Architecture Thesis

TRIGUA
Shopping Mall and

Leisure Complex
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Shopping mall is a modern, chiefly North American, term for a form of shopping
precinct or shopping center, in which one or more buildings form a complex
of shops representing merchandisers with interconnecting walkways that enable
customers to walk from unit to unit. Shopping arcade is a specific type of shopping
precinct which is usually distinguished in English for mall shopping by the fact that
connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and are in open air.
1.1 Background and Nature of the Project
The study of this proposed "Shopping Mall" is to promote a standard leisure mall
to accommodate the tourist visiting the place. Spread the popularity of Iba Zambales.
Using different new trend innovation and creative design is the key for making a
significant leisure mall. This project will help to boost the economic growth of Zambales
and help to provide jobs for the people of Zambales. A place that is ready to bloom to
their full potential, it contends among the most competitive municipalities in Philippines,
and is pushing forward towards a progressive city.
Visiting a mall is advantageous because the shops are housed in a

complex. Groceries, clothes, shoes, reading material, food courts, cinemas, and
entertainment are available in one place. You can spend a whole day at the mall, shop,
dine, watch a movie or play games. They are great meeting places for friends to catch up
over coffee or a meal in the food court. Families arrive for their weekly shopping,
collecting junk and keep the kids entertained at the mall.
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1.2 Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to research and analyzes data of the site in order to know the
problem and find ways to solve the problem by using appropriate solutions. To undertake
research and organize conventions, seminars and events and study, report and research
economic, marketing and promotional conditions affecting the shopping center industry.
To create a resource bank by compiling data and information from surveys, periodicals,
reference texts and computer data based on mall-based shopping and retailing activities.
The aim of the research is to become one of the most iconic places in Zambales which
will help to improve tourism and serve as the basic foundation of the country. To increase
and strengthen the retail sale and property values to encourage private investment by
creating a stable environment for retail business.
1.3 Significance of the Project
This would describe, interpret and reflect on the development of today’s concepts
of shopping malls. It requires more of companies today to be visible and the similarity of
the shopping malls and its stores are not distinguished from each other.
This research will help the researcher to understand more about the Shopping
Malls and to become more familiar with doing this proposal in my future works and it
will also assist the next students who will have the same kind of proposal. It will increase
the economic growth and job opportunities. Improving the current status of Iba, Zambales
into its maximum potential state. This project compromises more innovation and new
trend designs enable to gain more tourist and enthusiast through its design. To design a
building that minimizes harmful effects on human health and the environment.
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1.4 Statement of the Problem
One of the main disadvantages of the malls is drawbacks. These include

overcrowding, especially on weekends and holidays. Sometimes it seems that everyone
has the same idea and go to the mall. The corridors and crowded stores make shopping
very difficult, people often end up forgetting the items they need to buy.
Older people with mobility problems may have difficulty passing through the
shopping center, due to the breadth of the place. Parking can also be a problem when the
mall is very busy.
The site will be located at Iba Zambales, with a continuously growing number of
commercial establishments, banks, and financial institutions in Iba, it contends among the
most competitive municipalities in Philippines, and is pushing forward towards a
progressive city. The mall of Olongapo city is very far away for people in Zambales and
they take six hours just to get in the mall. The common problem for shopping malls that
there is an equal supply of store concepts in the different shopping malls and they
increase.
1.5 Project Scope and Limitations
The research will be carried out in Iba Zambales, where the plants, trees, different
water bodies and scenic views are located. This study will offer a basis for future
quantitative studies and provide useful data to leisure mall operators to find out more
about the motivations of their consumers, potential customers and tourist. The important
point of this research is to provide and analyze the problems facing on the Mall. To have
architectural plan and design to make the economy modernize. This study will provide
cater to a demographic looking for an active attraction with an edge. Building up the
entire territory with thinking about the natural variables. From exterior and interior,
vehicular and pedestrian, circulation, landscaping, and all aspects concerned to the
structure, site, function, user and its vicinity.
This proposal is limited to references about new trends innovation. It will not
include the financial issues, entertainment machine rides and commercial stores.
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1.6 Definition of Terms
Arcade – a covered passageway, a row of arches supported by columns. A place where

people pay to play video games, pinball machines, and etc.
Anchors- to attach or fix firmly
Interactive - influencing or having an effect on each other.
Boutiques - a small store that sells stylish clothing, jewelry, or other usually luxury
goods.
Complex- consisting of many different and connected parts.
Elevator - a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors of

a building, vessel, or other structure.
Escalator- a platform or cage for carrying people and things up and down in a building, it
attaches by cables to a machine that moves it.
Leisure- use of free time for enjoyment.
Mall-a large building or series of connected buildings containing a variety of retail stores
and typically also restaurants.
Plaza- a plaza, pedestrian plaza, or place is an open urban public space, such as a city
square.
Shopping Mall- is a building or set of buildings that contain a variety of stores, with
interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from store to store.
Stalls- a small enclosed space, with a booth, table, or counter at which goods are sold.
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TRIGUA
Shopping Mall and
Leisure Complex
CHAPTER 2
CASE STUDIES
2.1 Local Case Studies
2.1.1 SM Mall of Asia
General Description
The Mall of Asia is one of the largest shopping malls in Asia, beautifully
situated at Manila Bay. The complex spreading over an area of almost 400’000 m2
houses more than 500 shops, bank branches, an IMAX cinema, clinics, a church, a
museum of science and an ice rink. The mall is visited daily by more than 200’000
visitors; on peak days the number reaches the one million visitors mark.
Architectural Analysis
Project Name: Mall of Asia, Shopping Center

Bay Boulevard, Pasay City
Location: Manila, Philippines
Architect: Robert Cereg Org. and Arquitectonica
Main Contractor: Monolith Constr. Dev. Corp. and Hilmarcs Construction Co.
Vandex Applicator: Esicor Ltd.
Construction Period: 2006
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Figure 1. SM Mall of Asia Facade Figure 2. Ground Floor Plan of MOA
Figure 3. Second Floor Plan of MOA Figure 4. SM Mall of Asia Aerial View
Figure 5. The Globe of Mall of Asia Figure 6. The MOA Eye
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Review
Environment and Micro-Climate. The foundation slab and all below ground walls
(parking facility) as well as the potable water, firewater tanks and lift pits were treated
with a VANDEX SUPER. Technical Information, Product used: VANDEX SUPER
WHITE, Area treated: 80’000 m2 and WHITE On the slabs, VANDEX SUPER WHITE
was applied by the dry sprinkle method. Among various suggestions submitted by a
variety of suppliers, Vandex’s proposal fully met the specified requirements. A careful
cost evaluation revealed that the VANDEX SUPER WHITE waterproofing proofed to be
the most cost effective solution.
User Behavior and Requirements. SM Mall of Asia, one of the largest shopping malls in
Asia, is located within the complex. It has become one of the major attractions for many
visitors with its nearly 800 retail and food outlets causing average daily foot traffic of
over 200,000 people. A premier venue for both local and international events, the SMX
Convention Center, is also situated within the area. It offers a 46,647 square meter facility
ideal for industry conventions, corporate and social functions, and many more.
Utility and Space Enhancement. OneE-com Center (known as SM Corporate Center)

area 105,857 square meters, 10 stories OneE-com Center was designed by international
firm Arquitectonica and Architect Felix Lim. The building itself will have a total of
71,934 square meters available for lease. Seven floors will be allotted for office space and
the ground floor for commercial use. The Two E-com Center is the second phase of the
four BPO towers in the Mall of Asia complex. It has a gross floor area of 107,862 square
meters and consists of 2 towers - 15 story office building with retail areas at Ground and
4th Floor Level. Fig 9 The Three E-Com Center is the third set of towers within the
complex, consisting 2 Towers, set for BPO and shipping companies, it is also designed by
the world-renowned firm Arquitectonica. The Four E-Com Center is the fourth set of
towers for BPO and shipping companies, consisting 3 towers also designed by the world-
renowned firm Arquitectonica, and now currently being topped up. 5 Completed in 2015,
the 15-stories BPO building, similar to the Two E-Com Center, is attached atop a four-
story podium, again named Prism Plaza. The Six E-Com center is the Sixth set of towers,
composed of 2 towers, and still under planning stage.
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Form and Function. Residential Condominiums SM MOA has 4 residential condominium
properties from SMDC (SM Development Corporation) which include Sea Residences,
Shell Residences, Shore Residences which has 3 residential condominiums (Shore, Shore
2 & Shore 3) and the S Residences. An esplanade was constructed at the back of the mall.
SM By the Bay Amusement Park is an amusement park situated along Manila Bay that
opened to the public in 2011. The park currently has over 17 rides including the Mall of
Asia Eye (aka The Eye of Asia) a 55-meter (180 ft.) tall Ferris wheel which opened It has
36 air-conditioned gondolas, each able to carry up to six persons, giving a maximum
capacity of 216 passengers.
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation. One of the mall's main attractions is the first ever
IMAX Theater in the country, along with a Director's Club Theater for intimate
screenings (30 La-Z-Boy seats), a Premiere Cinema, and the Center Stage Cinema which
can use for live musical concerts and theatrical performances, and a XD 4D Cinema. In
addition to the mall's special theaters, it also has six regular two-tiered movie theaters
similar to the ones found in almost every SM Supermall. Two new digital theaters were
opened at the north side of the entertainment mall, for a total of eight theaters. The mall
features the Philippines's first Olympic-sized ice skating rink which is located on the third
level.
Site-Planning and Landscape Detailing. The mall's 5,000 parking spaces are divided
across two six-story parking buildings conveniently designated the North and South
Parking Buildings. The South Parking Building houses the mall's official The SM Store,
while the mall's supermarket, the SM Hypermarket is located at the North Parking
Building. Since its opening in 2006, visitors to the mall have been welcomed by large
steel framed globe on a roundabout at the southern tip of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue.
Structural Details. The mall is the centerpiece project of SM Prime at the SM Central
Business Park, where five one-story buildings serve as the company's corporate offices
(the sixth building being occupied by TeleTech Holdings, Inc. as their flagship site in the
country). The SM Mall of Asia's design team includes Arquitectonica, design architect;
Architect Robert Carag Ong, Architect of Record, GHT Services, project manager, and
Hilmarc's Construction Corp. (for the South Parking Building, Main Mall, and
Entertainment Mall) and Monolith Construction Development Corp. (for the North
Parking Building), general contractors.
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Building Services. SM Mall of Asia Complex is a 67-hectare landmark on the west of
Roxas Boulevard in Pasay City, also called "Bay City". The development is owned by
the Philippines' biggest mall owners and developers, SM Prime Holdings. This
development was envisioned to be a prime residential, retail, commercial, and
entertainment complex making it one of the largest contributors to tourism development
in Pasay City.
Design Detailing. SM Mall of Asia Complex is a crowd-drawer not just because of its
mall, amusement park, concert venue, and events place but also because of the
opportunities around each corner. There are also residential communities within the
complex such as the SM Shell Residences and Sea Residences offering employees
working within the area the convenience of living just a few steps away from everything.
Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. The first phase will feature the new Olympic-
sized Ice Skating Rink and a Food Hall (replacing the old Food court) on the 3rd Floor
along with more new shops and restaurants. The new expansion will be accompanied by
major changes in the mall layout and tenant mix. For instance, the ice skating rink will be
moved on the 3rd floor of the mall. Fig 13 The new expansion will feature a rooftop track
and football field with grandstand, botanical gardens, and parks at the mall's 4th level roof
deck plus all-new shops and restaurants at the mall's third, and fourth levels. It will be
built in phases.
Parking Details and Standards. There is a 20-seater tram within the mall. Adjacent to the
convention center is the MetroStar Ferry Terminal ferry service to Cavite City. The
terminal also serves as a passenger port to SM's tourism estate, the Hamilo Coast, in
Nasugbu, Batangas.
Architectural Synthesis
The use of new and innovative technologies of construction can be adapted to

the proposed Shopping Mall and Leisure Complex. The idea of the Mall is to amuse
which is a good place for a picnic and just to chill and enjoy the sea breeze. It is a must to
mention that sunsets here are stunning and on weekends.
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2.1.2 Subic Bay Harbor Point
General Description
Harbor Point is a shopping mall in Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Zambales,

Philippines owned by property development firm Ayala Land, Inc., a real estate
subsidiary of Ayala Corporation. It is the first Ayala mall located in Subic Bay, second in
Central Luzon and the fourth outside Metro Manila.
Architectural Analysis:
Architects: Buchan Group

Location: Rizal Avenue, Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Olongapo City, Zambales
Area: 53,787.45 square meters
Project Year: 2013
Floors: 3
Shop: Over 300 shops and restaurants
Developer: Ayala Land, Inc.
Figure 8. Restaurant in Harbor Point
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Figure 7. Harbor Point Facade
Figure 9. Atrium of Harbor Point Figure 10. Ticket Booth of Harbor Point
Review
Environment and Micro-Climate. Subic's climate is classified as tropical climate. Most

months of the year are marked by significant rainfall. The short dry season has little
impact. The climate here is classified as Am by the Köppen-Geiger system. The
temperature here averages 27.6 °C. About 3368 mm of precipitation falls annually.
User Behavior and Requirements. Harbor Point is a lifestyle haven for both locals and
tourists who regularly flock to Subic for a weekend escape or holiday. It offers a wealth
of retail choices local and foreign brands, active lifestyle stores, first in Subic concepts
and hand-picked homegrown favorites. It uses modern designs to provide maximum
aesthetic to the users.
Utility and Space Enhancement. Utilities are conveniently accessed from floor areas,
elevators, escalators, stores, fire exits, function room, restroom and registration areas to
prevent inconvenience to all.
Form and Function. The architecture profile mimics the repetition of waves and sailboats
giving it a sense of place in this former US Naval base.
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Horizontal and Vertical Circulation. It provides elevators and escalators to ease the users
from getting from floor to floor and provided emergency exit staircase for the emergency
purposes for the sense of danger.
Site-Planning and Landscape Detailing. The Mall is located across the river (a foot
bridge essentially connects the two locations) from its significant market competition, SM
City Olongapo, owned by SM Prime Holdings which will become Subic's new Central
Business District. The mall was named Harbor Point because of Subic’s bayside location.
Structural Details. The structural framework is composed of materials that can be used
on nearby body of waters. It requires more sustainability and more massive strength when
it comes to unexpected problems.
Building Services. They have also become lifestyle and cultural centers that celebrate the
best in Filipino architecture, artistry, and design. Through malls around the country, they
bring the good life to Filipinos, addressing not only their basic needs, but also creating
vibrant community hubs. The objective is to continue enhancing convenience and
accessibility for the needs of residents, shoppers, office workers, tourists, and the general
public.
Design Detailing. It was a modern architecture inspired structure because it considered

new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel and
reinforced concrete. The idea that form should follow function an embrace of minimalism
and a rejection of ornament.
Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ), which is

known simply as Subic Bay or Subic is a special economic zone covering portions
of Olongapo City and the towns of Subic in Zambales and Morong and Hermosa in
Bataan.It is the Philippines' first successful case of a military base converted through
volunteerism into a tax and duty-free zone, operated and managed by the Subic Bay
Metropolitan Authority or SBMA.
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Parking Detail and Standards. Total number of slots 553 with 3 parking areas, located
at Harbor Point Subic Bay Zambales.
The utilization of extensive measure of structural steel, glass and aluminum

cladding to help the structures load to promise security of the visitors is one of the
development innovation to guarantee that the proposed Shopping Mall and Leisure
Complex is alright for every one that will use the building. Technology moves extremely
quickly. It seems like there is a new innovation produced nearly every
day. Technology has changed the way business is done and has enabled many people to
reach goals and try new things that they've never done before. Revolutions in technology,
engineering and building materials, and from a desire to break away from historical
architectural styles and to invent something that was purely functional and new.
2.1.3 MarQuee Mall
General Description
MarQuee Mall is a shopping mall owned and operated by the North Beacon

Commercial Corporation, a 100 % wholly owned subsidiary of Ayala Land. It is located
in Barangay Pulung-Maragul, Angeles City, Philippines. The mall has a land area of 9.3
hectares and a gross-floor area of 140,000 square meters.
Architectural Analysis:
Management: Ayala Land Co.

Location: Pulung Maragul, Angeles, Philippines
Area: 140,000 square metres(1,500,000 sq ft)
Opening Date: September 03, 2009
Floors: 3 Malls, 14 Floors Condo B, 8 Floors A
Owner: Ayala
Developer: Ayala Land, Inc.
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Figure 11. MarQuee Mall Facade Figure 12. Restaurants at the backside of the Mall
Figure 13. Metro Department Store

Figure 14. Interior Design of MarQuee Mall
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Figure 15. MarQuee Residences

Review
Environment and Micro-Climate. Angeles has a tropical savanna climate that borders on

a tropical monsoon climate(Köppen climate classification Aw/Am). Angeles experiences
two distinct seasons: a dry season from December through April, with a wet season from
May through November. From 1953 to 1991, the mean daily low was 73.6 °F and the
mean daily high was 88.1 °F, with June being warmest and January and February being
the coolest. The average annual rainfall is 78.39 inches. Typhoons tend to approach from
the east during the summer and fall.
User Behavior and Requirements. It allotted such a wide range of corners and rooms to
have the capacity to give most extreme excitement to the clients and members, and that
they can move unreservedly with no issue.
Utility and Space Enhancement. Integrated property management services including

building administration center and subdivision maintenance, and special technical
services.
Form and Function. MarQuee Mall is the retail component of MarQuee, a 53-hectare
integrated community developed by Ayala Land that includes MarQuee Place, a
residential development located a few hundred meters away as well as MarQuee
Residences, a two-tower condominium right within the mall complex. The mall complex
also features a chapel on its third floor as well as an outdoor park facing MarQuee
Residences. In July 2012, the Department of Foreign Affairs inaugurated its
second passport office in Pampanga at the mall's third level.
The case study MarQuee Mall, Utility and Space Enhancement method can help
planning the proposal Shopping Mall and Leisure Complex because of its diverse
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building that compliments and work with each other needs and the approach of working
with new technologies to properly designate the areas/ retails.
2.1.4 Grand Venice Canal
General Description
Venice Grand Canal, popularly known as Venice Piazza, is a shopping mall

located at McKinley Hill Garden Villas in Taguig City in Metro Manila in
the Philippines.
Management: McKinley
Location: Taguig City, Metro Manila
Archors: 2
Opening Date: 2015
Floors: 3
Figure 16. Grand Staircase Figure 17. Grand Canal Gondolas
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Figure 18. Food Court Figure 19. Adventure Park
Review
Environment and Micro-Climate. Taguig has a tropical climate. When compared with
winter, the summers have much more rainfall. According to Köppen and Geiger, this
Figure 20. Grand Venice in Greater Noida
climate is classified as Aw. The temperature here averages 27.2 °C. In a year, the average
rainfall is 2042 mm.
User Behavior and Requirements. A zip line ride is a unique and exhilarating experience
during which one flies down a series of ultra-strong steel cables, attached by a harness
and pulley. Total length of the ride is 250 metres and it takes 3 minutes to complete a
ride. This is fixed at the height of 80 ft inside the mall and five people can take the ride at
the same time. The ride is certified for safety and has three-line safety – measure.
Utility and Space Enhancement. Discover a host of experiences with a grip on exciting
nightlife trends, innovative sights and sounds, world-class shopping and dining
attractions, and state-of-the-art cinemas.
Form and Function. Country’s first Venetian theme based mega tourist destination
Venice Mall, located at Greater Noida in Delhi –NCR has added two new features in its
pack of entertainments to attract visitors.
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation. Grand Staircase is an immense sequence of

sedimentary rock layers that stretch for its aesthetic. Gondola is a traditional, flat-
bottomed Venetian rowing boat, well suited to the conditions of the Venetian lagoon this
serves to ship the user to another place.
Site-Planning and Landscape Detailing. The Venice Mall Founder said the Trampoline
Park is an international concept. People in the USA go to these parks to bust their stress.
He said with these added features, Grand Venice is not just a Mall but a tourist
destination for all age groups.
Structural Details. The influence of Islamic architecture is reflected in some features of

the Venetian style, in particular the use of colour and pattern on outside walls, and
sometimes stone grills on windows, and perhaps purely decorative crenellations on
rooflines.
Building Services. The other new feature Trampoline Park also launched today is spread
in an area of 40,000. sqft. In this Park, there is more than just Trampolines. The visitor
can enjoy and distress with Basketball, jumping the pit, Jumping & climbing, bowling
and speed running and made for people of all age –groups. They have activities, fun
games, adventure games and rides, 7D projection, House of Dead and multiple activities
for one and all.
Design Detailing. The Grand Canal is inspired in Venetian Gothic architecture is the
local variant architectural style for Venice of Italian Gothic architecture, with a
confluence of influences from local building requirements, some influence
from Byzantine architecture, and some from Islamic architecture, reflecting Venice's
trading network.
Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. Pronove Tai's report predicts that Taguig will be
the fastest growing office district in 2018, at a 17% growth rate and 10 buildings forecast
for completion. According to the report, of the 817,000 square meters of available office
space in Metro Manila this year, almost half (47%) will be in Taguig.
Parking Details and Standards. The parking mall can occupy 1000 slots for the vehicles.
Its Venetian Gothic inspired design are good for the proposed Shopping Mall
and Leisure Complex because buildings are usually formed with repeated modular
elements forming masses representing specific functional zones, distinctly articulated and
grouped together into a unified whole. And also giving the ambiance of the location will
really fit to the proposed Expansive Shopping and Leisure Complex because no only it
will give the representatives an amazing view but also showcases the beauty of the chosen
location.
2.1.5 SM Seaside City Cebu
General Description
SM Seaside City Cebu, also known locally as SM Seaside or just Seaside, is a

large shopping mall owned and developed by SM Prime Holdings in Cebu
City, Philippines that opened on 27 November 2015, exactly 22 years after SM City
Cebu. which opened in 1993. It is the centerpiece of the SM Seaside Complex, a 30-
hectare mixed-use development at the South Road Properties.
It is currently the third largest shopping mall in the Philippines and the tenth in
the world. The mall has a gross leasable area (GLA) of more than 470,486 square meters.
[1]
SM Seaside City Cebu is SM Prime Holdings' third mall in Metro Cebu and its 55th
mall in the Philippines. The mall is designed by Arquitectonica, the same company which
designed SM City North EDSA, SM Mall of Asia and SM Megamall.
Architect: Arquitectonica- Design Consultant, WV Coscolluela & Associates - Architect ;

Wow Architects - Interior Designer
Location: South Road Properties Brgy. Mambaling, Cebu City, Philippines
Archors: 12
Total Floor Area: 470,486 m2 (5,064,270 sq ft)
Floors: 5
Owner: Henry Sy Sr.
Developer: SM Prime Holdings
Figure 21. SM Seaside Facade Figure 22. SM Seaside Cube
Figure 23. Site Development Plan Figure 24. SM Seaside Roof Garden
Figure 27. SM Seaside Food Court
Review
Environment and Micro-Climate. Cebu City has a tropical monsoon climate under

the Köppen climate classification. The city has a lengthy wet season and a short dry
season, with only the months of March and April falling into the latter season. Average
temperatures show little variance during the year with average daily temps ranging from
27 °C (81 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F). The city on averages experiences roughly 1,700
millimetres (67 in) of precipitation annually.
User Behavior and Requirements. It provides wide variety of spaces that will give the
users maximum entertainment without causing any problem.
Utility and Space Enhancement. The Mall Use Roof Garden to transform neglected urban
space, roof gardens can provide valuable environments for eating and socializing,
relaxing and recreation.
Form and Function. The SM Seaside City Cebu is a circular-shaped retail mall with
multiple anchors, including a two-story The SM Store, SM Supermarket, a Centerstage
theater, a Large Screen format cinema, two Director's Club cinemas, and 4 regular
cinemas, an 18-lane SM Bowling and Amusement Center, and an olympic-size ice
skating rink across the food court.
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation. The Mall provides Escalators and Elevator to have
the capacity to move large numbers of people.
Site-Planning and Landscape Detailing. The site is located in the South Road
Properties Brgy. Mambaling, Cebu City, Philippines and its near to the sea. The building
has a Roof Garden for the landscaping.
Structural Details. This tower is located on the center of the mall, a 150-meter tall
Seaside Tower (equivalent to 50-storey) will open soon. There are restaurants and coffee
shops and a viewing deck at the top of the tower which provide people a 360-degree view
of Cebu City and the mall. The tower is supported by columns of 1500mm x 1500mm
dimensions of 21 MPA concrete ultimate compression strength from the foundation up to
the third level.
Building Services. A 16,000-seater indoor arena named Seaside City Arena was proposed
to be built but such plan was later cancelled due to the alleged attacks by the Cebu City
mayor, Tomas Osmeña against the project.
Design Detailing. The design approach is to create a socially connected experience that
embodies all the diverse elements that define its place, creating public amenity of
perennial value to all of Cebuano’s residents and visitors.
Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. The city is a major hub for the business process
outsourcing industry of the Philippines. In 2013, Cebu ranked 8th worldwide in the "Top
100 BPO Destinations Report" by global advisory firm, Tholons, in 2012, the growth in
IT-BPO revenues in Cebu grew 26.9 percent at $484 million, while nationally, the
industry grew 18.2 percent at $13 billion.
Parking Details and Standards. The Mall can provide 4,336 parking slots for all
vehicles.
The creative and thoughtfully designed function spaces that encourage
interaction and bringing world class entertainment closer to provincial areas. The green
credentials and concepts of the center will be the basis for the proposed Shopping Mall
and Leisure Complex’s environmental system. Green design is an approach to building
that minimizes harmful effects on human health and the environment. To safeguard air,
water, and earth by choosing eco-friendly building materials and construction practices.
The design of the Malls that focuses on beauty and symbolism of the building’s modern,
glass-lined interior is reflected throughout the center is that what the proposed Shopping
Mall and Leisure Complex needed to.
2.2 Foreign Case Studies
2.2.1 Kulturbau Mall
General Description
The project started as a competition for the redevelopment of the “Zentralplatz”,

the main square in Koblenz. The program included approximately 20,000 m² of retail
space, more space for cultural and tourism purposes and an urban square of 6.000 m².
Architect: Benthem Crouwel Architects

Location: Görgenstraße 14, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
Category: Shopping Centers
Project Year: 2013
Photographs: Jens Kirchner
Figure 28. Kulturbau Mall Facade Figure 29. Kulturbau Mall Ground Floor Plan
Review
Environment and Micro-Climate. Germany's climate is temperate and marine, with cold,
cloudy winters
Figure 30. Malland warmGround
Restaurant summers and in the south occasional warm font wind. The
Floor Plan Figure 31. Site Development Plan
greater part of Germany lies in the cool/temperate climatic zone in which humid westerly
winds predominate.
User Behavior and Requirements. The two buildings and the square create an urban
ensemble. Because of the precise positioning of the buildings and their outline, the
pedestrian flows, which make the central square a public setting, are organized in an
effective and logical way. The two buildings are complemented and strengthened in their
urban and architectural implementation by each other’s background.
Utility and Space Enhancement. The complete program is split into two volumes, with
the Zentralplatz in between. The separation of functions allows for two autonomous and
highly functional buildings, which can develop long-term and independently.
Form and Function. The shopping center is characterized by its trapezoidal layout and
smooth outlines
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation. The areas intertwined with escalators provide
orientation points, divide the building and provide the interior with natural light.
Site-Planning and Landscape Detailing. The initial idea of the competition to make a
natural overgrown façade was developed further artistically and abstractly. The basis of
the structure is an abstract image of a vine leaf, which is interpreted freely as a 3D-shape.
Structural Details. The volume has a double facade with a Structural-Glazing

construction of white silk-screened glass, which envelops the building like a second skin
and offers a frosted and refined appearance. The motif of the print provides a filtered
view from inside to outside, and allows a vaguely transparent view when looking from
the outside in. At the different entrances, the outer facade has a spacious cut and therefore
offers a direct view of the lobby and entrance areas.
Building Services. The Kulturbau will serve a multitude of cultural users and tourist
functions, including a museum, the tourist office and a library. The mall Forum
Mittelrhein presents itself as a flat, horizontal layered structure. On relevant junctions
within the urban fabric, the mall offers spacious entrances and invites visitors to follow
the pedestrian flows and to ‘glide’ through the building.
Design Detailing. The entire façade is composed out of only one type of element, that is
produced in large quantities and high quality in an industrial thermoforming process.
Approximately 2,900 identical, three-dimensional shaped aluminum elements, painted in
three different shades of green, form this distinctive façade.
Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. The shopping mall ´Forum Mittelrhein´ and the
Kulturbau Koblenz, which is constructed now, together form the design for the
redevelopment of the Zentralplatz, the central square of Koblenz. The Zentralplatz not
only connects the various districts of Koblenz with each other but also has an important
function as a public transport interchange and place where various pedestrian flows come
together.
Parking Details and Standards. The Parking area has a 25.000sqm.
This concept can be used for the proposed Shopping Mall and Leisure Complex,
in combination with the great spaciousness, gives a high-level of amenity and a pleasant
ambience for the user. Across the intense colors of the void edges, powerful accentuations
are applied that create a vivid image. The form and function of the center and its ability to
be able to be flexible and adapt to the weather and climate conditions.
Emerging technologies include a variety of technologies such as educational

technology, information technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, cognitive science,
psycho technology, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
2.2.2 Shaoxing CTC Mall
General Description
The CTC （ China Textile Center ） is an atypical practice of art-involved

commercialand has officially opened at the end of June 2018. The project is surrounded
by eight high-rise towers and two super high-rise buildings under construction. It is a
brand new entertainment destination integrating commercial streets, shopping malls,
service apartments and office buildings.
Architects: ATAH
Location: Chou Duan Lu, Keqiao Qu, Shaoxing Shi, Zhejiang Sheng, China
Lead Archtiects: Guang Xu, Lilas Dandan Wang
Design Team: Fan He, Zhenqin Yang, Zhen He, Vee Wei
Area: 12000.0 m2
Figure 32. Shaoxing CTC Mall Facade Figure 33. Ground Floor Plan
Figure 34. Second Floor Plan Figure 35. Third Floor Plan
Figure 36. Shaoxing CTC Mall Section
Review
Environment and Micro-Climate. The weather in Zhejiang features a monsoon season,

temperate climate, abundant sunshine and rainfall, humidity and typhoons. The average
annual temperature of Zhejiang Province is about 18 °C (64 °F), with an average July
temperature of 27-30 °C (81-86 °F), and an average January temperature of 2-8°C (36-46
°F). The annual average rainfall of the province is about 1000mm to 1900mm, and its
annual average sunshine time is about 1710 hours to 2100 hours.
User Behavior and Requirements. Macroscopically based on the theme of water town
and textile, the overall master-plan is organically organized. The differentiated density
leads the people flows into the commercial street like the capillaries and fall into the
sunken square and the shopping center. Microscopically, select several drama nodes
along the mainly circulation was selected to be delicately designed. These flash points
also carry the requirements for integration and interaction with the art display.
Utility and Space Enhancement. The mall still can have a central role in urban and
suburban societies. To avoid becoming what one chief executive calls a “historical
anachronism a sixty-year aberration that no longer meets the public’s needs,” mall
operators must expand their horizons of what a mall can be. They must envision
themselves no longer as real estate brokers, but instead as customer-facing providers of
shoppable entertainment.
Form and Function. The layout of the interior space conforms to the shape of the olive-
shaped mall, and the central part of the shopping center forms a grand atrium.
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation. The shadow of the ceiling structure is like a layer of
silk sprinkled in a light-colored room. Two groups of non-parallel long-span bridges
interweave the north-south business lines. Four groups of escalators lead customers from
the basement to the cinema in the high area.
Site-Planning and Landscape Detailing. The three-story location connects the shopping
center and the north side of the sky bridge, which is called the "eye of celebration"
because of its morphological blasting posture.
Structural Details. The side of the bridge is covered with a simple light-colored
aluminum plate to hide the light. The circular marble texture of the central hall on the first
floor is like a squat in the middle of the hall, but it looks like a star.
Building Services. The best public view of the outdoor central plaza is provided in the profile
relationship. It is also a holy place for event-based art events.
Design Detailing. In response to this space, we unify the division of ceiling and roof aluminum
panels through the perspective matrix, and light up the eyebrow part through the BARRISOL
ceiling. A romantic touch of star net was applied at the bottom of the bridge.
Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. Economically, the city's driven by

manufacturing of textiles, electronics, and energy-efficient lighting. Zhejiang has the fifth
highest per capital GDP in the nation, with the city itself.
Parking Details and Standards. The standard parking slots for the mall, recommend a
space 9 by 18 feet, and one 10 by 20 feet should be ample.
The use of floating volumes to produce a walkable landscape for the users
diffuses the boundary of the work environment and the living spaces. It shows the
flexibility of the structure. To provides a continuous flow of expression for the project
with special cultural content. It shows a fluid, fashionable, muti-perspective spatial view
with the trajectory, providing a stage for art and events.
2.2.3 Apple Dubai Mall
General Description
Apple Dubai Mall is reinventing the traditional introverted idea of mall-based

retail as a more outward looking experience that engages with the spectacle of urban life.
Its design is a highly innovative response to the culture and climate of the Emirates, while
also demonstrating Apple’s pioneering ambition to create inspirational civic spaces for
all.
Architects: Foster + Partners

Location: Financial Centre Road – Downtown Dubai - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Category: Store
Project Year: 2017
Photographs: Nigel Young
Area: 2,538m2
Figure 37. Apple Dubai Mall Facade Figure 38. Ground Floor Plan
Figure 40. Apple Dubai Mall Elevation
Figure 39. Second Floor Plan Figure 40. Apple Dubai Mall Elevation
Review
Environment and Micro-Climate. Dubai has a tropical desert climate, Köppen

classification Bwh, because of its location within the Northern desert belt. Summers are
extremely hot and humid, with an average high around 41 °C (106 °F) and overnight lows
around 31 °C (88 °F). Most days are sunny throughout the year. Winters are warm and
short with an average high of 26 °C (79 °F) and overnight lows of 17 °C (63 °F).
User Behavior and Requirements. One of the most visited urban centres in the world,
attracting over 80 million visitors every year since 2014, the new Apple Dubai Mall
occupies the most pivotal position in the city, alongside the iconic Burj Khalifa and
overlooking the famous Dubai Fountains.
Utility and Space Enhancement. Spanning over two floors, it embraces the theatre of the
fountains with a sweeping 186-foot (56.6 metre) wide and 18- foot (5.5 metre) deep
terrace, a first for any Apple Store with unparalleled views of the spectacular setting and
the incredible choreographed display.
Form and Function. With their movement path inspired by a falcon spreading its wings,
the ‘Solar Wings’ are in itself a theatrical experience an integrated vision of kinetic art
and engineering. The wings have been carefully crafted to inspire delight, a delicate
combination of form and function.
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation. The mall provides lifts and escalators to ease the
user on circulating the whole building. Its large halls and high ceilings provide excellent
air change effectiveness and high indoor air quality to reduce energy consumption.
Site-Planning and Landscape Detailing. The new shaded terrace features nine substantial
trees within large planters incorporating seating for visitors to sit, relax and enjoy the
view. The planters will rotate mechanically to ensure that the trees receive even sunlight.
The terrace will offer the communities of Dubai a new vantage point furthering Apple’s
commitment to the communities they are part of.
Structural Details. Made entirely of lightweight carbon fiber, each wing has multiple
layers of tubes forming a dense net. Following an in-depth study of sun angles, the rods
have been distributed in higher concentration where the solar radiation is the most intense
over the year.
Building Services. Access to the store is through full height, glazed pivoting doors on
both levels, directly from Dubai Mall.
Design Detailing. The Avenue, a specially designed area for accessories display, on the
lower level along with Apple’s signature display tables sits in the midst of a grove of
trees, creating a calm environment to experience Apple’s latest products.
Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. Dubai has changed dramatically over the last
three decades, becoming a major business center with a more dynamic and diversified
economy. Dubai enjoys a strategic location and serves as the biggest re-exporting center
in the Middle East. Its low logistical and operational costs and excellent infrastructure,
international outlook and liberal government policies are attracting investors in a big way.
Activities such as trade, transport, tourism, industry and finance have shown steady
growth and helped the economy to achieve a high degree of expansion and
diversification.
Parking Details and Standards. Parking spaces within enclosed garages shall have an
interior dimension of at least ten feet wide and twenty feet long. The minimum size of a
compact parking space shall be eight feet wide and sixteen feet long.
The unique pattern allows clear views out for people standing on both levels of
the store, and the sunlight streaming through the wings casts dappled shadows deep into
the interior. Its design is a highly innovative response to the culture and climate of the
Emirates, while also demonstrating Apple’s pioneering ambition to create inspirational
civic spaces for all. Facilities should be suitable for tourists in terms of the purpose and
function of a specific facility.
2.2.4 Thaihot City Plaza Mall
General Description
The experience of entering Spark's proposed mall in Fuzhou is equally dazzling

as a voluminous atrium filled with vibrant color and light greets the visitor. Marco Polo
described Fuzhou as “an important Centre of commerce in precious stones.” Spark's
‘precious stone’ in the heart of Fuzhou is waiting to be discovered.
Architects: Spark Architects

Location: XiuFeng Road and BanZhong Road, JinAn District, 350000, Fuzhou, China
Category: Store
Project Year: 2012
Stories: 5-20 Stories
Figure 41. Thaihot City Plaza Mall Facade Figure 42.
41. Ground Floor Plan
Figure 43. Second Floor Plan Figure 44. Third Floor Plan
Figure 45. Aerial Perspective
Review
Environment and Micro-Climate. Fuzhou, bordering the East China Sea, has a warm and
humid sub-tropical monsoon climate with abundant rainfall. The weather in Fuzhou is
mild and the annual average temperature is about 19.6 C (67.28 F). Weather in spring is
changeable and rainy.
User Behavior and Requirements. The north facade becomes a living organism full of
movement and energy, Thaihot Mall Fuzhou is set to become a distinctive reflection on
the future of city lifestyle retail.
Utility and Space Enhancement. The rooftop offers a variety of activities such as
miniature golf and fine dining, it is accessible by the 24-hour route. This route is further
animated by its adjacency to the pedestrian street.
Form and Function. On a rare occasion, chipping away at a stone will lead to the
discovery of a cavernous core lined with mineral deposits exploding with radiant color
and light.
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation. The center provides lifts and escalators to ease the
user on circulating the whole center. It also provides large hallways and open spaces to
give maximum sense of circulation.
Site-Planning and Landscape Detailing. Two complementary pedestrian routes energize

the dynamic shopping experience at Thaihot Mall Fuzhou. A 12-hour day route and a 24-
hour route, retail programs that operate during the day are consolidated into a 12-hour
shopping podium, circulation routes and terraces are carved out of this podium facilitating
access to the rooftop.
Structural Details. Color shifting aluminum panels combined with signage and
advertisements façade create an exterior appearance that is constantly changing. At night
the perforated aluminum panels allow light to pass through to create a “starry night”
effect.
Building Services. Working on the interior and façade design of Thaihot Mall in Fuzhou,
the design of their undulating tenant façade mimics the ebb and flow of pedestrian traffic
creating a dynamic shopping experience.
Design Detailing. The design proposal for the Thaihot City Plaza Mall has a multi-
faceted façade that has different functions, in plan and elevation. Designed by Spark
Architects, this facade moderates the edges of the building in plan to increase sight lines
into the pedestrian street drawing people in, unlike linear streets that fail to hold and
capture the pedestrians’ interest.
Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. Fuzhou, capital of Fujian Province, is an

industrial center and seaport on the Min River. The mineral resources are abundant.
Among them, the reserve of Yela Stone is in the first place in China. The resources of
forests, aquatic products and electron are abundant too. Fuzhou is the important industrial
base in Fujian Province.
Parking Details and Standards. The minimum size of a standard parking space shall be

nine feet wide and eighteen feet long.
The propose Shopping Mall and Leisure Complex must become a living
organism full of movement and energy, to become a distinctive reflection on the future of
city lifestyle retail.
2.2.5 Daegu Color Square Stadium Mall
General Description
Initiated as a competition to revitalize an underutilized parking lot adjacent to the

Daegu World Cup Stadium, Jerde was commissioned to design the project upon
submitting their concept for a highly iconic, mosaic of surfaces and organic forms
inspired by Daegu’s own textile industry.
Architects: Jerde
Location: Daegu, South Korea
Category: Shopping Centers
Area: 50000.0 m2
Project Year: 2011
Figure 46. Daegu Color Square Stadium Mall Figure 47. Ground Floor Plan
Figure 48. Second Floor Plan Figure 49. Daegu Color Square Interior Design
Review
Environment and Micro-Climate. Daegu has a cooler version of a humid subtropical

climate. The mountains that comprise the basin trap hot and humid air. Similarly, in
winter, cold air lies in the basin. The area receives little precipitation except during the
rainy season of summer and is sunny throughout much of the year. Data gathered since
1961 indicates that the mean temperature for January, the coldest month in Daegu, is
0.6 °C (33 °F) and that for August, the warmest month, is 26.4 °C (80 °F). The City's
lowest record temperature was −20.2 °C (−4 °F), and the City's highest record
temperature was 40.0 °C (104 °F).
User Behavior and Requirements. Designed to be a highly recognizable landmark

destination for Daegu, Korea’s fourth largest city, Mosaic Gardens introduces a new
model of sports- related entertainment venues and programming by offering leisure,
exhibits, dining and family activities.
Utility and Space Enhancement. The highly anticipated entertainment zone is anchored
by a 1,400-seat flexible concert and event venue, along with six cinemas. Interwoven
within the project is a wide sample of natural expressions that enhance the organic and
park-like qualities to create a green oasis for visitors.
Form and Function. The design was further inspired by the Daegu World Cup Stadium
as a symbol of global unity. The surface mosaic of the new space acting as a metaphor for
the interweaving of the diverse cultures of the world who will visit this new social realm
and central hub of entertainment, exhibits, dining, and sports activities.
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation. The main concept for the form and function of the
mall is flexibility and adaptability to most advanced technology and has been designed to
provide unsurpassed facilities and services
Site-Planning and Landscape Detailing. A series of landscaped pedestrian walkways and

elevated parks create a continuous exterior and interior route linking the entertainment
and retail space to the surrounding sports complex, which also contains a second stadium
and future baseball stadium.
Structural Details. The center’s sustainable features include gray water use for plant
irrigation, geothermal heating and cooling and recycled materials for landscaping.
Building Services. The center piece of the retail and entertainment complex is a Water
Garden, a landscaped sunken outdoor courtyard with a large water feature that offers a
new community gathering area for events and activity. The shops, restaurants and
entertainment venues are arranged in districts around the Water Garden, with radial
‘alleys’ and glass curtain walls providing natural light and views of the garden space from
multiple locations within the underground areas.
Design Detailing. The design was further inspired by the Daegu World Cup Stadium as a
symbol of global unity. The surface mosaic of the new space acting as a metaphor for the
interweaving of the diverse cultures of the world who will visit this new social realm and
central hub of entertainment, exhibits, dining, and sports activities.
Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. The city is the economic and industrial core of
the Daegu-Gyeongbuk region, one of the major industrial areas in Korea. It accounted for
as much as 94 percent of Korea's trade surplus in 2006. The electronics industries
in Gumi and the steel industries in Pohang provided great services to that surplus. World-
leading manufacturing facilities for Anycall (Samsung Mobile) and POSCO's main
factories are located near the city. Daegu and its neighbouring cities were designated for
the Daegu-Gyeongbuk Free Economic Zone by the central government in 2008. It is
specialized companies like Winitech software company in knowledge-based service and
manufacturing industries.
Parking Details and Standards. The parking for cars is 3,550. It is located approximately
11 km or 20 minutes by car from Daegu Airport.
The proposed Shopping Mall and Leisure Complex must have designed as a self-
sustaining environmental, cultural, and artistic collection of indoor/outdoor community
space expressed through living gardens, rooftop parks, water features and landscaping
that transform the area into an urban oasis.
TRIGUA
Shopping Mall and
Leisure Complex
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
The research method refers to the tools that one uses to do research. These can
either be qualitative or quantitative or mixed. Must contain a simple process of arriving at
dependable solutions to problems through the planned and systematic collection analysis,
and interpretation of knowledge, for promoting progress, and for enabling the tourist to
relate. To create new information and extend the comprehension of a theme or issue. It
expects to accumulate data to enable the researcher to close a speculation to his research
problem.
The researcher used descriptive research method to gather information and data
regarding shopping malls. Research study is devoted to find situations under which
certain phenomenon occurs and circumstances under, it does not occur in what might
appear to be similar.
The researcher used the descriptive method of research for the study to get the
required architectural facts regarding the project proposal. It is needed to be accurate and
to make sure laws and provisions are followed.
3.2 Sources of Data
Sources of information are the beginning of data gathering. It generally delivers

simple or un-analyzed and un-synthesized information from architects, suppliers, owners,
government, workplaces, and specialists on a given subject. It likewise incorporates
articles, reports, journals, compositions, books, magazines, and maps.
The researcher used different types of sources like web articles, books, magazines,
journals, which are firmly identified with research.
The researcher used this information for the most part as a result of its contextual
investigation accessibility. There were applied to assemble for the most part design data
with respect to his theme of research. The information gathered was cautiously divided
and combined evaluating its centrality and importance to the study.
3.3 Methods of Data Collection
Research methods are the means or philosophy of used information accumulated

in the inspection. It intends to assemble data to enable the researcher to finish up a theory
to his research.
The study required to apply a few strategies including reading of books,

magazines, journals, and different exercises, for example, overview, interviews,
background researches, and perception through site appearance.
The method used were done to help backing and help the researcher’s speculation
or answers for his exploration issue. The overview was applied to get the pulse of the
overall population with respect to the attainability, common sense, and feasibility of the
undertaking proposal. Resulting, contextual investigations were led to assemble data
about existing undertakings and its structural components. Site visitation were done by
the researcher to accumulate information with respect toward the site to combine a
methodology on the most proficient method to execute the structure procedure.
3.4 Research Paradigm
INPUT
 Library and Internet Research on Mall design
guidelines, importance, international standards and trends.
 Field research on Mall facilities
 Descriptive research on technologies applicable to the
proposal
PROCESS
 Collection and review of gathered data
 Site selection and analysis
 Analysis of initial architectural solution
 Organization of gathered data
OUTPUT
 Final design solution with regards to
environmental features
 Architectural solution to site problem.
 Final programming of spaces and functional
organization.
 Development of concepts sand schemes on
aesthetics and programming.
Figure 50. Research Paradigm

TRIGUA
Shopping Mall and
Leisure Complex
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS
AND INTERPRATATION OF DATA
4.1 The Project
Project profile is defined to maintain default values and control parameters like
planning methods for costs. The information entered in project profile is copied
to project in project definition or also in the project elements.
4.1.1 Project Profile
This project is highly recommended and the mall is globally competitive among
other local and urban malls, offering various brands, products or services at one place.
The proposed site is in Iba Zambales, based on 2015 census, has a population of
50,506 people. As the capital of the province, it is second largest provincial capital in
terms of land area in Central Luzon Region after Tarlac City. Iba, Zambales has great
potential investors as this is now becoming an urban development this will be great to
locate business to attract the neighborhood provincials. This could mainly feature to
modernization and massive infrastructure developments currently taking place just like
SM Skyranch. In the proposed center, there will be a lot of facilities that will attract the
consumers in Shopping Mall, it will have interactive park, scenic views, activity area,
transportation terminals and other appropriate facilities of the mall. This project owned by
private company and will funded by private investors.
4.1.2 Significance of the Project
The economic activity is at its most dynamic and productive when powered by the
bottom-up creativity, innovation and ingenuity of local entrepreneurs, and the spending
power of an engaged community. This project will give job opportunities, and help the
environment of the Iba Zambales to boost their municipality to globalized environment.
There will be a consultation between stakeholder, owners and designers. Gather some
basic information’s about their facilities, investors, and other appropriate needs for the
mall.
4.1.3 Justification of the Project
The proponent proposed a project Shopping Mall and Leisure Complex with its
goal which is service, serve to keep people happy and bringing the modernization of city to
province. The mall shoppers preferred the all-in-one convenience these shopping centers
offered. Naturally shoppers prefer the shopping malls because they offered more choices.
For a big shopping mall operator, shopping malls had also evolved into transport hubs
that provide “a constant stream of people” who shop, eat or just cool off.
Shopping malls are a gauge of economic development, and among the biggest
employers, providing hundreds of jobs, some people nearby Iba Zambales are at a
crossroads, so consumers, even from other areas, often drop by to buy or sell something
in Iba Zambales. Businesses, like shopping malls, find this place attractive. One good
thing resulted from the shopping mall invasion is the improvement of the facilities and
management of the local’s public market and this can be a new feature for Ibanians to
experience entertainment and leisure. There is similar Malls in Iba Zambales but their
malls are lack of facilities and technological innovations. Their Malls are not very
pleasuring and satisfying for the reason that some of the people of Zambales are still
visiting Olongapo City just to experience a scenic view, entertainment and outdoor
activities. The proposed area is located in an area categorized as CBD, however, the area
is also near to some homeowners. This could be negotiated by the company, so that the
area would be given to the company with proper communication and papers.
4.2 The User
4.2.1 Demographic Data
The proposed site is in Iba Zambales, based on 2015 census, has a population of
50,506 people. As the capital of the province, it is second largest provincial capital in
terms of land area in Central Luzon Region after Tarlac City.
4.2.2 User Profile
User profile is a visual display of personal data associated with a specific user, or

a customized desktop environment. A profile can be used to store the description of the
characteristics of a person.
4.2.2.1 Shopping Mall
1. Customer- an individual who pays some amount of money or the thing required to
consume goods and services produced.
2. Admin Staff- assistants fill a variety of roles in office settings.
3. Employee- An employee barters his or her skills, knowledge, experience, and
contribution in exchange for compensation from an employer.
4. Retailer- a person or business that sells goods to the public in relatively small
quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale.
5. Cleaning Maintenance- A janitor, custodian, porter, cleaner or caretaker is a
person who cleans and maintains buildings.
6. Security Guard- a person employed to protect a building against intruders or
damage.
7. Deliverer- a person employed by a retail store to deliver small orders to customers
on call.
4.2.2.2 Interactive Park
1. Customer- a person who makes a purchase.

2. Ride Technician- a worker in a field of technology who is proficient in the
relevant skill and technique, with a relatively practical understanding of the
theoretical principles.
3. Employee- a person who does a specified type of work or who works in a
specified way.
4. Vendor- a person or company whose principal product lines are office supplies
and equipment.
4.2.2.3 Transportation Terminal
1. Driver- a person who drives a vehicle.

2. Conductor- a person in charge of a train, streetcar, or other public conveyance,
who collects fares and sells tickets.
3. Passenger- a traveler on a public or private conveyance other than the driver, pilot,
or crew.
4. Vendor- a person or company offering something for sale, especially a trader in
the street.
4.2.3 User Activity
User activity monitoring is the monitoring and recording of user actions.

1. Customer- - a person or organization that buys goods or services from a store or
business.
2. Admin Staff- assistant jobs entail handling email, fielding phone calls or placing
calls to clients and other staff, wrangling paperwork and managing filing systems.
3. Employee- a person employed for wages or salary, especially at nonexecutive
level.
4. Retailer- retail sales associates use cash registers to process transactions and are
responsible for keeping track of all the money inside.
5. Cleaning Maintenance- they may work outdoors mowing lawns, sweeping
walkways, and removing dirts and monitor a building's heating and cooling
systems to ensure they function properly. Some make minor electrical and
plumbing repairs.
6. Security Guard- monitoring surveillance equipment; inspecting buildings,
equipment, and access points; permitting entry.
7. Deliverer- transporting, and delivering items to clients or businesses in a safe,
timely manner.
1. Customer- buying tickets for the rides and looking for scenic views
2. Ride Technician- to maintain and repair amusement park attractions. They need a
strong technical knowledge and have specialized knowledge of the rides they are
assigned to maintain.
3. Ticket Employee- are responsible for selling tickets for transportation or
entertainment units.
4. Vendor- a seller, is an enterprise that contributes goods or services.
1. Driver- is the controlled operation and movement of a motor vehicle,

including cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses.
2. Conductor- collect fares from passengers and are expected to assist the drivers in
maintaining harmony among passengers.
4.3 Transportation and Utilities
4.3.1 Transportation Data
4.3.1.1 Traveling by the Land
Iba is easily reached from Manila and Pangasinan by land transportation. It is 204

kilometres (127 mi) from Rizal Park in Manila via North Luzon Expressway exiting
in San Fernando, Pampanga to Olongapo. From Olongapo, Iba is 78 kilometres (48 mi)
away.
4.3.1.2 Traveling by the Air
The town can be also reached by small aircraft using the Iba Airport, a small
feeder airport with a 900-metre (3,000 ft) runway located along the coast of Iba.
KILOMETERAGE OF ROADS
Iba, Zambales, 1996
Figure 51. Kilometerage of Roads

4.3.2 User Vehicle Use
Iba is accessible to the neighboring towns and provinces by land transportation,

poblacion can be reached easily from all barangays because of the availability of all types
of vehicles. The municipality has an approximate total of 108,986 kms. of roads which
are classified into four (4) categories, namely: national, provincial, municipal and
barangay roads. The barangay road constitutes the majority of the kilometerage of road
having an approximate length of 43.50 kms.
As to type of pavement, the roads are either paved with concrete, asphalt, gravel
and dirt road. The gravel and dirt road has a total length of 49.90 kms. The existing road
network is being supplemented by eight (8) national bridges and four (4) provincial
bridges. Businessmen transport their goods and merchandise by means of buses, mini-
buses, jeepneys and even tricycle. Wholesale traders sometimes use trucking facilities or
privately owned truck. There is no undetermined number of tricycle plying in the area
because it increases from time to time. Buses plying in the Iba –Manila are the Victory
Liner, Inc. which provides the municipality with adequate buses including air-conditioned
ones for comfortable and easy movement from one place to another.
4.3.3 Utilities Sources from Providers
4.3.3.1 Electricity Power
The Zambales Electric Cooperative (ZAMECO) serves the electric needs of the
municipality with an office located at Barangay Zone 4. Based on the status of electrician
of ZAMECO, fourteen (14) barangays of the municipality are serviced with electric
power. Most household were already energized. Other establishments being served by
ZAMECO are 570 commercials, 56 governments, 10 streetlights and two special lighting.
4.3.3.2 Water Supply
The Iba Water District supplies water to the municipality. It is located at Zone 6
of the Poblacion. Only four (4) out of nine (9) barangays are being served by existing
water supply system. These are the Poblacion, Palanginan, Lipay-Dingin and a portion of
Dirita. The water sources are two (2) dugwells, one produces about 9 lps of water and the
other produces about 7 lps of water.
The water system will have an expansion to the following barangays:
1. Sto. Rosario
2. Bangantalinga
3. Amungan
4. San Agustin
4.3.3.4 Telecommunications
Reliable communication process cultivates the awareness of people and make

them a potent instrument of development and partner of social up liftmen. The
telecommunication services available in the municipality for public consists of telephone
system, telegraph and postal office. A telephone service has been supplied by the
DIGITEL to relieve the shortage of telephone facilities in the government and in the
private offices. A message center which takes charge of the telegraphic transfer and this
station handles messages from all sectors of the community.
The postal service of the municipality has a total number of seven (7) employees
servicing the whole town. This includes one (1) Postmaster, five (5) Postman II
and one (1) Postman I.
4.4 Evolutionary & Revolutionary Trends and Innovations Advancement
4.4.1 Space Frame
In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space structure (3D

truss) is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in
a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior
supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the
triangles, flexing load (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression
loads along the length of each strut.
Figure 52. Curve Space Frame Glass Roof Design
51
4.4.2 Automated Sliding Doors
Automatic sliding doors are designed with attractive framing and sleek styles to
complement any entry. Glass sliding doors are ideal when it comes to unobstructed views
and allowing natural light into a building. Automatic sliding doors use optical or motion
detection sensors to activate their motorized opening and closing functions. These sensors
are mounted over the automatic door or are integrated into the door framing from above
or the side.
Figure 53. Automatic Sliding Doors
4.4.3 Light Generating Cement
We now have cement that has the ability to absorb and irradiate light and could
potentially act as a light bulb. The applications for this new light-generating cement are
wide and limitless, especially now that one of the main trends in construction is green
building. Green building is a way of creating structures with resource- and energy-
efficiency in mind and light-generating cement is the perfect material for this type of
construction. It can be used in swimming pools, parking lots, road safety signs, and so
much more. At night, these electrons eventually relax to their original state, emitting
light in the process. Once night falls, the cement can provide light for 12 hours, without
using any electricity. The benefits of this light-emitting concrete go beyond its electricity
independence.
Figure 54. Glow in the Dark Cement 52

4.4.3 Light Emitting Wall Panel
This light-emitting wall panel is called as Lumes. It looks like an

average wall from afar. Lumes is designed to display animations through its integrated
LED array. The animations can be displayed remotely adjusted as per the customer's
Figure 55. Light Emitting Wall Panels
preference.
4.4.4 Green Walls
A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with greenery that includes
a growing medium, such as soil, water or a substrate. Most green walls include an
integrated water delivery system. A green wall is also known as a living wall or vertical
garden. It provides insulation to keep the building's inside temperature consistent.
Green walls are different from green facades. Green walls have growing media supported
on the face of the wall, while green facades have soil only at the base of the wall (in a
container or in ground) and support climbing plants on the face of the wall to create the
green, or vegetated, facade. Green walls may be indoors or outside, freestanding or
attached to an existing wall, and come in a great variety of sizes.
Figure 56. Green Wall
53
4.4.5 Solar Panels
Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct

current electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of
photovoltaic solar cells available in different voltages and wattages. Photovoltaic modules
constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates and
supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.
Figure 57. Robinsons Solar Panel
4.4.5 Automated Flush Urinal and Sink
Electronic automatic flushes solve the problems of previous approaches, and are
common in new installations. A passive infrared sensor identifies when the urinal has
been used, by detecting when someone has stood in front of it and moved away, and then
activates the flush. There usually is also a small override button, to allow optional manual
flushing. Automatic flush facilities can be retrofitted to existing systems. The handle-
operated valves of a manual system can be replaced with a suitably designed self-
contained electronic valve, often battery-powered to avoid the need to add cables. Older
timed-flush installations may add a device that regulates the water flow to the cistern
according to the overall activity detected in the room. This does not provide true per-
fixture automatic flushing, but is simple and cheap to add because only one device is
required for the whole system.
Figure 58. Automated Flush

54
4.4.6 Aluminum Cladding
Aluminum cladding is one of the most used types of cladding for building

exteriors. Aluminum is a lightweight metal that is durable, corrosion resistant and 100%
recyclable. A facade is considered the face of a building and is often seen as one of the
most important design aspects, it not only protects the interior of a building from various
climates, it is also the building's main feature or frontage.
Figure 59. Aluminum Double Curved Panels
4.4.7. Rainwater Harvesting System
Rainwater harvesting system is a process by which large amounts of rainwater are

harvested and contained on a container called cisterns. These collected waters are used for
irrigation use and can also be processed under treatment to be used for hygienic purposes.
Most facilities who implements the use of rainwater collection system saves a large
amount of water quantity per year on their utility consumptions. These collected
rainwaters can also be used on sanitation use.
Figure 60. Rain Water System

55
TRIGUA
Shopping Mall and
Leisure Complex
CHAPTER 5
SITE PROFILE AND SITE ANALYSIS
5.1 Site Selection
The proposed Shopping Mall and Leisure Complex appropriate in both urban and
rural area. There were three possible sites for the project. First in Municipality of Iba in
the province of Zambales, the other options were in Subic, Zambales and Masinloc,
Zambales.
The site is close to the national road and has great potential to improve the area. The site
is easily accessible by both private and public vehicles. The site has flat or plain terrain.
The site is close to schools, commercial buildings, banks, and residential areas which
helps the area to make shopping mall more accessible. Site selection indicates the practice
of new facility location, both for business and government. Site selection involves
measuring the needs of a new project against the merits of potential locations.
56
Figure 61. Site Criteria Table
5.2 Site Justification
The proposed project is a Shopping Mall and Leisure Complex that needs an
entertaining and scenic views. Among the three site options, the site in Municipality of
Iba fits the best for the project. Iba Zambales has its own characteristics in biodiversity,
the essence of natural beauty of the site and the scenic views are the most focal point. The
site should give the users a pleasure ambiance, in able to focus in their shopping and
encourage them to enjoy their day. The site should be easily accessed by the private and
public vehicles. The site is within the CBD area and it’s also along the national high way.
This site should also accessible to Pangasinan, Pampanga and Olongapo City because
most of the users is from the city. This will help to boost the economic growth of Iba
Zambales.
5.3 Site Profile
5.3.1 Location
57
Figure 62. Map of the Philippines Figure 63. Map of the Luzon
Figure 64. Map of Iba Zambales
The municipality was named after the sour fruit "Iba", generally known
as kamias which is abundant in the place. Local folklore talks about the Spaniards who
came to the town asking the name of the place, the natives yelled "Iba, Iba" thinking that
58
the man was asking what they were eating. From then on, the place was called Iba. The
permanent capital of Zambales was moved from Masinloc to Iba because of its strategic
location being on the central part of Zambales. On August 28, 1901, American Civil
Governor William Howard Taft held the historic meeting of the Second Philippine
Commission founding the Province of Zambales under the American rule held at Roman
Catholic Church of Iba.
Iba, officially the Municipality of Iba, is a 2nd class municipality in the province
of Zambales, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 50,506
people. As the capital of the province, it is second largest provincial capital in terms of
land area in Central Luzon Region after Tarlac City.
59
5.3.2 Site Photographs
Figure 65. Site Location View 1 Figure 66. Site Location View 2
Figure 67. Site Location View 3 Figure 68. Site Location View 4
5.3.3 Land Use
It has been the priority of the town to encourage and increase the establishment of
commercial and related business activities in the locality by providing appropriate
measures to potential investors such as but not limited to market information, business
opportunities, banks and other financial institution loans and provision for necessary
60
market facilities that would fully support the growth of commercial and related activities
in the municipality.
5.3.4 Existing Building or Improvements
61
Being a focal point employment and business too being the host of major
instructive establishments, the number of inhabitants in Iba increment during day time as
a result of merchants, advertise purchasers, students, government and private
representatives rushing in the town. There are adjacent houses, bank and commercial
Figure 70. Neighboring Residential Figure 71. Neighboring Commercial Areas
Figure 72. In front of the site is Supermarket Figure 73. National High-Way Iba to Palauig
building within the area.
5.3.5 Transportation and Access
The site is accessible by minor and major road. The vehicles passing there are
tricycle, jeep, buses, and private vehicles. The site is along the national high-way
Figure 74. Major and Minor Road
5.3.6 Utilities and Services 62

5.3.6.1 Power
To further improve the electrical service to enhance development in the social and
economic aspect of the Shopping Mall.
5.3.6.2 Water
To provide adequate and potable water supply in the facility within the Shopping
Mall.
5.3.6.3 Telecommunication
To provide adequate telecommunication facilities, it being one of the Shopping

Mall major instruments in transmitting information and ideas relevant to socio-economic
development.
5.3.7 Climate
Iba has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am). Iba's

climate is no different from the other towns where rainy season begins from June and
ends in September, while the dry season is from October to May. An average of 43.15
centimetres (16.99 in) of annual rainfall with a temperature of 22 °C (72 °F) is observed
during rainy season. The highest temperature recorded is 34 °C (93 °F) while the lowest
is 19.18 °C (66.52 °F).
Figure 75. Climate Data of Iba, Zamabales
5.3.8 Topography 63
Iba is one of the oldest municipality of Zambales, has a total land area of 15,338
hectares. Botolan on the South, Palauig on the North, China Sea on the West and
mountain ranges on the East. It is defined more or less oblong in shape. Unlike other
towns of the province, Iba has a unique geographical feature for it lies between the sea
and mountain ranges.
Figure 76. Topography of Iba Zambales
5.3.9 Vegetation
The various types of flowers in the area are made out of bread leaf and semi-
deciduous trees. Grass family is abundant, for example, shrewd, bamboo, kawayan
murdering, rattan and buho. The nearness of cogon and talahib are likewise observable
during its season. Vegetable plants, for example, mongo, patani, beans of various
assortments, peanuts and others are likewise developed in the region. Natural product
trees are discovered developing in the area however just mangoes produce monetarily.
Calamansi, chico, products of the soil are become yet just for household's utilization.
5.3.10 Hydrology
Different waterways and rivers cut through the different necks of Iba – they are
the wellsprings of water system waters and are the soul of farmers and other people who
depend them for employment. A portion of these streams are the Marangla River, Tambac
River, Prenza, Tacar, Baong and other little springs and waterways conveyed in the
diverse barangays. Marangla River gives water system waters to the individuals of San
Agustin, while Prenza River gives water to Sta. Barbara ranchers. Like different towns of
Zambales, Iba has two (2) kinds of water: the crisp and the salty or harsh.
5.3.11 Soil
64
Soil types vary from sandy to loam. Sandy muddy soil can be found along the
swamplands. Sandy soil ca be found in the coastal barangays, sandy clay loam soil which
is dominant in almost all barangays as suitable to rice, sugarcane, all types of vegetables.
Clay loam or the presence of clay loam or red clay in Bangantalinga was noted, which is
the future source of bricks, by product of the barangays.
5.3.12 Sound
The ones causing the loud noise there are vehicles on the road as it is near the
national high way.
65
Sound
PROPOSED SITE
Figure 77. Noise Area
66
5.3.13 Views
PROPOSED SITE
Figure 78. Views in site
5.3.14 Physiographic Obstructions
Flooding is the major problem to future successful development in Iba Zambales,

with over half of the municipality within the flood zone and have a strong wind current in
the area because its near in South China Sea to the west part.
Figure 79. Climate Map of Iba

67
5.3.15 Regulatory Factors
Formerly as of June 22, 1963, Iba was composed of eight-rural barangays leaving
the poblacion area independent. On October 1974, poblacion was divided into 6 zonal
districts in agreement with PD 86 and 86 A. A strict application of the National Building
Code, the City Environment Code and Ordinances of the city on is an obligation to ensure
the safety and effectiveness of the project in the situated site. Applying the BP 344 or the
Accessibility Law enables to help and assist the persons with disabilities.
NATIONAL BUILDING CODES OF THE PHILIPPINES
RULE VI - FIRE-RESISTIVE REQUIREMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION

SECTION 603: Fire-Resistive Standards
RULE VII - CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF ALL BUILDINGS BY USE OR

OCCUPANCY
SECTION 701: Occupancy Classified
SECTION 704: Location on Property
SECTION 705: Allowable Floor Areas
SECTION 707: Maximum Height of Buildings
SECTION 709: Requirements for Other Group Occupancies
RULE VIII - LIGHT AND VENTILATION

SECTION 803: Percentage of Site Occupancy
SECTION 805: Ceiling Heights
SECTION 806: Sizes and Dimensions of Rooms
SECTION 808: Window Openings SECTION 809: Vent Shafts
RULE XII - GENERAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 1207: Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads
SECTION 1213: Stages and Platform
SECTION 1215: Lathing, Plastering, and Installation of Wall Boards
B.P. NO. 344 ACCESSIBILITY LAW GENERAL PROVISIONS OUTSIDE AND AROUND
BUILDINGS INSIDE BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
68
5.3.16 Socio Economic Considerations
Iba is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Zambales, Philippines. The

Municipality offers the most powerful, responsive, and connecting with scope of
managements to the community. It envelops each control of managements including
education, health, sanitation and social improvement. This capital town of Zambales is
finally emerging into a modern city, befitting its stature as the premier municipality in the
province.
5.3.17 Historical and Cultural Significance
5.3.17.1 History
The municipality was named after the sour fruit "Iba", commonly known
as kamias which is abundant in the place. Local folklore talks about the Spaniards who
came to the town asking the name of the place, the natives shouted "Iba, Iba" thinking
that the man was asking what they were eating. From then on, the place was called Iba.
The permanent capital of Zambales was moved from Masinloc to Iba because of

its strategic location being on the central part of Zambales. On August 28, 1901,
American Civil Governor William Howard Taft held the historic session of the
Second Philippine Commission establishing the Province of Zambales under the
American rule held at Roman Catholic Church of Iba.
5.3.17.2 Festivals
The Mango Festival is a celebration of a bountiful harvest of mangoes and other

agricultural products which the province is known for. It is also aimed to highlight the
attractions and places of interest in all of its towns. As a way of promoting and giving
thanks for a good harvest, the people of Zambales annually celebrate the six-day Mango
Festival in March or April in Iba.
69
Paynauen Festival is a summer festival in Iba featuring local traditional arts and
culture first celebrated in the 1980s, Paynauen Festival has become a yearly tradition and
a tourist attraction lasting for about seven days. Paynauen’s festivities include street
dancing, singing competition, boxing events, sport events, sand castle building, carabao
race, kite contest, Miss Paynauen competition, cooking contest, barangay booth displays,
products display and sales, ballroom dancing, traditional parade, concerts and many
others.
5.4 Site Analysis
5.4.1 Sun Path Analysis
70
South East
Moonsoon
PROPOSED
SITE
SUNPATH
North West
Moonsoon
Figure 80. Sun path of Iba, Zambales
71
5.4.2 SWOT Analysis
STRENGTH TRIGUA
- Growing popularity of the place. Shopping Mall and
Leisure Complex
- Water source and power supply are
available.
- Along the National Road.
- Strong wind current and oriented sun path
that helps to manage the renewable energy.
WEAKNESS
- Traffic flow
- Many Commercial Areas
- Clustered Residential
- There are paths for the use of vehicles
OPPOTUNITY
- Increase of employment
- Better image of Zambales
- The site is nearby schools and banks
- Walkable to commercial areas
THREATS
- Prone to strong wind current
- Salt water in the air
Figure 81. SWOT Analysis 72
CHAPTER 6
USER AND SPACE ANALYSIS AND SPACIAL

PROGRAMMING
6.1 Background
Space programming includes identifying problems and needs, then providing the

right amount and type of space, equipment, and furniture needed to function efficiently.
Space programming moves from broad considerations to the very specific occupant
needs.
Bubble diagram is a freehand diagrammatic drawing made by architects and

interior designers to be used for space planning and group the preliminary point of the
design process. The bubble diagram is important because later parts of the design process
are based on them.
Space programming and bubble diagram are both fundamental in building

arranging and structure. A decent arrangement doesn't generally originate from just any
activities of drafting effectively; it is very tedious on the grounds that plans like floor
plans make out of subtleties. Floor plans include subtleties like divider allocations,
entryways and windows designation, and furniture. To limit the time consumed, utilizing
the system of space programming and bubble diagram will be useful. The programming
of spaces will be valuable in deciding the base and allowable floor areas of every space
thinking about the course of the clients. Accordingly, it creates the perfect arranging ideas
on spaces meeting the necessary practical structure floor area. Likewise, bubble diagram
investigates arranging options or choices. Despite the fact that it brings about two
73
dimensional figure, through the structure procedure, landing at the arrangement, will
accomplish the three dimensional issues
6.2 The Basics
In setting up the matrix of spaces and users, first apply a table with arrangement of
sections. The main segment refers to the spaces required for the project. At that point to
put a short illustration of the space is an alternative. Think about the potential users of the
particular space and decide its amount. Show the user and the quantity of shopper will
utilize the space. Then give the circulatory elements of the clients and process for the sub-
total of the area. Additionally, get ready for the necessary furniture, fixtures and
equipment that are notable to the space, deciding the area of every segment just as its
amount. At that point, set up a section for the sub-total obtained from the user and the
furniture, fixtures and equipment. At that point the following section is for the general
circulatory components to give allowance for the progress of development. What's more,
the last section is for recognizing the general all out floor area process for the space
Figure 82. Space Programming Table
indicated.
To get the total area of each space, scheme for space programming is utilized. The
first activity is to distinguish the issues and needs of the structure or the clients. At that
point, decide and list the users action, the amount of user and their circulatory variables
expected to work effectively. Additionally, search for the possible furniture and fixtures
required in each space knowing their area and amount. After every one of the calculations
of spaces, get the total and give some gross to the over-all flow inside the particular
space.
Bubble diagram is the graphical demonstration of interrelationship of spaces and

the movement of users in the structure. It grows the basic relationship through showing
significant adjacencies and security level between the open zones and private zones.
6.3 User and User Activity
6.3.1 User Profile

74
User profile is a visual display of personal data associated with a specific user, or
a customized desktop environment. A profile can be used to store the description of the
characteristics of a person.
1. Customer- an individual who pays some amount of money or the thing required to
consume goods and services produced.
2. Admin Staff- assistants fill a variety of roles in office settings.
3. Employee- An employee barters his or her skills, knowledge, experience, and
contribution in exchange for compensation from an employer.
4. Retailer- a person or business that sells goods to the public in relatively small
quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale.
5. Cleaning Maintenance- A janitor, custodian, porter, cleaner or caretaker is a
person who cleans and maintains buildings.
6. Security Guard- a person employed to protect a building against intruders or
damage.
7. Deliverer- a person employed by a retail store to deliver small orders to customers
on call.
1. Customer- a person who makes a purchase.

2. Ride Technician- a worker in a field of technology who is proficient in the
relevant skill and technique, with a relatively practical understanding of the
theoretical principles.
3. Employee- a person who does a specified type of work or who works in a
specified way.
4. Vendor- a person or company whose principal product lines are office supplies
and equipment.
1. Driver- a person who drives a vehicle.
75
2. Conductor- a person in charge of public conveyance, who collects fares and sells
tickets.
3. Passenger- a traveler on a public or private conveyance.
4. Vendor- a person or company offering something for sale, especially a trader in
the street.
6.3.2 User Activity
User activity monitoring is the monitoring and recording of user actions.
1. Customer- - a person or organization that buys goods or services from a store.

2. Admin Staff- assistant jobs entail handling email, fielding phone calls or placing
calls to clients and other staff, wrangling paperwork and managing filing systems.
3. Employee- a person employed for wages or salary, especially at nonexecutive
level.
4. Retailer- retail sales associates use cash registers to process transactions and are
responsible for keeping track of all the money inside.
5. Cleaning Maintenance- they may work outdoors mowing lawns, sweeping
walkways, and removing dirt and monitor a building's heating and cooling
systems to ensure they function properly. Some make minor electrical and
plumbing repairs.
6. Security Guard- monitoring surveillance equipment; inspecting buildings,
equipment, and access points; permitting entry.
7. Deliverer- transporting, and delivering items to clients or businesses.
1. Customer- buying tickets for the rides and looking for scenic views
2. Ride Technician- to maintain and repair amusement park attractions. They need a
strong technical knowledge and have specialized knowledge of the rides they are
assigned to maintain.
3. Ticket Employee- are responsible for selling tickets for transportation or
entertainment units.
4. Vendor- a seller, is an enterprise that contributes goods or services.
76
1. Driver- is the controlled operation and movement of a motor vehicle,

including cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses.
2. Conductor- collect fares from passengers and are expected to assist the drivers in
maintaining harmony among passengers.
6.4 Spaces
The spaces were well-known reliant on internet through looking some

proportional structures. The spaces gathered were a suggestion and need for the
proposition to assist the necessities of the shopper. Likewise, it gives fundamental plan on
what will be seen inside the structure and to give information to the users.
Shopping Mall
1. Administrative Office
2. Super Market
3. Department Store
4. Warehouse
5. Food Court
6. Delivery Bay
7. Commercial Area
8. Entertainment Area
9. Cinema
10. Ticket Booth
11. Chapel
12. Storage
13. Toilets
14. Air Handling Unit Room (AHU)
15. Control Room
16. Electrical Room
17. Mechanical Room
18. Genset Room
19. Maintenance Room
77
20. Atrium
21. Recreational Area
22. Parking
Interactive Park
1. Ticketing Booth
2. Souvenir Store
3. Stalls
4. Recreational Area
5. Rides Area
6. Toilet
7. Electrical Room
8. Mechanical Room
Transportation Terminal
1. Ticketing and Fares
2. Commercial Store
3. Drop-Off Busses
4. Drop-Off Jeepneys
5. Drop-Off Tricycles
6. Toilet
6.5 Space Programming
78
Figure 83. Space Programming Shopping Mall
Figure 84. Space Programming Interactive Park
79
Figure 85. Space Programming Transportation Terminal
6.6 Bubble Diagram
Figure 86. Bubble Diagram Relation of Spaces

80
Figure 87. Bubble Diagram Ground Floor
Figure 88. Bubble Diagram Second Floor
Figure 89. Bubble Diagram Third Floor 81

TRIGUA
Shopping Mall and
Leisure Complex
CHAPTER 7
DESIGN CONCEPT
82
7.1 Design Philosophy
“Architecture Revolutionize Lives

Through Design of Natural Landscape”
Since the project proposal is located in Iba, Zambales, the researcher’s philosophy
is inspired with mango and waves of the sea, that are abundant in the area. A plan that
thrilling new type of structure. Where they will wonder what is inside of facility because
of the beautiful appearance outside. Revolution design have the ability to influence well-
being, quality of life, and state of mind.
7.2 Design Concept
“Forming a Complex Through Flexibility of Aesthetics and Function”
The design of the building balances its aesthetics and function through flexibility
of forms to produce a structure that makes the shoppers feel their instinct by giving them
the atmosphere of enjoyment at the same time a pleasurable design. Provide inspiring,
functional, and beautiful spaces to live, work, and play. Architecture brings us together
into special spaces for special moments and make some memories.
The Form Concept of this project is Mango and Waves because, this is the
abundant and well known in Iba Zambales. Mango and Wave are similar with feelings of
pleasurable and satisfaction, and its released when we experience something new,
exciting or challenging.
83
Figure 91. Wave of the Sea
7.3 Design Objectives
1. To design a shopping mall with respond to comfortability within the communities.

2. To design a shopping mall with a new formation of own imageries of storefronts
and lighting systems.
3. To design a shopping that will respond to new trends and innovation with
pleasuring
Figureaesthetics
90. Mango and space that merely function.
4. To design a shopping mall with the availability to caters events in Zambales.

5. To design a functional space that would be welcoming, comfortable and
accessible.
6. To design a shopping mall considering provision for the law and codes for PWD.
7. To design an iconic building.
7.4 Design Consideration
1. Sustainability
2. Circulation
3. Natural Lighting and Ventilation
84
4. Security
5. Transportation
6. P.W.D accessibility
7. Technological Innovations
8. Law Codes and Provisions
7.5 Architectural Style
“Biophilic Architecture”
Biophilic design is an approach to architecture that seeks to connect building

occupants more closely to nature. Biophilic designed buildings incorporate things like
natural lighting and ventilation, natural landscape features and other elements for creating
a more productive and healthy built environment for people. Spaces with elements
of biophilic design are more attractive and have been found to increase use of the space.
The benefits of biophilia to the individual worker and the organization, can reduce stress,
improve cognitive function, and enhance mood and creativity.
TRIGUA
Shopping Mall and
Leisure Complex
85
CHAPTER 8
BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM
8.1 Building System
8.1.1 Structural System
SPACE FRAME
A space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure

constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to
span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because
of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as
tension and compression loads along the length of each strut. The quality of roofs of this
system is extremely good and the chances of deflection is almost nil.
The installation of the structure can be done with the help of a mobile scaffold in
places where a crane cannot be used. Since light weight tube elements & spherical balls
forming the space frame system, it can be lifted by human effort. The space frames can
cross large spans in both directions unlike the conventional ones. This gives great
versatility and freedom to the designer in the selection of the structural system.
Structural efficiency, rigidity, reduced deflections, integration of services,

resilience, ease & speed of manufacturing and installation are some of the biggest
advantage of 3D Space Frame Structures.
86
Figure 92. Space Framing
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Reinforced Concrete is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low

tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having
higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily,
steel reinforcing bars (rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the
concrete sets. Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in
particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural
failure. Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of
steel, polymers or alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar or not.
87
Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed (concrete in compression,
reinforcement in tension), so as to improve the behavior of the final structure under
working loads. In the United States, the most common methods of doing this are known
as pre-tensioning and post-tensioning.
Figure 93. Reinforced Concrete A Figure 94. Reinforced Concrete B
8.1.2 Mechanical System
AUTOMATED SLIDING DOORS
Automatic sliding doors are designed with attractive framing and sleek styles to
complement any entry. Glass sliding doors are ideal when it comes to unobstructed views
and allowing natural light into a building. Automatic sliding doors use optical or motion
detection sensors to activate their motorized opening and closing functions. These sensors
are mounted over the automatic door or are integrated into the door framing from above
or the side.
Figure 95. Automated Sliding Door
AUTOMATED FLUSH URINAL AND SINK
Electronic automatic flushes solve the problems of previous approaches, and are
common in new installations. A passive infrared sensor identifies when the urinal has
88
been used, by detecting when someone has stood in front of it and moved away, and then
activates the flush. There usually is also a small override button, to allow optional manual
flushing. Automatic flush facilities can be retrofitted to existing systems. The handle
operated valves of a manual system can be replaced with a suitably designed self-
contained electronic valve, often battery-powered to avoid the need to add cables. Older
timed-flush installations may add a device that regulates the water flow to the cistern
according to the overall activity detected in the room. This does not provide true per-
fixture automatic flushing, but is simple and cheap to add because only one device is
required for the whole system.
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the conditioned air to an occupied
space such as a building or a car to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
Electric refrigerant-based AC units range from small units that can cool a small bedroom,
which can be carried by a single adult, to massive units installed on the roof of office
towers that can cool an entire building. The cooling is typically achieved through a
refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning
systems can also be made based on desiccants (chemicals which remove moisture from
Fig. 8.9: Rainwater Harvesting System General Layout 79 the air) and subterraneous
pipes that can distribute the heated refrigerant to the ground for cooling.
Split-system air conditioners come in two forms: mini-split and central systems. In
both types, the inside-environment (evaporative) heat exchanger is separated by some
distance from the outside-environment (condensing unit) heat exchanger. Central (ducted)
air conditioning offers whole-house or large-commercial-space cooling, and often offers
moderate multi-zone temperature control capability by the addition of air-louver-control
boxes.
89
In central air conditioning, the inside heat-exchanger is typically placed inside the central
furnace/AC unit of the forced air heating system which is then used in the summer to
distribute chilled air throughout a residence or commercial building. Central air
conditioning is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms, movie
theaters, factories etc. If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find
that putting individual units in each of the rooms is very expensive making this a better
option. A central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the
capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling big halls, malls, huge
spaces, galleries etc is usually only feasible with central conditioning
Figure 97. Split Type Air-conditioning Figure 98. Centralized Air-conditioning
8.1.3 Electrical System
ZAMBALES ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE (ZAMECO)
The Zambales Electric Cooperative (ZAMECO) serves the electric needs of the
municipality with an office located at Barangay Zone 4. Based on the status of electrician
of ZAMECO, fourteen (14) barangays of the municipality are serviced with electric
power. Most household were already energized. Other establishments being served by
ZAMECO are 570 commercials, 56 governments, 10 streetlights and two special lighting.
SOLAR PANEL
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Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct
current electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of
photovoltaic solar cells available in different voltages and wattages. Photovoltaic modules
constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates and
supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. The most common
application of solar energy collection outside agriculture is solar water heating systems.
Figure 99. Solar Panel
ELECTRIC GENERATOR
A Generator is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy) into

electrical power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include
steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines and even hand
cranks. The first electromagnetic generator, the Faraday disk, was invented in 1831 by
British scientist Michael Faraday. Generators provide nearly all the power for electric
power grids.
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The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an
electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors can be
mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make acceptable manual
generators.
Figure 100. Commercial Stand by Generator Figure 101. Emergency Power Generator
8.1.4 Electronic System
LIGHT EMMITING WALL PANEL
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This light-emitting wall panel is called as Lumes. It looks like an average wall
from afar. Lumes is designed to display animations through its integrated LED array. The
animations can be displayed remotely adjusted as per the customer's preference.
Figure 102. Light Emitting Wall Panel A Figure 103. Light Emitting Wall Panel B
SECURITY CAMERAS
93
The Security system that the project will security cameras or CCTV for the 24/7
monitoring of the facility. Older CCTV systems used small, low-resolution black and
white monitors with no interactive capabilities. Modern CCTV displays can be color,
high-resolution displays and can include the ability to zoom in on an image or track
something (or someone) among their features. Talk CCTV allows an overseer to speak to
people within range of the camera's associated speakers. CCTV is commonly used for a
variety of purposes, including: Maintaining perimeter security in medium- to high-secure
areas and installations, observing behavior of incarcerated inmates and potentially
dangerous patients in medical facilities, Traffic monitoring, overseeing locations that
would be hazardous to a human, for example, highly radioactive or toxic industrial
environments, Building and grounds security.
Figure 104. Security Camera A Figure 105. Security Camera B
SMOKE DETECTOR AND SPRINKLER
Fire sprinklers and smoke alarm systems are designed to activate according to

different conditions. Sprinkler heads are individually heat activated, usually at
165°F. Smoke alarms, when activated, give only an audible warning sound; they do not
cause fire sprinklers to flow water. Use for emergency purposes.
Figure 106. Smoke Detector and Sprinkler
8.1.5 Sanitary System
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The Shopping Mall will have its own Solid Waste management facility where the
collected waste will be temporarily placed and will be in process of separation of waste to
recyclable materials. All separated waste will be collected by the local waste collection of
the town. There will be a facility for the process of recycling. All recyclable materials
will be in the process of turning it into profit for the Mall. This recycled material will be
used for the users of the expenses or beneficiaries of the Mall.
8.1.6 Architectural System
SKYLIGHTS
Skylights are light transmitting fenestration (products filling openings in a

building envelope which also includes windows, doors, etc.) forming all, or a portion of,
the roof of a building space. Skylights are widely used in daylighting design in residential
and commercial buildings, mainly because they are the most effective source of daylight
on a unit area basis.
An alternative to a skylight is a roof lantern. A roof lantern is a daylighting cupola
that sits above a roof, as opposed to a skylight which is fitted into a roof's construction.
Roof lanterns serve as both an architectural feature and a method of introducing natural
light into a space and are typically wooden or metal structures with a number of glazed
glass panels.
A fixed skylight consists of a structural perimeter frame supporting glazing infill
(the light-transmitting portion, which is made primarily of glass or plastic). A fixed
skylight is non-operable, meaning there is no ventilation.
Figure 107. Sky-lighting
CURTAIN WALL
95
A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls
are non-structural, utilized to keep the weather out and the occupants in. Since the curtain
wall is non-structural, it can be made of lightweight materials, thereby reducing
construction costs. When glass is used as the curtain wall, an advantage is that natural
light can penetrate deeper within the building. The curtain wall façade does not carry any
structural load from the building other than its own dead load weight. The wall transfers
lateral wind loads that are incident upon it to the main building structure through
connections at floors or columns of the building. A curtain wall is designed to resist air
and water infiltration, absorb sway induced by wind and seismic forces acting on the
building, withstand wind loads, and support its own dead load weight forces. Curtain wall
systems are typically designed with extruded aluminum framing members, although the
first curtain walls were made with steel frames. The aluminum frame is typically infilled
with glass, which provides an architecturally pleasing building, as well as benefits such as
daylighting. However, the effects of light on visual comfort as well as solar heat gain in a
building are more difficult to control when using large amounts of glass infill. Other
common infills include: stone veneer, metal panels, louvres, and operable windows or
Figure 108. Curtain Wall

vents.
TENSILE STRUCTURE
A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no

compression or bending. The term tensile should not be confused with tensegrity, which
is a structural form with both tension and compression elements. Tensile structures are the
most common type of thin-shell structures. Most tensile structures are supported by some
form of compression or bending elements, such as masts (as in The O2, formerly the
Millennium Dome), compression rings or beams.
96
A tensile membrane structure is most often used as a roof, as they can
economically and attractively span large distances. Tensile membrane structures may also
be used as complete buildings, with a few common applications being sports facilities,
warehousing and storage buildings, and exhibition venues. Common materials for doubly
curved fabric structures are PTFE-coated fiberglass and PVC-coated polyester. These are
woven materials with different strengths in different directions. The warp fibers (those
fibers which are originally straight—equivalent to the starting fibers on a loom) can carry
greater load than the weft or fill fibers, which are woven between the warp fibers.
Figure 109. Tensile Structure
ALUMINUM CLADDING
Aluminum cladding is one of the most used types of cladding for building
exteriors. Aluminum is a lightweight metal that is durable, corrosion resistant and 100%
recyclable. A facade is considered the face of a building and is often seen as one of the
most important design aspects, it not only protects the interior of a building from various
climates, it is also the building's main feature or frontage.
Figure 110. Aluminum Cladding
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8.1 Environmental System
GREEN WALL
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A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with greenery that includes
a growing medium, such as soil, water or a substrate. Most green walls include an
integrated water delivery system. A green wall is also known as a living wall or vertical
garden. It provides insulation to keep the building's inside temperature consistent. Green
walls are different from green facades. Green walls have growing media supported on the
face of the wall, while green facades have soil only at the base of the wall (in a container
or in ground) and support climbing plants on the face of the wall to create the green, or
vegetated, facade. Green walls may be indoors or outside, freestanding or attached to an
existing wall, and come in a great variety of sizes.
Figure 111. Green Wall A Figure 112. Green Wall B
LIGHT GENERATING CEMENT
We now have cement that has the ability to absorb and irradiate light and could
potentially act as a light bulb. The applications for this new light-generating cement are
wide and limitless, especially now that one of the main trends in construction is green
building. Green building is a way of creating structures with resource- and energy
efficiency in mind and light-generating cement is the perfect material for this type of
construction. It can be used in swimming pools, parking lots, road safety signs, and so
much more. At night, these electrons eventually relax to their original state, emitting light
in the process. Once night falls, the cement can provide light for 12 hours, without using
any electricity. The benefits of this light-emitting concrete go beyond its electricity
independence.
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Figure 113. Light Generating Cement Blue Figure 114. Light Generating Cement Green
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rainwater harvesting system is a process by which large amounts of rainwater are

harvested and contained on a container called cisterns. These collected waters are used for
irrigation use and can also be processed under treatment to be used for hygienic purposes.
Most facilities who implements the use of rainwater collection system saves a large
amount of water quantity per year on their utility consumptions. These collected
rainwaters can also be used on sanitation use.
Figure 115. Rain Water Harvesting System
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TRIGUA
Shopping Mall and
Leisure Complex
CHAPTER 9
FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
9.1 Findings
9.1.1 There were three possible sites for the project. First in Municipality of Iba in
the province of Zambales, the other options were in Subic, Zambales and Masinloc,
Zambales.
9.1.2 Biophilic Architecture is the character that is used in the project.

Biophilic design is an approach to architecture that seeks to connect building occupants
more closely to nature.
9.1.3 Throughout the research, the proponent found out that the contributing factor
to the slow growth of Iba, Zambales economy is the low density of its population.
9.1.4 The proponent finds out through a series of research that there are still
problems concerning the facilities of malls. The Zambaleño people are still going to
Olongapo City just to experience their beautiful mall facilities even though the travel time
is 3hours.
9.2 Conclusion 101

9.2.1 Prepared site selection criteria are used in choosing the most appropriate site
for the project. Among the three site options, the site in Municipality of Iba fits the best
for the project. The site is located at CBD area which is suitable for the project. The
accessibility of the site is an advantage because it is located near from National Road and
walkable to the commercial areas.
9.2.2 Considering the project’s location which is located in a progressive city that
has abundant in natural resources, the Biophilic Architecture Style is the best for the
project, it responds to incorporate things like natural lighting and ventilation, natural
landscape features and other elements for creating a more productive and healthy built
environment for people. There are various services that can be implemented in the
project. It includes business, transportation terminals, interactive park and recreational
area. Designing a functional space that will respond to new trends with pleasuring
aesthetic and atmosphere of entertainment.
9.2.3 There will be a lot further The economic growth of Iba depends on its
population, and vise-versa. With a growing economy, the growth of Iba’s population will
follow through and will encourage users to move and live in Iba.
9.2.4 The Shopping Mall will be offering that are convenient for the development
process and designing a new image of storefronts signage and lightings. To design a
functional space that would be welcoming, comfortable and accessible.
9.3 Recommendation
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9.3.1 Further site assessment and survey in order to determine the precise
technical details regarding the site and to ascertain that it will effectively serve its
purpose.
9.3.2 The Biophilic Architecture Style can be achieving through the use of passive
design elements. Proper sun orientation, wind pattern and vegetation should be
considered. Also the use of low thermal conductive materials and resources for the
structure.
9.3.3 Rules and regulation about the municipality zoning, that are related to the
project should be considered in planning and designing of the development in order for
the building to function efficiently.
9.3.4 Further research and understanding with concerning to the Shopping Mall
conditions are important to study, to properly manage the planning of circulation and
organization of spaces.
9.3.5 The research also recommends to locate the Shopping Mall in a CBD area.
In order to produce an effective business industry. Locating the kind of shopping mall
near from neighboring province are much help for the shoppers in coping with their lives
in day to day basis. Walkable commercial districts are a key component of communities
that promote active living
9.3.6 The research also recommends to locate the Shopping Mall near from roads.
In demand to yield an effective industry. Localizing the kind of shopping mall near from
national road are much help for the shoppers in order to easily access by public and
private vehicles.
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Leisure Complex
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
Comprehensive Development Plan of Iba Zamabales, DEVELOPMENT

PLAN – MPDC
Implementing Rules and Regulations of the National Building Code of the

Philippines (Pd 1096), Official Text 2005 Revised Edition, copyright 2005
B. Electronic Source
American Architects Win International Competition for "Cultural Mall" in China |

ArchDaily
Kulturbau and mall / Benthem Crouwel Architects | ArchDaily
Shaoxing CTC Mall Interior Design / ATAH | ArchDaily
Kulturbau and mall, Koblenz - Dutcharchitects
MALL FORUM MITTELRHEIN BY BENTHEM CROUWEL ARCHITECTS
Kulturbau, Koblenz - Benthem Crouwel Architects
Apple Dubai Mall / Foster + Partners | ArchDaily
Thaihot City Plaza Mall / Spark Architects | ArchDaily
Daegu Color Square Stadium Mall / Jerde | ArchDaily
Harbor Point | Project | RCHITECTS, Inc. | Architectural Firm Philippines
Despite the advent of online retail, Filipinos still love the mall | BusinessWorld
SM developing more malls in provinces | BusinessWorld
Philippine Growth Prospects: Shopping Malls as Positive Indicator |
Official Website of Municipality of Iba, Province of Zambales – Home » Wreck
Diving Capital of the Philippines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_frame
https://www.techexplorist.com/light-emitting-wall-panel-interactive-work-
art/4595/
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https://earth.google.com/web/@0,0,24018.82718741a,36750128.22569847d,35y,0
h,0t, 0r/data=KAE
TRIGUA
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Leisure Complex
APPENDICES
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
v. Group E - Business and Mercantile
Group E Occupancies shall include:
Division 2 - Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking and dining
establishments having an occupant load of less than one hundred persons, printing plants,
police and fire stations, factories and workshops using not highly flammable or
combustible materials and paint stores without bulk handlings.
SECTION 706. Allowable Floor Area Increases
The floor areas hereinabove provided may be increased in certain specific instances and
under appropriate conditions, based on the existence of public space, streets or yards
extending along and adjoining two or more sides of the building or structure subject to the
approval of the Building Official. (Refer to Guidelines on Determining Gross Floor Area
and Total Gross Floor Area of a Building/Structure at the end of this Rule)
SECTION 707. Maximum Height of Buildings
1. The maximum height and number of storeys of proposed building shall be dependent
upon the character of use or occupancy and the type of construction, considering enduser
population density, light and ventilation, width of RROW/streets particularly of its
roadway/carriageway component, building bulk, off-street cum off-site parking
requirements, etc. and in relation to local land use plan and zoning regulations as well as
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other environmental considerations, e.g., geological, hydrological, meteorological,
topographical, prevailing traffic conditions, the availability and capacity of public
utility/service systems, etc. (Refer to Guidelines on Building Bulk at the end of this Rule)
2. Determination of Building Height:
a. BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT (BHL) - the maximum height to be allowed for

buildings/structures based on their proposed use or occupancy; the BHL is generally
determined after the application of other development controls (DC) and certain other
parameters, i.e., considerations of site conditions, view, etc. (Table VII.2. of this Rule).
The BHL shall be generally measured from the established grade line to the topmost
portion of the proposed building/structure. If applicable, the BHL may be subject to
clearance requirements of the Air Transportation Office (ATO) or of the concerned
military/security authorities. (Refer to Guidelines on Development Controls at the end
this Rule) BHL excludes the height of permitted/allowed projections above the roof of the
building/structure, e.g., signage, mast, antenna, telecom tower, beacons and the like.
b. The Building Height Limit (BHL) of any proposed building/structure shall only be as
allowed under this Rule (as shown in table below) or under the duly approved
city/municipal (local) zoning ordinance, whichever is more restrictive.
Parking Slot, Parking Area and Loading/Unloading Space Requirements
a. The parking slot, parking area and loading/unloading space requirements listed
hereafter are generally the minimum off-street cum on-site requirements for specific
uses/occupancies for buildings/structures, i.e., all to be located outside of the road right
of-way (RROW).
b. The size of an average automobile (car) parking slot must be computed at 2.50 meters
by 5.00 meters for perpendicular or diagonal parking and at 2.15 meters by 6.00 meters
for parallel parking. A standard truck or bus parking/loading slot must be computed at a
minimum of 3.60 meters by 12.00 meters. An articulated truck slot must be computed at a
minimum of 3.60 meters by 18.00 meters which should be sufficient to accommodate a
12.00 meters container van or bulk carrier and a long/hooded prime mover. A jeepney or
shuttle parking/loading/unloading slot must be computed at a minimum of 3.00 meters by
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9.00 meters. The parking slots shall be drawn to scale and the total number of which shall
be indicated on the plans and specified whether or not parking accommodations are
attendant-managed.
c. The parking space ratings listed below are minimum off-street/off-RROW cum on-site
requirements for specific uses/occupancies for buildings/structures, i.e., all to be located
outside of the road right-of-way (RROW)
SECTION 801. General Requirements of Light and Ventilation
1. Subject to the provisions of the Civil Code of the Philippines on Easements of Light
and View, and to the specific provisions of the Code, every building shall be designed,
constructed, and equipped to provide adequate light and ventilation. (Refer to Guidelines
on Easements, View Corridors/Sight Lines and Basements at the end of this Rule)
2. All buildings shall face a street or public alley or a private street which has been duly
approved. (Refer to Guidelines on Streets/RROW and Sidewalks at the end of this Rule)
3. No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to reduce the size of any room or the
relative area of windows to less than that provided for buildings under this Rule, or to
create an additional room, unless such additional room conforms to the requirements of
this Rule.
4. No building shall be enlarged so that the dimensions of the required court or yard
would be less than what is prescribed for such building lot.
SECTION 802. Measurement of Site Occupancy
1. The measurement of site occupancy or lot occupancy shall be taken at the ground level
and shall be exclusive of courts, yards, and light wells.
2. Courts, yards, and light wells shall be measured clear of all projections from the walls
enclosing such wells or yards with the exception of roof leaders, wall copings, sills, or
steel fire escapes not exceeding 1.20 meters in width.
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SECTION 803. Percentage of Site Occupancy
1. The measurement of the percentage (%) of site occupancy (or lot occupancy) shall be
taken at the ground level and shall be exclusive of courts, yards and light wells. Courts,
yards, and light wells shall be measured clear of all projections from the walls enclosing
such wells or yards with the exception of roof leaders, wall copings, sills, or steel fire
escapes not exceeding 1.20 meters in width.
2. In case of proposed additional construction on a lot on which another building/structure

already stands, the Percentage of Site Occupancy (PSO) arising out of such existing
buildings/structures must be included in the computation of the PSO for the Total Lot
Area (TLA). In case of discrepancy between the specified Maximum Allowable PSO and
the other light and ventilation provisions under this Rule, the resulting lesser
building/structure footprint or gross floor area at the ground floor (or at grade level) must
prevail.
3. Maximum site occupancy shall be governed by use, type of construction, and height of
the building and the use, area, nature and location of the site; and subject to the provisions
of the local zoning requirements and in accordance with the following types of open
spaces:
a. Public open spaces - streets, alleys, easements of sea/lakeshores, rivers, creeks, esteros,
railroad tracks, parks/plazas, playgrounds, and the like.
b. Total Open Spaces within Lot (TOSL) - courts, yards, gardens, light wells, uncovered
driveways, access roads and parking spaces consisting of two (2) types:
i. Paved or tiled (hardscaped areas); sub-classification of open space shall fall under
Maximum Allowable Impervious Surface Areas (ISA) within the Total Lot Area (TLA);
and
ii. Unpaved areas within the lot that are with exposed soil and planted (softscaped), i.e.,
the Unpaved Surface Areas (USA); this sub-classification is the true open space.
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4. The following Table illustrates the manner in determining the Maximum Allowable
Percentage of Site Occupancy (PSO), Maximum Allowable Impervious Surface Area
(ISA), Maximum Allowable Construction Area (MACA), Minimum Unpaved Surface
Area (USA), and the Total Open Space within Lot (TOSL) with reference to Type of
Land Use Zoning per Lot.
OPEN COURT / YARD
Annotation: The separation walls are actually firewalls (particularly if these are above 3.0
m in height or above the roof lines of the buildings). A better option is to set back the
firewall by up to 0.60 m to create a drainage channel as well as a firewall maintenance
space i.e. for painting and general repair work. When the said solution is adopted,
endwalls are created instead.
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SECTION 805. Ceiling Heights
1. Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation shall have ceiling heights not less
than 2.40 meters measured from the floor to the ceiling; provided that for buildings of
more than one (1) storey, the minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70
meters and that for the second story 2.40 meters and the succeeding stories shall have an
unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less than 2.10 meters above the finished
floor. Abovestated rooms with natural ventilation shall have ceiling heights of not less
than 2.70 meters.
2. Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height not less than 1.80 meters above and
below it.
SECTION 806. Sizes and Dimensions of Rooms
1. Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:
a. Rooms for Human Habitations - 6.00 sq. meters with a least dimension of 2.00 meters;
b. Kitchen - 3.00 sq. meters with a least dimension of 1.50 meters; and
c. Bath and toilet - 1.20 sq. meters with a least dimension of 900 millimeters
SECTION 810. Ventilation Skylights
1. Ventilation skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required for the windows
that are replaced. They shall be equipped with movable sashes or louvers with an
aggregate net free area not less than the parts in the replaced window that can be opened,
or else provide artificial ventilation of equivalent effectiveness.
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Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic Act No. 9514 otherwise known
as the “Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008”
SECTION 9.0.3.3 FORMAT OF PREPARATION
Discussion of Fire Protection and Life Safety Issues.
a. Building Classification and Construction;
b. Hazards of contents and combustible loading including fire scenarios adopted if design
is performance based;
c. Occupancy Classification;
d. Structural Requirements/Separation of Building Spaces;
e. Exit and egress description
i. Basis of design;
ii. Number of exits;
iii. Travel distances;
iv. Exit calculations (may be included in appendices); and
v. Timed-exit analysis (for equivalencies and variances);
f. Fire Suppression Description
i. Design criteria used for sprinkler system/standpipe;
ii. Other suppression systems;
iii. Water supplies, and fire pumps, capacities;
iv. Portable extinguishers;
v. Hydraulic and other calculations (may be placed in appendices); and
vi. Riser diagrams (may be placed in appendices);
g. Fire detection, alarm, communication and evacuation systems
i. Description of each system including features and controls; and

111
ii. Sound pressure calculations (for equivalencies and variances);
h. Smoke Control Management
i. Description of smoke control strategies;
ii. Design criteria used;
iii. Calculations (may be included in appendices); and
v. Equipment capacities and description
i. Exit light and emergency lighting systems
i. Description;
ii. Typical location of exit lights and emergency lighting systems;
iii. Design criteria; and
iv. Calculations (equivalencies and variances).
j. Emergency Power Supply
i. Description;
ii. Capacities; and
iii. Calculations (may be included in appendices)
k. Fire Department Access
i. Description and location of street hydrant and BFP station; and
l. Other issues not discussed above including elevator recall and use of elevators for
evacuation
Mixed Occupancies
a. Refers to two or more classes of occupancies occurring/located/situated/existing in the

same building and/or structures so intermingled that separate safeguards are
impracticable.
b. The means of egress shall be sufficient to meet exit requirements for the occupants of
each individual room or section, and for the maximum occupant load of the entire
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building. Fire safety construction, protective and warning systems and other safeguards
shall meet requirements of the most hazardous occupancy unless otherwise specified in
Division 8 through 17 of this Chapter.
Republic Act No. 6541 Congress of the Philippines
Section 1.01.03: Scope
(a) The provisions of this Code shall apply to the design, location, siting, construction,
alteration, repair, conversion, use, occupancy, maintenance, moving, and demolition of,
and addition to, public and private buildings and structures.
(b) Additions, alterations, repairs, and changes of use or occupancy in all buildings and
structures shall comply with requirements for new buildings and structures except as
otherwise herein provided. Only such portion or portions of the existing building or
structure which have to be altered to effect the addition, alteration, or repair shall be made
to conform to the requirements for new buildings or structures. Alterations should
preserve the aesthetic value of the building to be altered.
(c) Where, in any specific case, different section of this Code specify different materials,
methods of construction, or other requirements, the most restrictive shall govern.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1378 - AN ACT TO REGULATE THE TRADE OF MASTER

PLUMBER
Sec. 5. The President of the Philippines is hereby authorized to issue rules and regulations
to carry into effect the objectives of this Act, upon recommendation of the Board of
Examiners for Master Plumbers and in consultation with a duly registered national
association of master plumbers, in accordance with the following basic principles, except
in cases where it may prove oppressive or excessively burdensome to those without
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sufficient means and to such buildings, structures or constructions valued at five thousand
pesos or less
Batas Pambansa 344
BP 344 or the Accessibility Law aims to enhance the mobility of disabled persons by
requiring certain buildings, institutions, establishments and public utilities to install
facilities and other devices like ramps, handrails and ample spaces to allow the entry and
access of wheel chair bound persons, those with crutches, canes and other PWD mobility
aids.
IRR of P.D. 522 Sewage Disposal Previsions
Art. 674. The owner of a building shall be obliged to construct its roof or covering in such
manner that the rain water shall fall on his own land or on a street or public place, and not
on the land of his neighbor, even though the adjacent land may belong to two or more
persons, one of whom is the owner of the roof. Even if it should fall on his own land, the
owner shall be obliged to collect the water in such a way as not to cause damage to the
adjacent land or tenement.
Art. 675. The owner of a tenement or a piece of land, subject to the easement of receiving
water falling from roofs, may build in such a manner as to receive the water upon his own
roof or give it another outlet in accordance with local ordinances or customs, and in such
a way as not to cause any nuisance or damage whatever to the dominant estate.
Art. 676. Whenever the yard or court of a house is surrounded by other houses, and it is
not possible to give an outlet through the house itself to the rain water collected thereon,
the establishment of an easement of drainage can be demanded, giving an outlet to the
water at the point of the contiguous lands or tenements where its egress may be easiest,
and establishing a conduit for the drainage in such manner as to cause the least damage to
the servient estate, after payment of the proper indemnity.
114

Architecture Thesis

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TRIGUA

Shopping Mall and

1.1 Background and Nature of the Project

Visiting a mall is advantageous because the shops are housed in a

1.3 Significance of the Project

One of the main disadvantages of the malls is drawbacks. These include

1.5 Project Scope and Limitations

Arcade – a covered passageway, a row of arches supported by columns. A place where

Anchors- to attach or fix firmly

Interactive - influencing or having an effect on each other.

Complex- consisting of many different and connected parts.

Elevator - a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors of

Leisure- use of free time for enjoyment.

2.1 Local Case Studies

2.1.1 SM Mall of Asia

Project Name: Mall of Asia, Shopping Center

Figure 5. The Globe of Mall of Asia Figure 6. The MOA Eye

Utility and Space Enhancement. OneE-com Center (known as SM Corporate Center)

The use of new and innovative technologies of construction can be adapted to

Harbor Point is a shopping mall in Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Zambales,

Architects: Buchan Group

Figure 8. Restaurant in Harbor Point

Environment and Micro-Climate. Subic's climate is classified as tropical climate. Most

Design Detailing. It was a modern architecture inspired structure because it considered

Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ), which is

The utilization of extensive measure of structural steel, glass and aluminum

2.1.3 MarQuee Mall

MarQuee Mall is a shopping mall owned and operated by the North Beacon

Management: Ayala Land Co.

Figure 13. Metro Department Store

Figure 15. MarQuee Residences

Environment and Micro-Climate. Angeles has a tropical savanna climate that borders on

Utility and Space Enhancement. Integrated property management services including

2.1.4 Grand Venice Canal

Venice Grand Canal, popularly known as Venice Piazza, is a shopping mall

Figure 16. Grand Staircase Figure 17. Grand Canal Gondolas

Horizontal and Vertical Circulation. Grand Staircase is an immense sequence of

Structural Details. The influence of Islamic architecture is reflected in some features of

2.1.5 SM Seaside City Cebu

SM Seaside City Cebu, also known locally as SM Seaside or just Seaside, is a

Architect: Arquitectonica- Design Consultant, WV Coscolluela & Associates - Architect ;

Figure 21. SM Seaside Facade Figure 22. SM Seaside Cube

Environment and Micro-Climate. Cebu City has a tropical monsoon climate under

2.2.1 Kulturbau Mall

The project started as a competition for the redevelopment of the “Zentralplatz”,

Architect: Benthem Crouwel Architects

Structural Details. The volume has a double facade with a Structural-Glazing

Emerging technologies include a variety of technologies such as educational

2.2.2 Shaoxing CTC Mall

The CTC （ China Textile Center ） is an atypical practice of art-involved

Figure 36. Shaoxing CTC Mall Section

Environment and Micro-Climate. The weather in Zhejiang features a monsoon season,

Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. Economically, the city's driven by

Apple Dubai Mall is reinventing the traditional introverted idea of mall-based

Architects: Foster + Partners

Figure 40. Apple Dubai Mall Elevation

Environment and Micro-Climate. Dubai has a tropical desert climate, Köppen

2.2.4 Thaihot City Plaza Mall

The experience of entering Spark's proposed mall in Fuzhou is equally dazzling

Architects: Spark Architects

Figure 45. Aerial Perspective

Site-Planning and Landscape Detailing. Two complementary pedestrian routes energize

Socio-Economic Profile of User Group. Fuzhou, capital of Fujian Province, is an

Parking Details and Standards. The minimum size of a standard parking space shall be