Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Henrik Danielsson
Division of Structural Mechanics, Lund University, Sweden
CLT – Design and use slide 2
Outline
Introduction
• Production
• Typical dimensions and layups
• Out-of-plane and in-plane loading
• Basic mechanical behavior
Modelling
• Beam models
• Plate/shell models
Design
• Ultimate Limit state design
• Serviceability Limit state design
Use of CLT – two examples
CLT – Design and use slide 4
Production
CLT – Design and use slide 5
Typical dimensions
CLT – Design and use slide 6
Typical Layups
3 layers Flat side bonding Edge-bonding?
5 layers
Gaps Grooves
7 layers
CLT – Design and use slide 7
Out-of-plane loading
Line supported – bending in one dir. Line supported – bending in two dirs.
In-plane loading
Line supported
Assumptions
CLT – Design and use slide 10
Shear stiffness
Shear strength
Total deformation
=
Bending deformation
+
Shear deformation
CLT – Design and use slide 12
Deformation in CLT
Bending deformation
Shear deformation
Significant contribution to
shear deformations due to
rolling shear in transverse layers.
CLT – Design and use slide 13
Outline
Introduction
• Production
• Typical dimensions and layups
• Out-of-plane and in-plane loading
• Basic mechanical behavior
Modelling
• Beam models
• Plate/shell models
Design
• Ultimate Limit state design
• Serviceability Limit state design
Use of CLT – two examples
CLT – Design and use slide 14
Gamma-method
Gamma-method
Effective bending stiffness (second moment of inertia)
Gamma-method
Effective bending stiffness (second moment of inertia)
Reference length
Gamma-method
CLT 5s 100 mm
(20-20-20-20-20)
CLT 3s 120 mm
(40-40-40)
CLT 5s 200 mm
(40-40-40-40-40)
CLT – Design and use slide 19
Gamma-method
SUMMARY
Bending stiffness:
second moment of inertia of net cross section
Shear stiffness:
Timoshenko theory - shear correction factor
CLT – Design and use slide 21
Shear stiffness:
Timoshenko theory - shear correction factor
SUMMARY
Consideration of shear flexibility
of a composite beam.
effective thicknesses
Y X
CLT – Design and use slide 24
Orthotropic shell
Orthotropic shell
Orthotropic shell
0.65
0.25
0.75
CLT – Design and use slide 27
Outline
Introduction
• Production
• Typical dimensions and layups
• Out-of-plane and in-plane loading
• Basic mechanical behavior
Modelling
• Beam models
• Plate/shell models
Design
• Ultimate Limit state design
• Serviceability Limit state design
Use of CLT – two examples
CLT – Design and use slide 28
CLT is not yet included in European standards, e.g. Eurocode 5 (EN 1995-1-1),
with the exception of German and Austrian National Applications Documents.
Bending strength
Tensile strength – along grain
Compression strength – along grain
Tensile strength – perp-to-grain
Compressive strength – perp-to-grain
Shear strength – longitudinal shear
Shear strength – rolling shear
Design strength
General format
CLT – Design and use slide 33
General format
System factor
Rolling shear
General format
Longitudinal shear
CLT – Design and use slide 37
• grooves
• aspect ratio
CLT – Design and use slide 39
General format
Slenderness
t s
Outline
Introduction
• Production
• Typical dimensions and layups
• Out-of-plane and in-plane loading
• Basic mechanical behavior
Modelling
• Beam models
• Plate/shell models
Design
• Ultimate Limit state design
• Serviceability Limit state design
Use of CLT – two examples
CLT – Design and use slide 49
• Deformation
- Ensure appearance
- Ensure utilization (avoid damage of underlying parts)
- Criteria for deformation at different load situations:
Characteristic, Frequent, Quasi-permanent
Bending deformation
Shear deformation
kdef SC 1 SC 2
Gulam, Solid timber 0.60 0.80
CLT 0.80 1.00
CLT – Design and use slide 51
Eurocode 5 recommendations:
1st natural frequency (f1 ≥ 8 Hz)
Deflection from 1 kN point load (SS-EN: w ≤ 1.5 mm)
Impulse velocity response
are in many cases insufficient to assure acceptable floor performance.
CLT – Design and use slide 52
Classification possible
w(1.0 kN)
via acceleration response
[ProHolz, Hamm & Richter 2009]
CLT – Design and use slide 53
Support conditions:
CLT elements carrying loads in
Z
one or two directions? X
Y
y
x
y
x
z
CLT – Design and use slide 54
y
x
y
x
z
CLT – Design and use slide 55
8 Hz
y
x
y
x
10 Hz
CLT – Design and use slide 56
Outline
Introduction
• Production
• Typical dimensions and layups
• Out-of-plane and in-plane loading
• Basic mechanical behavior
Modelling
• Beam models
• Plate/shell models
Design
• Ultimate Limit state design
• Serviceability Limit state design
Use of CLT – two examples
CLT – Design and use slide 57
Concluding remarks