ALTERNATIVE STRENGTHENING OF RC STRUCTURES

USING FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS (RFP)

ENGR. JEORGE G. CARVAJAL, MSce, MASEP

ENGR. DANILO A DOMINGO, FASEP
 DEFINITION
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites are
defined as:

“A matrix of polymeric material that is

reinforced by fibers or other reinforcing
material”
 Infrastructure Benefits
• HIGH STRENGTH/WEIGHT RATIO
• ORIENTATED STRENGTH
• DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
• LIGHTWEIGHT
• CORROSION RESISTANCE
• LOW MAINTENANCE/LONG-TERM DURABILITY
• LARGE PART SIZE POSSIBLE
• TAILORED AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
• DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
• LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
• LOW INSTALLED COSTS
MATERIALS
 FRP COMPOSITE CONSTITUENTS

• RESINS (POLYMERS)

• REINFORCEMENTS

• FILLERS

• ADDITIVES
 MATERIALS: RESINS

• PRIMARY FUNCTION:
“TO TRANSFER STRESS BETWEEN REINFORCING FIBERS
AND TO PROTECT THEM FROM MECHANICAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE”

• TYPES:
– THERMOSET
– THERMOPLASTIC
 RESINS
• THERMOSET
– POLYESTER
– VINYL ESTER
– EPOXY
– PHENOLIC
– POLYURETHANE
 RESINS
• THERMOPLASTIC
– ACETAL
– ACRYRONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS)
– NYLON
– POLYETHYLENE (PE)
– POLYPROPYLENE (PP)
– POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET)
Physical Properties of Thermosetting
Resins Used in Structural Composites
Resin Density Tensile Elong. E- Long.
Type (kg/m3) Str. (%) Mod. Term
(MPa) (GPa) t ,(C)
Polyester 1.2 50-65 2-3 3 120

Vinyl 1.15 70-80 4-6 3.5 140

Ester
Epoxy 1.1-1.4 50-90 2-8 3 120-
200
Phenolic 1.2 40-50 1-2 3 120-
150
 MAN-MADE FIBERS

• ARAMID
• BORON
• CARBON/GRAPHITE
• GLASS
• NYLON
• POLYESTER
• POLYETHYLENE
• POLYPROPYLENE
TECHNICAL DATA
 FIBER PROPERTIES

TENSILE STRENGTH
Alum 20

Steel 60

S-Glass 625

Carbon 530

Aramid 525

E-Glass 500

0 175 350 525 700

x103 psi
 FIBER PROPERTIES

STRAIN TO FAILURE
Alum 0.2

Steel 0.2

S-Glass 5

E-Glass 4.8

Aramid 2.8

Carbon 1.4

0 1.3 2.5 3.8 5

(%)
 FIBER PROPERTIES

TENSILE MODULUS
Alum 10

Steel 29

Carbon 33.5

Aramid 19

S-Glass 12.6

E-Glass 10.5

0 10 20 30 40

106 psi
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL
FIBERS
Fiber Density E- Tensile Elong.
Type (kg/m3) Modulus Strength (%)
(GPa) (GPa)
E-Glass 2.54 72.5 1.72-3.45 2.5
S-Glass 2.49 87 2.53-4.48 2.9
Kevlar 29 1.45 85 2.27-3.80 2.8
Kevlar 49 1.45 117 2.27-3.80 1.8
Carbon 1.80 227 2.80-5.10 1.1
(HS)
Carbon 1.80-1.86 370 1.80 0.5
(HM)
Carbon 1.86-2.10 350-520 1.00-1.75 0.2
(UHM)
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
REINFORCING FIBERS
Fiber Type Advantages Disadvantages

E-Glass, S-Glass High Strength, Low Stiffness,

Low Cost Fatigue
Aramid High Strength, Low Compr.
Low Density Str., High
Moisture
Absorption
HS Carbon High Strength High Cost
and Stiffness
UHM Carbon Very High Low Strength,
Stiffness High Cost
 FIBER ORIENTATION
• ANISOTROPIC
• UNIDIRECTIONAL
• BIAS - TAILORED DIRECTION
– 0O - flexural strengthening
– 90O - column wraps
– + /- 45O - shear strengthening
• ANGLE VARIES BY APPLICATION
DEGREE OF ANISOTROPY OF FRP
COMPOSITES
FRP Composite E1/E2 E1/G12 F1/F2t
Steel 1.00 2.58 1.00
Vinyl Ester 1.00 0.94 1.00
S-Glass/Epoxy 2.44 5.06 28
E-Glass/Epoxy 4.42 8.76 17.7
Carbon/Epoxy 13.64 19.1 41.4
UHM/Epoxy 40 70 90
Kevlar/Epoxy 15.3 27.8 260
 PROPERTIES OF UNIDIRECTIONAL
COMPOSITES
Property E-Glass/ S-Glass/ Aramid/ Carbon/
Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy
Fiber Volume 0.55 0.50 0.60 0.63
Longitudinal Modulus GPa 39 43 87 142
Transverse .Modulus, 8.6 8.9 5.5 10.3
GPa
Shear Modulus, 3.8 4.5 2.2 7.2
GPa
Poisson’s 0.28 0.27 0.34 0.27
Ratio
Long.Tensile Strength 1080 1280 1280 2280
MPa
Compressive Strength, 620 690 335 1440
MPa
 ELASTIC AND SHEAR MODULI OF FRP
COMPOSITES
Material E1 E2 G12 G13 G23

Aluminum 10.40 10.40 3.38 3.38 3.38

Steel 29 29 11.24 11.24 11.24

Carbon/Epoxy 20 1.30 1.03 1.03 0.90

Glass/Epoxy 7.80 2.60 1.25 1.25 0.50

COMPARISON OF AXIAL AND FLEXURAL
EFFICIENCY OF FRP SYSTEMS
AXIAL FLEXURAL
EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY
Material E/ρ Rank E1/2/ρ Rank

Carbon/Epoxy 113.1 1 8.4 1

Kevlar/Epoxy 52.1 2 6.0 2

E-Glass/Epoxy 21.4 4 3.5 3

Mild Steel 25.6 3 1.8 4

THEORY AND
APPLICATION
STRENGTHENING PRINCIPLES AND CONFIGURATION
Typical properties of fiber reinforced polymers and steel

Carbon FRP Aramid FRP Glass FRP Steel

 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF BEAMS
- Failure modes with loss of composite action and factors affecting
the strength of FRP
• Effect of cut-off distance

• Effect of FRP stiffness

• Effect of Member size

• Effect of FRP width

 EMPERICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING MAXIMUM FRP STRAIN OF FAILURE
From Graph below
MAXIMUM FRP STRAIN

Ep= Modules of
elasticity of FRP n/
m²
Tp= thickness of FRP
(mm)
D= effective depth of
the forsite
reinforcement
DESIGN OF BEAMS STRENGTHENED IN FLEXURE
The flexural design of the strengthened beam follows closely to the
conventional method for reinforced concrete design, specifically ,concrete
is taken to carry compression only “the plane section remains plane”
assumption is followed and relative slip between FRP and concrete is
neglected
Partial Safety factor for the FRP
LINEAR ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE

Neutral axis depth (Xο)

DESIGN FRAMEWORK FOR THE
STRENGTHENED BEAM
CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE CRACKING
 CALCULATION

From graph
SHEARING STRENGTHENING OF
BEAMS
- Failure Mode
 STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE
COLUMN
Strengthening of concrete column relies on the
confining effect of FRP on concrete when it cracks and
expands laterally under increasing longitudinal
compressive strain.
 COMPUTER
APPLICATION USING
BETONexpress
SOFTWARE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
APPROACH AND
LABORATORY TEST
RESULT
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN APPROACH FOR
COMPOSITES

Structural Design With FRP Composites

STRUCTURE
FRP Repair

Matrix, Fibers Lamina, Laminate Structural Analysis

Micromechanics Macromechanics Strengthening Design
 FLOW CHART FOR DESIGN OF FRP
COMPOSITES

[E]1,2
Engineering Constants

[Q]1,2 [Fiber Orientation] [S] 1,2

Mathematical Constants Mathematical Constants

[Q] x,y [S] x,y

Transformed Math. Constants Transformed Math. Constants

[E] x,y [E] x,y

Transformed Eng. Constants Transformed Eng. Constants
STRUCTURAL DESIGN WITH FRP
COMPOSITES
FRP STRENGTHENED BEAMS
TYPICAL LOAD-DEFLECTION CURVE
FRP REINFORCED BEAMS- FAILURE MODES
FRP REINFORCEMENT OF RC COLUMNS
• Advantages of Strengthening Columns with
FRP Jackets
– Increased Ductility
– Increased Strength
– Low Dead Weight
– Reduced Construction Time
– Low Maintenance
 FRP REINFORCEMENT OF RC COLUMNS

• Factors Influencing the Behavior of FRP-

Retrofitted Columns
– Column composition
– Column geometry
– Current condition
– Type of loading
– Environmental conditions
 DESIGN OF FRP RETROFIT OF RC COLUMNS

• Shear Strengthening
• Flexural Hinge Confinement
• Lap Splice Clamping
LOAD-DISPLACEMENT CURVE

(Before Strengthening)
LOAD-DISPLACEMENT CURVE

(After Strengthening)
COLUMN DUCTILITY
LOAD-DISPLACEMENT CURVE

(Before Strengthening)
LOAD-DISPLACEMENT CURVE

(After Strengthening)
COLUMN DUCTILITY
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
 CONCRETE SURFACE PREPARATION

• Repair of the existing concrete in accordance

to:
– ACI 546R-96 “Concrete Repair Guide”
– ICRI Guideline No. 03370 “Guide for Surface
Preparation for the Repair of Deteriorated
Concrete...”
• Bond Between Concrete and FRP Materials
– Should satisfy ICRI “Guide for Selecting and
Specifying Materials for Repair of Concrete
Surfaces”
 CONCRETE SURFACE PREPARATION

• Repair Cracks 0.010 inches or Wider

– Epoxy pressure injected
– To satisfy Section 3.2 of the ACI 224.1R-93 “Causes
Evaluation and Repair of Cracks…”
• Concrete Surface Unevenness to be Less than 1
mm
• Concrete Corners- Minimum Radius of 30 mm
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Typical RC Beam in
Need for Repair
– corroded steel
– spalling concrete
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Deteriorated Column /
Beam Connection
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Concrete Surface
Preparation
– Smooth, free of dust
and foreign objects,
oil, etc.
– Application of primer
and putty (if required
by the manufacturer)
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Preparation of the
FRP Composites for
Application
– Follow
manufacturer’s
recommendations
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Priming of the
Concrete Surface
• Application of the
Undercoating epoxy
Layer (adhesive when
FRP pultruded
laminates are used)
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Application of CFRP
Fiber Sheet on a Beam-
Wet Lay-Up Process
• Similar for Application
of Pultruded Laminates
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Column Wrapping with
Automated FRP
Application device
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Robo Wrapper by Xxsys
Technologies
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Column Wrapping
Device
THANK YOU!!!