Balsam Qusay Mohammed/Class B

Introduction's homework solutions

Q1/What is the difference between Asset management and Reservoir management?

The Asset management is a systemic process of exploring, drilling, reservoir

management and production of raw petroleum. Containing all the necessary operations
to turn oil into products to be used by the consumer.

Reservoir management is a part of the asset management it is basically a way of

combining complementary approaches and techniques such as reservoir
characterization, use of complex well architecture and others and creating a positive
energy between them.

Q2/When shall the reservoir management process starts and ends?

First setting a strategy to develop the reservoir and implementing it on the well to
monitoring and evaluating it until finally completing or abandon the well.

Q3/Do you think that a dynamic developing plan performs better than a stagnant one?
Why?

I do, because the dynamic is an on-going plan and as additional data becomes available
the reservoir management plan is refined and implemented with appropriate changes.

Q4/What is the difference between maximum production and optimum production of a

reservoir? Which one you prefer and why?

I prefer the optimum production which means controlling the production rate by
choosing the best from several ones to have the maximum profit from a reservoir and
that is the goal of our reservoir management.

While maximum production means produce oil as much as possible in a short time.

Q5/How the reservoir operator's policy affect the reservoir management process and in
which stage it should be considered?

This process has risky times for the operators to deal with so each company has its own
policy over to try to have the optimum profit despite the policy of the Misistry.
 Integrated reservoir study
Q1/What are the objectives of integrated reservoir study?

Understand and describe the subsurface structure and study the dynamic behavior of a
hydrocarbon reservoir.

Q2/What is the difference between static and dynamic models?

A static reservoir model incorporate all the geological features of an underground rock
volume that store fluids and can allow their movement, while the dynamic model
combine the static model and the changing in all the other fluid and rock properties.

Q3/What are the sources for data used in integrated reservoir study?

Well logging, seismic surveys, fluid analysis, coring, after production data, drilling data
and injection fluid data.

Q4/What are the results obtained from dynamic model?

Calculate the pressure/saturation distribution into the reservoir, and the production
profiles vs. time.

Q5/Is the reservoir study dynamic? Why?

It is dynamic because there is always new collected data from the reservoir, and those
data are for properties that change respect to time.

Q6/What are the constraints used in dynamic reservoir study?

There are various types of geometric constraints such as point-to-nail or orientation

that are used to optimize production to maximize the economic returns.

Q7/What are the main types of dynamic reservoir modeling?

Black-oil, compositional, thermal, single-porosity or dual porosity, SAGD and LGRs.

Q8/What we mean by the following:

History matching: is the process of building one or more sets of numerical models
(representing a reservoir) which account for observed, measured data, during any kind
of model calibration process.

Prediction: setting a plan for the future and trying to predict the behavior of the well.
Up scaling: is substituting a heterogeneous property region consisting of fine grid
cells with an equivalent homogeneous region made up of a single coarse-grid cell with
an effective property value.

Data Qc: data quality control is a state of qualitative or quantitative piece of

information, and it's considered high quality after comparing it with other data taken
from different wells.

Reservoir modeling: is the process of creating a three-dimensional representation of a

given reservoir based on its petrophysical, geological and geophysical properties.

Q9/What are data used to calibrate the log data? Why?

We can use core data to calibrate the log data, it's true that the core data are expensive
but they give more accurate information than the log data gives.
 Geological model 1
Q1/What are the main sources of data which are used in building a structural model?

Seismic survey, Core data and log data.

Q2/What is the importance of the fault modeling?

Making the reservoir more than one part (from the same structure) each fault
represents a full reservoir with its own fluids, so it's economically important to know the
exact number of wells to be drilled.

Q3/How can we recognize the fault conductivity?

By three important evidence:

1-Geological / 2-Well evidence (both needs collecting a lot of data)

3-Siesmic (by interpreting it with the previous ones) , the three of them should be
studied together to have a good recognizing of the fault.

Q4/What is the effect of reservoir compartmentation on oil recovery?

Reservoir compartmentalization impacts the volume of moveable (produceable) oil or

gas that might be connected to any given well drilled in a field, which restricts the
volume of reserves that can be ‘booked’ for that field.

Q5/Is it necessary to involve all faults details in the model? Why?

No, all we need are the details that affect the flowing flow.

Q6/How can we distinguish between the faults types from well?

By angle of the fault with respect to the surface (known as the dip) and the direction of
slip along the fault to classify faults, also by the seismic survey.

Q7/What do we mean by "Reservoir Architecture Definition"?

It is the basic geometrical frame-work of the hydrocarbon traps, their external boundary
shapes and their extension.

Q8/Explain the procedure for building a structural model.

Defining the main faults, building the geological surfaces and modelling the minor faults

Q9/What is the important specification of the faults that can not be known from seismic
data?
If the fault works as a sealing to prevent the flow or not, in this case we need the
dynamic data to confirm it.

Geological model 2
Q1/What do we mean by:

Sequence stratigraphic: The study of genetically related facies within a framework of

chronostratigraphically significant surfaces.

Paleontology: The study of fossils to classify organisms and study interactions with each
other and their environments.

Chronostratigraphic: Is the branch of stratigraphy that studies the age of rock strata in relation to
time.

Stochastic techniques: It is a technique that depends on generating several models

randomly which have different property distributions to find the best model.

Key wells: Are wells with cores, complete suites of logs and selected locations.

Q2/How do you choose the key wells for facies identification?

By cores, complete suites of logs and selected locations.

Q3/List three lithology prediction methods from well logs.

Sonic logs, gamma ray logs and neutron logs.

Q4/Is the lithological method necessary for an integrated reservoir study? Explain why.

No it is not, because in integrated reservoir study we deal with numbers and the
lithology method is more of a descriptive method of the formation.

Q5/What does clustering mean? How it can be implemented in a facies classification

process?

Is the task of dividing the population or data points into a number of groups such that
data points in the same groups are more similar to other data points in the same group
and dissimilar to the data points in other groups. It can be implemented in association
with the core and log interpretation to find the right model.
Q6/What is the difference between a stratigraphic model and a lithologic model?

The stratigraphic model represents the vertical and horizontal structure of the reservoir
while the lithological model is used to fill this structure with the geological
characteristics.

Q7/How you distinguish between the sedimentological model and the stratigraphic
model?

The sedimentological model identify the sedimentological setting as well as the

depositional processes while the stratigraphic model specify the underground layers
and their vertical arrangement and the connection between wells.
 Geological model 3
Q1/What do we mean by heterogeneity? How it differs from lithology?

Heterogeneity is the quality of variation in rock properties with location in

a reservoir or formation, a variation in mineralogy, organic content, natural fractures,
and other properties vary from place to place. While lithology means a rock that have
the same chemical and physical properties.

Q2/How the heterogeneity is classified? Give example for each category.

It's classified according to the size:

Micro scale (thin section)
Macro scale (core)
Mega scale (well logging)
Giga scale (basin studies)

Q3/What type of heterogeneity you can see by your naked eye?

The macro scale like lamina and cross-bedding because it ranges from few millimeters
to 1-2 centimeters in thickness.

Q4/What is the difference between the VSP, crosswell seismic and 2D seismic?

VSP is a class of borehole seismic measurements used for correlation with surface
seismic data, for obtaining images of higher resolution than surface seismic images and
for looking ahead of the drill bit, also called a VSP. Purely defined, VSP refers to
measurements made in a vertical wellbore using geophones inside the wellbore and a
source at the surface near the well.

Crosswell seismic is a survey technique that measures the seismic signal transmitted
from a source, located in one well, to a receiver array in a neighboring well. The
resulting data are processed to create a reflection image or to map the acoustic velocity
or other properties (velocities of P- and S-waves, for example) of the area between
wells.

2D seismic is seismic data or a group of seismic lines acquired individually such that
there typically are significant gaps (commonly 1 km or more) between adjacent lines. A
2D survey typically contains numerous lines acquired orthogonally to the strike of
geological structures (such as faults and folds) with a minimum of lines acquired parallel
to geological structures to allow line-to-line tying of the seismic data and interpretation
and mapping of structures.
Q5/How can we identify heterogeneity from well tests? Give examples

By reading the pressure changes in the reservoir after lowering a pressure gauge like in
Build-up & Draw-down transient test and start making a pressure vs. time diagram to
indicate the heterogeneity.

Q6/Is it possible that we have different oil properties horizontally and/or vertically?
Explain why.

Of course it is possible, as we know there are some parameters that affect the oil
properties through the reservoir like pressure, temperature and faults that can separate
the formation to more than one part each has its own properties.

Q7/How the pressure, production and GOR values could be an evidence of megascal
heterogeneity?

The production data are given as the production process begin, one of those data is
pressure if we notice a different decline from a well to another (wells located near to
each other) then it is an indication of heterogeneity so is it for GOR.