ])

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )( )

( )

Thus, zeros:

Poles:

1
Imaginary Part

0.5

-0.5

-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Real Part
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b) Explain the causality and stability of the filter. Also determine the ROC of the filter
(5 marks)
(Answer)
Because the filter was designed based on bilinear transformation method, the causality
and stability of the analog filter are preserved in the digital filter. Thus, the filter is both
causal and stable.
ROC: | |

c) Find the cutoff frequency of the filter

(7 marks)
(Answer)
Based on Bilinear transformation method, can be computed from below
relationship:

( )

From the question is known where .

Then, can be computed from the system function as below

( )

where
Thus,

From there,

( )
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d) Compute | ( )| for equals to and . Then, sketch the | ( )|.

(8 marks)
(Answer)

( )

For :

( ) | ( )|

For , Butterworth filter will always has | ( |

For

( ) | ( )|

0.7071

0
0 0.7 1x