Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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ELECTROLYTE
METAL
Radhakrishna G. Pillai
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Courtesy: Some images are sourced from the internet for demonstration purposes.
Outline of
Module on Embedded Metal Corrosion
• Significance
• Fundamentals of corrosion
• Carbonation-induced corrosion
• Chloride-induced corrosion
• Different types of steel reinforcement and
precautions to be taken
• Corrosion in prestressed concrete
Sunshine Skyway bridge, Florida
• In 1980 this bridge was hit by a cargo ship and a 1200-ft section of
bridge fell into the Tampa Bay.
• Replaced with a segmental, post-tensioned (PT) bridge in 1987.
• Only 13 years later,
– PT tendon of the new bridge failed.
• Case study - if two tendons fail,
– PT bridge can collapse (Pillai 2009).
• https://www.tampabay.com/resizer/bRh2m43Q1mwAMKB0N9uh5Rh9pGk=/1370x0/smart/filters:quality(60)/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-
tbt.s3.amazonaws.com/public/MJX74QLL5VDCHE63H3MSTIPFAU.JPG
• https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/sunsky.jpg
• https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR50FL9ZZCA7obxNvVLX8sLc0ApLEY3WfhgSvuNSU3yR7YoziXFUQ
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, CA
27,572 strands in each main cable
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/GoldenGateBridge-001.jpg
https://www.periodicproducts.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/golden_gate_painter-w.jpg
https://media.ktvu.com/media.ktvu.com/photo/2018/04/30/chopper%20gg%20bridge%20inspections%20KTVUBCME01.mpg_10.42.08.16_1525116945152.png
_5432510_ver1.0_640_360.jpg
Mercier Bridge, Montreal, Canada
The cost of corrosion is significant
• Infrastructure
– Highway bridges, Gas & liquid transmission
pipelines, Waterways and ports, Airports,
Railroads
• Utilities
– Hazardous materials storage, Electrical
utilities, Telecommunications, Gas
distribution, Drinking Water and sewer
systems
• Transportation
– Motor vehicles, Ships, Aircrafts, Railroad
cars, Hazardous material transport
• Production and manufacturing
– Oil and gas exploration and production,
Mining, Petroleum refining, Chemicals, Pulp
Corrosion cost split-up in the USA
and paper, Agricultural production, Food
(FHWA 1998) processing, Electronics, Home appliances
• Government
– Defense, Nuclear waste storage
FHWA 1998, George Hays 2004; NACE IMPACT Report 2016; Bhaskaran et al. 2014
The cost of corrosion is significant
• Highways
• Seaports
• Airports
• Urban - Residential & commercial
buildings
• Rural – Many minor projects
2O2 + 4 H 2O + 4 Fe ® 4 Fe(OH )2
4Fe(OH )2 + O2 + 2H 2O ® 4Fe(OH )3
3. 4Fe(OH )3 ® 2Fe2O3 + 6H 2O
2. 4Fe(OH )2 + O2 + 2H 2O ® 4Fe(OH )3
pH of concrete
Acidic Neutral Alkaline pore solution
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH scale
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-14392002000300012&script=sci_arttext
When does iron corrode?
Pourbaix diagram
• At 25oC
Typical ranges of
potential of steel
in concrete
Hoar (1967)
Three conditions must exist for reinforcing steel to corrode
Depassivation/corrosion can occur when
exposed to chlorides ands carbon dioxide.
• In the presence of moisture & oxygen (essentials)
What are the essential parts of a corrosion
cell?
ELECTROLYTE
METAL
Water
2OH -
2OH - Fe 2+
Fe 2+
1 O + H O + 2e - ® 2OH -
2 2 2
Fe(OH)2
Cathode 2e-
2e-
Anode
Iron
Fe ® Fe 2+ + 2e -
Ferrite e- Fe2+
Fe3C
e- Fe2+
Ferrite e-
Fe3C Fe2+
e- Fe2+
Ferrite
Microstructure of steel
https://www.totalmateria.com/images/Articles/kts/Fig419_5.jpg
b. Non-uniformity of the electrolyte
concentrations
Anode
Cl -
H+
-
H+ Cl - Cl
Anode
Anode
H+
H+ Cl -
H+ Cl - Cl -
H+ H+
H+
pH chlorides corrosion inhibitor
(i.e. hydrogen) (e.g. sodium chloride) (e.g. calcium nitrite)
Mould
Steel
Mould
Mill scale
Mould
Poursaee (2016)
Corrosion-induced cracking of stone columns
in Roman structures
• Cost of corrosion
• Need for corrosion management
• Fundamentals of corrosion
– Pourbaix diagram
– Non-uniformity of metal, concrete, and physical
conditions
– Expansive nature and cracking
• Angst, U. M., Geiker, M. R., Michel, A., Gehlen, C., Wong, H., Isgor, O. B., Buenfeld, N.
(2017). The steel–concrete interface. Materials and Structures/Materiaux Et
Constructions, 50(2)
doi:10.1617/s11527-017-1010-1
• Bhaskaran R., Bhalla L., Rahman A., Juneja S., Sonik U., Kour J., Rengaswamy N. S.,
An Analysis of the Updated Cost of Corrosion in India, Material Performance,
NACE International (2014)
• Fontana, Mars G. and Greene, Norbert D. Corrosion engineering /
Mars G. Fontana, Norbert D. Greene McGraw-Hill New York 1978
• Gardoni, P., Pillai, R.G., Hueste, M.D., Reinschmidt, K.F., and Trejo,
D., “Probabilistic capacity models for post-tensioning strands calibrated using laboratory
results,” ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 135 (9): 906-916, September 2009
• G. Koch, J. Varney, N. Thompson, O. Moghissi, M. Gould, J.
Payer, International Measures of Prevention, Application, and Economics of
Corrosion Technologies Study, NACE International (2016) 1–
30. http://impact.nace.org/documents/Nace-International-Report.pdf.
References
• https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/library_sub.cfm?keyword=020
• Hoar, T.P., The production and breakdown of the passivity
of metals (1967) Corrosion Science, 7 (6), pp. 341-355
• Marianna Luna Sousa Rivetti, José da Silva Andrade
Neto, Nilson Santana de Amorim Júnior and Daniel Véras Ribeiro
(December 20th 2017). Corrosion Inhibitors for Reinforced Concrete, Corrosion
Inhibitors, Principles and Recent Applications, Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, IntechOpen, DOI:
10.5772/intechopen.72772. https://www.intechopen.com/books/corrosion-inhibitors-
principles-and-recent-applications/corrosion-inhibitors-for-reinforced-concrete
• Poursaee, A. (2016). Corrosion of steel in concrete structures. Corrosion
of steel in concrete structures (pp. 1-294) doi:10.1016/C2014-0-01384-6
• Poursaee, A. (2016). Corrosion measurement and evaluation techniques
of steel in concrete structures. Corrosion of steel in concrete structures (pp. 169-
191) doi:10.1016/B978-1-78242-381-2.00009-2
• Poursaee, A. (2016). Corrosion of steel in concrete structures. Corrosion
of steel in concrete structures (pp. 19-33) doi:10.1016/B978-1-78242-381-2.00002-X
• Trejo, D., and Pillai, R.G., “Accelerated chloride threshold testing: Part I – ASTM A615
and A706 reinforcement,” ACI Materials Journal, 100 (6): 519-527, November 2003