Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020

Science & Technology
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Science & Technology Ready
Reckoner RRP 2020
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

INDEX
Page No.
Sl.No. Topic
From To
01. Biotechnology 1 21
02. Vaccines and Diseases 22 33
03. Space Technology 33 64
04. Defense Technology 64 77
05. Emerging Technologies in ICT 77 110
06. Energy 110 116
07. Intellectual Property Rights 116 124
08. Advancement in Fundamental Physics 124 132
09. Technologies And Innovations In Day To Day Life 133 144
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Cell Organelles and Functions

1. Biotechnology
Cell Oganelle Organelle Functions
Introduction to Biotechnology Nucleus Cpmtaoms DNA
Nucleolus Makes ribosomes
 Made up of two words: ‘bio’ and ‘technology’.
Mitochondria Releases Energy
 ‘Bio’ means life and ‘technology’ means Converts sunlight into
Chloroplast
application or harnessing of science for a sugar
specific purpose. Ribosomes Makes protein
Endoplasmic Carries proteins in
 Therefore, the term ‘biotechnology’ refers to
Reticulum passage ways
modification or use of any living organism for
Packages and ships
Golgi Bodies
any useful purpose. protein
 The term was coined by KárolyEreky in 1919 Lysosomes Breaks stuff down
Protects and supports the
Basics: Cell Wall
cell
Cell Controls what
Cell membrane
 Cells are the basic building blocks of living enters/exists the cell
Vacuole Storage
things.
Fluid that holds
 The human body is composed of trillions of Cytoplasm
organelles
cells, all with their own specialised function. Flagella Movement
 Cells group together to form tissues, which in Pili Attach to other cells
Protects bacteria and
turn group together to form organs, such as Capsule
causes disease
the heart and brain. DNA Genetic Meterial
 The nucleus is based at the centre of the cell
and is the ‘control room’ for the cell. Chromosomes:
 Inside the nucleus we have chromosome. Fig: Genes within the cells
 Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled
DNA located within the
nucleus of almost every cell in our body.

 Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46
in total): one set comes from your mother and
one set comes from your father.
Fig: Basic Organelles of the cell
 22 non-sex chromosomes and 1 pair of sex
Functions of Cell Organelles:
chromosomes.
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 When the number of chromosomes is more or .

less or the chromosomes get damaged Composi Deoxyribose Ribose sugar
tion of sugar phosphate
chromosomal aberrations occur.
Bases phosphate backbone
 Some of the diseases due to chromosomal and backbone adenine, guanine,
diseases are: Sugars adenine, cytosine, uracil
 Down’s Syndrome guanine, bases
 Patau Syndrome cytosine,
thymine bases
 Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Propagat DNA is self- RNA is synthesized
 Edward Syndrome, etc ion replicating. from DNA on an as-
Differences: DNA and RNA needed basis.
Base AT (adenine- AU (adenine-uracil)
Compari
DNA RNA Pairing thymine) GC (guanine-
son
GC (guanine- cytosine).
Full Deoxyribonucl
Ribonucleic Acid cytosine)
Form eic Acid
Function  Long-term  Used to transfer
storage of the genetic code
genetic from the
information nucleus to the
; ribosomes to
 Transmissi make proteins.
on of  RNA is used to
genetic transmit genetic
information information in
to make some
other cells organisms.
and new  It may have
organisms. been the
molecule used
to store genetic
blueprints in
primitive
organisms.
Structur  B-form  A-form helix.
a double  RNA usually is a
Features helix. single-strand
 DNA is a helix consisting
double- of shorter
stranded chains of
molecule nucleotides.
consisting
of a long
chain of
nucleotides Fig: DNA Structure
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Genome
 A genome is an organism’s complete set of
genes.
 Each genome contains all of the information
needed to build that organism and allow it to
grow and develop.
 Genome Sequencing means each gene in the
genome is mapped to a particular function.
Human Genome Project:

The first whole genome to be sequenced was
of the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. The
worm Caenorhabditis elegans was the first
Gene:
animal to have its whole genome sequenced.
 Genes are small sections of DNA within the
The project to sequence whole genome of
genome that code for proteins.
humans stared in 1985.
 They contain the instructions for our
individual characteristics – like eye and hair
colour.
 The purpose of genes is to store information.
 The genes that an organism carries for a
particular trait is its genotype and the
physical manifestation of the instructions are
the organism’s phenotype.
Gene expression
It is the process by which the instructions in
our DNA are converted into a functional
Fig: Evolution - Human Genome Project
product, such as a protein.
 Gene expression has two key stages -
transcription and translation.
Fig: Transcription and Reverse

Transcription
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 In transcription, the information in the DNA Genome Editing

of every cell is converted into small, portable  Genome editing is a way of making specific
RNA messages (m-RNA). changes to the DNA of a cell or organism.
 During translation, these messages travel  Genome editing can be used to add, remove,
from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to or alter DNA in the genome.
the ribosomes. In Ribosomes the RNA is ‘read’  An enzyme cuts the DNA at a specific
to make specific proteins. These proteins sequence, and when this is repaired by the
perform the required function in the body. cell a change or ‘edit’ is made to the sequence.
Basicson Genetic Engineering
DNA Replication:
 DNA replication is the process by which DNA
makes a copy of itself during cell division.
 It means one DNA translates itself into two.
 Enzyme helicase helps in the process of
separating two DNA strands.
 A short piece of RNA called a primer acts as
the starting point for DNA synthesis.
Fig: Basics on Genetic Engineering
Sl.
Keyword Meaning and Purpose
No.
Restriction Enzyme that cuts the
1
Enzymes DNA
Enzyme that catalyses
2 Ligase joining of two molecules
in DNA
Vehicle to carry foreign
Fig: DNA Replication
3 Vector genetic material (of
Genetic Engineering
others) into another cell.
 It is the direct manipulation of DNA
Are type of vector used to
(genotype) to alter an organism’s
4 Plasmids introduce foreign DNA
characteristics (phenotype) in a particular
into Bacteria
way.
Probe is a sample DNA
 It is also called as genetic modification.
5 Probe piece to compare the
 This means changing one base pair (A-T or C-
gene in the DNA.
G), deleting a whole region of DNA, or
introducing an additional copy of a gene. CRISPR-Cas9
 It can be applied to any organism, from a CRISPR- Clustered Regularly Interspaced
virus to a sheep. Short Palindromic Repeats
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 CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool. Biotechnology has wider applications in range

 CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that of fields including energy, agriculture,
enables geneticists and medical researchers to industry etc.
edit parts of the genome by removing, adding
or altering sections of the DNA sequence.
 It is faster, cheaper and more accurate than
previous techniques of editing DNA.
 It has a wide range of potential applications.
 CRISPR uses an enzyme called Cas9 to cut
strands of DNA at precisely targeted locations
and insert new genetic material into the gap.
Applications of Biotechnology- Heal the

world, fuel the world and feed the world
Sl.
Area Applications
No.
a) Stem cell technology-
Organ replacement
b) Vaccines- Hepatitis B
c) Drugs- Anti-biotics
d) Vitamins
e) Enzymes-Insulin
Fig: Working of CRISPR Cas9 tool Production
1STGene-Edited Babies: Lulu And f) Gene Therapy
Nana g) Diagnostics methods-
 In 2018 a Chinese doctor for the 1st 1 Health
PCR, RT-PCR, etc
time performed gene editing on the h) Artificial Reproduction
embryonic stem cell using CrispR Technologies- 3-Parent
technique. Baby, Surrogacy
 The CRISPR technique was used to i) Designer Babies
modify the CCR5 gene on the embryonic j) DNA Fingerprinting
cells of the couples to make them k) Pharmacogenomics, DNA
resistant to the HIV virus. Finger printing-
 One of the couples subsequently gave Forensics
birth to twins – Lulu and Nana. Agricu a) GM Crops- Bt Cotton,
Applications of Bio Technology / Genetic 2 lture GM Mustard, etc
Engineering: and b) Transgenic Animals
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Anima c) Tissue Culture 3. Multipotent cells- One cell can differentiate

l d) Bio-Pesticides into many types of cells
Husba e) Bio-Fertilisers
ndry f) Marine products- Marine Stem Cells are of three types.
Biotech 1. Embryonic Stem cells
a) Industrial Products 2. Somatic Stem Cells
through fermentation 3. Induced Pluripotent cells

Indust
3 b) Food Processing Induced
ry Embryonic Somatic stem Pluripote
c) Beverages
Stem Cells Cells nt Stem
d) Pharma Industry, etc
Cells
a) Bio remediation  Embryonic  These
 Somatic stem
b) Drought Resistance stem cells are are
Enviro cells or adult
4 crops derived from Pluripo
nment stem cells.
c) Forestry – Tissue embryos. tent
 These are
 They are cells.
Culture undifferentia
totipotent in  Obtain
Energ ted cells
5 a) Biofuels that they can ed
y present in
be throug
differentiated
differentiated h
cells in a
Applications of GE in Health Sector: into most of reprogr
tissue or
1. Stem cell Therapy the cell types. ammin
organ.
 Stem cells are the raw materials for other  They can g of
 They help in
produce a somatic
body cells. repair and
clone of the cell.
 They are considered raw materials, because maintenance
entire  Low
all other cells with specialised functions are of specific
organism. rate of
tissue or
generated from these cells.  Use is reprogr
organ where
 Two important properties ethically ammin
they are
 Ability of self-renewal into numerous cells. questionable g
present.
in many  No
 Ability to specialise into various body cells  No risk of
countries ethical
types such as blood cells, brain cells, heart rejection
 Due to the proble
muscle. during auto-
lack of ms.
transplantati
Potency of Cells: complete  Person
on
Bases on the ability to transform into one immune- al
 Less/no risk
type to another type, cells are divided into– compatibility, regener
of tumour
organs and ative
1. Totipotent Cells- One cell can differentiate formation.
tissues medici
into all types of cells  Limitation:
generated ne.
2. Pluripotent cells- One cell can differentiate Limited
from them,  Low
number in
into most types of cells will likely be risk of
tissue
immune- immun
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rejected e
rejectio
n
Fig: Stem Cells

Fig: Applications of Stem cells
Applications of Stem Cells:

2. Vaccines-
Re-Generative Therapy- Cell replacement,
Genetic Engineering is used to manufacture
development of new human organs using
Recombinant DNA vaccines. These are also
stems cells is one of the important
called modern vaccines.
applications of Stem cells.
Vaccine is a biological preparation that
Ex: Development of new neuron cells in case
provides active acquired immunity to a
of brain damage.
particular infectious disease.
These are categorised into 3 generations:
I. First Generation Vaccines-

 These vaccines consist of infectious
organisms, either in mild or dead form.
 The first-generation vaccines are still widely
used today. Eg. Polio vaccine.
 There are chances that mild viruses get into
dangerous form.
Fig: Human Stem Cell Applications

II. Second Generation Vaccines- (Sub Unit
Other applications of Stem Cells include-
Vaccines)
 These vaccines were created in order to
minimise the risks of having the pathogen
revert to a dangerous form.
Eg. DTP vaccine
 The way these vaccines work is that they do
not contain the whole organism, but rather
contain only subunits.
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III. Third Generation Vaccines- (DNA Vaccine)

DNA vaccinesare called as third generation
vaccines. These vaccines are made up of a
small, circular piece of bacterial DNA (called a
plasmid) that has been genetically engineered
to produce one or two specific proteins
(antigens) from a pathogen.
So far, no DNA vaccine has been licensed for
use in humans.
Advantages:
1. Require short time span for development
2. DNA vaccines are easy to transport and store
3. Less risk to those who are making the vaccine
Ex: Hepatitis B Vaccine
Fig: Applications of GE in Vitamin/

Antibody/Insulin Production
4. Gene therapy-
Gene therapy is when DNA is introduced into
a patient to treat a genetic disease.
The new DNA usually contains a functioning
gene to correct the effects of a disease-causing
mutation.
Fig: Hepatitis B Vaccine through GE
There are two different types
3. Vitamins, Antibiotics and Enzymes-
Somatic gene therapy:
Vitamins; anti-biotics; and enzymes like
 Transfer of a section of DNA to any cell of the
insulin are produced using fermentation
body that doesn’t produce sperm or eggs.
method.
 Changes are not passed to subsequent
In this method, genetically modified and
generations.
cultured microorganisms are used to produce
the required products. Germline gene therapy:
 Transfer of a section of DNA to cells that
produce eggs or sperm.
 Effects of gene therapy will be passed onto
subsequent generations.
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National Guidelines for Gene Therapy

Indian Council of Medical Research
(ICMR) published “National Guidelines
for Gene Therapy Product Development
and Clinical Trials”
 It aims to ensure that the gene therapies
can be introduced in India and their
clinical trials can be performed in an
ethical, scientific and safe manner.
 Also, spur innovation and accelerate
research for rare diseases.
 It explains the responsibilities of
investigators, sponsors, institutions. It
also lists the considerations like quality
assurance, manufacturing and control.
 The guide also explains on the principles
to hold while signing international
Fig: Cloning of Sheep Dolly
collaboration and procurement of
Genetic Therapeutic Products (GTP). India’s achievements in animal
 The GTP are entities that deliver nucleic cloning:
acid by various means for therapeutic  Samrupa: In 2009, the world’s first
benefit to patients. cloned buffalo calf at National Dairy

Research Institute (NDRI)
5. Cloning  Garima: It was the world’s second
 It is a process of asexual reproduction in cloned buffalo at NDRI
which the offspring or the progeny is an exact  Cirb Gaurav: In 2016, the scientists at
replica of the single parent donor who has the Central Institute for Research on
contributed the genetic material. Buffaloes (CIRB), cloned a buffalo
 each cell is equipped with genetic information offspring named ‘Cirb Gaurav’.
of an organism, which has the ability to
develop into full organism. 6. DNA Fingerprinting / DnaProfiling
 First successfully cloned animal was a sheep  DNA fingerprinting refers to identifying
called Dolly in the year 1997 at Roslin complete (or partial) set of genetic information
Institute of Technology, Scotland. of a particular individual.

 A sample of blood, saliva, semen, vaginal
lubrication or other appropriate fluid or tissue
from personal items can be used for DNA
fingerprinting.
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How PCR Test is used to test COVID

Patients?
As Corona Virus is RNA virus, initially RNA is
transformed into DNA through Reverse
transcription process.
This test is known as RT-PCR.

Every human has unique DNA.
Fig: DNA Finger Printing
Applications of DNA Finger printing-

 Forensic tests Fig: RT PCR for testing COVID-19
 Paternity tests
 Twin studies Applications of PCR
 Evolutionary studies – to understand the  Drug discovery
genetic drift of populations  Genetic matching
 Genetic engineering
7. Diagnostic Tests:  Pre-natal diagnosis
A. PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction Test  Classification of organisms
PCR amplifies a specific region of a DNA  Genotyping
strand (the DNA target).  Molecular archaeology
 Mutation detection
 Sequencing
 Cancer research
 Bioinformatics
 DNA finger printing
 Human Genome project
B. ELISA Test: Enzyme Linked Immuno-

Sorbent Assay (ELISA)
Fig: PCR Test Process
ELISA is based on the principle of antigen-
antibody interaction. Infection by pathogen
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can be detected by the presence of antigens  Three parent Baby technique is resorted to
(proteins, glycoproteins, etc.) or by detecting when the actual mother is suffering from an
the antibodies synthesised against the incurable mitochondrial disease.
pathogen.
8. Assisted Reproduction Technologies-

1. IVF
Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
includes medical procedures used primarily to
address infertility. ART may also be used
in surrogacy arrangements, although not all
surrogacy arrangements involve ART. Fig: Three Parent Baby
Surrogacy in India:
Fig: IVF Technique
10. Pharmacogenomics
Three parent Baby and Mitochondrial DNA
 Pharma- Related to drugs, Genomics- Study of
 In addition to DNA in the nucleus, some DNA
Genes
is also present in the mitochondria.
 It is the study of how genes affect a person’s
 Mitochondrial DNA only has one chromosome
response to drugs.
and it codes for only specific proteins
 This relatively new field combines
responsible for metabolism.
pharmacology (the science of drugs) and
 Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the
genomics (the study of genes and their
mother and thus it is more effective to trace
functions)
human ancestry.
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 Aims to develop effective, safe medications

and doses that will be tailored to a person’s
genetic makeup.
Application of GE in Agriculture-
1. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
GMOs are organisms whose genetic materials
have been altered using genetic engineering
techniques to provide the organisms with
certain special characteristics.
GMOs can include plants, animals and even
microorganisms. Fig: Genetic Engineering in Plant Breeding
E.g. golden rice, BT cotton etc
GMO crops in India
GM Crops: Bt Cotton
GM in plants are used for -  BT cotton is the only genetically modified crop
GM plants have been useful in many ways. that is commercially allowed in India from
Genetic modification has: 2002.
(i) Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses  BT cotton grown in India is genetically
(cold, drought, salt, heat). modified for developing resistance to the pink
(ii) Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (pest- bollworm pest in the crop.
resistant crops).  This is done by inserting ‘Cry1Ab’ and
(iii) Helped to reduce post-harvest losses. ‘Cry2Bc’ genes from the soil bacterium,
(iv) Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), into the cotton
(this prevents early exhaustion of fertility of seed.
soil).
(v) Enhanced nutritional value of food, e.g.,
Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice
Fig: Bt Cotton Production using Genetic

Engineering
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HTBT Cotton: converted into vitamin A as needed by the

 Short for Herbicide Resistant Bt Cotton body and gives the grain its golden color.
 The cotton seed is inserted with ‘Cp4-Epsps’  It can provide up to 50% of the daily
gene from soil bacterium, Agrobacterium requirement of an adult for vitamin A. It is
tumefaciens. This produces a modified intended to fight against vitamin A deficiency
protein glyphosate which makes it herbicide (VAD)
resistant.  It reduces water use by up to 30 per cent
 It is not allowed to be cultivated in India. without any yield loss.
 But it has a low shelf life of not more than 3
GM Mustard (DMH-11): months. It loses nutrients after that.
 DMH-11 yields about 30% more than the Biofortification – breeding crops with
traditional reference mustard variety. higher levels of vitamins and minerals,
 It helps in boosting edible mustard oil or higher protein and healthier fats – is
production thus, reducing huge import bill for the most practical means to improve
edible oil. public health.
 GM mustard is resistant to herbicides. Breeding for improved nutritional
 Supreme Court has stayed permission to quality is undertaken with the
develop GM mustard. objectives of improving –
(i) Protein content and quality;
Bt Brinjal:
(ii) Oil content and quality;
 Bt brinjal is genetically engineered by
(iii) Vitamin content; and
inserting a gene from the soil bacterium
(iv) Micronutrient and mineral content.
Bacillus thuringiensis for its insecticidal
property.
2. Bio Fertilisers:
 The gene disrupts the digestive system of the
Biofertilizers are defined as substances
insect that feeds on the crop, thus killing the
containing living microbes, which when
insect.
applied to seed, plant, or soil promote growth
 Since 2010 there is an indefinite moratorium
by the supply of essential nutrients such as
on commercial cultivation of Bt Brinjal in
N, P, and other mineral nutrients.
India.
1. Nitrogen Solublising Bactria
a. Rhizobium Bacteria
Golden Rice:
b. Azotobacter
 International Rice Research Institute along
c. Azospirillium bacteria
with its partners has successfully cultivated
Golden Rice in a controlled environment. d. Cynobacteria
 Golden Rice is a new type of rice that contains 2. PhospateSolublizing microorganisms- M fungi
beta-carotene (provitamin A), which is 3. Silicate Solublising Bactria

4. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
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Incorpor material/toxin producing

ated Bt toxin.
Protecta
nts
(PIPs)
Advantages of Bio Pesticides:

 Biodegradable
Fig: Working of Bio-fertiliser
 Can be more effective in the long-term
Advantages of Bio Fertilisers:  Effective in small quantities and quickly
1) Bio fertilizers are usually eco-friendly decompose, avoiding pollution, which is a
2) Bio fertilisers don’t reduce the soil fertility. major problem with synthetic pesticides
3) Bio fertilizers usually are not expensive so  Can be less expensive
they are cost effective.  Affect only targeted pests, unlike broad
spectrum synthetic pesticides that can take
3. Bio Pesticides: effect on other unintended insects, birds, and
Biopesticides are materials with pesticidal mammals, including humans
properties that originate from natural living
organisms, including microorganisms, plants, 4. Tissue Culture-
and animals. Tissue culture is the growth
Genetic engineering is used to produce these of tissues or cells in an artificial medium
bio pesticides on a larger scale with the separate from the organism.
required qualities.  This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid,
There are three major classes that semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such as
biopesticides fall into: broth or agar.

 It was learnt by scientists, during 1950s, that
Active
Sl. Ingredients/S whole plants could be regenerated from
Types Example
No. ubstances it explants, i.e., any part of a plant taken out
includes and grown in a test tube, under sterile
Microbia Strains of conditions in special nutrient media.
Bacterium,
l Bacillus
1. fungus, virus  This capacity to generate a whole plant from
pesticide thuringie
or protozoan. any cell/explant is called totipotency.
s nsis (Bt).
Biochem  It is important to stress here that the nutrient
ical medium must provide a carbon source such
Naturally Scented
pesticide as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins,
2. occurring plant
s/herbal amino acids and growth regulators like
substances extracts.
pesticide auxins, cytokinins etc.
s
3. Plant Genetic Plant
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 By application of these methods it is possible There are two types of Transgenics:

to achieve propagation of a large number of 1. Embryo-mediated Transgenics
plants in very short durations. 2. Cell- medicated Transgenics
 This method of producing thousands of plants
through tissue culture is called micro-
propagation.
 Each of these plants will be genetically
identical to the original plant from which they
were grown, i.e., they are soma clones.
 Many important food plants like tomato,
banana, apple, etc., have been produced on
Fig: Embryo mediated Transgenesis
commercial scale using this method.
Fig: Cell mediated Transgenesis

Fig: Tissue Culture in Plants
Applications of Transgenic Animals:
(i) Normal physiology and development:
 Transgenic animals can be specifically
designed to allow the study of how genes are
regulated, and how they affect the normal
functions of the body and its development,
e.g., study of complex factors involved in
growth such as insulin-like growth factor.
Fig: Applications of Tissue Culture  By introducing genes from other species that
alter the formation of this factor and studying
5. Transgenic Animals: the biological effects that result, information
Animals that have had their DNA manipulated is obtained about the biological role of the
to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene factor in the body.
are known as transgenic animals.
(ii) Study of disease:
Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows
and fish have been produced, although over  Many transgenic animals are designed to
95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals increase our understanding of how genes
are mice. contribute to the development of disease.
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 These are specially made to serve as models  This is known as toxicity/safety testing.
for human diseases so that investigation of  The procedure is the same as that used for
new treatments for diseases is made possible. testing toxicity of drugs.
 Today transgenic models exist for many  Transgenic animals are made that carry genes
human diseases such as cancer, cystic which make them more sensitive to toxic
fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s. substances than non-transgenic animals.
 They are then exposed to the toxic substances
(iii) Biological products: and the effects studied. Toxicity testing in
 Medicines required to treat certain human such animals will allow us to obtain results in
diseases can contain biological products, but less time.
such products are often expensive to make.
 Transgenic animals that produce useful Applications of BT in Industrial Sector:
biological products can be created by the (White Bio Technology)
introduction of the portion of DNA (or genes)  White biotechnology – also meaning Industrial
which codes for a particular product such as Biotechnology uses microorganisms and their
human protein (α-1-antitrypsin) used to treat enzymes to manufacture the goods for
emphysema. industry, such as chemicals, plastics,
 Similar attempts are being made for treatment pharmaceuticals, food, and energy carriers.
of phenylketonuria (PKU) and cystic fibrosis.  These renewable raw materials and the waste
 In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, from forestry and agriculture are used for
produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 manufacturing industrial goods.
grams per litre).  White biotechnology is solely applied to the
 The milk contained the human alpha- industry to replace polluting technologies for
lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more clean ones.
balanced product for human babies than  The Applications of White Biotechnology
natural cow-milk.
Applications:
(iv) Vaccine safety: 1. Metabolite Production
 Transgenic mice are being developed for use Microorganisms produce different metabolites
in testing the safety of vaccines before they during their growth stages by using cheap
are used on humans. substrates. Acetone-butanol, Organic
 Transgenic mice are being used to test the acids Alcohol.Antibiotics, Enzymes, and
safety of the polio vaccine. Vitamins can be created.
 If successful and found to be reliable, they 2. Waste Treatment
could replace the use of monkeys to test the Reducing pollution by proper waste treatment
safety of batches of the vaccine. through bio remediation.
3. Bio-Based Fuel & Energy
(v) Chemical safety testing:
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Cellulose enzyme technology benefits the  Oil zapper feeds on hydrocarbon compounds
conversion of crop residues to ethanol. present in crude oil and the hazardous
The techniques also allow reduced CO2 hydrocarbon waste generated by oil refineries,
emissions by 90% (compared to oil). Further, known as ‘Oil Sludge’.
it produces greater domestic energy and uses  The bacteria convert this sludge into harmless
renewable feedstock. CO2 and water.
4. Recovery of Metals
Microbes are employed to recover valuable
metals from the metals of a low grade for
which the conventional metallurgical
processes are polluting.
Applications of Genetic Engineering in

Environmental Protection-
 Reducing the use of and reliance on
petrochemicals.
 Using biofuels to cut greenhouse gas
emissions.
 Decreasing water usage and waste generation. Fig: Genetic Engineering for bio remediation
 Tapping into the full potential of traditional

3. Bio- Toilet- Sustainable Sanitation
biomass waste products.
Bio-toilet is a decomposition
1. Biofuel: Biotechnology is used in producing
mechanizedtoilet system which decomposes
bio fuel using algae.
human excretory waste in the digester tank
using specific high graded bacteria (aerobic or
anaerobic).
It converts the excreta into methane gas,
Carbon dioxide gas and water.
Fig: Biodiesel through Algae
2. Bio remediation though Oil Zapper:

 Oil Zapper is a combination of five different
bacterial strains that are immobilized and
mixed with a carrier material like powdered
corncob.
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1. DNA Technology (Use & Application)

Regulation Bill 2019
Introduced for the regulation of use and
application of DNA technology for the purpose
of establishing identity of missing persons,
victims, offenders, under trials and unknown
deceased persons
Key Provisions of the Bill

Use of DNA Data: DNA testing is allowed only
in respect of matters listed in the Schedule to
the Bill.
Fig: Working of Bio toilets
 These include offences under the Indian Penal
Advantages of Bio Toilets: Code, 1860, and for civil matters such as
 No bad smell in toilets from the tanks paternity suits.
 Faecal matter in the tank not visible  Further, the Schedule includes DNA testing
 No bugs infestation for matters related to establishment of
 No clogging of bio digester individual identity.
 Effluent is free from off odour and solid waste Consent for the collection of DNA for some
 Reduction in pathogens by 99% cases like arrested person having punishment
 Reduction in organic matter by 90% of up to 7 years. If the punishment is beyond
 No maintenance required 7 years then consent is not required.

 No requirement of re-adding of bacteria / DNA Data Bank: establishment of a National
enzyme DNA Data Bank and Regional DNA Data
 No need of removal of solid waste Banks, for every state, or two or more states.
 Hygienic and Non –Polluting Bill provides for removal of the DNA profiles
 No manual scavenging required (sludge free of the following persons:
disposal)  Of a suspect if a police report is filed or court
 Relatively low cost order given,
 Can do with low water requirement  Of an undertrial if a court order is given, and
 Suitable for all terrains  On written request, for persons who are not
 Useful by-products: Bio gas (only Methane suspect, offender or undertrial, from the crime
and water) scene or missing persons’ index
 Alleviates the effort involved in relocating DNA Regulatory Board: The Bill also provides
composting toilets every year. for the establishment of a DNA Regulatory
Board, which will supervise the DNA Data
Current Issues: Banks and DNA laboratories.
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Functions of the Board:  It seeks to capture human physiology at the

1. Advising governments on all issues related to tissue level in natural and diseased state.
establishing DNA laboratories or Data Banks, Objectives
and o To provide better biological insights of human
2. Granting accreditation to DNA laboratories. physiology
3. Further, the Board is required to ensure that o To understand the roles of tissues and cells
all information relating to DNA profiles with linked to various diseases.
the Data Banks, laboratories, and other o Develop disease models through predictive
persons are kept confidential computing
o Drug discovery
2. Earth Bio-Genome Project
 International collaboration to sequence and 4. IndiGen Project- Genome India Project
digitize the genomes of every eukaryotic  It is a project to carry out whole-genome
biodiversity on Earth over a period of 10 sequencing of Indian.
years.  Also called ‘Bioscience Mission for Precision
 It will map the genomes of roughly 1.5 million Health and Optimal Well-being’
species, i.e., all the complex life forms known  It is aimed at studying the diversity of Indians
to man. and its impact on lifestyle, environment and
 It will map the genomes of roughly 1.5 million genes that is inherited.
species, i.e., all the complex life forms known  It will help in development of personalized
to man. medicines.
 It is an open-source DNA database.  The initiative will involve large number of
 The initiative was inspired by Human Genome India from various geographies, caste, tribal
Project which ended in 2003 and linguistic groups.
 provides a platform for scientific research and  The Genome Sequencing will be a combined
supports environmental and conservation initiative of Ministry of Health and Family
initiatives. Welfare, Department of Health Research,
 ISSUE- May lead to digital bio-piracy (because Department of Biotechnology
it is open-source) which is against the  The initiative will include sequencing genomes
principle of Nagoya protocol to convention of and link it to human health disease as a
Biodiversity that requires sharing of benefits research initiative.
with the local communities
5. National Genomic Grid (NGG)
3. Manav: Human Atlas Initiative  The grid will be formed in line with the
 Launched by Department of Biotechnology National Cancer Tissue BioBank (NCTB)
 It is a project to construct a comprehensive which is set up at the Indian Institute of
map of every tissue of the human body. Technology, Madras.
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 It will collect samples from cancer patients to  Studies have also proven its anti-oxidant,
study genomic factors influencing cancer and aphrodisiac, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory
identifying the right treatment modalities for anti-tumour, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective and
the Indian population. anti-diabetic properties.
 The grid will have four parts, with the country
divided into east, west, north and south 8. Parthenogenesis
 Significance- The genomic samples will help  A reproductive strategy that involves
researches to have India specific studies on development of a female (rarely a male)
cancers. gamete (sex cell) without fertilisation or

development of an embryo from an
6. India’s Brain Map unfertilised egg cell
 National Brain Research Centre (NBRC) is  It is an adaptive strategy when sexual
preparing an Indian Brain Template (IBT). reproduction is not possible due to
 It is one-of-its-kind database of brain environmental conditions.
templates.
 Brain templates are MRI images that provide 9. Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
anatomical information of human brains.  A new initiative aims at reducing the
 The IBT is funded by the Department of population of Aedes aegypti mosquito by
Science and Technology. introducing genetically modified version of

mosquitoes
International Centre for Genetic  Genetically modified mosquitoes involve
Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) producing transgenic male Aedes aegypti
 Intergovernmental organisation established as mosquito, which carries a new gene fatal
a special project of United Nations Industrial only to female mosquitoes
Development Organization, in 1983  GM male mosquitoes will then breed with
 The Organisation has three Component normal females in the wild.
laboratories in Trieste Italy, New Delhi, India  In the next generation, only the males would
and Cape Town, South Africa survive, and these would breed again, with
 Became fully autonomous since 1994 normal females.
 After a few generations, the female population
7. Arogyapacha (Trichopuszeylanicus) will be drastically reduced and eventually
 Scientists decoded genome whole mosquito population
 ‘Miracle plant’
 Known for its medicinal properties 10. National Biopharma Mission
 Endemic to the Agastya hills in the southern  The National Biopharma Mission (NBM) is
Western Ghats an industry-academia collaborative
 Known for its traditional use by the Kani mission for accelerating biopharmaceutical
tribal community to combat fatigue development in the country.
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 It was launched in 2017 at a total cost of Rs  Lab-grown meat is called with many names-
1500 crore and is 50% co-funded by World cultured meat, in vitro meat, synthetic meat,
Bank loan. artificial meat.
 It is being implemented by the Biotechnology  It is made by growing muscle cells in a
Industry Research Assistance Council nutrient serum and encouraging them into
(BIRAC). muscle-like fibres.
 BIRAC is a Public Sector Enterprise, set up by  Simpler animal products, such as artificial
the Department of Biotechnology (DBT). milk or hen-free egg whites, can be created by
 The oversight to the mission activities is yeast that has been genetically altered to
provided by the inter-ministerial Steering produce the proteins found in milk or eggs.
Committee chaired by the Secretary-DBT  These are then extracted and blended in the
(Ministry of Science & Technology). right amounts.
 The Technical Advisory Group (TAG) chaired
by an eminent scientist provides scientific
leadership to the mission drawing upon global
expertise.
 Under this Mission, the Government has
launched Innovate in India (i3) programme to
create an enabling ecosystem to
promote entrepreneurship and indigenous
Fig: Cultured Meat
manufacturing in the biopharma sector.
Alternative to animal meat can be - Plant meat- that
It has a focus on following four verticals:
looks and tastes similar to meat.
 Development of product leads for
Vaccines, Biosimilars and Medical
Devices that are relevant to the public health
need by focussing on managed partnerships.
 Upgradation of shared
infrastructure facilities and establishing them
as centres of product discovery/discovery
validations and manufacturing.
 Developing human capital by providing
specific training.
 Developing technology transfer offices to help
enhance industry academia inter-linkages.
Note: Diseases and Vaccines will be covered
separately.
11. Cultured Meat
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one generation on
2. Vaccines and Diseases
to another
AIDS,
Diseases:
Typhoid, Allergies, cancer,
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that Example Tuberculosis, heart diseases,
negatively affects the structure or function of all Malaria, diabetes
or part of an organism, and that is not due to any Cholera
immediate external injury. As it can As it develops
Type of develop almost over a period of
Diseases are often known to be medical disease immediately, it time and lasts for
is acute long, it is chronic
conditions that are associated with specific
Traditional Surgically or
symptoms and signs.
Treatment methods/ther specialized
apies methodologies
Diseases are categorised into communicable
and non-communicable diseases. Microbes:
Non- Microbes are tiny living things that are found all
Character Communicabl
communicable around us and are too small to be seen by the
istics e Diseases
diseases
naked eye.
Diseases
 A few harmful microbes, for example less than
spread from
Diseases cannot 1% of bacteria, can invade our body (the host)
one to another
be transmitted
Definition person. Can and make us ill. Microbes cause infectious
from one to
be spread diseases such as flu and measles.
another person
through water,  Microbes that causes disease are called
air etc
pathogens.
Here, the
causative is
There are 4 types of microbes that cause
allergies,
disease;
Pathogens malnutrition,
that are highly illness due to  Viruses
infectious and internal factors,  Bacteria
Causative
vectors lifestyle changes,  Fungi
transmit these environmental  Protozoa (also known as Protoctista).
diseases changes,
abnormalities in Viruses:
cell proliferation
 Viruses are very small, and most can only be
etc
seen with an electron microscope.
Agent
Virus, They just contain a core of nucleic acid (DNA
causing No agents
bacteria, etc.
infection or RNA) surrounded by a covering layer of
Inheritanc Cannot be Can be inherited protein (no cytoplasm, cell membrane or
e factor inherited from from generation anything else).
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 They are not usually considered as living RNA as their

organisms, as they are very simple and do not nucleic acid
carry out most of the living processes which Contains
other living organisms perform. protein coat No protein
-
 Viruses are not made of cells, and are surrounding its coat
sometimes referred to as virus particles or nucleic acid.
virions.
 Viruses are inactive when outside of a living Diseases Caused by Virus:
cell, but once their nucleic acid is inside they Name
Affected
Diseases Of Symptoms
take over the cell's activities. Usually they Organ
Virus
make many copies of themselves inside the
Defensive Immune system
cell, then break out of the cell and infect AIDS system(W HIV of body becomes
others. BC) weak.
 Viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics such as Whole
body
penicillin. Dengu
Dengue particula Pain in muscles,
e
fever rly head, head and joints.
Virus Viroid Prion Virus
eyes and
An infective
joints
agent that The Fever, body pain,
Throat,
typically infectious Polio backbone and
An infectious Polio backbone
consists of a particle virus intestine cells
protein nerve
nucleic acid smaller than are destroyed.
particle Variol High fever,
molecule in a the known Chicken Whole
similar to a a radish eruption
protein coat viruses, pox body
virus but virus on body.
and is able to serving as an Varice Light fever,
lacking Small Whole
multiply only agent of lla eruption of bile
nucleic acid; pox body
with in the certain plant virus on body.
Morbe
living cells of a diseases Whole Reddish eruption
Measles li
host body on body.
virus
Degenerative Patient become
Can cause wide Rabie
Infect only diseases of Nervous mad with severe
variety of Rabies s
system headache and
plant cells nervous virus
infections high fever.
system
Herpe
Swelling in skin.
Contains a Herpes Skin s
Contains either Contains
short strand virus
DNA or RNA as only proteins Lungs
of circular, SARS Fever, difficulty
their nucleic and lack COVID- and
single Cov-2 in breathing,
acids. nucleic acids 19 respirato
stranded Virus cough,etc.
ry system
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Bacteria: Respirato
Whoopin Hemophili Continuous
Bacteria are single celled organisms, only visible ry
g cough s pertusis coughing
(as "dots" and "dashes") with a (good) light system
Diplococc
microscope. High fever,
Pneumo us
 They are larger than viruses but smaller than Lungs swelling in
nia pnemonia
ordinary cells of the human body. They lungs
e
contain DNA but this is not inside a structure Nervous Mycobact Spots on
like a nucleus. Leprosy system erium body, nerves
 Not all bacteria cause disease; some are very skin leprae affected.
useful "in nature". When bacteria infect the
body, they can reproduce quite fast. Fungi:
 Often, they produce chemicals Fungi (singular fungus) are slightly larger than
called toxins which have the actual effect bacteria, and their DNA is contained inside nuclei
which causes an illness. Bacteria can usually like plant and animal cells.
be killed by antibiotics such as penicillin.  They are more suited to living in a liquid
environment.
Diseases Caused By Bacteria:  Not all fungi cause disease; some are very
Affected Name of useful "in nature".
Diseases Symptoms
Organ Bacteria Examples of diseases caused by fungi: Athlete's
High fever, foot (not only caught by athletes, or confined to
Nervous Clostridiu spasm in
Tetanus the foot!), ringworm (not a worm), etc
system m tetani body, closing
of jaws etc
Continuous Protozoa/Protoctista:
Vibro
Cholera Intestine stool and These are generally single celled organisms with
cholerae
vomiting true nuclei and a cell membrane, so they are
Salmonell High fever , quite like our body cells.
Typhoid Intestine
a typhia head-ache
Examples of diseases caused by protozoa/
Myccbact
protoctista: Malaria, sleeping sickness,
Tubercul erium Repea-ted
Lungs dysentery., etc.
osis tuberculo cough-ing
sis
Diseases Caused By Protozoans:
Difficulty in
Coryne-
Diphther Respirato respire-tion Affected
bacterium Diseases Parasite Symptoms
ia ry tube and Organ
diptheriae
suffocating RBC & Plasmodiu Fever with
Very high Malaria
Lungs, liver m shiver-ing
fever,
area Pasteurell Entamoeb
Plague muscular Pyorrho Bleed-ing
between a pesties Gums a
eruption on ea from gums
two legs
body gingivilis
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Sleeping Trpano- Fever with

Brain
sickness somia sever sleep
Kala- Bone Leismania
High fever
azar marrow donovani
Diseases Caused By Worms (Helminths):

Filariasis:
 Pathogen: Filarial worm
 Mode of transmission: Bites of mosquitoes:
Aedes and culex.
 Symptoms
Swelling takes place in certain parts of body like
legs, breast, scrotum etc.
Swelling of legs which appear as legs of elephant,
so this disease is also called Elephantiasis. Fig: Organs and Tissues of Immune System
 Prevention and Cure: Mesh doors and
windows in house to check the entry of Immunity: Resistance of the body for an
mosquitoes. infection.
Herd Immunity
Immune System:  Herd immunity is the resistance of a group
 Immune system fights the disease-causing of people to an infection.
agents when they try to enter into our body.  It arises due to the immunity of a high
 It consists of a complex network of specialized proportion of the population, for example
cells, tissues, and organs. because they have been vaccinated or been
 Immune system recognizes and defends the exposed to the pathogen before.
body from foreign substances, primarily
disease-causing microorganisms such as
bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi is called
immune system.
 Organs and tissues of the immune system
include the bone marrow, spleen, thymus,
tonsils, mucous membranes, and skin.
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Fig: How immune system works? (*NKC means-  The first-generation vaccines are still widely
Natural Killer Cells) used today. Eg. Polio vaccine.
When the immune system is unable to fight or  There are chances that mild viruses get into
insufficiently fights with the disease-causing dangerous form.
element that enters into our body, the person falls
ill. II. Second Generation Vaccines: (Sub Unit
Vaccines)
Vaccination:  These vaccines were created in order to
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into minimise the risks of having the pathogen
the body to stimulate the body’s immune revert to a dangerous form.
response. Eg. DTP vaccine
 The way these vaccines work is that they do
It is given to prevent an infectious disease from
not contain the whole organism, but rather
developing and the person becoming ill.
contain only subunits.
E.g. Polio Vaccine, BCG, Measles Vaccine etc.
III. Third Generation Vaccines- (DNA Vaccine):
DNA vaccines are called as third generation
vaccines. These vaccines are made up of a
small, circular piece of bacterial DNA (called a
plasmid) that has been genetically engineered
to produce one or two specific proteins
(antigens) from a pathogen.
Fig: Working of Vaccines
Types of Vaccines:
Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides
active acquired immunity to a
particular infectious disease.
These are categorised into 3 generations:

Fig: Types of Vaccines
I. First Generation Vaccines:
 These vaccines consist of infectious Antibiotics:
organisms, either in mild or dead form.
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Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the pathogenesis, allowing the body's innate
growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial immune mechanisms to neutralize the virus.
infections.
E.g. Penicillin, Tetracycline etc. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR):
Who Definition:
How do antibiotics work?  Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of
 Antibiotics take advantage of the difference a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses, and
between the structure of the bacterial cell and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such
the host’s cell. as antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials)
 They either prevent the bacterial cells from from working against it. As a result, standard
multiplying so that the bacterial population treatments become ineffective, infections
remains the same, allowing the host’s defence persist and may spread to others.
mechanism to fight the infection or kill the  When the microorganisms become resistant to
bacteria, for example stopping the mechanism most antimicrobials they are often referred to
responsible for building their cell walls. as “superbugs”.
Anti Virals:
 Antivirals are a class of medications that are
used to treat viral infections.
 Most viral infections resolve spontaneously in
immunocompetent individuals.
 The aim of antiviral therapy is to minimize
Fig: Anti Biotic Resistance
symptoms and infectivity as well as to shorten
the duration of illness.
Difference between antibiotic and
 These drugs act by arresting the viral
antimicrobial resistance
replication cycle at various stages.
 Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria
 Currently, antiviral therapy is available only
change in response to the use of antibiotics
for a limited number of infections. Most of the
used to treat bacterial infections (such as
antiviral drugs currently available are used to
urinary tract infections, pneumonia,
treat infections caused by HIV, herpes
bloodstream infections) making them
viruses, hepatitis B and C viruses, and
ineffective.
influenza A and B viruses.
Antimicrobial resistance is a broader term,
 Unlike other antimicrobials, antiviral drugs do
encompassing resistance to drugs that treat
not deactivate or destroy the virus but act by
infections caused by other microbes as well,
inhibiting replication.
such as parasites (e.g. malaria or
 In this way, they prevent the viral load from
helminths), viruses (e.g. HIV) and fungi (e.g.
increasing to a point where it could cause
Candida).
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Causes: Measles-Rubella(MR)
Measles, Rubella
Antimicrobial resistance occurs naturally but is Vaccine
facilitated by the inappropriate use of medicines Japanese
Adult JE Vaccine
Encephalitis(JE)
Using antibiotics for viral infections such as
cold or flu, or sharing antibiotics.
Mission Indradanush-2014:
 Low-quality medicines,
 To strengthen and re-energize the UIP and
 Wrong prescriptions and
achieve full immunization coverage for all
 Poor infection prevention and control also
children and pregnant women at a rapid pace.
encourage the development and spread of
 The ultimate goal of Mission Indradhanush
drug resistance.
was to ensure full immunization with all
available vaccines for children up to two years
India- Immunisation Program:
of age and pregnant women.
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)
Immunization Programme in India was
Intensified Mission Indradanush (IMI):
introduced in 1978 as ‘Expanded Programme of
To further intensify the immunization
Immunization’ (EPI) by the Ministry of Health and
programme, Intensified Mission Indradhanush
Family Welfare, Government of India.
(IMI) was launched in October 2017.
Vaccine
Through this programme, Government of India
Preventable Vaccine
aims to reach each and every child up to two
Disease(VPD)
years of age and all those pregnant women who
BCG (Bacillus Calmette
Tuberculosis have been left uncovered under the routine
Guerin)
immunisation programme/UIP.
Diphtheria,
DPT
Pertussis, Tetanus National Vector Borne Disease Control
Oral Polio Vaccine(OPV) Programme (NVBDCP): For control of Dengue
Poliomyelitis and Inactivated Polio and elimination of Kala-azar and Lymphatic
Vaccine(IPV) Filariasis.
Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Vaccine
Measles Measles National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis
Tetanus Tetanus Toxoid(TT) Elimination (2017-2025)

 To achieve active case finding of TB to 100%
Hib containing
Haemophilus by 2020 and complete elimination of TB by
Pentavalent vaccine
influenzae type b 2025.
(DPT+HepB+Hib) (In
Infection  The four strategic pillars of the programme
Selected States)
are: Detect-Treat-Prevent-Build (DTPB).
Rotavirus
Rotavirus Vaccine
Infections
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National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination Characteristic Description

(2017-22): Kyasanur forest disease
Caused by
The plan aims to achieve universal case detection virus (KFDV).
and treatment services in malaria endemic Rodents, shrews and
districts to ensure 100% diagnosis of all Spread by monkeys through virus
infected ticks
suspected cases and full treatment of all
Fever and headache, Sever
confirmed cases.
muscle pain with vomiting,
gastrointestinal symptoms
Diseases That Are Currently in News: Symptoms
and bleeding problem,
1. Corona Virus: Abnormal BP and low
Characteristic Description platelets, RBC, WBC count
Caused by SARS CoV-2 Diagnosis PCR Test
Inconclusive – (Bats, sea food, Vaccine
No
Spread by Available
etc.)
Spreads during summer
Cough, fever, severe
Symptoms season
pneumonia Hunters, Herders and
Diagnosis RT-PCR Additional farmers are vulnerable to
Vaccine Information this.
No- under trails Person to person
Available
transmission has not been
Additional
WHO declared it as pandemic observed.
Information
2. Hanta Virus:
Characteristic Description
Caused by Orthohanta virus
Urine, droppings, saliva of
Spread by
rodents
Hemorrhagic fever with renal
Symptoms
syndrome
Diagnosis RT- PCR
Vaccine
Yes- Hanta Virus Vaccine
Available
The virus does not spread Fig: Kyasanur Forest Disease
Additional
from person-to-person.
Information Zoonosis (as defined by WHO)
The virus is not airborne.
 A zoonosis is any disease or infection that
3. Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD): is naturally transmissible from vertebrate

animals to humans.
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 Animals thus play an essential role in Information

maintaining zoonotic infections in nature.
Zoonoses may be bacterial, viral, or 6. Canine Distemper Virus (CDV):
parasitic, or may involve unconventional Characteristic Description
agents Caused by CDV
Epizootic disease Spread by In animals
 Epizootic is a disease event in a nonhuman Symptoms -
animal population, analogous to an
Diagnosis PCR and ELISA tets
epidemic in humans.
Vaccine
 An epizootic may be: restricted to a specific No
Available
locale (an "outbreak"), general (an
CDV is considered
"epizootic"), or widespread ("panzootic").
dangerous virus and is
Additional
blamed for wiping out 30%
4. Yellow Fever: Information
population of African
lionsin east African forests.
Caused by Yellow fever virus
Spread by Aedes aegypti Mosquitos
7. Rotavirus Disease:
Fever, Headache., Muscle
aches, particularly in your Characteristic Description
back and knees., Caused by Rota virus
Symptoms
Sensitivity to light., Water contamination-
Nausea, vomiting or both.,
Faecal-oral route, contact
Dizziness.
with contaminated hands,
Diagnosis ELISA test Spread by
Vaccine surfaces and objects, and
Yes possibly by the respiratory
Available
Additional Eyes turn yellow, so the route
Information name yellow fever Fever, nausea, and
vomiting, abdominal
5. Swine Flu: Symptoms
cramps and frequent
watery diarrhoea.
Influenza viruses H1N1
Caused by Diagnosis Stool test
and H3N2
Spread by Pigs Vaccine Available Yes- Rota Virus Vaccine
Fever, lethargy, difficulty Leading cause of severe

Symptoms Additional diarrhoea and death
in breathing
Information among children less than
Diagnosis Real time PCR
five years of age.
Vaccine Available Yes
Additional 8. Zika Virus:
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Characteristic Description 10. Nipah Virus (NiV):

Zika Virus (Flaviviridae Characteristic Description
Caused by
Virus group) Caused by Nipah Virus
Spread by Ades agyepti Mosquitos It is transmitted through
Fever, rashes, joint pain, direct contact with infected
red eyes, loss of appetite – bats, pigs.
Symptoms Spread by
(Similar to Dengue- Human to human
Confusion) transmission is also reported
Diagnosis RT- PCR through air droplets.
Vaccine Illness with fever and
No
Available headache, Drowsiness and
Pregnant women infected mental confusion, Infection
Symptoms
with zika virus may give to acute respiratory
birth to babies with severe syndrome and fatal
brain damage or serious encephalitis
Additional birth defects, i.e, Diagnosis PCR test
Information neurological disorders and Vaccine
foetal deformation know as No
Available
Microcephaly in which Additional Bats are natural hosts of
infants are born with Information Nipah
abnormally smaller heads.
11. Measles-Rubella:
9. Ebola:
 Contagious air-borne infection of the
Characteri
Description respiratory tract.
stic
Caused by Ebola Virus  Caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus
Close contact with blood, family.
Spread by secretions, organs and other  Can spread through direct contact or
body fluids. coughing, sneezing etc.
Abrupt fever, fatigue, muscle
pain and headache. 12. Lymphatic Filariasis (lF):
Symptoms
Diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney  LF is commonly known as Elephantiasis. It is
and liver functions. one of oldest and most debilitating
ELISA neglected tropical disease, which is
Antigen detection test. currently endemic in 73 countries including
Diagnosis Serum neutralization tests.
India.
RT-PCR assay.
 LF disease is caused mainly by
Electron microscopy.
Vaccine WucheriaBancrofti and spread by Culex
No
Available mosquito.
Additional  Poor sanitation, water and hygiene are
Information some reasons for spread.
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 LFdoes not kill affected person, but may  The bacteria can be transmitted via exposure
cause permanent disfigurement, reduced to contaminated water or soil or direct
productivity and social stigma. contact with reservoirs hosts like wild or
domestic animals.
Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic  In humans it can be cause a wide range of
Filariasis (GAELF) symptoms such as mild headaches, muscle
 GAELF is an alliance of partners from 72 LF pains and severe fevers with bleeding from
endemic national country programmes, lungs or meningitis.
NGO’s, private sectors, academic and  Currently thereis no preventionvaccinefor
research institutes and international humans.
development agencies that assists WHO’s
Global programme to eliminate Lymphatic 15. H9N2 virus
Filariasis. It was formed in 2001, since then  Indian scientists have detected the country‘s
it is being held biennially. first case of infection with a rare variant of the
virus that causes avian influenza, or bird
13. Japenese Encephaliyis (JE) flu.
Characteristic Description  In the December 2019 issue of the Emerging
JE is mosquito borne Infectious Diseases journal of the US Centers
flavivirus. It belongs to same
Caused by for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
genus as dengue, yellow fever
scientists of the National Institute of Virology
and west Nile virus.
Spread by Mosquitos (NIV), Pune, have reported avian influenza
Mild fever and headache or A(H9N2) virus infection in a 17-month-old boy
Symptoms
without apparent symptoms in Maharashtra.
Blood and cerebral fluid  H9N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus,
Diagnosis
testing which causes human influenza as well as bird
Vaccine
Yes- JE Vaccine flu.
Available
 The H9N2 subtype was isolated for the first
JE primarily affects children.
time in Wisconsin, US in 1966 from turkey
Most adults in endemic
Additional countries have natural flocks.
Information immunity after childhood  According to the US National Centre for
infection, but individuals of Biotechnology Information (NCBI), H9N2
any age may be affected. viruses are found worldwide in wild birds and
are endemic in poultry in many areas.
14. Leptospirosis
 H9N2 virus infections in humans are rare, but
 Leptospirosis is an emerging
likely under-reported due to typically mild
tropicalinfectious bacterial disease that
symptoms of the infections
affects humans and animals. It caused by
corkscrew-shaped bacteria called
Government of India Initiatives in News
Leptospira.
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1. MERA India Initiative  Launched by Food Safety and Standards

2. New Influenza Research Program Authority of India (FSSAI)
3. Eat Right Movement  SAI has prescribed a limit for Total Polar
4. Arogya Setu App Compounds (TPC) at 25% in cooking oil to
avoid the harmful effects of reused cooking
1. MERA India Initiative
oil.
 Launched by ICMR to eliminate malaria by
 The movement aims to cut down salt/sugar
2030
and oil consumption by 30% in three years.
 Malaria Elimination Research Alliance (MERA)
 It also aims to engage and enable citizens to
India’ – a conglomeration of partners working
improve their health and well-being by
on malaria control – in order to prioritise, plan
making the right food choices
and scale up research to eliminate the disease
from India by 2030 4. Arogya Setu APP
 Malaria is the most deadly vector-borne  National Informatics Center operating under
disease. Ministry of Electronics and Information
 Malaria is caused by a Plasmodium Parasites Technology has developed an application
that is transmitted from one human to “Arogya Sethu”
another by the bite of infected Anopheles  The app alerts the person whenever he comes
mosquitoes. in contact within six feet of COVID-19 infected
The India Health Fund person.
 To eradicate tuberculosis (TB) by 2025 and  The application is available in 11 languages.
malaria by 2030bfrom India.
 It a collaborative initiative by the Tata 3. Space Technology
Trusts and theGlobal Fund
Scope:
E-2020 Initiative: It is part of the Global 1. Keywords.
Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016- 2030 2. History of Indian Space Programme.
endorsed by WHO. 3. Types of Orbits.
4. Types of Launch Vehicles.
2. New Influenza Research Programme
5. Types of Satellites.
 Indian and European Union collaborated for
6. Applications of Space Technology in everyday
new influenza research programme to develop
life
Next Generation Influenza Vaccine.
7. Space Missions of India
 The programme will get fund under EU
8. Indigenization of Space Technologies
funding programme for research and
9. Achievements of India and Indians in the
innovation called 'Horizon 2020'.
field of Space.
3. Eat Right Movement 10. Emerging /recent developments in space

Technology.
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 The curved path of an object or spacecraft or

Keywords satellite around a Star, Planet or Moon is
1) Space: It is a 3 dimensional region that called an Orbit.
begins where the earth’s atmosphere ends.
Outer Space Treaty, 1967  Generally satellites revolve in a defined orbit.

All member countries under treaty Example: Moon, INSAT satellites, etc
agreed for:  Spacecrafts may or may not revolve in a
 No Weapons of Mass Destruction in designated orbit.
Space. Ex: Voyager 1, 2; Chandrayan 2, etc.
 No placement of Nuclear Weapons in 4) Satellite:
Space.  A Satellite is a body that revolves around
 Co-operation & Transparency in the another object. A Satellite cab be either
Outer Space operations. Manmade (Ex: Astrosat) or Natural (Moon).
 No claim of sovereignty over celestial 5) Space Craft:
bodies or the celestial objects.  Space craft is an artificial object made to
revolve around another Planet or Planets
2) Microgravity :
other than Earth. Ex: Chandrayn 1, 2,
 Gravity is the force exerted by an object on
MOM; Voyager-1,2, etc.
the other object. It is proportional to the
6) Rocket:
mass of the object.
 A rocket is a vehicle that is used to provide
 In Space, gravity conditions vary as one move
thrust for an object. It can be used as a
from one body to another.
missile or a launch vehicle. It consists of -
 Microgravity is the condition of less
fuel & oxidizer, together called as propellant
gravity/low gravity situation in the space.
and the engine.
 Astronauts are trained and equipped to
7) Launch Vehicle:
withstand the microgravity conditions.
 Launch vehicle is a type of rocket that is
3) Orbit: used to place satellites or spacecrafts into
the Space.
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Ex: PSLV, GSLV, GSLV MK III These are intense over Equator and is absent
8) Telescope: over the Poles. They contain charged
 It is an optical instrument designed to make particles of both solar and atmospheric
distant objects clearers & appear nearer. origin. They are not part of our atmosphere
Ex: Hubble Telescope – NASA’s one of the and are extended into space much beyond
most famous and the largest astronomical the Earth’s atmosphere.
satellite.
9) Perigee, Apogee
Perigee- It is the point in a satellite’s
elliptical path around the Earth at which it is
closest to Earth’s centre.
Apogee- It is the point of maximum distance
between the satellite and the centre of the
Earth.
10) Lagrange Point:
It is a location in space where the combined
gravitational forces of two large bodies such
as Earth and the Sun or the Earth and the
Moon, equal the centrifugal force felt by a
much smaller third body.
The interaction of forces creates a point of
equilibrium where a space craft may be
“Parked to make observations.
Halo Orbit- It is an Orbit around the
Lagrange Points. 12) Satellite Frequency bands.
Satellites are used for radio communications,
astronomy, weather forecasting,
broadcasting, mapping and many more
applications.
Information to for all these purposes can be

sent and received at different frequencies.
11. Van Allen Radiation Belts-

It is a zone of charged particles. These
energetic particles are trapped at high
altitudes in Earth’s magnetic field.
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3. 1696- INCOSPAR was reconstituted as ISRO

(Indian Space Research Organization).
4. 1972- GOI established Space Commission
and Dept of Space and ISRO were brought
under DOS.
Experiments:
1. 1963- The launch of first Sounding Rocket,
US made “Nike Apache” was launched from
Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
History of Space Program: (St.Mary Magdalene Church)
 13thCE—Chinese created rocket to launch 2. 1965-Rohini Series of Sounding Rockets
gunpowder filled tubes. developed and experimented successfully.
 1940’s V2Rocket—Modrn form of rocket (Indigenous).
developed by Germany. Germany used them 3. 1975- First Indian Satellite” Aryabhata” was
during WW-II, but the guidance system launched from Soviet Launch Pad.
failed. 4. 1981- APPLE- Ariane Passenger Payload
 After WW-II, during cold war period, Experiment – India’s First Indigenous
technology race started between USA & communication satellite was launched.
former USSR. 5. SLV – Successfully attested in 1980 4stage
 1957- Sputnik 1, 2 Satellites by USSR launch vehicle- All soil stages.
 1958 – Explorer -1 Satellite by USA. 6. ASLV- Tested in 1987. It is a 5 stage launch
 1961- USSR launched VOSTOK & sent vehicle – all soil stages.
humans to space; Yuri Gagarin is the first 7. PSLV- 1994 – first successful launched
human to enter into the Space. vehicle used to send operational satellites – 4
 1964 – SYNCOM-3 was launched by USA stages with alternate solid & liquid stage.
using this it has live telecasted the Tokyo 8. GSLV-2001 – successfully launched with the
Olympics. Cryogenic engine procured from Russia.
 1969 – Apollo 11 – USA landed humans on 9. GSLV MK-III – Successfully launched in
Moon. 2014 with indigenous cryogenic engine.
[3 stage – Solid-Liquid-Cryogenic (Liquid
Evolution of Space Program in India: Hydrogen-Liquid Oxygen)].
1. 1961- Department of Atomic Energy was
entrusted with the subject of Space Types of Orbits
Research.
Orbits are categorized into various types
2. 1962- INCOSPAR- Indian National
based on the height, centricity and the
Committee for Space Research was formed
inclination.
under DAE.
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Karman line is the altitude where space Ex: Communication satellites to cover Polar
begins. Generally it is at 62 miles or 100 Regions; Earth Observation Satellites, GPS,
km. etc
3. High Earth Orbit-

 The range of this orbit is from 35,780KM and
above.
When the height of orbit is 35,780KM, the
orbital speed of the satellite becomes equal to
the Earth’s rotational speed.
Types of Orbits Based on the Height.

1. Low Earth Orbit-
 LEO is the orbit where most of the satellites
are placed. It ranges between (180 km-
2000km).  So, this orbit at this height is called as Geo
 Most of the Remote Sensing satellites are Synchronous (GSyO) or Geo Stationary Orbit
placed in this orbit. (GSO).
Ex: International Space Station, IRS series Ex: Communication Satellites & Weather
satellites are placed in LEO. Monitors Satellites are place in GSO/GSyO.
 In general satellites are first placed in LEO
and then transferred to GEO.
 Each orbit is associated with certain speed.
As LEO is near to the Earth, the gravitation
pull on the satellites in this orbit is also
more. To overcome this, orbital speed of the
satellite placed in LEO is more.
 Satellites place in LEO orbit generally circle Types of Orbits based on Eccentricity:
the Earth once in 90 min. Eccentricity refers to shape of an Orbit.
2. Middle Earth Orbit- Eccentricity of an orbit indicates deviation of
 The range of this orbit is between (2000km – the orbit from a perfect circle.
35,780 km).  A Satellite with a low eccentricity Orbit
 Generally it takes 12 hrs for the satellite to moves in near circle around the Earth.
complete one rotation around Earth.
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 An eccentric orbit is elliptical, with the 4. 4thGeneration: Geo Synchronous Satellite

satellites distance from the Earth changing Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
depending on where it is in its orbit.
 Eccentric Orbits are used as Transfer Orbits. GSLV MK-III is the advanced version with
indigenous Cryogenic Engine.
Types of Orbits based on inclination:

Inclination is the angle of the Orbit in relation to
Earth’s equator.
 A Satellite that orbits directly above the
equator has zero inclination. PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle):
 If a satellite orbits from the North Pole to  PSLV earned its title “The workhorse of ISRO”
South Pole, it inclination is 90 degrees. These through consistently delivering various
are called Polar Orbit Satellites. satellites to low Earth Orbits, Particularly the
IRS satellites.
 It is the first Indian launch vehicle to be
equipped with the liquid stages.
 Since 1994, PSLV is used to place many
satellites into the orbits.
 Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) series satellites
are the major group of satellites that are
Types of Launch Vehicles placed using PSLV.
A launch vehicle is the type of rocket which is  Ex: CARTOSAT, OCEANSAT, RISAT, etc are
used to place satellite or spacecrafts into space. place using PSLV.
 Chanrayan-1, MOM is launched using PSLV.
In India there are 4 generations of launch (PSLVC-II), (PSLVC-25).
vehicles.  IRNNS (Indian Regional Navigational Satellite
1. 1st Generation: Satellite Launch Vehicle System) - Constellation of 7 Satellites, are
(SLV) place in GTO using PSLV.
2. 2nd Generation: Augmented Satellite Launch
Vehicle (ASLV) GSLV-(Geo Synchronous Satellites Launch
3. 3rdGeneation: Polar Satellite launch Vehicle Vehicle)
(PSLV)
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 GSLV has enhanced India’s capacity to place It paves

heavier satellites in both SSPO and GTO. the way
 It is a 3 stage launch vehicle powered by for-
solid-Liquid-Cryogenic engines. India’s

 GSLV is used to place communication manned
satellites into GTO. Reliable space
launch mission
 INSAT & GSAT Satellites are launched from
vehicle Self
this launch vehicle.
 GSLV MK-III is first tested in 2014. In its first Signific reliance in
Used to space
operational launch it has successfully tested ance
launch program
the CARE (Crew Module Atmospheric RE- Chandray
an Launching
Entry Experiment) in 2014.
1,MOM heavier
 CE-20, indigenous cryogenic engine was
satellites
used in this. especially
 Recently, Chandrayan-2 mission was the
launched using GSLV-MK-III. communic
ation
satellites
Differences between PSLV and GSLV
Eleme GSLV Mk
PSLV GSLV Cryogenic Technology: Is the
nt III
First technology of materials at very low
1993 2001 2014
Test temperatures, below-153˚C (Boiling
No. of point of Methane).
4 3 3
stages Cryogenic Rocket technology uses
Solid- Cryogenic fuel. It is more efficient as it
Solid-
Liquid-
Solid- Liquid- provides more thrust for every kg of
Fuel Cryogeni
Liquid- Cryogenic propellant compared to solid and earth
Compo c
Solid- (Indigenou storable liquid propellant.
sition (Russian
Liquid s engine-
borrowe
C20) Cryogenic Fuel: Hydrogen@--183˚C,
d)
Payloa LEO- LEO- LEO- Oxygen@-253˚C (Oxidizer)
d 1750 kg 4000kg 8000kg Advantages of Constraints of
capacit GTO- GTO- GTO- Cryogenic Fuel Cryogenic Fuel
y 1425kg 2000kg 4000kg
1. High Fuel density 1. Difficult to
storage
2. Automatic Cooling 2. Expensive
of engine
3. Power density is high 3. Health
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problems in  If scramjet engines are combined with RLV,

4. Cleaner Fuel. case of leakage. the Future space programs become more
efficient and cost effective.
Other Launch Vehicle Technologies Differences between Ramjet and Scramjet
ISRO has other launch vehicle technologies Engine
like Scramjet
1. RLV-TD (Supersonic
Ramjet
2. Scramjet Engine-TD. Combustion
Ramjet)
RLV-TD:
The combustion in The combustion in
 Reusable Launch Vehicle—Technology
the combustion the combustion
Demonstration is one of the most
chamber happens at chamber happens at
technologically challenging endeavours of
sub-sonic speeds super-sonic speeds
ISRO.
 Reusability of launch vehicle enables low cost
access to space.
 It combines both launch vehicle
configuration as well as an aircraft
configuration. Both Ramjet and Scramjet engies doesn’t
 RLV-TD was successfully tested in 2016. have the moving parts inside. Both move at
Scramjet TD: Supersonic speeds. The difference is only at
 Scramjet engine is an Air Breathing the combustion stage.
Propulsion System.
 Scramjet engine uses hydrogen as fuel and Types and Applications of Satellites
oxygen from the atmosphere air as the
oxidizer.
 Scramjet engine-TD was successfully tested
by ISRO in 2016. ISRO is the fourth country
to successfully demonstrate this technology.
Use of Sacrament Engine:
 Most of the satellite launch vehicles that
carrying propellants out of the total
I. Remote Sensing Satellites:
propellant, 70% of it is oxidize
 Remote sensing is the acquiring of
 If the launch vehicle can take the oxygen
information from a distance. These are also
from atmosphere, it is weight can be
called as Earth Observation Satellites.
considerably reduced. Overall cost of
 Typically remote sensing satellites are fitted
launching the satellites also reduces.
with sensors and high resolution cameras.
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 Remote sensing instruments (Sensors) are of Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana &
two primary types— active and passive. INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR.
Active Sensors, provide their own source of
energy to illuminate the objects they observe. Applications of Remote Sensing Satellites:
An active sensor emits radiation in the The data from the Earth Observation
direction of the target to be investigated. The satellites/ Remote Sensing Satellites are
sensor then detects and measures the used for several applications covering
radiation that is reflected or backscattered agriculture, water resources, urban
from the target. planning, rural development, mineral
Passive Sensors, on the other hand, detect prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean
natural energy (radiation) that is emitted or resources and disaster management.
reflected by the object or scene being

1. Agriculture
observed. Reflected sunlight is the most
 Agriculture Land Monitoring
common source of radiation measured by
 Cropping System Analysis
passive sensors.
 Crop loss estimation (Ex: Damage estimation
for insurance)
 Soil mapping
 Pest/Disease Detection & Incidence
Forecasting
Generally remote sensing satellites are
 Inland Fishery Development (Ex: HySIS)
placed in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) but some
 Spraying pesticides.
remote sensing instruments can also be
placed in Geo Stationary Orbit (GSO).
2. Urban Development
Indian Remote Sensing Program (IRS
Program):
 Following the successful demonstration of
Bhaskar-1 & Bhaskara-2 in 1979 & 1981,
India began the development of IRS program.
 Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has
launched many operational remote sensing
satellites.
 India has one of the largest constellations of  Urban planning (GIS-Geo Mapping of Cities –
remote sensing satellites in operation. A direction of Supreme Court was recently
Examples: Sun-synchronous orbit- given to Maharsratra to remove illegal
RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, constructions using Remote Sensing Data).
2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2,  Property Estimation
Megha- Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1  Crowd Management
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3. Forestry & Environment EX: SARAL Altica, SCATSAT, OCEANSAT

 Forest Fire warning
 Coral bleaching studies II. Communication Satellites
 Mountain Forest studies A communications satellite is an artificial
 Polar studies satellite that relays and
 Grand Water Monitoring. amplifies radio telecommunications signals

via a transponder.
4. Mineral Mapping It creates a communication channel between
CARTOSAT and RISAT series satellites are a source transmitter and a receiver at
used to map prospective mineral zones. different locations on Earth.
Transponder - Is a wireless communications
5. Governance
device usually attached to a satellite.
 Bhuvan Portal is used for Geo tagging
A transponder receives and transmits radio
applications to monitor infrastructural
signals at a prescribed frequency range. After
projects and also to track the progress in the
receiving the signal a transponder will at the
projects.
same time broadcast the signal at a different
 Watershed Monitoring
frequency.
 Geo-MGNREGA
 Clean Ganga Mission
 Housing, Sanitation
6. Water Resources Management.

Ground Water, Surface Water Management
Ex: Bhuvan Bhujal provides comprehensive
info on Ground and Surface water resources.
Telangana Water Resources Information
System (TWRIS) – It is State specific Indian National Satellite System (INSAT
information on micro mapping of water Program)
resources in the state of Telangana. INSAT (Indian National Satellite System) was
a multipurpose satellite system for tele
7. Energy
communications, broadcasting, meteorology
Renewable Energy potential estimation
and search and rescue services.
across the country using satellite data
Commissioned in 1983, INSAT is the largest
Ex: Solar Energy Estimation, Wind Energy
domestic communication system in the Asia-
Estimation
Pacific Region, and is a joint venture of the
8. Ocean Sciences
Indian Department of Space (DOS),
 Indentifying Potential fishing zones
Department of Telecommunications, India
 Identifying Algal bloom Zones
 Coral Reef Protection.
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Meteorological Department, All India Radio large circular area on the Earth's
and Doordarshan. surface.
 Adding data from a second satellite
Applications: allows the GPS to narrow the specific
Communications satellites are used for television, location of that point down to a region
telephone, radio, internet, and military where the two areas of satellite data
applications. overlap.
1. Telecommunication  Adding data from a third satellite
2. Education—Satellite Instructional Television provides an accurate position of the
Experiment (1975) is a collaboration between point on the Earth's surface.
ISRO & NASA. Edusat (2004) is the
dedicated satellite launched to serve the Indian Navigation Satellites:
educational sector
3. Tele Medicine
4. Mobile Satellite Services
5. Village Resource Center
6. Satellite Navigation Program
7. Television Services
8. Disaster Management--- SAARC Satellites
Geosynchronous Satellites)
 Satellite Navigation service is an emerging
III. Navigational Satellites: satellite based system with commercial and
Satellite navigation is a system that uses strategic applications.
satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial
There are two types of Navigational
positioning.
Satellite Programs in India.
It allows small electronic receivers to
A. To meet the Civil Aviation requirements,
determine their location to high precision.
ISRO is working jointly with Airport
Navigation Satellites uses Trilateration
Authority of India (AAI) in establishing the
method to determine the position of a
GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation
particular object.
(GAGAN) system.
Trilateration
B. To meet the user requirements of the
 It is a sophisticated version of
positioning, navigation and timing services
triangulation, though it does not use
based on the indigenous system, ISRO is
the measurement of angles in its
establishing a regional satellite navigation
calculations. Instead it measures
system called Indian Regional Navigation
distances.
Satellite System (IRNSS).
 Data from a single satellite provides a
general location of a point within a
A. GAGAN:
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GPS Aided Geo Argument Navigation is a  Presently, similar systems are in

Satellite Based Augmentation System operation in USA, European countries
implemented jointly by Airports Authority of etc.
India (AAI) and ISRO.  It is being ensured that GAGAN system
is interoperable with other similar
Applications: systems operational in the world.
Some of the benefits GAGAN is expected to
bring for Civil Aviation sector are:
 Safety benefits – Vertical guidance improves
safety, especially in adverse weather
conditions
 Reduction of circling approaches
 Environmental benefits–Approach with
Vertical Guidance procedures will help
facilitate better energy and descent profile
management during the final approach
 Global seamless navigation for all phases of
flight including arrival, departure, oceanic
and en route Other applications include-
 Allow direct routings, multiple approaches 1. Vast Improvement in GPS accuracy.
resulting in considerable fuel savings to 2. Navigation safety enhancement in Civil
airlines and provide for capacity Aviation, Railways, Ships, Spacecraft, etc.
enhancement of airports and airspace. 3. Geographic Data collection for atmospheric
studies.
Background: 4. Location based services.
 In view of the limitations of the ground 5. Natural Resources & Land Management.
based navigation systems, the
International Civil Aviation Organization B. IRNSS (NAVIC Series)
(ICAO) in 1993 endorsed a global Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

satellite based navigation system as the (Navigation with Indian Constellation).
future of air navigation system.  Independent navigation system developed by
 In furtherance of this international India.
commitment, AAI and Indian Space  Its services area is Indian
Research Organization (ISRO) entered landmass+1500KM.
into a MoU on 25.8.2001 for  7 Satellites -3GSO+4GSyO
implementation of GAGAN Project for  Location accuracy is better than 20M
seamless navigation over Indian air  Two types of Services.
space. o Standard Positioning Services
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o Restricted Services. remote sensing capabilities in space.

Cartosat 2E+ was dubbed by many as India's
Applications: "eye in the sky".
1. Territorial, aerial and marine Navigation.
2. Location based services-Fleet Management. These satellites have surveillance and mapping
3. Geographic data collection & Surveying capabilities, and can be used to keep an eye on
4. Disaster Management enemies along the land and sea borders.
Navigational Systems across the world-
 Dedicated defence Communication satellites
Global Systems Regional Systems
are launched to provide reliable
GPS-USA QZSS(Quasi Zenith)-
communication services.
Japan
o Ex: GSAT-7 – NAVY, GSAT-7A – Air force and
GLONASS-Russia NavIC-India
Army
Galileo-EU
 EMISAT is an Indian reconnaissance
BeiDou—China
satellite which is meant to provide space-
based electronic intelligence or ELINT. The
spacecraft will help improve the situational
awareness of the Indian Armed Forces as it
will provide information and location of
enemy radars EMISAT is developed under
DRDO’s Project Kautilya.
V. Scientific Satellites:
 Indian space programme encompasses
research in areas like astronomy,
astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences,
IV. Defence Satellites: atmospheric sciences and theoretical
 The Indian Space Research Organization physics.
(ISRO) launched a series of satellites with  Balloons, sounding rockets, space platforms
capabilities that could be of significant use to and ground-based facilities support these
the armed forces. research efforts. A series of sounding rockets
 CARTOSAT and RISAT came up to give India are available for atmospheric experiments.
the capability to keep an eye on Pakistan's  Several scientific instruments have been
activities along the borders. flown on satellites especially to direct
 India launched RISAT-1 in 2012; this remote celestial X-ray and gamma-ray bursts.
sensing satellite had radar reconnaissance  Astrosat, Mars Orbiter Mission, Chandrayan
imaging capability. 1, Chandrayan 2 are the scientific satellites
 With the launch of Cartosat 2E+ in June and spacecrafts of ISRO.
2018, India considerably enhanced its
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Astrosat: AstroSat has provided several new and

 AstroSat is the first dedicated Indian exciting results like-
astronomy mission aimed at studying  Solving the decade old puzzle of a cool red
celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV star but bright in UV, by identifying it as a
spectral bands simultaneously. binary
 The payloads cover the energy bands of  X-ray polarization from Crab nebula
Ultraviolet (Near and Far), limited optical and  Detection of a coronal explosion on the
X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). nearest planet-hosting star (simultaneously
 One of the unique features of AstroSat observed by NASA’s Chandra X-ray
mission is that it enables the simultaneous observatory and Hubble Space Telescope.
multi-wavelength observations of various
astronomical objects with a single satellite.
Indian Space Missions:

The scientific objectives of Astro Sat Since the development of PSLV, India has
mission are: indigenously launched many satellites into
 To understand high energy processes in the space. Development of GSLV and
binary star systems containing neutron stars reliability of PSLV have made many space
and black holes; missions possible.
 Estimate magnetic fields of neutron stars;
 Study star birth regions and high energy
processes in star systems lying beyond our
galaxy;
 Detect new briefly bright X-ray sources in the
sky;
 Perform a limited deep field survey of the
Universe in the Ultraviolet region
Achievements of Astrosat:
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Already Experimented
Category Chandrayan-1 Mars Orbiter Mission Chadrayan-2
Launched
22ndOctober 2008 5th November 2013 22nd July 2019
in
Launched
PSLV-XL C11 PSLV-C25 GSLV Mk III
by
It consists of-
1. Lunar orbiter: It will
map the lunar surface and
help to prepare 3D maps
1.Methane Sensor for Mars of it with the help of
(MSM):To measure methane Orbiter High Resolution
in the atmosphere of Mars Camera (OHRC). OHRC
2. Mars Color Camera conducted high-resolution
Scientific Payloads from
(MCC): It gives images and observations of the landing
India
information about the surface site prior to separation of
a) Terrain Mapping
features and composition of the Lander from the
Camera (TMC)
Martian surface. It is useful orbiter.
b) Hyper Spectral Imager
to monitor the dynamic 2. Vikram Lander: To
(HySI)
events and weather of Mars touch down softly on the
c) Lunar Laser Ranging
like dust storms/atmospheric moon's surface.
Instrument (LLRI)
turbidity. 3. Pragyan lunar rover: It
d) High Energy X - ray
3. Mars Exospheric Neutral is a robotic vehicle.
Spectrometer (HEX)
Composition Analyzer All were developed in
e) Moon Impact
(MENCA): It is a quadrupole India.
Probe(MIP)
mass analyzer capable of
Scientific Payloads from
analyzing the neutral Orbiter payloads-
Equipme abroad
composition of particles in 1. Terrain Mapping
nts f) Chandrayaan-I X-ray
the range of 1–300 amu Camera 2 (TMC 2)
Spectrometer (CIXS)
(atomic mass unit) with unit 2. Chandrayaan 2 Large
g) Near Infrared
mass resolution. Area Soft X-ray
Spectrometer (SIR - 2)
4. Thermal infrared Spectrometer (CLASS)
h) Sub keV Atom
Imaging Spectrometer 3. Solar X-ray Monitor
Reflecting Analyzer
(TIS): TIS measures the (XSM)
(SARA)
thermal emission and can be 4. Orbiter High
i) Miniature Synthetic
operated during both day and Resolution Camera
Aperture Radar (Mini
night. (OHRC)
SAR)
5. Lyman Alpha Photometer 5. Imaging IR
j) Moon Mineralogy
(LAP): a photometer that Spectrometer (IIRS)
Mapper (M3)
measures the relative 6. Dual Frequency
k) Radiation Dose
abundance Synthetic Aperture
Monitor (RADOM)
of deuterium and hydrogen fr Radar (DFSAR)
om Lyman-alpha 7. Chandrayaan 2
emissions in the upper Atmospheric
atmosphere. Compositional Explorer
2 (CHACE 2)
8. Dual Frequency Radio
Science (DFRS)
experiment
1.To design, develop, 1.Exploration of 1. To demonstrate the
Objective
launch and orbit a Mars surface features by ability to soft-land on
s
spacecraft around the studying the morphology, the lunar surface and
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Moon using an Indian- topography and mineralogy operate a robotic rover on

made launch-vehicle the surface.
2.To conduct scientific 2.Study the constituents of 2. Scientific goals include
experiments using Martian atmosphere orbital studies of lunar
instruments on the including methane and topography, mineralogy, el
spacecraft which would CO2 using remote sensing emental abundance,
yield data: techniques the lunar exosphere, and
(a) for the preparation of signatures
a three-dimensional atlas 3.Study the dynamics of of hydroxyl and water ice.
(with high spatial and the upper atmosphere of
altitude resolution of 5– Mars, effects of solar
10 m or 16–33 ft) of both wind and radiation and the
the near and far sides of escape of volatiles to outer
the Moon space
(b) For chemical and
mineralogical mapping of
the entire lunar surface
at high spatial resolution.
3.To increase scientific
knowledge
4.To test the impact of General Objectives:
a sub-satellite (Moon 1. Push the boundaries of
Impact Probe – MIP) on Scientific Knowledge
the surface of the Moon 2. Engage with public
as a fore-runner for 3. Unleash innovation
future soft-landing 4. Expand India’s footprint
missions in Space
5. Explore economic
possibilities
6. Foster shared
aspirations of
International Community
1. The discovery of the 1. First interplanetary
presence of Water / mission realized by India
Hydroxyl molecules in and first Indian spacecraft to
lunar soil detected by the incorporate full scale on-
Moon Mineralogy board autonomy to overcome Attempted to soft-land a
Measuring Instrument the long distances and the rover there, a feat
(M3) of NASA as well as communication gaps due to achieved by only three
the mass spectrometer in non-visibility periods. countries -- the US, Russia
MIP is a major 2. First Indian spacecraft to and China.
breakthrough that would successfully survive Van But, Vikram Lander not
Achievem
change the face of lunar Allen belt crossing 39 times. being able to soft-land a
ents
exploration. 3. First mission to use Ship rover on the Moon.
2. Mini-Synthetic Borne Terminals to track ISRO lost contact with
Aperture Radar (Mini- the launch vehicle and Vikram in the
SAR) instrument satellite over Pacific Ocean by penultimate moments
indicated existence of sub ISRO. when it was just 2.1 km
surface water-ice 4. First Indian spacecraft to above Moon's surface.
deposits in the northern escape the Sphere Of
lunar craters of Influence of Earth and orbit
permanent sun shadow Sun.
region. 5. First Mars mission in the
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world to succeed Mars Orbit

3. The impact probe's Insertion in first attempt.
Chandra's Altitudinal 6. Most economical
Composition (CHACE) interplanetary mission in
recorded direct evidence the world and paved way for
of water in 650 mass cost-effective access to deep
spectra gathered in the space. The launch vehicle,
thin atmosphere above Spacecraft and Ground
the Moon's surface. Segment have been realized
4. Moon Mineralogy with a budget of Rs 450 Cr.
Mapper has discovered
new rock types which
are very small.
Future Programmes:
Aditya-L1 Gaganyan
Will be
launched By April 2020. December 2021
in
Launched
PSLV GSLV Mk III
by ISRO
So far, USA, RUSSIA and China have launched
Aditya L1 will be placed in L1 human space flight missions.
point from a distance of As part of the manned Gagayaan mission, India
1.5million km from the Earth. aims to send a 3-person crew to space for a period
A Satellite placed in the halo orbit of seven days, with the spacecraft placed in a low
Launch
around the Lagrangian point 1 Earth orbit of up between 300-400km.
Specificat
(L1) of the Sun-Earth system has Specifications—Target: 2022
ions
the major advantage of  Crew Module Weight: 7 Tons
continuously viewing the Sun o Crew:3 Members
without any occultation/ o Cost: 10,000 Cr
eclipses. o Time: 3days
o Orbit: LEO
Scientific Objectives- Scientific Objectives-
1. To study the diagnostic 1. Conducting studies in the microgravity
parameters of solar corona and environment
dynamics and origin of coronal 2. To achieve higher level reliability in launch and
mass ejections (using three visible satellite technology.
and one infra-red channels); Other Objectives-
Objectives
2. To study the magnetic field 1. Enhancement of S&T levels in the country.
measurements of the solar corona 2. Collaboration between various institutes,
down to tens of Gauss. academia and industry.
3. To provide observations of 3. Improvement in Industrial Growth.
Sun's photosphere, chromosphere 4. Development of technology for social benefits
and corona. 5. Improving international collaboration.
Aditya Mission was The government has already cleared a budget of
conceptualized in 2008 by the Rs100 billion for the manned mission.
India’s
Advisory Committee for Space ISRO developed some critical technologies-
Preparedn
Research. 1. Reentry mission capability
ess
It was initially envisaged as a 2. Crew escape system
small 400 kg, low-Earth orbiting 3. Crew module configuration
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satellite with a coronagraph to 4. Deceleration and flotation system

study the solar corona. 5. Sub systems of life supporting system.
An experimental budget of 3 6. Thermal Protection System
Crore INR was allocated for the Demonstration:
financial year 2016—2017. 1. Space capsule Recovery Experiment(SRE-
As of July 2019, the mission has 2007)
an allocated cost of 2. Crew Module Atmospheric Reentry Experiment
₹378.53 crore excluding launch (CARE-2014)
costs. 3. Pad Abort Test (2018)
Technological and Logistical Other developments-
capabilities to launch this 1. Human Space Center is established to
mission are already there with accomplish this task.
ISRO. 2. Astronaut Training with Russian collaboration
is under way.
3. Indigenously Space Suits are developed.
4. Collaborations in life supporting subsystems
are going on with France and other domestic
institutions.
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India’s Space Station: Year Achievement

 India plans to have its own space station and India's first satellite 'Aryabhata' was
1975
modalities for it will be worked out after the launched
first manned mission, Gaganyaan. Bhaskara-1 Satellites under Mission
1979
 The proposed space station is envisaged to Rohini were launched
Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment
weigh 20 tones and serve as a facility where
(APPLE) - ISRO's first indigenous,
astronauts can stay for 15-20 days. 198
experimental communication
 It would be placed in an orbit 400 km above satellite.
earth. Commissioning of the Indian National
 If successful, India will be the 4th country to Satellite (INSAT) System: One of the
set up a space station on its own after 198 largest domestic communication
satellite systems in the Asia Pacific
Russia, the US and China.
Region.
 Nearly $120 billion was spent on the ISS.
Rakesh Sharma made history by
 ISS likely to be wound up in 2028, so China's 1984 becoming first and only Indian to
space station is likely to be the only crewed travel to Space in Soviet Rocket
space station left. Launch of first remote sensing
1988
 ISRO says it is a natural extension of India's mission IRS-1A.
human space programme and is needed to First multi-purpose satellite INSAT-
1992
keep leadership in the space arena. 2A was successfully operationalized.
Launched first fully operational
Indigenization of Space Technology 1997 satellite aboard a locally developed
rocket PSLV.
1. Solar Photo Voltaic cells
Kalpana-1: First dedicated
2. Rohini Series Sounding Rockets(RHS) 2002
meteorological satellite
3. VIKAS- liquid propulsion engine. EDUSAT (GSAT-3): 1st Indian
4. Cryogenic Engine—CE20 2004 Satellite built exclusively to serve the
5. Li-Ion batteries. educational sector.
Launch of INSAT-4A from European
Achievements of India in Space Launch Vehicle: the first satellite to
2005
Technology meet the requirement of DTH
1. PSLV Television Services.
Launch of Chandrayaan-1: Beginning
2. GSLV MK-III
of ISRO's Historic Moon Mission
3. MOM (Successful in its first attempt) 2008
4. RLV-TD IRNSS-1A Navigation Satellite
5. Chandrayan-1(Found water on Moon) MOM (Mars Orbiter Mission): India is
6. Astrosat (Multi wavelength Spectrometer) 2013 the first nation to succeed on its first
7. Multiple satellites into multiple orbits in one attempt to reach Mars.
launch (2017). Made World Record by launching 104
2017 satellites simultaneously through the
PSLV C-37 (38th successful mission
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of PSLV in a row) of pieces of debris that are so small they

can’t be tracked.
GSLV Mark-III (the heaviest rocket  Even tiny paint flecks can damage a
ever made by India)
spacecraft when traveling at these velocities.
Launch of India's Heaviest
201 In fact a number of space shuttle windows
Communication Satellite GSAT-11
have been replaced because of damage
Emerging Issues caused by material that was analyzed and
Space Debris: shown to be paint flecks.
 Space debris encompasses both natural
Project NETRA:
(meteoroid) and artificial (man-made)
 Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
particles.
initiated ‘Project NETRA’ – an early warning
 Meteoroids are in orbit about the sun, while
system in space to detect debris and other
most artificial debris is in orbit about the
hazards to Indian satellites.
Earth. Hence, the latter is more commonly
 Currently there are 15 functional Indian
referred to as orbital debris.
communication satellites in the geostationary
 Orbital debris is any man-made object in
orbit of 36,000 km; 13 remote sensing
orbit about the Earth which no longer serves
satellites in LEO of up to 2,000 km; and
a useful function.
eight navigation satellites in medium earth
 Space debris could be floating particles from
orbits.
dead satellites or rocket parts that stay in
orbit for many years.
Under NETRA, or Network for space object
 Even a speck of paint or fragment floating
Tracking and Analysis, the ISRO plans to
towards their spacecraft can disable on
put up many observational facilities:
board electronics and cripples the satellite
1. Connected radars, telescopes;
worth several hundred crore rupees besides
2. Data processing units and
many services that run on it.
3. Control centre.
 Agencies constantly look for debris at the
time of a launch and through the life of a Advantages of Project NETRA:
satellite.  The project will give India its own capability
in space situational awareness (SSA) like the
Extent of the Problem:
other space powers — which is used to
 There are more than 20,000 pieces of debris
‘predict’ threats from debris to Indian
larger than a softball orbiting the Earth.
satellites.
 They travel at speeds up to 17,500 mph, fast
 It also goes so far as to serve as an unstated
enough for a relatively small piece of orbital
warning against missile or space attack for
debris to damage a satellite or a spacecraft.
the country.
 There are 500,000 pieces of debris the size of
a marble or larger. There are many millions
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 Our SSA will first be for low-earth orbits or Laboratory in USA, along with its
LEO which have remote-sensing spacecraft. international partners.
 They can, among others, spot, track and
catalogue objects as small as 10 cm, up to a The LIGO-India project will be built by the
range of 3,400 km and equal to a space orbit Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the
of around 2,000 km. Department of Science and Technology
 NETRA’s eventual goal is to capture the GEO, (DST), Government of India, with a
or geostationary orbit, scene at 36,000 km Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with
where communication satellites operate. the National Science Foundation (NSF), USA,
 NORAD, or the North American Aerospace along with several national and international
Defense Command, is an initiative of the U.S. research and academic institutions.
and Canada that shares selective debris data

The project is being led by four
with many countries.
institutions:
 More importantly, the SSA also has a military
(i) Indore’s Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced
quotient to it and adds a new ring to the
Technology (RRCAT): It will provide its
country’s overall security, as space and
expertise in lasers and laser technology;
defense experts read it.
(ii) Pune’s Inter-University Centre for Astronomy
 NORAD, too, uses satellites, ground and air
and Astrophysics (IUCAA): It will provide the
radars to secure its two countries against
scientific teams, scientific data computation
attacks from air, space or sea.
and data acquisition;
 Combined with other elements of military
(iii) Gandhinagar’s Institute for Plasma Research
intelligence, he said SSA would help us to
(IPR): It will contribute in cryogenic and high
understand motives behind any suspicious
vacuum systems for the prestigious project.
orbit changes of other satellites and to know
Gravitational Waves:
if they were spying on or harming our
 Gravitational waves are ripples in the
spacecraft.
curvature of space-time which propagate
LIGO India Project:
as waves, travelling outward from the
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
source at the speed of light.
Observatory (LIGO) - India is a planned
 They transport energy as gravitational
advanced gravitational-wave observatory to
radiation and pass through matter
be located in India as part of the worldwide
without interacting with it.
network. This is planned at Hingoli district of
 Gravitational waves were first predicted in
Maharashtra.
1916 by Albert Einstein on the basis of his
LIGO-India is envisaged as a collaborative Theory of General Relativity.
project between a consortium of Indian Strongest sources of gravitational
research institutions and the LIGO waves:
o Black holes,
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o Supernova,
o Neutron stars and
o Big bang.
Significance: Information extracted by
these transmitted waves will help to
address unsolved questions and mysteries 2. Lox Methane Engine
of physics and astronomy.  Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of ISRO is
developing 2 Lox methane-powered rocket
1. SSLV- Small Satellite Launch Vehicle engines.
 ISRO is slated to induct the Small Satellite  The ‘LOx methane’ engine uses methane as
Launch Vehicle in early 2020. fuel and liquid oxygen as oxidizer.
 SSLVs are considered small wonders capable  Methane can be synthesised using water and
of launching payloads of 500-700 kg in LEO carbon dioxide in space.
(1/3rd of what PSLV can carry).  It is non-toxic. (Di-Methyl Hydrazine and
 It can reach upto heights of 500 KM in the Nitrogen tetroxide is said to be highly toxic)
LEO.  Higher specific impulse (read above for
 SSLVs will cost 1/10th of a PSLV and will Specific Impulse).
need only 72 hours for launch in comparison  Does not leave a residue upon combustion.
to 45 days for PSLV.
 All 3 stages are solid stages. 3. Ion Rockets
Small scale ion propulsion is used in a
number of missions including NASA’s Dawn
mission and Deep Space mission, ESA’s LISA
Pathfinder and Bepi Colombo and Japan’s
Hayabusa Mission.
Ion Rockets:
 Ion rockets are the rockets of the future for
deep space exploration.
 They are much more efficient than
conventional rockets that use chemical
fuels.
Fig: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle.
 While chemical fuels generate velocities of
upto 2 to 3 km/s, ion rockets can achieve
velocities of about 4,400 km/s.
 Ion rockets use electric repulsion of ions to
propel the rockets.
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4. Glimpse of ISRO 2019 support the Indian Regional Navigation

1. Launches by ISRO in 2019 satellite system, NavIC. The first-ever NavIC
 The year began with ISRO successfully demonstration using the Snapdragon Mobile
launching Microsat-R and Kalamsat-V2 Platforms was showcased by Qualcomm
onboard the PSLV-C44 vehicle. during the India Mobile Congress at New
 GSAT 31 communication satellite was Delhi during 14 to 16 October 2019.
launched from Kourou, French Guiana  New Space India Limited (NSIL), Bengaluru
onboard Arianespace rocket on 6 February was incorporated on 6 March 2019. The
2019. business activities of NSIL is mainly driven
 Launch view gallery along with a Rocket space towards enabling Indian industries to
garden was launched in Sriharikota to productionise space systems and to exploit
enable nearly 5000 people to watch ISRO the commercial opportunities emanating
launches live. from the Indian space programme.
 EMISAT was successfully launched onboard  The notable development of the year was
PSLV-C45 on 1 April 2019. technology transfer of Li-ion to Indian
 RISAT-2B radar imaging earth observation industries.10 industries were selected for the
satellite was launched onboard PSLV-C46 on transfer of the Li-ion cell technology from
22 May 2019. ISRO.
 The launch of GSLV-MK III M1, India’s most  Space Technology Cells (STCs) have been
powerful launch vehicle, was accomplished established at IIT Guwahati and IIT Delhi to
on 22 July 2019. The mission carried take space technology research and
Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter spacecraft to its applications to newer heights.
intended orbit. The instruments are  Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TIC)
continuously providing very useful science were established at NIT, Trichy and NIT,
data. Jalandhar for developing concepts related to
 Cartosat-3, a third-generation agile advanced Space Science and technology in line with
satellite having high-resolution imaging the National policy of ‘Start-up India’.
capability, was launched by PSLV-C47 on 27  Regional Academic Centre for Space (RAC-S)
November 2019. was established at NIT, Kurukshetra to
 PSLV-C48 launched RISAT-2BR1 radar develop Academia-Industry ecosystem for
imaging earth observation satellite on 11 Space technology.
December 2019.  A special programme for School Children
called “YuvaVIgyaniKAryakram (YUVIKA)”
2. Collaborations Formed by ISRO with was organized to impart basic knowledge on
Industry and Academia space technology, space science and space
 Qualcomm Technologies Inc. in collaboration application.
with ISRO developed and tested a chipset ISRO launched ‘Samwad with Students’
platform across their portfolio which can wherein youngsters across India had an
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opportunity to interact with K Sivan, today’s launch was also the 75th launch
Chairman, ISRO. vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR,
Sriharikota.
Cartosat-3
Cartosat-3, an advanced earth imaging and
mapping satellite.
Launched by PSLV C47.
The 1,560 kg satellite will have 13 small US
customer satellites riding as secondary Fig: Satellite Launches- RISAT 2BR1
passengers. They will be placed in a polar

5. Mangalyaan-2 (or the Mars Orbiter
orbit.
Mission-2)
Cartosat-3, with an ISRO-best resolution of
 Planned mission by ISRO between 2022 and
25 cm, will be the first of a series of high
2023.
resolution, third generation satellites
 The Mangalyaan-2 orbiter will use
planned for observing the Earth.
aerobraking to lower its initial apoapsis and
The satellite will be able to pick up objects of
enter into an orbit more suitable for
that size (25 cm) from its orbitals perch
observations.
about 509 km away. This will make Cartosat-
 This mission, much like the Mangalyaan-1
3 among the few sharpest, if not the best,
mission has been planned as an orbiter-
civil earth imagers world wide.
alone mission, and won't feature a lander or
000
rover.
Fig: Satellite Launches- CARTOSAT 3
6. Indian Data Relay Satellite System
RISAT 2BR1
(IDRSS)
RISAT-2BR1 is a radar imaging earth
IDRSS give India its own space-to-space
observation satellite weighing about 628 kg.
tracking and communication of its space
The satellite will provide services in thefield
assets. India has planned for IDRSS series in
of Agriculture, Forestry and Disaster
2020
Management. The mission life of RISAT-2BR1
 Under IDRSS, 2 satellites will be launched in
is 5 years.
geostationary orbit spaced 180 degrees
The nine customer satellites of Israel, Italy,
apart to provide continuous contact for any
Japan and USA were precisely injected into
spacecraft in LEO.
their designated orbits. These satellites were
 It is primarily meant for providing
launched under a commercial arrangement
continuous/real time communication of
with New Space India Limited (NSIL).
Low-Earth-Orbit satellites including human
PSLV-C48 is the 2nd flight of PSLV in ‘QL’
space mission to the ground station.
configuration (with 4 solid strap-on motors).
 It will also reduce the dependence on the
Besides being the 50th launch of PSLV,
ground stations in tracking satellites.
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 US, China, Japan and Europe have such  This is exclusively designed for fishermen
DRS systems. about disasters when they are 10 to 12 km
away from the coast.
7. Shukrayaan-1  Note: Read about GAGAN from static portion
It is a proposed orbiter to Venus by the ISRO of the notes
to study the surface and atmosphere of
Venus. 9. Paras
 Scientific team of Physical Research
Objectives Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Discovered of
To study a Sub-Saturn Exoplanet around a Sun-like
 atmosphere of Venus and its chemistry star.
 Surface and sub-surface features  Named EPIC 211945201B/K2-236B
 Interaction of the planet with solar radiation Paras (PRL Advanced Radial Velocity Abu
 Rotation pattern of Venus Sky Search Spectrograph)
 It is a spectrograph to find exo-planets.
Venus:
 It is designed and developed by PRL.
 Planet Venus is often described as Earth's
(Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad)
'twin sister' due to similarities in their sizes,
 Main aim is to search for exo-planets around
densities, composition and gravity.
dwarf main sequence stars using radial
 About 80% of the surface of Venus is
velocity method.
composed of flat plains of volcanic origin.
 The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 10. Project Netra (Network for Space Object
95% carbon dioxide and thus high Tracking and Analysis)
greenhouse effect.  ISRO initiated ‘Project NETRA’ – an early
 Unusual thing about Venus is that its warning system in space to detect debris and
rotation period is longer than its orbital other hazards to Indian satellites.
period.  It includes a network of observational
 It spins in the direction opposite to the facilities like connected radars, telescopes,
direction in which it orbits the Sun. data processing units and a control centre
 Due to slow rotation of Venus it has no  The system is deployed to predict threats to
global magnetic field. Indian satellites from space debris, space
attacks etc.
8. Gemini Device:
The Government of India launched the Under NETRA, the ISRO plans to put up
GEMINI device that will provide information many observational facilities:
related to disaster warning. 1. Connected radars, telescopes;
 Stands for Gagan Enabled Mariner’s 2. Data processing units and
Instrument for Navigation and Information. 3. Control centre.
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NORAD - ISRO currently depends on NORAD astronauts respond to living outside earth in
(North American Aerospace Defence controlled zero-gravity conditions.
Command) for tracking of space debris and The humanoid has been developed by
protect its satellites in course and during the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit,
launches. It is an initiative of USA and Thiruvananthapuram.
Canada.
12. Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC)
11. Vyommitra:
Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) unveiled its first ‘woman’
astronaut, named Vyom Mitra who will ride
to space in the first test flight of the human
space mission, Gaganyan.
Fig: Human Space Flight Center
HSFC shall be responsible for

implementation of GAGANYAAN Project
which involves end-to-end mission planning,
Fig: Vyommitra development of Engineering systems for crew
survival in space, crew selection & training
 She is half-humanoid and her body stops at
and also pursue activities for sustained
the torso and has no legs.
human space flight missions.
 She is capable of switching panel operations,
HSFC will take support of the existing ISRO
performing Environment Control and Life
Centres to implement, the first development
Support Systems (ECLSS) functions,
flight of GAGANYAAN under Human Space
conversations with the astronauts,
Flight Programme.
recognising them and solving their queries.
 The humanoid can detect and give out Manned Space Mission:
warnings if the environment changes within August 2004 : ISRO Policy Planning
the cabin. Committee
 She will simulate the human recommends manned
functions required for space before real space mission.
astronauts take off before August 2022. November 2006 : National Committee
 She will be sent in a space capsule around comprising 80
the end of 2020 or early 2021 to study how scientists and
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technocrats endorses Two critical stages in Manned Space

proposal. Mission
September 2007 : First Public 1. Reentry modules
announcement of the 2. Crew Escape System.
human space 13. NISAR- NASA- ISRO Synthetic Aperture
programme. Radar.
February-March 2009 : Another committee,
comprising Montek 1. NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR)
Siongh Ahulwalia, A dedicated US and Indian in SAR
R.Chidambaram, (Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar)
Roddam Narasimha, mission, in partnership with ISRO, optimized
MGK Menon, YashPal, for studying hazards and global
M.S.Swaminathan environmental change.
and K.Radha
Krishnan, discusses
the desirability and
feasibility of the
programme and
expresses support.
April 2010 : Failure of GSLV-D3.
December 2010 : Failure of GSLV-F06.
December 18, 2014 : Successful testing of
Fig: NISAR Mission.
experimental flight of
GSLV MK-III; this also
successfully tests n Space Related Current Issues
experimental crew
1. SSLV- Small Satellite Launch Vehicle
module,
 ISRO is slated to induct the Small Satellite
demonstrating re-
Launch Vehicle in early 2020.
entry capability
 SSLVs are considered small wonders capable
June 2017 : First developmental
of launching payloads of 500-700 kg in LEO
flight of GSLV MK-III
(1/3rd of what PSLV can carry).
July 2018 : First successful flight
 It can reach upto heights of 500 KM in the
of the crew escape
LEO.
system.
 SSLVs will cost 1/10th of a PSLV and will
August 15, 2018 : Prime Minister
need only 72 hours for launch in comparison
announces manned
to 45 days for PSLV.
mission to take place
 All 3 stages are solid stages.
before 2022.
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and BepiColombo and Japan’s Hayabusa

Mission.
Ion Rockets:
 Ion rockets are the rockets of the future for
deep space exploration.
 They are much more efficient than
conventional rockets that use chemical fuels.
 While chemical fuels generate velocities of
Fig: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle

upto 2 to 3 km/s, ion rockets can achieve
velocities of about 4,400 km/s.
 Ion rockets use electric repulsion of ions to
propel the rockets.
4. Glimpse of ISRO 2019

1. Launches by ISRO in 2019
 The year began with ISRO successfully
launching Microsat-R and Kalamsat-V2
onboard the PSLV-C44 vehicle.
2. Lox Methane Engine  GSAT 31 communication satellite was
launched from Kourou, French Guiana
 Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of ISRO is
onboard Arianespace rocket on 6 February
developing 2 Lox methane-powered rocket
2019.
engines.  Launch view gallery along with a Rocket
 The ‘LOx methane’ engine uses methane as space garden was launched in Sriharikota
fuel and liquid oxygen as oxidizer. to enable nearly 5000 people to watch
 Methane can be synthesised using water and ISRO launches live.
 EMISAT was successfully launched
carbon dioxide in space.
onboard PSLV-C45 on 1 April 2019.
 It is non-toxic. (Di-Methyl Hydrazine and
 RISAT-2B radar imaging earth observation
Nitrogen tetroxide is said to be highly toxic) satellite was launched onboard PSLV-C46
 Higher specific impulse (read above for on 22 May 2019.
Specific Impulse).  The launch of GSLV-MK III M1, India’s
 Does not leave a residue upon combustion. most powerful launch vehicle, was
accomplished on 22 July 2019. The
3. Ion Rockets mission carried Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter
spacecraft to its intended orbit. The
Small scale ion propulsion is used in a number
instruments are continuously providing
of missions including NASA’s Dawn mission very useful science data.
and Deep Space mission, ESA’s LISA Pathfinder  Cartosat-3, a third-generation agile
advanced satellite having high-resolution
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imaging capability, was launched by PSLV- called “YuvaVIgyaniKAryakram (YUVIKA)”

C47 on 27 November 2019. was organized to impart basic knowledge
 PSLV-C48 launched RISAT-2BR1 radar on space technology, space science and
imaging earth observation satellite on 11 space application.
December 2019.  ISRO launched ‘Samwad with Students’
2. Collaborations Formed by ISRO with wherein youngsters across India had an
Industry and Academia opportunity to interact with K Sivan,
 Qualcomm Technologies Inc. in Chairman, ISRO.
collaboration with ISRO developed and
tested a chipset platform across their
portfolio which can support the Indian
Regional Navigation satellite system,
NavIC. The first-ever NavIC demonstration
using the Snapdragon Mobile Platforms
was showcased by Qualcomm during the
 India Mobile Congress at New Delhi during
14 to 16 October 2019.
 New Space India Limited (NSIL), Bengaluru
was incorporated on 6 March 2019. The
business activities of NSIL is mainly driven Fig: Satellite Launches- CARTOSAT 3
towards enabling Indian industries to
productionise space systems and to exploit
the commercial opportunities emanating
from the Indian space programme.
 The notable development of the year was
technology transfer of Li-ion to Indian
industries.10 industries were selected for
the transfer of the Li-ion cell technology
from ISRO.
 Space Technology Cells (STCs) have been
established at IIT Guwahati and IIT Delhi
to take space technology research and
applications to newer heights.
Fig: Satellite Launches- RISAT 2BR1
 Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-
TIC) were established at NIT, Trichy and
5. Mangalyaan-2 (or the Mars Orbiter
NIT, Jalandhar for developing concepts
related to Space Science and technology in Mission-2)
line with the National policy of ‘Start-up  Planned mission by ISRO between 2022 and
India’. 2023.
 Regional Academic Centre for Space (RAC-  The Mangalyaan-2 orbiter will use
S) was established at NIT, Kurukshetra to
aerobraking to lower its initial apoapsis and
develop Academia-Industry ecosystem for
enter into an orbit more suitable for
Space technology.
 A special programme for School Children observations.
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 This mission, much like the Mangalyaan-1  About 80% of the surface of Venus is
mission has been planned as an orbiter- composed of flat plains of volcanic origin.
alone mission, and won't feature a lander or  The atmosphere of Venus is composed of
rover. 95% carbon dioxide and thus high
greenhouse effect.
6. Indian Data Relay Satellite System (Idrss)  Unusual thing about Venus is that its
 IDRSS give India its own space-to-space rotation period is longer than its orbital
tracking and communication of its space period.
assets. India has planned for IDRSS series in  It spins in the direction opposite to the
2020 direction in which it orbits the Sun.
 Under IDRSS, 2 satellites will be launched in  Due to slow rotation of Venus it has no global
geostationary orbit spaced 180 degrees apart magnetic field.
to provide continuous contact for any
spacecraft in LEO. 8. GEMINI Device:
 It is primarily meant for providing  The Government of India launched the
continuous/real time communication of Low- GEMINI device that will provide information
Earth-Orbit satellites including human space related to disaster warning.
mission to the ground station.  Stands for Gagan Enabled Mariner’s
 It will also reduce the dependence on the Instrument for Navigation and Information.
ground stations in tracking satellites.  This is exclusively designed for fishermen
 US, China, Japan and Europe have such about disasters when they are 10 to 12 km
DRS systems. away from the coast.
 Note: Read about GAGAN from static portion
7. Shukrayaan-1 of the notes
 It is a proposed orbiter to Venus by the ISRO
to study the surface and atmosphere of 9. PARAS
Venus.  Scientific team of Physical Research
Objectives: Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Discovered of
 To study a Sub-Saturn Exoplanet around a Sun-like
 atmosphere of Venus and its chemistry star.
 Surface and sub-surface features  Named EPIC 211945201B/K2-236B
 Interaction of the planet with solar radiation
 Rotation pattern of Venus Paras (Prl Advanced Radial Velocity Abu
Venus: Sky Search Spectrograph)
 Planet Venus is often described as Earth's  It is a spectrograph to find exo-planets.
'twin sister' due to similarities in their sizes,  It is designed and developed by PRL.
densities, composition and gravity. (Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad)
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 Main aim is to search for exo-planets around  She is half-humanoid and her body stops at
dwarf mainsequence stars using radial the torso and has no legs.
velocity method.  She is capable of switching panel operations,
performing Environment Control and Life
10. Project Netra (Network For Space Object Support Systems (ECLSS) functions,
Tracking And Analysis) conversations with the astronauts,
 ISRO initiated ‘Project NETRA’ – an early recognising them and solving their queries.
warning system in space to detect debris and  The humanoid can detect and give out
other hazards to Indian satellites. warnings if the environment changes within
 It includes a network of observational the cabin.
facilities like connected radars, telescopes,  She will simulate the human
data processing units and a control centre functions required for space before real
 The system is deployed to predict threats to astronauts take off before August 2022.
Indian satellites from space debris, space  She will be sent in a space capsule around
attacks etc. the end of 2020 or early 2021 to study how
astronauts respond to living outside earth in
Under NETRA, the ISRO plans to put up
controlled zero-gravity conditions.
many observational facilities:
1. Connected radars, telescopes; The humanoid has been developed by
2. Data processing units and the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit,
3. Control centre. Thiruvananthapuram.
NORAD - ISRO currently depends on NORAD 12. Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC)
(North American Aerospace Defence  HSFC shall be responsible for
Command) for tracking of space debris and implementation of GAGANYAAN Project
protect its satellites in course and during which involves end-to-end mission planning,
launches. It is an initiative of USA and development of Engineering systems for crew
Canada. survival in space, crew selection & training
and also pursue activities for sustained
11. Vyommitra:
human space flight missions.
Indian Space Research Organisation
 HSFC will take support of the existing ISRO
(ISRO) unveiled its first ‘woman’
Centres to implement, the first development
astronaut, named Vyom Mitra who will ride
flight of GAGANYAAN under Human Space
to space in the first test flight of the human
Flight Programme.
space mission, Gaganyan.
Vyommitra
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13. NISAR- NASA- ISRO Synthetic Aperture

Radar
2. Missile:
Fig: NISAR Mission
Missile is a type of rocket which is used to
deliver an explosive material over a target.
Ballistic Missile Cruise Missile
It is propelled only for a Self-propelled till the
brief duration after the end of its flight
launch.
Similar to a rocket Similar to a jet
engine. engine.
Long-range missiles The flight path is
4. Defence Technology leave the earth’s within the earth’s
atmosphere and reenter atmosphere.
1. Platforms: it.
Low precision as it is Hits targets with high
unguided for most of its precision as it is
path and its trajectory constantly propelled.
depends on gravity, air
Submarine: Submarine is an underwater resistance and Coriolis
Force.
vehicle which can work independently. It is of
Can have a very long The range is small
two types.
range (300 km to (below 500 km) as it
1. Conventional Submarine which runs with 12,000 km) as there is needs to be
Diesel no fuel requirement constantly propelled
2. Nuclear Submarine which runs with Nuclear after its initial to hit the target with
powered battery trajectory. high precision.
Heavy payload carrying Payload capacity is
capacity. limited.
Can carry multiple Usually carries a
payloads (Multiple single payload.
Independently
targetable Re-entry
Vehicle)
Developed primarily to Developed primarily
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carry nuclear to carry conventional

warheads. warheads.
E.g. Prithvi I, Prithvi II, E.g. BrahMos
Agni I, Agni II and missile, Nirbhay
Dhanush missiles. Missile
About Anti Satellite Missile

 Anti Satellite weapons are missile-based
systems to attack moving satellites.
 Until now, only 3 countries – USA, China and
Russia – reported the ability to shoot down
3. Anti-Missile Ballistic System-
space objects from ground or airborne
This is a network of radars and missiles. It
sources.
detects the incoming enemy radar and
 DRDO in 2012 stated that India had “all the
deploys the missile to neutralise the
building blocks necessary” to integrate an
incoming missile.
anti-satellite weapon to neutralise hostile
Recently India has signed an agreement to
satellites in low earth and polar orbits.
buy S-400 Anti-ballistic missile system from
Low Earth Orbit Satellites: These are the
Russia.
satellites roughly at an altitude of 2000
Km from the earth.
5. Torpedo:
It is a self-propelled underwater missile
designed to be fired from a ship or submarine
or dropped into the water from an aircraft
and to explode on reaching a target.
Fig: S-400 Anti-Ballistic Missile System
4. ASAT Missile- Anti Satellite Missile –

Mission Shakti
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Fig: Torpedo
6. RADAR– RadioDetection and Ranging

Radar is a detection system that uses radio
waves to determine the range, angle, or
velocity of objects.
It can be used to detect aircraft, ships,
spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles,
weather formations, and terrain. Fig: Indigenously developed AEW&CS- NETRA
The RADAR system generally consists of a
transmitter which produces an 7. SONAR- Sound Navigation and Ranging
electromagnetic signal which is radiated into Sonar, Sound Navigation and Ranging, is
space by an antenna. helpful for exploring and mapping the ocean
because sound waves travel farther in the
water than do radar and light waves.
In Submarines, SONARs are used to detect

objects and missiles underwater.
Fig: RADAR Working
7. AEW & CS:

An Airborne Early Warning and Control
Fig: Working of SONARS
(AEW&C) System is an airborne radar picket
system designed to detect aircraft, ships and 8. Stealth-
vehicles at long ranges. Stealth is the ability of an object to hide itself
from the visibility.
It also is to perform command and control of
the battlespace in an air engagement by In defense stealth technology is used to hide
directing fighter and attack aircraft strikes. aircrafts, submarines from the detectability
of enemies.
DRDO developed NETRA AEW&CS. India is
importing Phalcon AEW&CS. Stealth can be acquired in 2 ways. One by
the design of the Object, two by the stealth
coated material.
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Development & Production (DTDP) with the

DRDO- Defense Research and Development Defence Science Organisation (DSO).
Organization
DRDO is the R&D wing of Ministry of Defence, Integrated Guided Missile Development
Govt of India, with a vision to empower India with Programme (IGMDP)
cutting-edge defence technologies and a mission IGDMP was intended to attain self-sufficiency in
to achieve self-reliance in critical defence the field of missile technology.After keeping in
technologies and systems, while equipping our mind, the requirements of various types of
armed forces with state-of-the-art weapon missiles by the defence forces, the program
systems and equipment in accordance with recognized the need to develop five missile
requirements laid down by the three Services. systems.
1. The IGMDP formally got the approval of
"Balasya Mulam Vigyanam"—the source of
Indian government on July 26, 1983.
strength is science-drives the nation in peace and
2. It brought together the country’s scientific
war. DRDO has firm determination to make the
community, academic institutions, R&D
nation strong and self-reliant in terms of science
laboratories, industries and the three defence
and technology, especially in the field of military
services in giving shape to the strategic,
technologies.
indigenous missile systems.
Vision of DRDO
Empowering the nation with state-of-the-art
The missiles developed under IGMDP are:
indigenous Defence technologies and systems.
1. Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic
Mission of DRDO missile – Prithvi
 Design, develop and lead to production 2. Intermediate-range surface-to-surface
state-of-the-art sensors, weapon systems, ballistic missile – Agni (Later long range
platforms and allied equipment for our missiles are also developed under this
Defence Services. varient)
 Provide technological solutions to the 3. Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile –
Services to optimise combat effectiveness Trishul
and to promote well-being of the troops. 4. Medium-range surface-to-air missile – Akash
 Develop infrastructure and committed 5. Third generation anti-tank missile – Nag
quality manpower and build strong
indigenous technology base. The Agni, which was initially conceived as a
technology demonstrator project in the form of a
re-entry vehicle, was later upgraded to a ballistic
DRDO was formed in 1958 from the
missile with different ranges. Dr. Kalam played a
amalgamation of the then already functioning
major role in the development and
Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of
operationalisation of Agni and Prithvi missiles.
the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical
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After achieving the goal of making India self- China, France, and Britain
reliant in missile technology, DRDO on January which have intercontinental
8, 2008, formally announced successful ballistic missile capability.
 Canister launches missile
completion of IGMDP.
system for operational flexibility.
 Range is more than 5,000 km.
The important list of missiles is: (IGMDP plus  Short-range, quick reaction, all
others) weather surface-to-air missile
Missile Features designed to counter a low-level
 Single stage, solid fuel, Medium attack.
Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM). Trishul  Has necessary electronic
 Using solid propulsion booster counter-measures against all
Agni I known aircraft jammers.
and a liquid propulsion upper
stage.  Only Technology demonstration
 Range of 700-800 km. is successful.
 Intermediate-Range Ballistic  Medium-range, surface-to-air
Agni II Missile (IRBM). missile with multi-target
 Range more than 2000 km. engagement capability.
Akash
 Two stage IRBM  Multiple warheads capable.
 Support a wide range of warhead  High-energy solid propellant and
Agni III configurations. ram-rocket propulsion system.
 Strike range of more than 2,500  Third generation ‘fire-and-forget’
Km anti-tank missile with a range of
 Two stage missiles powered by 4-8km.
solid propellant.  Developed indigenously as an
 Can fire from a road mobile anti-armour weapon employing
launcher. Nag sensor fusion technologies for
Agni IV flight guidance.
 Range is more than 3,500 km.
 Equipped with indigenously  HELINA (Helicopter Launched
developed ring laser gyro and NAG) is the air-to-surface
composite rocket motor. version of the NAG integrated
 Three-stage solid fueled, into Dhruv Helicopters.
indigenous Inter-Continental  First indigenously built ballistic
Ballistic Missile (ICBM). missile under IGMDP.
 Capable of carrying 1.5 tonnes of  Surface-to-surface battle field
nuclear warheads. missile.
 Latest and most advanced Prithvi  Demonstrates higher lethal
Agni V effects and high-level capability
variant in terms of navigation
and guidance, warhead and with field interchangeable
engine. warheads.
 After induction in the military,  Range from 150 km to 300 km.
India will join an exclusive club  Supersonic cruise missile.
BrahMos
of countries like the US, Russia,  Being developed with Russia as
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a private joint-venture. targets.

 Multi-platform cruise can strike  Electronic counter-measure
from various types of platforms. capabilities.
 Among the world fastest  Designed to intercept and
supersonic cruise missiles with destroy enemy aircraft at
speeds ranging between Mach supersonic speeds in the head-
2.5 – 2.8. on mode at a range of 80 km.
 A 'fire and forget' weapon i.e.  India’s latest surface-to-surface
requiring no further guidance missile with a range of 150 km.
from the control centre once the  Primary objective is to bridge the
target has been assigned. gap between the unguided
 Subsonic missile, supplement to Prahaar Pinaka multi-barrel rocket
the BrahMos. launcher and the guided Prithvi
 Capable of being launched from missile variants.
multiple platforms on land, sea  Have high manoeuvrability,
and air. acceleration and accuracy.
Nirbhay  A terrain hugging, stealth
missile capable of delivering 24 Recent Measures to promote Defense
different types of warheads
Indigenization are:
depending on mission
1. Innovations for Defence Excellence
requirements.
 Can reach up to 1,000 km. (iDEX): An innovation ecosystem for
 Submarine-Launched Ballistic Defence titled Innovations for Defence
Missile (SLBM) Excellence (iDEX) has been launched in
 Being integrated with India’s April, 2018.
Sagarika
nuclear powered Arihant-class
submarine. iDEX is aimed at creation of an ecosystem to
 Range - 700 km.
foster innovation and technology
 A variant of the K-15 Sagarika.
development in Defence and Aerospace by
 Submarine- nuclear-capable
Shaurya missile. engaging Industries including MSMEs, Start-
 Aims to enhance India’s second- ups, Individual Innovators, R&D institutes
strike capability. and Academia.
 Sea-based, short-range, liquid 2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): FDI
propellant ballistic missile. Policy has been revised and under the
Dhanush
 Naval version of Prithvi II.
revised policy, FDI is allowed under
 Maximum range 350 km.
automatic route upto 49% and beyond 49%
 Beyond-visual-range air-to-air
missile using a solid-propellant. through Government route wherever it is
 In terms of size and weight, one likely to result in access to modern
Astra
of the smallest weapon technology or for other reasons to be
developed by the DRDO. recorded.
 Active radar seeker to find
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4. Revision of Industries (Development and enabling provisions have been incorporated

Regulation) Act 1951- in the DPP-2016 for promoting manufacture
The Defence Products List for the purpose of of the State-of-the-art defence products and
issuing Industrial Licenses (ILs) under IDR technologies and transfer of state-of-the-art
Act has been revised to encourage more defence technology to India.
private players to produce the components Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP-
and sub parts. 2016)
I. Buy (Indian-IDDM) in Defence
Most of the components, parts, sub-systems,
Procurement Procedure (DPP-2016): A
testing equipment and production equipment
new category of procurement ‘Buy
have been removed from the list, so as to
{Indian-IDDM (Indigenously Designed,
reduce the entry barriers for the industry,
Developed and Manufactured)}’ has been
particularly small & medium segment.
introduced in DPP-2016 to promote
indigenous design and development of
The initial validity of the Industrial Licence
defence equipment. It has been accorded
granted under the IDR Act has been
top most priority for procurement of
increased from 03 years to 15 years with a
capital equipment. Besides this,
provision to further extend it by 03 years on
preference has been accorded to ‘Buy
a case-to-case basis.
(Indian)’, ‘Buy and Make (Indian)’ &
So far, the process for export clearance has ‘Make’ categories of capital acquisition
been streamlined and made transparent & over ‘Buy (Global)’ & ‘Buy & Make
online. (Global)’ categories.
II. ‘Make’ Procedure: The ‘Make’ Procedure
5. Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti: The Ministry has been simplified with provisions for
has instituted a new framework titled funding of 90% of development cost by
‘Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti’ which aims to the Government to Indian industry and
provide boost to the IPR culture in reserving projects not exceeding
indigenous defence industry. development cost of Rs.10 Crore
6. Technology Development Fund: (Government funded) and Rs.3 Crore
Government has set up the Technology (Industry funded) for MSMEs.
Development Fund (TDF) to encourage III. Separate procedure for ‘Make-II’ sub-
participation of public/private industries category has been notified wherein a
especially MSMEs, through provision of number of industry friendly provisions
grants, so as to create an eco–system for such as relaxation of eligibility criterion,
enhancing cutting edge technology capability minimal documentation, provision for
for defence applications considering proposals suggested by
7. Provisions in Defence Procurement industry/individual etc., have been
Procedure (DPP-2016): Additionally, several
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introduced. Till date, 36 proposals for 8. Multiplier for Technology Acquisition by

development by industry have been given DRDO: A multiplier up to 3 is permitted in
‘in-principle’ approval under Make-II. the discharge of offset obligations relating to
IV. Defence Offsets: Offset guidelines have technology acquisition by DRDO.
been made flexible by allowing change of
Indian Offset Partners (IOPs) and offset 9. New Defence Procurement Policy 2020:
components, even in signed

Important Provisions under DPP 2020
contracts. Foreign Original Equipment
1. Indigenous Content (IC) stipulated in
Manufacturers (OEMs) are now not
various categories of procurement has been
required to indicate the details of IOPs
increased by about 10% to support the ‘Make
and products at the time of signing of
in India’ initiative.
contracts. ‘Services’ as an avenue of
2. Leasing has been introduced as a new
offset have been re-instated
category for acquisition in addition to
V. Strategic Partnership (SP): Government
existing ‘Buy’ & ‘Make’ categories to
has notified the ‘Strategic Partnership
substitute huge initial capital outlays with
(SP)’ Model which envisages
periodical rental payments. Here, the lessor
establishment of long-term strategic
can be both Indian as well as global.
partnerships with Indian entities through
3. New Category Buy (Global – Manufacture
a transparent and competitive process,
in India) has been introduced with minimum
wherein they would tie up with global
50% indigenous content on cost basis of total
Original Equipment Manufacturers
contract value.
(OEMs) to seek technology transfers to
4. There is also long-term product support —
set up domestic manufacturing
which would be three to five years after the
infrastructure and supply chains.
warranty period is over.
VI. Buy and Make (Indian): The Buy & Make
5. A “price variation clause” has been
(Indian) category has a provision for
introduced that will be applicable to all cases
procurement from an Indian vendor
where the total cost of contract is more than
engaged in a tie-up with a foreign OEM,
Rs 1,000 crore and the delivery schedule
involving Transfer of Technology (ToT) of
exceeds 60 months.
critical technologies.
Number Category of Procurement
VII. Buy and Make: The “Buy & Make”
1. Buy – Indian Designed, Developed
category has provision for procurement
and Manufactured (IDDM)
from a foreign vendor, through an Indian
2. Buy – (Indian)
Production Agency (PA), involving
Transfer of Technology (ToT) of critical 3. Buy and Make (Make Indian)
technologies. 4. Buy and Make

5. Buy (Global)
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6. Make Project P75:

7. Buy (Global – Manufacture in India)  The Indian Navy’s Project 75I (P75) Scorpene
8. Lease (Indian) submarine development for six latest-
9. Lease (Global) generation attack boats is expected to be
completed by 2022.
Indigenisation in Defence  Named INS Kalvari, the first submarine in
DRDO's pursuit of self-reliance and successful the class was undocked at Mazagon Dock in
indigenous development and production of April 2015 and was launched in Mumbai,
strategic systems and platforms such as – India, in October that year. Sea trials of the
 Agni and Prithvi series of missiles; INS Kalvari began in May 2016 and the
 light combat aircraft, Tejas; submarine underwent weapon, surface, noise
 multi-barrel rocket launcher, Pinaka; and diving trials prior to her commissioning
 air defence system, Akash; in December 2017.
 a wide range of radars and electronic warfare  INS Khanderi is the second submarine in the
systems; etc., have given quantum jump to class and was launched in January 2017. It
India's military might, generating effective is currently undergoing sea trials, with its
deterrence and providing crucial leverage. commissioning scheduled for the end of
2019.
The programs for indigenous development of  The third Scorpene class submarine is INS
technology include: Karanj, which was launched in January
1. Integrated Guided Missile Development 2018 and is currently undergoing sea trials.
Programme (IGMDP) The launching ceremony of the fourth
2. Project P75, Project P75I – Manufacturing the submarine INS Vela was held in May 2019.
conventional submarines through technology  The Scorpene class submarines have also
transfer from other countries. been acquired by the naval forces of Chile,
3. Indigenous Nuclear Submarine – INS Arihant Malaysia and Brazil.
4. NETRA AEW&CS – Designed by DRDO
5. LCA Tejas- World’s lightest fighter aircraft Project P75I (India):
 The P75I Scorpene class diesel-electric / air-
Indigenous Submarine Program of India: independent propulsion (AIP) submarines are
In 1999, the Cabinet Committee on Security had based on the Scorpene class submarines
approved a ‘30-Year Plan for Indigenous  The Indian Navy intends to use the
Submarine Construction’. submarines for missions such as area
surveillance, intelligence gathering, anti-
It was to develop two production lines on which
submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare and
six submarines would be built each
minelaying operations.
named Project 75 and Project 75 (I) with foreign
 In P75I, strategic partnership model is given
submarine makers.
importance. It will increase the private
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partnership in defence. It is according to the  Its successful execution meant that India had
Defence Procurement Procedure 2016. the ability to introduce nuclear warheads
into its fast-developing missile programme.
 A fortnight after the Pokhran-II tests,
Pakistan also carried out similar tests,
confirming progress with its nuclear weapons
programme; since that time its nuclear
arsenal has expanded rapidly.
 In 1999, India came out with an explicit
Fig: Strategic Partnership Model in Defence
nuclear doctrine that committed, among
other things, to NFU — that is it would never
Air-independent propulsion (AIP)
carry out a nuclear first-strike.
System
 This doctrine emphasised “minimal
 AIP is any marine propulsion technology
deterrence, no first use and non-use against
that allows a non-nuclear submarine to
non-nuclear weapon states”.
operate without access to atmospheric
oxygen. Important Principles of India’s Nuclear
 It can augment or replace the diesel- Doctrine-
electric propulsion system of non-nuclear 1. No First Use Policy
vessels. 2. Massive Retaliation
3. Credible Minimum Deterrence
India’s Nuclear Doctrine:
4. Nuclear Command Authority (NCA)- Headed
 India embarked on the path of nuclear
by Prime Minister- Executive body that takes
weapons development after its face-off with
the final decision on use of Nuclear weapon.
China in the 1962 war, followed by China
carrying out nuclear tests in 1964 and in the
subsequent years.
 In 1974, under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi,
India conducted its first nuclear tests,
Pokhran-I, dubbed as a “peaceful nuclear
explosion”.
 Despite more than two decades of
international pressure that followed to make
India abandon its pursuit of nuclear
weapons, India again carried out a test in
May 1998, Pokhran-II, involving a fission
device, a low-yield device, and a Fig: India’s Nuclear Preparedness
thermonuclear device.
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Nuclear Policy at International Level 48

1. Partial Ban Treaty, 1963 - India ratified member 43 35
2. Outer Space Treaty, 1964 - India not s 42 membe memb
includin members rs ers
ratified Memb
g- P5 (India (India (India
3. Non-Proliferation Treaty, 1974 - India not ers
joined in joined joined
ratified India is 2017) in in
4. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 1996 - not a 2018) 2016)
India not ratified member
Export Control Regimes Current Issues:

1. NSG 1. Rafale Fighter Aircraft
2. Australia Group
3. Wassenaar Group
4. MCTR – Missile Technology Control
Regime
NSG-
Austra
Nuclear Wassena
Area lia MTCR
Supplier ar Group
Group
s Group
Year
of
establi 1974 1996 1985 1987
shmen
t
Export
controls Export
Expor
of control
Nuclear t 2. Defense Imports from USA
Conventi s on
raw contro Apache Helicopters from USA
onal Chemic
Deals material ls on
arms and al and
with and Missil
dual use Biologi
Technol e
goods cal
ogy techn
and Weapo
ology
technolog ns
y
MH-60R Helicopters of USA
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3. Defense Agreements with USA
6. Para military Forces:

These come under Ministry of Home.
4. Dhanush Artillery Guns

About
 Dhanush is a towed artillery gun with a
7. CDS- Chief of Defense Staff:
range of 36 Km and has demonstrated a
Under Defence Ministry, Department of
range of 38 Km with specialized ammunition.
Military Affairs is the department in charge of
It is the indigenously upgraded variant of the
military matters within the Indian Ministry of
Swedish Bofors gun imported in 1980s.
Defence.
 It is fitted with an inertial navigation system
having GPS-based gun recording and auto- Headed by the Chief of Defence Staff, as its
laying, an enhanced computer for on-board ex-officio secretary, the DMA provides
computations, thermal imaging and laser integration between the armed forces of the
range finder. Union and the Ministry of Defence.
 Army has began inducting Dhanush artillery
guns with the first regiment will be in place Need:
by March 2020.
5. LCA Tejas
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10. K-4 SLBM

K-4, is the latest SLBM (Submarine
Launched Ballistic Missile).
Traveling up to 3,500km the K-4 has a

significant range increase from the Sagarika,
or K-15, with an upgrade in payload and
Role of DMA accuracy as well.
Like the Sagarika, the K-4 will be deployed

on the latest Arihant-class SSBN.
8. DRDO 2019
Successfully tested-
a) Mission Shakti- Anti Satellite Missile
b) Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile
c) Arrest landing of LCA Tejas
d) Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile
(BVRAAM) Astra
11. Defense Corridors
e) INS Khanderi- P75- 2nd conventional
Context: In pursuance to Union Budget
Submarine under P75
(2018-19), GoI has been decided to set up
two Defence Industrial Corridors in: Uttar
9. Hypersonic Weapons- Russia
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Avangard and the Kinzhal are the Hypersonic
Weapons of Russia.
About:
A defence corridor refers to a route or a
path along which domestic productions
of defence equipment by public sector,
private sector and MSMEs are lined up to
enhance the operational capability of
the defence forces.
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Defence Corridor would catalyse indigenous

production of defence and aerospace related
items, thereby reducing our reliance on
imports and promoting export of these items
to other countries. This will lead to
generation of direct & indirect employment
opportunities and growth of private domestic
manufacturers including Micro, Small and
Fig: Communication and its dimensions
Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and start-ups.
Evolution of Wireless Networking
12. Prabala Protective Gear

 Woman troops in Central Reserve Police
Force (CRPF) will soon receive gender-specific
protective gear when they are deployed to
maintain law and order.
 The protective gear is "tailor made" and
designed keeping international standards in First Generation:
mind.  1st generation cellular networks were
 CRPF worked in close coordination with the introduced in 1980s and are primarily
Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied intended for voice.
Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO for over two years.  These networks are very slow with a speed of
 Scientists at DIPAS carried out detailed less than 1 kbps
studies to understand the needs of woman  The key idea was that the geographical area
troopers of CRPF's Rapid Action Force to be is divided into cells, each served by a base
able to design the gear for them. station
 These networks were primarily based on
5. Emerging Technologies analog communications.
 No inter-network roaming possible
Basics  Voice traffic only
Introduction to ICT  Examples: AMPS, TACS, C-450 and JTACS
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 call quality is superior to 3G or 2G

Second Generation connections as far more data can be
Communication Standards transferred over 4G
1. GSM  can make and receive video calls from anyone
2. LTE else with VoLTE, rather than relying on
3. AWS separate accounts like skype
4. VoLTE
Communication Technologies:
1. GSM 1. GPRS Technology
 Global system for mobile communications 2. 5G Technology
(GSM) was developed by the Groupe Special 1. GPRS technology
Mobile in 1991  GPRS was one of the first technologies that
 It is a 2nd generation cellular system enabled a cell network to connect
standard with Internet Protocol (IP) networks
 3G version of GSM uses CDMA technology  Enabled Web browsing from a phone
also  Uses packet switching for data transmission

 Is gradually being phased out in favour of
2. LTE newer 3G/4G installations
 Stands for Long Term Evolution  EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM
 Increases bandwidth available for voice and Evolution) technology was the enhanced
data communications version of GPRS.
 Comes with a number of network
improvements 2. 5G Technology
 It’s the upgrade path for both GSM and The 5G is a technology that will run the next
CDMA based networks wave of fast mobile broadband networks in
 LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE possibly two years from now. The different
techniques under development are,
3. AWS a. Millimeter-Wave technologies
 Advanced Wireless Services  Airwaves in the 3500 MHz band are
 Also referred to as UMTS(Universal Mobile considered ideal for the first wave of 5G
Telecommunications System) band IV  5G networks can run on the 3400 MHz, 3500
 Uses microwave frequencies in two segments: MHz and 3600 MHz spectrum bands.
from 1710 to 1755 MHz for uplink, and from  A key challenge is the possibility of millimeter
2110 to 2155 MHz for downlink waves being blocked by buildings and losing
their intensity over longer distances, can also
4. VoLTE be absorbed by foliage and rain
 stands for Voice over LTE b. Small Cell Networks
 Its voice calls over a 4G LTE network
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Thousands of low power mini base stations WiFi does not

Quality WiMax guarantee
can take advantage of another new guarantee any
of Quality of Service
technology called massive MIMO Quality of
Service (Qos).
Service (Qos).
c. Massive MIMO
WiFi network
 Multiple input to multiple output to handle WiMax network
range is
more traffic means use two or more Range can reach about
around 100
50-90 km.
transmitters and receivers to send and meters.
receive more data at once WiFi is short
Technolo WiMax is long
 5G base stations can support about a range
gy Range range technology.
hundred ports, which means many more technology.
WiFi
antennas can fit on a single array Transmi WiMax connection
connection can
Wireless Technologies: ssion can transmit upto
transmit upto
1. Bluetooth Speed 70 mbps.
54 mbps.
3. WIFI vs LIFI
Compa
LiFi WiFi
rision
Full
Light Fidelity Wireless Fidelity
form
Fig: Working of Bluetooth
LiFi transmits WiFi transmits
Operati data using light data using radio
2. Wifi and WIMAX
on with the help of waves with the
Compari LED bulbs. help of WiFi router.
WIFI WIMAX
son
Do not have
Worldwide
any Will have
Wireless Interoperability
Full form interreference interreference
Fidelity for Microwave Interfer
issues similar issues from nearby
Access ence
to radio access
Wifi is defined
WiMax is defined frequency points(routers)
under IEEE
under IEEE waves.
802.11x
Standar 802.16y Present IrDA
standards WLAN
d used standards where y (Infrared Data
where x stands Technol 802.11a/b/g/n/ac
stands for various Association)
for various ogy /ad standard
WiMax versions. compliant
WiFi versions. compliant devices
devices
WiFi is for LAN WiMax is for MAN
Area of
(Local Area (Metropolitan Area
applicati
Network) Network)
on
applications. applications.
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Used in e based on transmit

airlines, power and antenna
undersea type
explorations,
Lamp driver,
operation Used for internet requires routers to
LED bulb(lamp)
Applica theaters in the browsing with the be installed,
System and photo
tions hospitals, office help of wifi kiosks subscriber
compon detector will
and home or wifi hotspots devices(laptops
ents make up
premises for ,desktops) are
complete LiFi
data transfer referred as stations
system.
and internet
browsing
What is internet and how it works?
Interference is
Interference is
less, can pass
Merits( more, can not pass
through salty
advant through sea water,
sea water,
ages) works in less
works in dense
dense region
region
In LiFi, light In WiFi, RF signal
does not pass passess thorugh
thorugh the the walls and
walls and hence there is a
Privacy
hence will need to employ Optical Fibre Cable:
provide a much techniques to
Optical Fibre Cable is used to transmit data. It
secure data achieve secure
transmits data in the light particles.
transfer data transfer.
WLAN-11n offers
Internet uses Optical Fibre cables in data
Data 150Mbps, About 1-
transfer About 1 Gbps 2 Gbps can be transmission.
speed achieved using
WiGig/Giga-IR
Freque 10 thousand
ncy of times frequency 2.4GHz, 4.9GHz
operati spectrum of the and 5GHz
on radio
Fig: Total Internal Reflection in Optical Fibre Cable
Works in less
Works in high
Data dense environment
dense Internet Protocols:
density due to interference
environment 1. TCP
related issues
Covera About 32 meters
About 10 2. IP
ge (WLAN
meters
distanc 802.11b/11g), vary
1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
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TCP governs how to divide a message or file into Fig: Dimensions of Information
packets that are transmitted over the internet and
Types of Computing -
then how they are reassembled when they reach
their destination. Type of
Description
Computing
2. IP (The Internet Protocol)
It is the simple method of
 Internet Protocol is responsible for the Linear
computing using single
address of each packet. Computing
processor.
 Each computer (known as a host) on the
It is a method of distributed
Internet has at least one IP address that
computing done through
uniquely identifies it from all other
Cloud pooling all computer resources
computers on the Internet.
computing together and being managed by
 Each packets contains both the sender’s
software rather than a human.
Internet address and the receiver’s address.
 The most widely used version of IP today is
It is a method of computing
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) having 32 Super
where multiple computers
bits address Computing
perform parallel processing.
 IPv6 is designed to anticipate enormous
Quantum computing uses the
future expansion in the number of Quantum
quantum phenomena to process
available IP addresses computing
information in a novel and way.
 IPv6 provides for much longer addresses (128
bits)
Cloud Computing:
 IPv6 also supports auto-configuration to help
It is a method of distributed computing done
correct most of the shortcomings in version
through pooling all computer resources together
4, and it has integrated security and mobility
and being managed by software rather than a
features.
human.
Computing:
The applications access the infrastructure
Computing is any activity that
through different ‘cloud services’
uses computers to manage, process, and
communicate information.
A cloud would usually use a grid. A grid is not
necessarily a cloud.
The common people use cloud to,

1. Create new apps and services
2. Store, back up and recover data
3. Host websites and blogs
4. Stream audio and video
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5. Deliver software on demand lots of data to train deep learning models because
6. Analyze data for patterns and make they learn directly from the data. The more data
predictions you can feed them, the more accurate they
become.
Business Applications include,
1. Test and development AI adds intelligence to existing products, much
2. Big data analytics like Siri was added as a feature to a new
 Using the ability of algorithms to tap into generation of Apple products. Automation,
vast quantities of both structured and conversational platforms, bots and smart
unstructured data, to extract data having machines can be combined with large amounts of
business value data to improve many technologies at home and
 Example – Retailers and suppliers extract in the workplace, from security intelligence to
information derived from consumers’ buying investment analysis.
patterns to target their advertising and
AI achieves incredible accuracy through deep
marketing campaigns
neural networks – which was previously
3. File storage
impossible. For example, your interactions with
4. Disaster recovery – cloud provides for a faster
Alexa, Google Search and Google Photos are all
recovery at a much lower cost that the
based on deep learning – and they keep getting
traditional recovery solutions
more accurate the more we use them. In the
5. Backup
medical field, AI techniques from deep learning,
image classification and object recognition can
Emerging Technologies
now be used to find cancer on MRIs with the
1. Artificial Intelligence- AI
same accuracy as highly trained radiologists.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is wide-ranging branch
of computer science concerned with building
AI adapts through progressive learning
smart machines capable of performing tasks
algorithms to let the data do the programming.
that typically require human intelligence. It is an
AI finds structure and regularities in data so that
interdisciplinary science.
the algorithm acquires a skill: The algorithm
becomes a classifier or a predictor. So, just as the
Why is artificial intelligence important?
algorithm can teach itself how to play chess, it
AI automates repetitive learning and discovery can teach itself what product to recommend next
through data. But AI is different from hardware- online.
driven, robotic automation. Instead of automating
manual tasks, AI performs frequent, high-volume, AI gets the most out of data. When algorithms
computerized tasks reliably and without fatigue. are self-learning, the data itself can become
intellectual property. The answers are in the data;
AI analyzes more and deeper data using neural you just have to apply AI to get them out. If you
networks that have many hidden layers. We need have the best data in a competitive industry, even
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if everyone is applying similar techniques, the  It can learn increasingly complex features of
best data will win. the data at each layer.
 The network can then make a determination
about the data, learn if its determination is
correct, and use what it has learned to make
determinations about new data.
For example, once it learns what an object

looks like, it can recognize the object in a
new image.
Machine Learning:
 Machine learning is an algorithm. Spiking Neural Network Architecture
 It detects patterns and learns how to make (SpiNNaker)
predictions and recommendations by  Recently a supercomputer which is
processing data and experiences, rather than designed to work in the same way as the
by receiving explicit programming human brain was switched on for the first
instruction. time.
 Most recent advances in AI have been  The supercomputer is named as Spiking
achieved by applying machine learning to Neural Network Architecture (SpiNNaker)
very large data sets. machine.
 The algorithms also adapt in response to new  It has million-processor-core and is
data and experiences to improve efficacy over capable of completing more than 200
time. million actions per second, with each of its
chips having 100 million transistors.
Deep Learning:  The SpiNNaker machine is designed and
 Deep learning is a type of machine learning. built in The University of Manchester, UK.
 It can process a wider range of data  This supercomputer was conceptualized
resources, requires less data pre-processing almost 20 years ago and its
by humans. construction begin in 2006.
 It can often produce more accurate results
than traditional machine learning Applications of SpiNNaker machine:
approaches.  The SpiNNaker machine will be capable of
 In deep learning, interconnected layers of simulating a billion simple neurons, or
software-based calculators known as millions of neurons with complex structure
“neurons” form a neural network. and internal dynamics.
 The network can take vast amounts of input  The supercomputer will help
data and process them through multiple neuroscientists better understand how the
layers. human brain works. It does this by
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running extremely large scale real-time thus improving patient outcomes and
simulations which simply aren’t possible reducing costs.
on other machines.
 SpiNNaker has been used to simulate a For Example, IBM Watson and chatbots are some
region of the brain called the Basal Ganglia of such tools.
– an area affected in Parkinson’s disease,

The applications of AI in health care include-
thus it has massive potential for
neurological breakthroughs in science
such as pharmaceutical testing.
 The SpiNNaker has been harnessed to
control a robot, the SpOmnibot.
 This robot uses the SpiNNaker system to
interpret real-time visual information and
navigate itself towards certain objects
while ignoring others.
Differences between Artificial Intelligence,

Machine Learning and Deep Learning
b) Agriculture:
AI holds the promise of driving a food
revolution and meeting the increased
demand for food.
Applications of AI
a) Healthcare: Its applications include:
 Application of AI in healthcare can help 1. Precision Farming
address issues of high barriers to access to 2. Automated drones using AI- are useful for
healthcare facilities, particularly in rural pesticide spraying, crop monitoring, crop
areas that suffer from poor connectivity and damage estimation, etc.
limited supply of healthcare professionals. 3. Real Time weather alerts.
 Machine learning is being used for faster, 4. Agricultural Market analysis
cheaper and more accurate diagnosis and
The below are the other applications of AI in
agriculture.
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 Additive manufacturing (3D Printing) with

the help of AI can revolutionize the entire
manufacturing supply chain ecosystem.
 AI is part of 4th Industrial Revolution.
Application areas in include –

 Engineering (AI for R&D efforts),
 Supply chain management (demand
forecasting),
 Production (AI can achieve cost reduction
and increase efficiency),
 Maintenance (predictive maintenance and
increased asset utilization),
c) Smart Mobility, including Transports and  Quality assurance (e.g. Vision systems with
Logistics: machine learning algorithms to identify
 Autonomous fleets for ride sharing, semi- defects and deviations in product features),
autonomous features such as driver assist, and
and predictive engine monitoring and  In-plant logistics and warehousing.
maintenance. f) Energy:
 Other areas that AI can impact include  Applications in the energy sector include
autonomous trucking and delivery energy system modelling and forecasting to
 Smart Traffic Management decrease unpredictability.
d) Retail:  In renewable energy systems, AI can enable
 The retail sector has been one of the early storage of energy through intelligent grids
adopters of AI solutions, with applications enabled by smart meters.
such as improving user experience.  AI systems also improve the reliability and
 Provides personalized suggestions, affordability of photovoltaic energy.
preference-based browsing and image-based  Similar to the manufacturing sector, AI may
product search. also be deployed for predictive maintenance
 Other applications include customer demand of grid infrastructure.
anticipation, improved inventory
management, and efficient delivery
management.
e) Manufacturing:
 Manufacturing industry is expected to be one
of the biggest beneficiaries of AI based
solutions, thus enabling 'Factory of the
Future'.
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Gaming –
 AI has a crucial role in strategic games such
as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where the
machine can think of a large number of
possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality using
AI are used in many gaming applications.
Speech Recognition –
 There are intelligent systems that are capable
of hearing and grasping the language in
g) Smart Cities: terms of sentences and their meanings while
1. Traffic Management human talks to it.
2. Crowd Control, Crime Control  It can handle different accents, slang words,
3. Integrated Waste Management noise in the background, change in human’s
Ex: Smart Bins noise due to cold, etc.
h) Education and Skilling: AI can potentially  It has many applications starting from
solve for quality and access issues observed security code to personal lockers.
in the Indian education sector. Ex: Personal assistants like – SIRI, ALEXA, etc.
 Augmenting and enhancing the learning

experience through personalised learning, Cyber Security:
 Automating and expediting administrative  In the 20th conference on e-governance in
tasks, and India it was discussed that AI can provide
 Predicting the need for student intervention more teeth to cyber security and must be
to reduce dropouts or recommend vocational explored. AI can predict the cyber threats
training. and give warnings automatically.

 It can prevent cyber threats by faster and
I) Financial Sector: earlier analysis in the cyber space.
 Bank System Automation
 Customized financial advices financial advice IoT: (Internet of Things)
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the
Legal Sector: network of physical objects—“things”—that
 Automation can lead to faster resolution are embedded with sensors, software, and
of already pending cases by reducing the other technologies for the purpose of
time taken while analyzing cases thus better connecting and exchanging data with other
use of time and more efficient processes. devices and systems over the internet.
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These devices range from ordinary household 4. To develop IoT products specific to Indian
objects to sophisticated industrial tools. With needs in the domains of agriculture, health,
more than 7 billion connected IoT devices water quality, natural disasters,
today, experts are expecting this number to transportation, security, automobile, supply
grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by chain management, smart cities, Automated
2025. metering and monitoring of utilities, waste
management, Oil & Gas) etc.
National Digital Communications Policy
 National Digital Communications Policy
2018 has replaced National Telecom
Policy-2012.
 The NDCP-2018 envisions supporting
India's transition to a digitally empowered
economy and society by fulfilling the
information and communications needs of
citizens and enterprises by establishment
of a ubiquitous, resilient and affordable
Internet of Things involves three distinct
digital communications infrastructure and
stages
services.
1. The sensors which collect data (including
 The ‘Customer focused’ and ‘application
identification and addressing the
driven’ NDCP-2018 shall lead to new ideas
sensor/device)
and innovations, after the launch of
2. An application which collects and analyzes
advanced technology such as 5G, IOT,
this data for further consolidation
M2M, etc. which shall govern the telecom
3. Decision making and the transmission of
sector of India.
data to the decision-making server.
Objectives: (These objectives are to be
Analytical engines and Big data may be used
achieved by 2022)
for the decision-making process.
The key objectives of the policy are:
IoT Policy, 2015  Broadband for all;
1. To create an IoT industry in India of USD 15  Creating four million additional jobs in the
billion by 2020. Digital Communications sector;
2. To undertake capacity development (Human  Enhancing the contribution of the Digital
& Technology) for IoT specific skill-sets for Communications sector to 8% of India's
domestic and international markets. GDP from ~ 6% in 2017;
3. To undertake Research & development for all  Propelling India to the Top 50 Nations in
the assisting technologies. the ICT Development Index of ITU from
134 in 2017;
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 Enhancing India's contribution to Global standardization of costs and timelines;

Value Chains; and  Removal of barriers to approvals; and
 Ensuring Digital Sovereignty.  Facilitating development of Open Access
Features: Next Generation Networks.
The policy aims to
 Provide universal broadband connectivity IoT Applications:
at 50 Mbps to every citizen;
 Provide 1 Gbps connectivity to all Gram
Panchayats by 2020 and 10 Gbps by 2022;
 Ensure connectivity to all uncovered areas;
 Attract investments of USD 100 billion in
the Digital Communications Sector;
 Train one million manpower for building
New Age Skill;
 Expand IoT ecosystem to 5 billion
connected devices; Agriculture
 Establish a comprehensive data protection  Insects and pests’ monitors to schedule the
regime for digital communications that release of pesticides.
safeguards the privacy, autonomy and  Geo-fencing of livestock.
choice of individuals  Farm equipment sensors, irrigation
 Facilitate India's effective participation in scheduling, and pump control.
the global digital economy;  Sensors to monitor humidity, temperature,
 Enforce accountability through appropriate soil, air etc.
institutional mechanisms to assure
citizens of safe and Manufacturing
 Secure digital communications  Application of RFID (radio frequency
infrastructure and services. identification) tags with WiFi infrastructure

to track real-time productivity.
Strategy:  Application of smart tools to manage
The policy advocates: manufacturing processes like measuring,
 Establishment of a National Digital Grid by drilling, tightening etc. to improve production
creating a National Fibre Authority; efficiency.
 Establishing Common Service Ducts and  Remote monitoring of various medical
utility corridors in all new city and equipment to reduce possible downtime.
highway road projects;  Predictive maintenance to reduce downtime
 Creating a collaborative institutional using sensors installed on engines.
mechanism between Centre, States and Retail:
Local Bodies for Common Rights of Way,
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 Use of Beacons to send notifications to the

consumers about any coupon or sale. Smart Cities:
 RFID tags to track and provide access to a  Smart parking.
variety of services.  Intelligent transport system.
 Re-inventing trial rooms using virtual and  Tele-care.
smart mirrors.  Woman Safety
 Smart shirt monitors (like Heart Rate Polo  Smart grids.
Shirts) to monitor the heart and pulse rate.  Smart urban lighting.
 Waste management.
Transport and Logistics:  Smart city maintenance.
 Sensors to detect empty mailboxes.  Digital-signage.
 Temperature bands, sensor monitors to  Water Management
check the quality of food being delivered.
 Tracking devices to keep a check on Challenges of IoT:
temperature, condition of packages, location 1. Privacy Issues
etc. 2. Authentication Issues
 Sensors to keep a check on the condition of 3. Confidentiality Issues
consumables supplied. 4. Cyber Security Issues
Healthcare: Big Data:
 IoT enabled clinical trial solutions to evaluate Big data is a term applied to data sets whose
specific outcomes. size or type is beyond the ability of
 Wearable devices to monitor pulse, heart, traditional relational databases to capture,
walking, biking, and other health data. manage and process the data with low
 Wearable sensor patches to give insights on latency.
medical effectiveness, health patterns etc.

 Sensor-enabled mobile devices to remotely
monitor patients with chronic illness.
Automotive:
 Integration of vehicle-related services via
connected cars. Artificial intelligence (AI), mobile, social and
 M2M cellular connectivity based UBI (usage- the Internet of Things (IoT) are driving data
based insurance) for automobiles. complexity through new forms and sources of
 Tires-as-a-service to pay for tires on a data. For example, big data comes from
kilometer driven basis. sensors, devices, video/audio, networks, log
 Driverless cars based on IoT and cloud files, transactional applications, web, and
technology. social media — much of it generated in real

time and at a very large scale.
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Examples of Bid Data in India: Census data, 1. The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage
Aadhar Data, GST Network, etc. Board (BWSSB) is using Big Data and
predictive analytics technology from IBM to
Big data analytics: create systems for monitoring water
Big data analytics is the use of advanced analytic distribution systems. Bangalore’s massive
techniques against very large, diverse data sets population growth (from 5.4 million in 2000
that include structured, semi-structured and to over 10 million) has put tremendous strain
unstructured data, from different sources, and in on the city’s water supply and distribution
different sizes from terabytes to zettabytes. systems. In partnership with IBM, the
BWSSB has built an operational dashboard,
Analysis of big data allows analysts, researchers
which serves as a “command center” for
and business users to make better and faster
managing the city’s water supply networks.
decisions using data that was previously
2. DLF has deployed an innovative mobile-
inaccessible or unusable.
phone based solution that channels data
Applications of Big Data: insights from customers visiting DLF
Big data and data analytics can be put to use Promenade, a high-end shopping mall
where ever decision making is required. serving the metropolitan New Delhi area. The
technology performs real-time analytics to
convert data gathered from shopper’s
movements in the mall to provide meaningful
interactions for smartphone users. DLF is
now using the solution to allow retailers in
the mall to extend sales deals to shoppers via
the app, based on footfall heat maps.
3. Close to 40 percent of India’s population
lacks access to formal banking and financial
Healthcare: services, resulting in financial inclusion
serving as a key government policy
imperative for the country. Micro-finance
firm, Janalakshmi Financial Services, is
looking to capitalize on this opportunity
through an aggressive expansion plan to
increase its footprint from 154 branches and
3 million accounts to 1,400 branches serving
over 20 million accounts by 2020
4. Owning some of the top ten games in terms
of revenue, Reliance Games has more than
Case studies: 600 game developers working for over 2,000
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devices across various operating systems. To 5. Use of Direct Benefit Transfer in MGNREGA
keep on improving its product, the & Aadhaar for authentication & availing
company’s basic need was to analyze the welfare scheme benefits helps in the filtering
products at the product development level to of ghost beneficiaries.
have a better understanding of daily active 6. The Ministry of Agriculture has signed a deal
users (DAUs), number of downloads, user with the ISRO to use satellites for mapping of
behavior, game performance, dropouts, agricultural assets.
reasoning for drop-outs, etc. 7. Smart City Mission, Digital India, digital
5. Using the power of Big Data, ixigo has economy proposals like BHIM app, inter alia
launched a PNR prediction feature for train are important government initiatives that are
travelers. For any given train’s wait-listed using Big Data for achieving good governance
status, ixigo is now able to show the near in the country.
accurate probability with which the ticket
will confirm, so that travelers may decide Challenges:
whether or not to book a wait-listed ticket. 1. Data fragmentation at various level with the
6. Political parties are using big data and the government departments and in multiple
analytics in election campaigns. languages.

2. Data Privacy and Cyber Security Issues
Measures to promote Big Data in India- 3. Technical challenges like scalability,
1. Big Data Initiative (2015) of Department of collection system efficiency,etc.
S&T to promote and encourage Big Data

5G Technology:
Ecosystem in India.
5G is 5 th generation mobile network. It is a
2. NITI Aayog is currently working on a plan in
new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G,
collaboration with the private players to
3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new
develop the ‘National Data & Analytics
kind of network that is designed to
Platform’, which will act as a single source of
connect virtually everyone and everything
sectoral data for citizens, policymakers, and
together including machines, objects, and
researchers.
devices.
3. ‘Big Data Management Policy (2016)’ - It is
formulated by CAG for auditing large chunks 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver
of data generated by the public sector in the higher multi-Gbps peak data
states and the union territories. speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability,
4. Ministry of Statistics and Program massive network capacity, increased
Implementation has proposed to establish availability, and a more uniform user
a ‘National Data Warehouse on Official experience to more users. Higher
Statistics’ which will leverage technology and performance and improved efficiency
use big data analytical tools to improve the
quality of macro-economic aggregates.
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empower new user experiences and service) web sites

connects new industries.
 Supports
simultaneo
us voice
and data
 Can
handle
Introduced higher complex
3G
transfer rates data such
as video
 Faster
communic
ation and
Evolution of cellular technology
web
streaming
 Mobile broadband
internet services
provided to
external systems,
such as laptops,
wireless modems,
etc Any kind of
 Additional service at
Gen Characteristics Uses features such as anytime
4G
Released in IP telephony, anywhere as
1G Analog technology 1990 to be ultrabroadband per user
used in GSM Internet access, requirements
gaming services
 Digital
Enables text and HDTV
 Uses encryption
and multi streamed
2G  There were GSM
media multimedia
and CDMA
messages  100Mbps to
versions
1Gbps speed
 Combined with Users can take
GPRS part in video Differences between 4G and 5G
technology(a pack conferences
2.5G
et- and interact
based wireless co with
mmunication multimedia
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(i) Integrate and enable automation process

which will be useful for many industries like
oil and gas, chemicals and water.
(ii) Communication transfers will enable time
critical factory automation across wide range
of factories such as metals, pharmaceuticals
etc.
Applications of 5G
Healthcare: Emergency, disaster and public safety
(i) Remote patient monitoring and (i) Highly efficient communication during
communication with sign measuring devices natural disasters such as earthquakes,
such as blood pressure, ECG, temperature floods etc.
etc, which is possible with immediate, (ii) Provides real time accurate location and
automatic or semi-automatic responses. communication for better safety.
(ii) Remote surgery applications that can provide

Agriculture:
control and feedback communication
technique for surgeons from ambulance,
remote areas etc, which requires low latency
and highly reliable networks.
Smart Cities:
(i) Consistent user experience, hotspot
broadband access in highly dense areas,
urban city centers etc. (ii) Access to
broadband in public transport system such Energy Sector:
as high-speed trains by providing
communication link and high-quality
internet for entertainment or work.
(iii) Can control real and virtual objects like
autonomous cars, which requires real time
reaction.
(iv) Support safety applications to mitigate road
accidents, traffic efficiency etc, which
requires ultra-low latency for warning signals
and high data rates.
Industrial IoT:
Paulraj Committee on Strategy on 5G:
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The committee was set up by Government in learn in a simulated (but very real) walk on the
September 2017 to suggest a road map for moon and soldiers train for combat scenarios.
adoption of 5G.
Augmented Reality:
Recommendations: Augmented reality overlays digital content and
 It has proposed promulgation of key norms information onto the physical world — as if
on regulatory matters by March 2019 in they’re actually there with you, in your own
order to facilitate early deployment of 5G space. The game Pokemon Go is a well known
technology. It expects commercial rollout of example of AR.
5G in India by 2020. It keeps the real world central but enhances it
 Deployment of 5G in India should be with other digital details, layering new strata of
classified into three phases based on perception, and supplementing your reality or
technologies and use cases. environment.
 By early embracing 5G technology, India can
accelerate its dividends and potentially also Rather than provide a fully immersive virtual
become innovator in 5G applications. It experience, augmented reality enhances the real-
expects that economic impact of 5G to be world with images, text, and other virtual
over $1 trillion. information.
Augmented reality is useful for more than just

Virtual Reality vs Augmented Reality vs Mixed
entertainment. Retailer IKEA created an AR app
Reality
that helps shoppers visualize what certain
Virtual Reality
products will look like in their home before they
Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of computer
purchase them.
technology to create a simulated environment.
Unlike traditional user interfaces, VR places the AR technology can enhance travelers’
user inside an experience. Instead of viewing a experiences in many ways. Imagine being on a
screen in front of them, users are immersed and self-guided walking tour and wanting to know
able to interact with 3D worlds. details about the architecture of a building. With
an AR technology app, you could just point your
When a user puts on a head-mounted display or
phone at the building, and all the details are
a VR headset, they sense—and their brains
projected in your line of sight.
believe—they are moving among virtual objects on
a screen. Augmented Reality vs Virtual Reality
Virtual reality tools already help surgeons plan

surgery, individuals experience a travel
destination even before they take flight, children
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Mixe
Virtual Augment
d
Characteristics reality ed reality
Reali
(VR) (AR)
ty
Is user aware
about the Real × √ √
World
Can user
interact with the
Real & Virtual × √ √
world in the
real-time?
Can Real &
Virtual
contensts
× × √
interact with
each other in
the real-time?
Uses of Virtual Reality Technologies:

From gaming, to movies, to medicine, the uses for
Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Mixed
Reality are expanding.
Mixed Reality  Healthcare—For training, such as for surgical
A mixed-reality environment goes a step beyond simulations
augmented reality because users can interact in  Film and TV—For movies and shows to create
real-time with virtual objects that are placed unique experiences
within the real world. These virtual items will  Virtual travel—For virtual trips to an art
respond and react to users as if they were actual museum—or another planet—all from home
objects.  Professional sports—For training programs to
help pro and amateur athletes
It provides the ability to have one foot (or hand) in
 Gaming—For over 1,000 games already
the real world, and the other in an imaginary
available, from first-person shooters to
place, breaking down basic concepts between real
strategy games to role-playing adventure
and imaginary, offering an experience that can
change the way you game and work today. 4th Industrial Revolution:
 Klaus Schwab, founder and executive
It takes a lot more processing power to enable a
chairman of the Geneva-based WEF,
mixed-reality experience than it does for a virtual
published a book in 2016 titled “The Fourth
or augmented reality experience.
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Industrial Revolution” and coined the term at

the Davos meeting that year.
 The 4th Industrial Revolution is a way of
describing the blurring of boundaries
between the physical, digital, and biological
worlds. It’s a fusion of advances in artificial
intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of
Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic
engineering, quantum computing, and other
technologies.
Background: How can Industrial Revolution 4.0 help

 The First Industrial Revolution used water India
and steam power to mechanize production.  It can play a major role in alleviating poverty.
 The Second used electric power to create  Better and low-cost health care can be
mass production. achieved through the implementation of AI-
 The Third used electronics and information driven diagnostics, personalized treatment,
technology to automate production. early identification of potential pandemics,
 The 4th Industrial Revolution is building on and imaging diagnostics, among others.
the Third, the digital revolution that has been  Enhancing farmer’s income by providing
occurring since the middle of the last them with the latest technologies,
century. It is characterized by a fusion of improvement in crop yield through real-time
technologies that is blurring the lines advisory, advanced detection of pest attacks,
between the physical, digital, and biological and prediction of crop prices to inform
spheres. sowing practices.
 It will strengthen infrastructure and improve
connectivity to the very last village.
 Artificial intelligence can be used to empower
and enable specially-abled people.
 It will improve ease of living and ease of doing
business using smart technologies.
4th IR in India
Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution
The World Economic Forum has set up a
Pillars of 4th Industrial Revolution: Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution in

Maharashtra.
Artificial intelligence, block chain and drones
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are the first three projects of the centre in Medium : From 25kg to 150kg.
India. WEF will work in collaboration with NITI Large : Greater than 150kg.
Aayog, business leaders, academia and start-
ups in these projects. Applications:
Defense: Defense sector is using drones from a
Pilot Project for ushering in 'Industry 4.0' in long time for surveillance and for warfare.
the country, is launched for implementation Ex: DRDO’s Rustom
at the Modern Coach Factory (MCF),
Raebareli Agriculture- Gather data and automate
redundant processes to maximize efficiency, to
A Pilot Project for ushering in 'Industry 4.0' has spray medicines, in a process of planting by
been launched for implementation at Modern distributing seed on the land, etc.
Coach Factory (MCF), Raebareli. The Ministry Ex: Assam Tea Gardens proposal to use Drones
of Railways and Department of Science & to pick tender tea leaves.
Technology have joined hands in partnership
with IIT Kanpur for taking up a unique project Healthcare- Delivering quick access to drugs,
on ‘Industry 4.0’ by launching a Pilot Project blood, and medical technology in remote areas,
for implementation at Modern Coach Factory, transportation of harvested organs to recipients
Raebareli. (through drones’ corridor), etc.

Ex: Use of Drones in North East to send essential
Drones: medicines to remote areas
 In aviation and in space, a drone refers to an
Disaster Management- Surveillance of disaster-
unpiloted aircraft or spacecraft. Another term
affected areas to assess damage, locate victims,
for it is an "unmanned aerial vehicle," or
and deliver aid.
UAV.
Ex: Australian Forest Fires- During these fires,
 Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be
the Australian Government used drones to douse
remotely piloted or autonomous.
the fires as well as to map the forest fire impacted
 Remotely Piloted Aircraft consists of
regions.
remote pilot station(s) and command and
control links.
Urban Planning- Instant mapping and survey of
 Autonomous drones work with Artificial
the land which has to be developed avoiding
intelligence.
congestion and increasing green cover.
E.g.: The Greater Chennai Municipal Corporation
Remotely piloted aircraft have been divided
(GCMC) became first Municipal Corporation to
into five categories
map Chennai using drones.
Nano : Less than or equal to 250 grams.
Micro : From 250 grams to 2kg. Conservation of Endangered Species- Monitor and
Small : From 2 kg to 25kg. track the number of animals.
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1. UAVs will be classified into five segments

Weather Forecasting- Drones can physically based on their weight inclusive of payload.
follow weather patterns as they develop to 2. All UAVs will have to be registered and
understand the environment and imminent provided with a Unique Identification
weather trends in a better way. Number (UIN) before they can be operated.
3. There will be a set of rules referred to as Civil
Waste Management- Identify where the garbage
Aviation Requirements (CAR) that all UAVs
is so that it can be picked up the garbage picking
will have to adhere to depending on their
vans. Drones can be used to clean ocean waste as
classification.
well. .
4. All UAVs can only be flown by trained pilots,
Governance: training requirements for whom have been
Ex: Disinfectant spraying during COVID-19 detailed.
affected areas. 5. Each flight is expected to be tagged and

recorded with the data made available to the
Ex: Survey of India is using Drone technology to regulator on demand.
map India and to prepare high resolution maps. 6. Under this regulation, the Digital Sky
Platform will enable online registration of
Mining- Drones in mining can be used in
pilots, devices, service providers, and NPNT
volumetric data capturing of ore, rock and
(no permission, no take-off).
minerals storage which is extremely difficult to
7. The Digital Sky Platform is a unique
measure manually.
unmanned traffic management (UTM) system
which is expected to facilitate registration
and licensing of drones and operators in
addition to giving instant (online) clearances
to operators for every flight.
8. The airspace has been partitioned into Red
Zone (flying not permitted), Yellow Zone
(controlled airspace), and Green Zone
(automatic permission). The restricted
To facilitate the use of drones the Government locations are airports, near international
has formulated National Drone Policy 2018. border, near coast line, state secretariat
complexes strategic locations, military
National Drone Policy: installations
Under National Drone Policy, Ministry of Civil 9. All civilian drone operations will be restricted
Aviation has proposed certain regulations to only during day time and a maximum of
400 feet altitude.
Drone Regulations 1.0: 10. There can’t be any human or animal
payloads, or anything hazardous.
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11. It cannot in any manner cause danger to However, recent incidents of the utilization of
people or property and insurance will be drones to target VVIPs in Venezuela and Saudi
mandatory to cover third-party damage. Aramco drone attacks are a stark reminder of the
12. Except nano drones and those owned by threat level from rogue drones. So, the
National Technical Research Organization Government has issued National Counter Rogue
(NTRO) and the central agencies, the rest Drone Guidelines.
would be registered and issued Unique
Identification Number. National Counter Rogue Drone Guidelines
In 2019, Ministry of Civil Aviation ("MoCA") also
Draft Drone Regulations 2.0: released the National Counter Rogue Drone
1. Drone Ports will enable drones to take off and Guidelines ("NCRD Guidelines") with an aim to
land, charge and lay off during operations. address the perceived law and order and national
2. A drone corridor will be defined in order to security issues that are anticipated due to
maintain separate airspace for manned and unregulated and unchecked operation of drones.
unmanned aerial vehicles.
3. An upper limit will be set to the life cycle of The scope of these guidelines include:
drones exceeding which renewal of  Laying out guidelines for assessing the drone
registration will be required. threat
4. Drone delivery of consumer goods such as  Creating awareness about the various
food, medicines, blood will be permitted. technologies involved in handling drone
5. Beyond Visuals Line Of Sight (BVLOS) threat
missions will be permitted.  Ready reckoner for anti-drone measures

 Understanding multi-dimensionality of drone
6. One drone pilot will be able to man multiple
threats
drones at once.
7. A separate drone body will be established
3D Printing:
under the DGCA to facilitate drone
 3D Printing is a process for making a
registrations, licensing and permits.
physical object from a three-dimensional
8. OEMs should include specific features that
digital model, typically by laying down many
take into consideration principles of privacy
successive thin layers of a material. It brings
and protection of personal data by design
a digital object (its CAD representation) into
and by default.
its physical form by adding layer by layer of
9. Categorization of nano & micro drone will be
materials.
relaxed.
 3D printing is the opposite of subtractive
1. Nano--< 250g.
manufacturing which is cutting out /
2. Micro-- 250g -2 kg.
hollowing out a piece of metal or plastic with
3. Mini --2kg- 25kg.
for instance a milling machine.
4. Small --25kg-250kg.
About:
5. Large --> 250kg.
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 3D printing allows us to produce complex processes, such as machining, can result

shapes using less material than traditional in up to 90% of the original block of
manufacturing methods. material being wasted.
 3D Printing brings two fundamental  In contrast, 3D printing is a process for
innovations: the manipulation of objects in creating objects directly, by adding
their digital format and the manufacturing material layer by layer in a variety of ways,
of new shapes by addition of material. depending on the technology used.
 The most basic, differentiating principle
behind 3D printing is that it is an additive
manufacturing process. This is the key
because 3D printing is a radically different
manufacturing method based on advanced
technology that builds up parts, additively, in
layers at the sub mm scale. This is
fundamentally different from any other
existing traditional manufacturing
techniques.
 3D printing drives innovation with
unprecedented design freedom while being a
tool-less process that reduces prohibitive
costs and lead times. Complicate geometries
and features can be created at no extra cost. Applications of 3D Printing:
 3D printing is also emerging as an energy- 1. Defence and Aerospace: At present, AM
efficient technology that can provide technology in the aerospace and defence
environmental efficiencies in terms of both sector is broadly used for prototyping, repair
manufacturing process itself, utilising up to of small parts and component
90% of standard materials, and throughout manufacturing.
the products operating life, through lighter
and stronger design. Examples: The UK Royal Air Force and Navy
use AM for repairing spare parts.
Advantage over traditional
manufacturing
2. Health
 Traditional design and production
Hearing aids have been made using 3D
processes impose a number of
printing technology.
unacceptable constraints, including the
Bio printers: Organ printing or body part
expensive tooling, fixtures, and the need
printing is being printed and some parts
for assembly for complex parts.
being used as implants of actual body parts.
 In addition, subtractive manufacturing
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Example: Titanium pelvic, plastic tracheal of the cooking process which can be
splint, titanium jaws customized.
Tissue engineering: Tissue engineering 7. Education: Affordable 3D printers in schools
made remarkable progress with printing of may be used for a variety of applications
3D blood vessels. This was achieved 3D bio- which can aid students with learning better.
printing technology and biomaterials through
vascularisation of hydrogel constructs. Advantages/ Benefits of 3D printing:
Dentistry: Dental Implants are being made Low cost: 3D printing is cheaper than
on a commercial level using 3D printing traditional method of manufacturing. Cost of
technology producing or manufacturing products using
Prosthetics: 3D printing is being used to 3d printing technology is equal for small-
make surrogate body parts scale and mass manufacturing.
Artificial organ: Additive manufacturing of Example: China was able to able to
stem cells has also led to various possibilities construct 10 one storey houses at less than
in printing artificial organs, although most of $5000 per house
the work is still in the experimental stage Less Time: Printing of the 3D object can be
3. Manufacturing: 3D printing can be used to done directly, differing from the traditional
manufacture varied forms of products- from manufacturing where different components
car or plane parts to sport goods, toys etc. had to be joined to form the final product.
Customised products are able to be Efficiency: Generating prototypes with 3D
manufactured as customers can edit the printers is much easier and faster with 3D
digital design file and send to the printing technology.
manufacturer for productions. Increased Productivity: It enables quick
4. Domestic Usage: 3D printers can be used in production with a high number of prototypes
the home to make small objects such as or a small-scale version of the real object
ornamental objects, small toys etc. Flexibility: Different materials can be used
5. Architecture, housing: The technology can in the 3D models. This makes it very easy to
be used for a variety of housing projects with create construction models or prototypes for
application in custom luxury designer a wide variety of projects within many
homes, large scale development projects, to industries.
temporary housing projects. It could also Customization: Every item can be
enable engineers to design and build stiffer customized to meet a user’s specific needs
and safer geometries for houses. Further, can without impacting the manufacturing costs.
also help engineers to rebuild and restore old Quality assurance: the technology builds
heritage designs quickly yet accurately. robust products with superior functionality
6. Food: 3D printing enables fast automated Employment opportunities: The widespread
and repeatable processes, freedom in design, use of 3d printing technology will increase
as well as allowing large and easy variability the demand for engineers who are needed to
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design and build these printers and design 3D Printing in India:

blueprints of products. GoI has launched several initiatives such as
Reduced wastage: Additive Manufacturing ‘Make in India’, ‘Digital India’ and ‘Skill India’
process produces less waste in comparison to improve investment opportunities and to
with other traditional manufacturing enhance manufacturing capabilities in the
techniques country.
Constraints with 3D Printing: Given the government’s interest in boosting

Limited size: The size of objects created with manufacturing, major manufacturers have
3d printers is currently limited established 3-D printing assembly lines and
Limited Raw Materials: With 3D printing distribution centres in partnership with
being an additive method (layer after layer), foreign technological firms.
the materials available suited for it are
limited- ceramics, resin, plastics, etc. Block Chain technology:
Effect on employment: Jobs in  A blockchain is a growing list of records
manufacturing will be rendered obsolete called blocks that are linked
which will have a negative impact on using cryptography. “Block” refers to the
developing economies. digital information and “chain” refers to the
Concerns over copyright public database in which blocks are stored.
infringements: There is concern over

counterfeit printing of copyrighted or
patented products. Anyone who gets a hold
of a blueprint will be able to counterfeit
products easily
Production of dangerous items: There are
concerns over deterring or controlling people
from 3D printing potentially dangerous
items. Example: International regimes such
as the Nuclear Suppliers Group, Missile
Technology Control Regime and Wassenaar
Agreement that control technology have been
Characteristic of blockchain technology
concerned about proliferation of high-
performance 3-D printers, which have the
capability to print parts for missile or nuclear
weapon.
Cyber security concerns: Studies have
shown that the 3-D printer connected to
online network is vulnerable to cyberattacks.
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theoretically immune to the old ways of

government control and interference.
 Cryptocurrencies can be sent directly
between two parties via the use of private
and public keys.
 These transfers can be done with minimal
processing fees, allowing users to avoid the
steep fees charged by traditional financial
institutions.
Applications of Block Chain Technology

1. Smart contracts – Any industry heavily
reliant on contracts, such as insurance,
financial institutions, real estate,
construction, entertainment, and law, would
Cryptocurrency: benefit from blockchain’s indisputable way to
update, manage, track and secure contracts.
Smart contracts, those that are embedded
with if/then statements and be executed
without the involvement of an intermediary,
also use blockchain technology.
Government regulators can use the smart
contacts in enforcing the regulations.
2. Supply chain management – Whenever
value changes hands or the status of asset
changes, blockchain is ideally suited for
 Cryptocurrency is an internet-based medium managing the process.
of exchange which uses cryptographical 3. Asset protection – Whether you’re a
functions to conduct financial transactions. musician who wants to ensure you get
 These leverage blockchain technology to gain royalties when your music gets played or a
decentralization, transparency, and property owner, blockchain technology can
immutability. help you protect your assets by creating an
 The most important feature of a indisputable record of real-time ownership.
cryptocurrency is that it is not controlled by 4. Personal Identification – Governments
any central authority: the decentralized manage vast amounts of personal data from
nature of blockchain makes cryptocurrencies birth and death records to marriage

certificates, passports and census data.
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Blockchain technology offers a streamlined Concerns Regarding Cryptocurrencies

solution for managing all of it securely.
5. Payment processing – Blockchain has the Application concerns:
potential to be highly transformative to any  Money Laundering
company that processes payments. It can  Tax Evasion
eliminate the need for intermediaries that are  Capital Flight
common in payment processing today.

Technology Concerns:
6. Crowdfunding– As with traditional
 Large power consumption
crowdfunding, a blockchain powered
 Private key security
crowdfunding campaign seeks to secure
 Transaction speed
investment for a new project from an
interested community. In this instance, Initiatives taken by India to promote Block
funding is most likely to come in the form of Chain Technology
bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. 1. Centre of Excellence in Blockchain
Technology’ in Bengaluru
Example:
It will facilitate Government Departments in
Coffee Board Activates Blockchain Based
building proof of concepts for use of
Marketplace in India
Blockchain technology in different
Blockchain based market place app for trading
dimensions of governance leading to large
of Indian coffees is intended to bring in
scale deployment of some such applications.
transparency in the trade of Indian coffee,
maintain the traceability of Indian coffee from  With National Informatics Centre (NIC)
bean to cup so as the consumer tastes real providing a robust and an agile
Indian coffee and the grower is paid fairly for infrastructure, the CoE shall also provide
his coffee produced. Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) for efficient
This initiative will help in: hosting of Blockchain network.
 Creating a brand image for Indian Coffee 2. National Digital Communication Policy
through traceability 2018
 Reducing grower’s dependency an
intermediary by having a direct access to 3. National Blockchain Strategy by NITI
buyers for a fair price for their produce, Aayog
 Finding right coffee suppliers for exporters
Super Computers
and within the stipulated time to meet the
 A supercomputer is a computer with a high
growing demands and
 Building a better trust and long-term
level of performance as compared to a
relationship due to increased visibility towards general-purpose computer. The performance
the traceability and transparency of the of a supercomputer is commonly measured
produce. in floating-point operations per second
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(FLOPS) instead of million instructions per Each friend can go through a separate
second (MIPS). checkout with a few of the items and pay
separately.
About:  Once you've all paid, you can get together
 A normal computer (Desktop, laptop etc.) is a again, load up the cart, and leave. The more
items there are and the more friends you
general-purpose machine that takes in
have, the faster it gets to do things by
information (data) by a process called input, parallel processing.
stores and processes it, and then generates  Parallel processing is more like what
some kind of output (result). happens in our brains.
 A supercomputer is not simply a fast or very
large computer: it works in an entirely
different way, typically using parallel
processing instead of serial processing that
an ordinary computer uses. Instead of doing
one thing at a time, it does many things at
once.
Serial Processing:
 An ordinary computer does one thing at a
time, so it does things in a distinct series of
operations; that's called serial processing.
 It is similar to a situation where a person
sitting at a grocery store checkout, picking
up items from conveyor belt, running them
through the scanner, and then passing them
on for you to pack in your bags.
 It doesn't matter how fast you load things
onto the belt or how fast you pack them: the
speed at which you check out is entirely
determined by how fast the operator can
scan and process the items, which is always
one at a time.
 Parallel Processing
 Modern supercomputer works much more
quickly by splitting problems into pieces and
working on many pieces at once, which is
called parallel processing.
 It's like arriving at the checkout with a giant Types of Supercomputers:
cart full of items, but then splitting your a) Massively parallel computers
items up between several different friends.
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Once scientists figured out the basic idea of to an arms embargo imposed on India, as it
parallel processing, it made sense to add was a dual-use technology and could be used
more and more processors. Since 1990s, for developing nuclear weapons.
supercomputers have routinely used many  In 1988, Center for Development of Advanced
thousands of processors in what's known Computing (C-DAC) was established under
as massively parallel processing. Ministry of electronics and Information
b) Clusters Technology (MeiTY) to develop an indigenous
Alternatively, one can make a supercomputer supercomputer to meet high-speed
by just buying a load of off-the-shelf PCs, put computational needs.
them in the same room, and interconnect  PARAM 8000 is considered to be India’s first
them using a very fast local area network supercomputer was indigenously built in
(LAN) so they work in a broadly similar way. 1991 by C-DAC.
That kind of supercomputer is called
a cluster. Google does its web searches for To develop Super Computing capabilities
users with clusters of off-the-shelf computers in India, GoI has launched National Super
dotted in data centers around the world. Computing Mission (NSM), 2015-22
c) Grids
National Super Computing Mission (NSM),
A grid is a supercomputer similar to a cluster
2015-22.
(in that it's made up of separate computers),
but the computers are in different places and Context: The first supercomputer designed
connected through the Internet (or other and built under National Supercomputing
computer networks). This is an example Mission (NSM) by C-DAC at Indian Institute
of distributed computing, which means that of Technology (BHU), Varanasi is
the power of a computer is spread across named “Param Shivay”.
multiple locations instead of being located in About:
one, single place (that's sometimes called  The mission will nationally coordinate
centralized computing). collaborative programme involving developers
The CERN Worldwide LHC Computing Grid, and users of supercomputing systems as well
assembled to process data from the LHC as academic and research institutions. It
(Large Hadron Collider) particle accelerator, aims to empower our national academic and
is an example of this kind of system. R&D institutions by installing a vast
supercomputing grid comprising of more
A Timeline: Supercomputers in India: than 70 high-performance computing
 Initially, India was importing Super facilities.
Computers from USA. – CRAY Computers.  These supercomputers will be networked on
Later, India's supercomputer program was National Supercomputing grid over the
started in late 1980s because Cray National Knowledge Network (NKN).
supercomputers could not be imported due
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 The first phase of the NSM is focused on Quantum Supremacy

assembling the supercomputers; the build Quantum supremacy refers to a problem-
element will be part of the second phase. solving process by the quantum computer that
 It would be implemented and steered jointly cannot be solved by a classical computer in its
by the Department of Science and normal lifetime. The concept is related to the
Technology (DST) and Department of speed at which a quantum computer performs.
Electronics and Information Technology
(DeitY) over a period of seven years. How Quantum Computers (QCs) works?
 A quantum computer uses quantum bits
Major Objective: (qubits) to process information in new ways.
 To make India world leader in Qubits, which can be made of atoms or
Supercomputing and to enhance India’s subatomic particles, behave according to the
capability in solving grand challenge laws of quantum mechanics.
problems of national and global relevance
QCs operate according to two key
 To empower our scientists and researchers
principles of quantum physics:
with state-of-the-art supercomputing
a) Superposition: It means that each qubit
facilities and enable them to carry out
can represent both a ‘1’ and a ‘0’ at the same
cutting-edge research in their respective
time
domains
b) Entanglement: Entanglement means that
 To minimize redundancies and duplication of
qubits in a superposition state can
efforts, and optimize investments in
be correlated with each other; that is, the
supercomputing
state of one qubit (whether it is a 1 or a
 To attain global competitiveness and ensure
0) can depend on the state of another qubit.
self-reliance in the strategic area of
It means that particles remain connected so
supercomputing technology
that actions performed on one affect the
Quantum Computers:
other, even when separated by great
 Quantum computing is the use of quantum-
distances.
mechanical phenomena such as
 Using these two principles, qubits can act as
superposition and entanglement to perform
more sophisticated switches, enabling
computation. Computers that perform
quantum computers to function in ways that
quantum computation are known as
allow them to solve difficult problems that
quantum computers.
are unmanageable using today’s computers.
 These are different from binary digital
 According to research, the quantum
electronic computers that are based on
processor took 200 seconds to perform a
transistors.
calculation that would have been
accomplished in 10,000 years by the
world’s fastest supercomputer ‘Summit’.
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Difference: algorithm's and entanglement multiple

Quantum computer and Regular computer design. possible answers are
Classical considered in a given
Quantum Computer computation.
Computer
It is large scale Circuit
It is high speed parallel behaviour is Circuit behaviour is
integrated
computer based on governed by govemed explicitly by
multi-purpose
quantum mechanics. classical quantum mechanics.
Computer(CPU)
Information physics.
Information storage is No restrictions
storage is bit Severe restrictions exist on
Quantum bit based on exist on copying
based on copying and measuring
direction of an electron or measuring
voltage/charge signals.
spin. signals
etc.
Quantum bits or "qubits"
Applications of Quantum Computers
are similar in that for
practical purposes we read A quantum computer can attack complex
them as a value of 0 or 1, problems that are beyond the scope of a classical
but they can also hold computer. The basic advantage is speed as it is
much more complex able to simulate several classical computers
Computer runs
information, or even be
on bits that working in parallel.
negative values. Before we
have a value of  Quantum computers would also be useful for
read their value they are in
either 0 or 1. tasks which handle huge amounts of data.
an indeterminate state
called superposition and  Data mining and artificial intelligence would
can be influenced by other be major beneficiaries, along with sciences
qubits (this is called which deal in volumes of data, from
entanglement). Qubits can
astronomy to linguistics.
be.
Discrete number
Infinite (continuous) Government's Initiatives to promote Quantum
of possible
number of possible states. Computing in India.
states: 0 or 1.
Probabilistic: Measurements 1. QuEST Program:
Deterministic:
on superposed states yield
Repeated In 2018, Department of Science &
probabilistic answers (our
computations Technology unveiled a program called
confidence in these answers
on the same Quantum-Enabled Science & Technology
builds up through repeated
input will lead
computations) then reduced (QuEST) and committed to investing ₹80
to the same
to 0 or 1. crore over the next 3 years to accelerate
output.
Only specifically Quantum answers (which research. This plan is to have a quantum
defined results are in quantity called computer built in India within the next
are available, amplitudes) are decade.
inherently probabilistic, meaning that
limited by an because of superposition
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2. National Mission on Quantum Technology:

Context: GoI in budget 2020 had announced
a National Mission on Quantum Technologies
& Applications (NM-QTA) for a period of 5
years. It will be implemented by Department
of Science & Technology (DST).
About Quantum Technology (QT):

 QT is a new field of engineering that National Mission on Quantum
translates the effects of quantum physics Technologies & Applications (NM-QTA):
into practical applications with disruptive  Transformative technologies that will be

potential. It works by using the principles of promoted under this mission include
quantum mechanics (physics of sub-atomic quantum computers and computing,
particles), including quantum entanglement quantum communication, quantum key
and quantum superposition. distribution, encryption, cryptanalysis,

a) Quantum Mechanics: It is a science that quantum devices, quantum sensing,
describes the unique behaviour of matter and quantum materials, quantum clock and so
energy at atomic and subatomic level. These on.
particles don’t obey the laws of classical  Mission draws upon the existing deep
Newtonian physics. strengths within academic institutes across
b) Quantum Superposition: According to this India to support interdisciplinary research
theory, sub-atomic particles can exist in projects in key verticals involving quantum
multiple states simultaneously. technology, while simultaneously developing
c) Quantum Entanglement: According to this key foundational strengths in important core
theory, sub-atomic particles can exhibit areas.
“entanglement,” where two or more particles
Significance of the Mission:
are inextricably linked and mirror each other
 Super-secure communication network
exactly, even when separated by great
(SSCN): Mission may lead to creation of a
physical distance.
SSCN to make online financial transactions
 By controlling single quantum entities and
hack-proof.
utilizing their characteristics, QT in the areas
 Solution for complex problems: Quantum
of sensing, computation and cryptography
principles will be used for engineering
can realize future technologies.
solutions to extremely complex problems in
computing, communications, sensing,
chemistry, cryptography, imaging and
mechanics.
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 Global recognition: India’s considerable electricity, OPVs have only been able to
investment in the field places it alongside the achieve half that rate.
United States, Europe and Russia.
2. Artificial Leaf:
 Device used to harness solar energy and
6. Energy Issues in News
convert it into usable chemical energy.
1. Organic photovoltaics (OPV)/ organic solar  Generally a cobalt and silicon coated
cell Perovskite is immersed in water that is split
Researchers from China have demonstrated an into hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of
organic solar cell efficiency rate of 17.3 percent— sunlight.
the highest ever recorded of its kind.  The hydrogen so formed is then used to
produce ‘syngas’ (hydrogen and carbon
monoxide) which can be compressed to form
liquid fuel that is used in vehicles
Fig: Organic Photovoltaics
About OPV or organic solar cells:

 OPVs are made from carbon and plastic, are
cheaper to make and have far more flexible Fig: Artificial Leaf
engineering applications.
 Completely flexible 3. Fuel Cell:
 OPVs can be made with compounds that are  A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical
dissolvible in ink, which is then printed on to potential energy (energy stored in molecular
a diverse range of materials. bonds) into electrical energy.
 This allows engineers to build semi-  Fuel cells work like batteries, but they do not
transparent solar cells into windowpanes run down or need recharging.

 They produce electricity and heat as long as
Why they are used less? fuel is supplied.
 Because of their low efficiency rates.  A fuel cell consists of two electrodes—a
 Where silicon photovoltaics convert between negative electrode (or anode) and a positive
18 to 22 percent of solar energy into electrode (or cathode)—sandwiched around
an electrolyte.
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 A fuel, such as hydrogen, is fed to the anode, Fig: Microbial Fuel Cell
and air is fed to the cathode.
ii. Csir- High-Temperature Based Fuel Cell
 both battery and fuel cell produce direct
System:
current (D.C).
 CSIR developed first Indigenous High
 Can be used for power backup in commercial
Temperature Fuel Cell System in partnership
and residential buildings.
with Indian industries under India’s flagship
program named “New Millennium Indian
Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI)”
 The 5.0 kW fuel cell system generates power
in a green manner using methanol / bio-
methane, with heat and water as bi-products
for further use; amounting to greater than
70% efficiency, which otherwise may not be
possible by other energy sources.
iii. Hydrogen-powered vehicles

Fig: Fuel Cell
China, Japan and South Korea have set
i. Microbial fuel cells ambitious targets to put millions of
 Is a bio-electrochemical device that hydrogen-powered vehicles on their roads.
harnesses the power of respiring microbes Supreme Court of India has directed the
(bacteria) to convert organic substrates government to look into the feasibility of Fuel
directly into electrical energy Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) to deal with air
 It transforms chemical energy into pollution.
electricity using oxidation reduction The Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
reactions combines hydrogen and oxygen to generate
 It has applications in various fields such as an electric current and water is the only by-
power generation systems, bio-recovery, product.
waste-water treatment, etc.
Fig: Hydrogen Powered Vehicles
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Advantages:
 It is greener technology as the by-products of
vehicles are only heat and water.
 They are far more energy-efficient than
traditional combustion technologies.
Hydrogen-powered vehicles vs Electric
vehicles Fig: Lithium -Ion Battery
 Driving ranges and refuelling times for FCVs
5. Iron ion battery
are comparable to gasoline cars, whereas
IIT Madras has fabricated a rechargeable iron
EVs require hours to recharge and provide
ion battery and registered initial success
only a few hundred kilometres of range.
 The iron ion battery is cost-effective and the
 In general, hydrogen is seen as the more
amount of energy that can be stored in
efficient choice for heavier vehicles that drive
the battery is also high
longer distances.
 However, lack of refuelling stations which are  Iron has favourable physicochemical
costly to build, is usually cited as the biggest properties like lithium
obstacle to widespread adoption of FCVs.  Iron is more stable during the charging
 Consumer worries about the risk of process and therefore prevents short-
explosions are also a big hurdle. circuiting of the batteries.
 Heavy subsidies are needed to bring prices  In iron ion battery, vanadium pentoxide is
down to levels of gasoline-powered cars. used as the cathode. Vanadium pentoxide

was chosen as it has a layered structure with
4. Lithium-ion Battery very large spacing between the layers.
 Central Electro Chemical Research Institute  This, when compared with the popular
(CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu and RAASI lithium metal-based batteries helps cut down
Solar Power Pvt Ltd have signed a the cost and make it safer to handle
Memorandum of Agreement for transfer of
technology for India‘s first Lithium Ion 6. Thermal Battery Plant
(Li-ion) Battery project. World‘s first-ever thermal battery plant was
 ISRO has approved commercial use of recently inaugurated in Andhra Pradesh.
lithium ion battery technology and the Thermal Battery
battery makers will be required to pay Rs 1  Thermal Battery was invented and patented
crore as a one-time technology transfer fee to by Dr Patrick Glynn in India 2016.
ISRO for every evehicle.  It uses thermal energy to operate, i.e., the
 It is expected to save 10-15 per cent of the energy created by temperature differences.
cost of e-vehicles.
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 It will also maintain a low carbon footprint,

and is less dependent on external factors like Benefits:
weather.  Technology can be used by civic bodies to

effectively manage solid waste.
Working  Once organic waste is entered into process,
 It consists of two parts: a cool zone known as the outputs generated are all usable.
‘sink’, and a hot source called ‘source’.  The hydro-char, rich in carbon and high
 Both these sides consist of compounds calorific content, can be utilized as fuel, as
known as Phase-Changing Materials (PCMs), an alternative for coal
which can change their state of matter on the  Its by-products include ash which can be
basis of a physical/chemical reaction. applied as a plant nutrient enhancer
 When the sink of a thermal battery receives
heat, it stores energy, while the source cools 8. Sodium Sulphur Battery
down and vice-versa.  IIT Madras has designed a new sodium
 Depending on the nature of the battery, the sulphur battery that can be operated at room
system can derive heat from any source, temperature.
which makes a thermal battery very versatile.  Sodium sulphur batteries use a solid
Applications - Electric vehicles, Telecom electrolyte, which reduces the diffusion of
infrastructures, Power intensive industries, sodium ions from the anode to the cathode at
in electrical grids. room temperature.

 It works at the temperature of about 300
7. Hydrothermal Carbonisation: degrees C.
 IIT-KGP develops Hydro Thermal  So in place of a solid electrolyte, a glass fiber
Carbonization technology for Waste separator soaked in the ether-based
Management for solid waste management. electrolytes used by the researchers that
 Technology can convert high moisture allow the battery to be operated at room
municipal solid waste to biofuel, soil temperature
amendment and absorbents.  It has a high-power density and is suitable
for large-scale energy storage and space
Process: applications
 The technology is aimed at conversion of wet  It is cost effective however has safety
biomass into hydro-char (a coal like fuel) concerns for widespread adoption
under suitable temperature and pressure
conditions. 9. Waste to Energy techniques (WtE):
 Moisture in waste is used to the advantage of Waste to energy technologies are part of the
process which uses water for reaction. huge philosophy of Waste to Wealth.
 The biofuel generated as recovered output
can help curb air pollution. There are many technologies that are used to
produce energy from the waste.
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Bio-Methanation:
 Methanogenesis or Biomethanation is the
process of combining organic waste materials
into biogas and manure.
 Biogas is a gaseous fuel that can be easily
used for energy generation and production of
heat.
Fermentation:
Fig: Wate to Energy Technologies  In the fermentation process, the sugar in the
waste is changed to carbon dioxide and
Incineration: alcohol, in the same general process that is
 Degradation and complete combustion of used to make wine.
waste under high temperature.  It is also used to convert food waste into
 It is a relatively old method of WtE biofuels
generation. Incineration generally entails
burning waste to boil water which powers 10. Coal Gasification:
steam generators that generate electric The Minister of Chemicals & Fertilizers has
energy and heat to be used in home signed a contract for the coal gasification
plant for the urea project at Talchar, Odisha.
Pyrolysis:  Transforms the fossil fuel into Synthetic
 Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of Natural Gas (SNG).
materials at elevated temperatures in an  Syngas is a mixture of methane (CH4),
inert atmosphere (absence of oxygen). It carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2),
involves a change of chemical composition. carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour
 Fast Pyrolysis Reactor (FPR) that will (H2O).
thermo chemically decompose any organic or  Can be used to produce a wide range of
carbon material into energy rich oil and gas. fertilizers, fuels, solvent and synthetic
 Pyrolysis is most commonly used in the materials.
treatment of organic materials.  The hydrogen obtained from coal gasification
Gasification: can be used for various purposes such as
 Gasification is a unique process that making ammonia, powering a hydrogen
transforms a carbon-based material, such as economy.
MSW or biomass, into other forms of energy
without actually burning it.
 It converts the solid and liquid waste
materials into usable synthesis gas, or
syngas through a chemical reaction.
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industrial applications like steel and cement

production.
12. Gas Hydrates:

Gas hydrates are crystalline form of methane
and water, and exist in shallow sediments of
outer continental margins.
 A hydrate is any chemical or mineral that
Fig: Coal Gasification method contains water, bound within its chemical
structure
11. Bio-Coal: Torrefaction Technology  Gas hydrates are formed when low molecular
India is testing Swedish technology — weight gases like methane are bound within
torrefaction that can convert rice stubble into a solid crystal lattice formed by water
‘bio-coal’. molecules.
 Naturally methane hydrates are found as
The government has funded a pilot project at
sedimentary mineral in the continental shelf
the National Agri-Food Biotechnology
areas, permafrost regions, and marine
Institute in Mohali (Punjab) with a Swedish
sediments.
company
 Thus methane hydrate sediments are found at
conditions of low temperature and high
pressure.
Types of Methane Hydrate Deposits
Fig: Terroefaction Technology
 Thermal process to convert biomass into a

coal-like material to improve the fuel like
characteristics.
 The process involves heating up straw, grass,
sawmill residue and wood biomass to 250
degrees Celsius – 350 degrees Celsius.
 During the torrefaction process a
combustible gas is released, which is utilised Fig: Methane Gas Hydrates
to provide heat to the process.
 This changes the elements of the biomass
into ‘coal-like’ pellets. These pellets can be
used for combustion along with coal for
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Fig: Methane Hydrate Program in India
Fig: Types of IPRS
Types of IPRs
Geogr
Indus
Cat aphic
Pate trial Trade Copy
egor al
nt Desig Mark Right
y Indica
n
tion
Rights
of
Fig: Methane Hydrate Deposits in India Sign Goods
creato
Excl capab of
Orna rs
usive le of specifi
7. Intellectual Property Rights menta over
Right distin c
l or the
Mea grant guishi origin
Aesth literar
ning ed ng the with
Intellectual Property Rights: etic y
for goods uniqu
aspect works
Intellectual property is a category of property that Inve and e
of life or
ntion servic qualiti
includes intangible creations of the human artisti
es es
c
intellect.
works
GI
India India
The main purpose of intellectual property law is Indust (Regist
n n Copy
rial ration
to encourage the creation of a wide variety of Pate Trade Rights
Act Desig of
intellectual goods. nt Marks Act
n Act Goods)
Act Act 1956
2000 Act
1970 1999
1999
Types of IPRs:
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Life
time +
Max 60
20 10 10yea 10
Year years
years years rs years
s after
the
death
Tra Yes
nsfe Yes
rabl (Pay
(Paym
e ment No No No ent of
(YE of
Royalt
S/N Roya
y)
O) lty)
Subs Yes
tanti Yes Yes (If the
Ren
ve (By (By special
ewa No
Inno payin payin ty Fig: GI tags in India
ble
vatio g fees) g fees) contin
n ues)
IPR Enforcement Institutional Structure in
Geographical Indication: India:
A geographical indication (GI) is a sign used on

products that have a specific geographical origin
and possess qualities or a reputation that are due
to that origin. In order to function as a GI, a sign
must identify a product as originating in a given
place.
Fig: Institutional Structure for IPRs in India
National IPR Policy, 2016:

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are private
rights which are applied for, and enforced, by the
owner of the concerned IP. IP professionals from
the relevant fields, including legal field, assist
them in this regard.
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Mission Statement: Stimulate a dynamic, and capacities for teaching, training,

vibrant and balanced intellectual property rights research and skill building in IPRs.
system in India to:
• Foster creativity and innovation and thereby, Highlights of the Policy:
promote entrepreneurship and enhance >> The Policy aims to push IPRs as a marketable
socio-economic and cultural development, financial asset, promote innovation and
and entrepreneurship, while protecting public
• Focus on enhancing access to healthcare, interest.
food security and environmental protection, >> Special thrust on awareness generation and
among other sectors of vital social, economic effective enforcement of IPRs, besides
and technological importance. encouragement of IP commercialisation
through various incentives.
Objectives: >> It suggests making the department of
The Policy lays down the following seven industrial policy and promotion (DIPP) the
objectives: nodal agency for all IPR issues. Copyrights
1) IPR Awareness: Outreach and Promotion – To related issues will also come under DIPP’s
create public awareness about the economic, ambit from that of the Human Resource
social and cultural benefits of IPRs among all Development (HRD) Ministry.
sections of society. >> Films, music, industrial drawings will be all
2) Generation of IPRs – To stimulate the covered by copyright.
generation of IPRs. >> The Policy also seeks to facilitate domestic
3) Legal and Legislative Framework – To have IPR filings, for the entire value chain from
strong and effective IPR laws, which balance IPR generation to commercialisation. It aims
the interests of rights owners with larger to promote research and development
public interest. through tax benefits.
4) Administration and Management – To >> Proposal to create an effective loan guarantee

modernize and strengthen service-oriented scheme to encourage start-ups.
IPR administration. >> It also says “India will continue to utilise the
5) Commercialization of IPRs – Get value for legislative space and flexibilities available in
IPRs through commercialization. international treaties and the TRIPS
6) Enforcement and Adjudication – To Agreement.” These flexibilities include the
strengthen the enforcement and adjudicatory sovereign right of countries to use provisions
mechanisms for combating IPR such as Section 3(d) and CLs for ensuring
infringements. the availability of essential and life-saving

drugs at affordable prices.
7) Human Capital Development – To strengthen
and expand human resources, institutions >> The policy left the country’s patent laws
intact and specifically did not open up
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Section 3(d) of the Patents Act, which sets 8. IPRs in School Syllabus
the standard for what is considered an 9. IPR Enforcement Toolkit for Police
invention in India, for reinterpretation. 10. Police Training Programs
>> On compulsory licensing (CL), India has 11. Sensitization Programs for Judiciary
issued only CL for a cancer drug. Mr. Jaitley
12. Combating Online Piracy
said, “We rarely exercise this power.” The
13. Technology and Innovation Support Centres
statement assumes significance as developed
(TISCs)
countries, including the US, have raised
14. Madrid Protocol- India joined in 2013
concerns over India issuing the CL. As per
the WTO norms, a CL can be invoked by a 15. Global Innovation Index (GII) - 52/129 (2019-
government allowing a company to produce a WIPO)
patented product without the consent of the 16. Promotion of Geographical Indications
patent owner in public interest. Under the 17. Social Media Campaigns to promote IPRs
Indian Patents Act, a CL can be issued for a 18. IPRs for Start-Ups and MSMEs
drug if the medicine is deemed unaffordable, 19. Dynamic Utility Facilities available on
among other conditions, and the government Website of O/o CGPDTM
grants permission to qualified generic drug
20. IPR cells in Higher educational institutions -
makers to manufacture it.
UGC
>> The IPR policy favoured the government
considering financial support for a limited Issues in India’s IPR regime-
period on sale and export of products based 1. Section 3(d) of the Indian Patent Act 1970
on IPRs generated from public-funded (as amended in 2005) does not allow patent
research. to be granted to inventions involving new
forms of a known substance unless it differs
Measures to promote IPRs in India:
significantly in properties with regard to
1. National IPR Policy 2016 efficacy.
2. Strengthening of Institutional Mechanism-
Cell for IPR Promotion and Management, This means that the Indian Patent Act does
Intellectual Property Rights Appellate Body, not allow evergreening of patents.
DPIIT
3. Clearing Backlog/ Reducing Pendency This has been a cause of concern to the
4. Increase in Filings pharma companies. Section 3(d) was

instrumental in the Indian Patent Office
5. Business Process Re-engineering-
(IPO) rejecting the patent for Novartis’ drug
Amendmnet to CopyRights Rules 2016 and
Glivec (imatinib mesylate).
Trade Mark Rules 2017
6. Augmentation of Human Resources
7. Creating IPR Awareness
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Issue of Compulsory licencing (CL): CL is pharmaceutical or agro-chemical products.

problematic for foreign investors who bring For this they demand a Data Exclusivity law.
technology as they are concerned about the
misuse of CL to replicate their products. It 3. Enforcement of the Copyright act is
has been impacting India-EU FTA weak, and piracy of copyrighted materials is
negotiations. widespread.
CL is the grant of permission by the Generic Medicine:

government to entities to use, manufacture,  Generic medicines and vaccinations are
import or sell a patented invention without copies of originally researched drugs, but at
the patent-owner’s consent. Patents Act in much lower prices.
India deals with CL.  A few years post the launch of a new drug by
a pharma company, the patent on it expires.
CL is permitted under the WTO’s TRIPS (IPR)  That is when copies of the drugs are
Agreement provided conditions such as manufactured and sold by non-original
‘national emergencies, other circumstances makers at much cheaper rates.
of extreme urgency and anti-competitive
practices’ are fulfilled. For example, Aspirin and Paracetamol are
generic drugs that are often sold under
Special 301 Report: brand names like Disprin and Crocin.
 India continues to remain on the United  The dosage, composition, method of intake,
States Trade Representative's benefits, quality, and even side effects of
(USTR’s) ‘Priority Watch List’ for generic medicines are similar to the brand-
alleged violations of intellectual property name version of the drugs.
rights (IPR).  Just because generics have a significantly
 In its latest Special 301 report released by lower price tag, it does not mean that these
the United States Trade Representative medications are less effective.
(USTR), the US termed India as “one of the
world’s most challenging major economies" Need for generic drugs:
with respect to protection and enforcement  In India, high drug prices act as a strong
of IP. barrier to seeking effective healthcare as
people lack purchasing power. The facts
2. Data Exclusivity: Foreign investors and mentioned below are direct reasons for high
MNCs allege that Indian law does not protect prevalence of disease burden in India and
against unfair commercial use of test data or generic medicines play an important role
other data submitted to the government here.
during the application for market approval of  Status of health-care India
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 According to a survey by National Terms:

Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority a major Bio-Similar-
portion of hospital bills – 55% – is payments
 A biosimilar is a biologic medical product
for medicines and other consumables in
that is almost an identical copy of an
India.
original product that is manufactured by a
 In 2015-16 the share of household out-of-
different company.
pocket expenditure including the payment for
 Biosimilars are officially approved
health insurance constituted 64.7 % of
versions of original “innovator”
the Total Health Expenditure (THE).
products and can be manufactured when
 In India, about 55 million people are
the original product’s patent
annually pushed below the poverty line due
expires. Reference to the innovator
to healthcare payments.
product is an integral component of the
Advantag approval.
es of
Concerns Way forward
Generic
Difference between biosimilars and
Drugs
generics:
Quality
Monitoring  Biosimilars involve developing equivalent
Ex: Tamil Nadu of biological entity while generics involve
Efficacy of and Rajasthan developing equivalent of a chemical entity-
Affordabili
Biosimilars is has strict quality the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient.
ty
in question monitoring
 In case of biosimilars, biological entities
systems at place
being some ward different (and not as it is
while procuring
Generics. of replica), every organism has to be
Awareness on engineered to produce the same

Easy Data sharing therapeutic effect while in generics, the
Jan Aushadi
Access issues
Kendras copies of API can be generated
Universal Compulsory  Bio-similars differ from generics – in
Increased R&D
Health Licensing complexity, in
spending
Care issues the manufacturing processes and in the
Weak data needed to demonstrate similarity for
Regulatory
approval. The structure of Generic Simple
Oversight
and well-defined whereas for Bio-similar
User
its Complex with potential structural
awareness
variations.
 Regulatory procedure to get approval for
biosimilars is complex as compared to that
of a generic.
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Jan Aushadi Yojana- indicators, which are critical to the growth
 Objective: Making quality medicines of effective IP systems.
available at affordable prices for all,  Indicators encompasses 8 categories of IP.
particularly the poor and disadvantaged,

2. Patent Prosecution Highway:
through exclusive outlets "Jan Aushadhi
Medical Store", so as to reduce out of Cabinet approved the proposal for adoption
pocket expenses in healthcare. of Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)
 Fist Jan Aushadi Store is opened in 2008. programme by the Indian Patent Office
 In September 2015, the 'Jan Aushadhi (IPO) under the Controller General of
Scheme' was revamped as 'Pradhan Mantri Patents, Designs & Trade Marks, India
Jan Aushadhi Yojana' (PMJAY). (CGPDTM).
 In November, 2016, to give further  Programme will initially commence between
impetus to the scheme, it was again Japan Patent Office (JPO) and Indian
renamed as "Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Patent Office on pilot basis for a period of
Janaushadhi Pariyojana" (PMBJP). three years only.
 PMBJP is a campaign launched by the  Under this Pilot programme, Indian Patent
Department of Pharmaceuticals to provide Office may receive patent applications in
quality medicines at affordable prices to certain specified technical fields only,
the masses. PMBJP stores have been set namely, Electrical, Electronics, Computer
up to provide generic drugs, which are Science, Information Technology, Physics,
available at lesser prices but are Civil, Mechanical, Textiles, Automobiles
equivalent in quality and efficacy as and Metallurgy while JPO may receive
expensive branded drugs. applications in all fields of technology.
IPR Related Issues in India: Benefits of the programme:
1. IPR Index:  Reduction in time to dispose patent
 The Global Innovation Policy Centre (GIPC) of applications.
the US Chamber of Commerce released the  Reduction in pendency of patent
International IP (Intellectual Property) applications.
Index. India is ranked at 40th position  Improvement in quality of search and
slipping from 36th in 2019. examination of patent applications.
 USA, UK, FRANCE, GERMANY AND  An opportunity for Indian inventors including
SWEDEN are the top 5 countries in the MSMEs and Start ups of India to get
index. accelerated examination of their patent
 The Index evaluates the IP infrastructure in applications in Japan.
each economy based on 45 unique

3. Sathi Initiative:
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The Department of Science & Technology A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has

has launched a unique scheme called been signed between the Intellectual
“Sophisticated Analytical & Technical Help Property Facilitation Cell (IPFC), Ministry
Institutes (SATHI)”. of Defence (MoD) and National Research
 These Centres are expected to house major Development Corporation (NRDC),
analytical instruments to provide common Ministry of Science and Technology to
services of high-end analytical testing, provide a major fillip to the ongoing efforts
thus avoiding duplication and reduced towards promoting a culture of
dependency on foreign sources. Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights
 DST has already set up three such centres in (IPR) in Indian Defence industry. This would
the country, one each at IIT Kharagpur, IIT give a boost to Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti.
Delhi and BHU at a total cost of Rs 375
Cores. Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti:
 It is planned to set up five SATHI Centres  It was launched in 2018 with an aim to
every year for the next four years inculcate IP culture in Indian defence
 SATHI will address the problems of manufacturing ecosystem.
accessibility, maintenance, redundancy  The Directorate General of Quality
and duplication of expensive equipment in Assurance (DGQA) has been entrusted with
our Institutions, while reaching out to the the responsibility of coordinating and
less endowed organizations in need. implementing the programme.
 Address the issue of Intellectual property
(IP) creation and protection, 5. Draft Copyright (Amendment) Rules, 2019:
a digital platform will be created which will Context: Department for Promotion of
facilitate seamless application and Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) recently
capture IPRs (Intellectual Property Rights). released the draft of Copyright (Amendment)
Ministry of Textiles and Ministry of Power Rules, 2019
have joined hands under the initiative SAATHI
(Sustainable and Accelerated Adoption of Features:
efficient Textile technologies to Help Small  Setting up an Appellate Board to replace
Industries) in order to sustain and accelerate the Copyright Board.
the adoption of energy efficient textile  It also proposes to amend the manner in
technologies in the power loom sector and cost which copyright societies fix their tariff
savings due to use of such technology. This schemes.
scheme was launched in 2018.  While fixing its tariff the copyright society
may consider, “cross-sectional tariff
4. Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti: comparisons, economic research, the nature
and scope of the use of the work, the
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commercial value of the rights in use and the well as invaluable clues to the nature of gravity
benefits to licensees” itself.
 It is mandatory for copyright societies to
publish the annual transparency report for Gravitational Waves (GWs):
each financial year on its Website.  GWs are ripples curvature of space-time
which propagates as waves. These waves
travel at the speed of light and distort space-
8. Advancements in Fundamental
Physics time on their path.
 They transport energy as gravitational
1. Gravitational Wave: radiation and pass through matter without
Context: In 2015, scientists detected interacting with it.
gravitational waves for the very first time.  They squeeze and stretch (longitudinal
They used a very sensitive instrument called motion) anything in their path as they pass
LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational- by.
Wave Observatory).
What causes gravitational waves?
Details: The most powerful gravitational waves are created
 These first gravitational waves happened when objects move at very high speeds. Some
when two black holes crashed into one examples of events that could cause a
another. The collision happened 1.3 billion gravitational wave are:
years ago. But, the ripples didn’t make it to  when a star explodes asymmetrically (called
Earth until 2015! a supernova)
 LIGO recorded the gravitational waves  when two big stars orbit each other
generated due to the merger of two black  when two black holes orbit each other and
holes that were 2.4 billion light years away. merge
The black holes were 20 and 40 times the
mass of the sun. But these types of objects that create gravitational
waves are far away. And sometimes, these events
Background: only cause small, weak gravitational waves. The
Albert Einstein predicted the existence of waves are then very weak by the time they reach
gravitational waves in 1916 in his general theory Earth. This makes gravitational waves hard to
of relativity. He showed that massive accelerating detect.
objects (neutron stars or black holes) would
disrupt space-time in such a way that ‘waves’ of What is the significance of the discovery?
distorted space would radiate from the source.  This discovery opens a new avenue for space
These ripples would travel at the speed of light exploration.
through the Universe, carrying with them  Currently, primary tool for space exploration
information about their cataclysmic origins, as is the observation through telescopes that
rely only on light waves reaching us from
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outer space. But objects like black-hole and detector development, observations and data
dark matter do not emit light and there is no analysis.
easy way to detect them.  It comprises world's largest precision optical
 However, objects like black-hole and dark instruments and one of the world's largest
matter can interact via gravity, and vacuum systems. Currently, LIGO operates
gravitational waves might be the only agent three gravitational wave detectors at
which carries their information to us. Livingston, Louisiana and Hanford. They are
 Light could not pass through the opaque located 3,000 km apart in the shape of ‘L’.
plasma medium of early universe. However
GW could easily propagate. Hence carry the
clue to origin of the universe.
1. LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-

Wave Observatory)
Context: In August 2017, first
observations of gravitational ripples
(gravitational waves) from a neutron star
collision were detected. The ripples were
detected using the LIGO observatory.
Fig: LIGO Project
About LIGO:
 LIGO is a massive observatory for detecting
cosmic gravitational waves and for carrying
out experiments and use these gravitational-
wave observations in astronomical studies.
 It is funded by the U.S. National Science
Foundation and operated by the California
Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
 LIGO detectors use laser interferometry to
measure the distortions in space-time
occurring between stationary, hanging
masses (mirrors) caused by passing
gravitational waves.
 It is a facility for gravitational-wave research,
providing opportunities for the broader Fig: Laser Interferometer
scientific community to participate in

3. LIGO-India (PROJECT IndIGO):
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Context: GoI has go ahead to the Indian wing masses within spacecraft are small compared
of the ambitious Laser Interferometer to an expected gravitational wave signal.
Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) project.
About:
About:  LISA Pathfinder was launched by ESA in
 The first of its kind in Asia to study 2015.This is stationed around the L1 point
gravitational wave. (first Langrangian Point) between the Earth
 A new gravitational wave detector to measure and the Sun which is nearly 1.5 million km
ripples in the fabric of space and time is set away from the Earth.
to be built in India by 2025  The aim of the mission is to demonstrate the
 LIGO India will come up in Maharashtra, technology needed to establish a space-based
which will also have two arms of 4 km observatory to study gravitational waves.
length.
 LIGO-India project is piloted by Department Significance:
of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Department of Completing its mission in 2017, LISA
Science and Technology (DST). Pathfinder has shown that the low noise
 It will be built in collaboration with levels surpassed the original requirements.
universities from across the globe

 The new Laser Interferometer Gravitational-
Wave Observatory (LIGO) detector will add to
the two already operational in the US
Lagrangian Point
 These are positions in space where
combined gravitational pull of a two large
bodies (eg. Earth and sun) can hold a third,
smaller body (such as an asteroid) in a
Fig: LIGO India Project stable orbit with one of the larger bodies.
There are five Lagrange points in the Earth-
4. LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) sun system, numbered L1 through L5.
Pathfinder.  Of the five Lagrange points, three are
unstable and two are stable. The unstable
Context: LISA Pathfinder was launched in
Lagrange points are labeled L1, L2 and L3
2015 as a proof-of-concept that tests that the
and the stable Lagrange points are labeled
noise characteristics of free-floating test L4 and L5.
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5. Dark matter & Dark Energy calculated that any primordial black hole with a
Context: Scientists in a study published in mass greater than 1012 pounds could still be
journal Nature Astronomy have put the around today, while those less massive would
Stephen Hawking theory to its most rigorous have already disappeared.
test to date, saying dark matter is not made And depending on their mass (which, remember,
up of primordial black holes smaller than a depends on when they formed), any primordial
tenth of a millimetre. black holes left today could neatly explain some of
the outstanding problems in astronomy. One
such problem is dark matter.
Astronomers remain stumped as to what exactly

dark matter is. Primordial black holes could be
the answer — or, at least, part of it. Primordial
black holes could be a type of dark matter.
About Dark Matter

 The term ‘dark’ is used to denote the
unknown. And dark matter corresponds to
unknown matter whose properties are not
Primordial Black Holes
clear to scientists.
 All the black holes that astronomers have
 In the solar system, Mercury, the planet
seen fall into one of three categories: stellar-
mass black holes, intermediate-mass black closest to the Sun, takes just 88 days to
holes and super-massive black holes. make one revolution around the sun; while
 But there is another type of black hole Neptune, the farthest one, takes 165 years to
astronomers haven’t yet seen, but think make one round.
could exist. These are primordial black  Laws of gravity expect us to see stars closer
holes. There was only a small period of time
to the centre of galaxies rotating faster than
— about 1 second — following the Big Bang
when primordial black holes could have the stars on the edge.
formed.  However, in most galaxies, the stars closer to
 Later in this window of time that primordial the centre and the stars at the edge of the
black holes formed, the more massive they galaxies take almost same time to make one
would be. Hence, these could have masses revolution.
as low as 10-5 grams (100,000 times less
 This implied that something invisible and
than a paperclip), up to about 100,000
enveloping the galaxies was giving an extra
times greater than the Sun.
push to the outer stars, speeding them up.
Dark Matter: Background: This entity, known as `dark matter’.
Astrophysicist Stephen Hawking had concluded  The material is considered to be a ‘matter’
that black holes can evaporate over time. He since it appears to have gravitational
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attraction, and it is ‘dark’ because it does not 7. Stephen Hawking’s theory for mysterious
seem to interact with light dark matter
Context: Scientists in a study published in
the journal Nature Astronomy have put the
Stephen Hawking theory to its most rigorous
test to date, saying dark matter is not made
up of primordial black holes smaller than a
tenth of a millimetre.
Dark Energy10310140388R Background:

 Dark energy can be thought of as  Stephen Hawking’s theory proposes that
“quintessence” or a fifth fundamental force primordial black holes are a source of dark
following the known forces: gravity, matter.
electromagnetism, and the strong and weak  He computed that the mass of the primordial
nuclear forces. Most of the universe is made black holes could range from as low as one-
up of dark energy, a mysterious force that hundredth of a milligram to as high as more
drives the accelerating expansion of the than the mass of a thousand Suns.
universe.
 It is a property of space so does not get About the findings
diluted as space expands. As more space  A group of scientists from Pune have ruled
comes into existence, more of this energy-of out Stephen Hawking’s theory for mysterious
space appears. As a result, dark energy dark matter. Researchers used the
causes the universe to expand faster and gravitational lensing effect to look for
faster. primordial black holes between Earth and
 While Dark matter exerts a “pull” on the the Andromeda galaxy.
universe, Dark Energy has a contrasting  For one whole night, the research team took
expansionary effect. As is it evident, our 190 consecutive images of Andromeda
universe is expanding, indicating that Dark galaxy. For Hawking’s theory to be true,
Energy has a greater abundance than dark there should have been at least 1000 Gravity
matter. lensing events. But the researchers were able
 By the laws of cosmology, the total amount of to find only one such event. Hence proving
mass in the universe cannot increase. Hence Hawkins theory wrong
while the amount of Dark matter remains Gravitational lensing

constant, Dark Energy which is a property of  Black holes are not radiant and will not be
space itself is bound to increase visible through any telescope.
exponentially.  However, as first suggested by Albert
Einstein, if by chance, a tiny primordial
black hole eclipses a distant star, light
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rays of the star will bend around the black  The other kind is supermassive black holes,
hole due to the gravitational force, which are millions to billions of times more
resulting in the star appearing to be massive than the sun.
brighter than it originally is for a short  While black holes are very massive, that
while. doesn’t mean they take up a lot of space.
 This is called “gravitational lensing”, this Because they’re so dense, they’re actually
rare phenomena can occur only when the quite small.
star, the black hole and the observer on 000000
the Earth are aligned in a straight line. Fig: Blackhole Photograph
8. Blackholes Capturing a Blackhole:

 A black hole is a region in space where the  The first ever blackhole photograph has been
pulling force of gravity is so strong that light captured using Event Horizon Telescope
is not able to escape. (EHT)
 Blackhole has been named "Powehi",
meaning embellished dark source of
unending creation.
How black hole was captured?

 Advanced space telescopes can identify black
holes by observing the behaviour of material
and stars that are very close to black holes.
 The hot disk of material encircling a black
hole, as NASA explained, shines bright.
 The gases in that accretion disk are heated
up as they accelerate toward the black hole,
 A black hole cannot be seen because of the causing them to glow extremely brightly.
strong gravity that is pulling all of the light  The colours they glow are invisible to us, but
into the black hole's center. are detectable with an X-ray telescope.
 A black hole's gravity can sometimes be
EHT targeted two Blackholes to capture
strong enough to pull off the outer gases of
the image
the star.
 Sagittarius A* which is 26,000 light years
Size: from the earth, at the centre of the Milky
 Small black holes are called stellar-mass Way
black holes. They have masses similar to  another black hole which is 55 million light
those of larger stars — about five to 20 times years away at the centre of the Messier 87
the mass of the sun. galaxy in the Virgo galaxy cluster
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8. Event Horizon Telescope:  They move nearly at the speed of light.

 EHT is not a single Telescope but a network  They have no electric charge and are not
of tenground-based radio telescopes that are affected by electric or nuclear forces.
linked together.  Under most conditions matter is
 The EHT links telescopes around the globe to transparent to neutrinos and thus
form an Earth-sized virtual telescope with neutrinos pass through all matter almost
unprecedented sensitivity and resolution. entirely. Hence, they are difficult to detect.
 The EHT project is an international
partnership of thirteen agencies formed in Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO)
2012. Its main objective is to directly observe

the immediate environment of a black hole.
 The findings will provide insight into the
celestial object so dense that their
gravitational field swallows everything
including light.
 FUNDING- US National Science Foundation
(NSF), the EU's European Research Council
(ERC), and funding agencies in East Asia.
 Technique Used: The EHT observations use a
technique called very-long-baseline Fig: Nutrino Observatory
interferometry (VLBI).
Basics of Particle Physics:
The elementary particles in nature are
Quarks, Leptons and Bosons
Fig: Event Horizon Telescope Array
10. Neutrinos
 Neutrinos are subatomic particles that are Fig: Basics of Particle Physics
almost mass less.

11. Quarks
 They are generally emitted during nuclear
 Quark is a fundamental constituent of matter
decays
and is defined as an elementary particle.
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 These quarks combine to produce composite  It has been theorized that any particle that
particles called hadrons, the most stable of interacted with these Higgs Boson got mass
which are neutrons and protons that are the and those particles that were left out of the
components of atomic nuclei. Higgs field remained massless.
 Quarks cannot exist independently but as a  As these Higgs Bosons have the capability to
constituent part of the matter. grant mass, the primary condition for the
 There are 6 types of quarks existence of matter, they were termed as the
God particle.
Antiquarks: The antiparticles that correspond
to every flavour of quarks are known as
Antiquarks. Antiquarks have the same mass,
same mean lifetime and same spin
corresponding to quarks, but other properties
like electric charge and other charges have
opposite sign.
12. Leptons
 Like quarks, leptons too are of 6 types.
However, they do not have any fractional
charge. The leptons are: ELECTRON, MUON,
TAU and 3 Types OF NEUTRINOS
 Electron being a Lepton is a fundamental
Fig: Hoggs Boson Particle
elementary particle.
13. Boson
 Boson is a collective name given to particles
that carry forces.
 It has been named after Indian scientist
Satyendra Nath Bose.
14. Higgs Boson Particle

 Peter Higgs suggested that particles did not
have mass just after Big Bang.
 As the universe cooled and temperature fell
below the critical point, an invisible force
field got formed which has been termed the
Higgs Field.
 The associated particles with the Higgs field
have been termed the Higgs Boson.
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15. Space Telescope
Telescope Features
 To be the successor of Hubble space telescope
 provide improved infrared resolution and sensitivity over Hubble
 To be launched in 2021
James Webb  Will study every phase in the history of our Universe to the formation of solar
Telescope systems capable of supporting life on planets, to the evolution of our own Solar
System.
 Collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian
Space Agency (CSA).
 Launched into low Earth orbit in 1990
Hubble Space
 Built by NASA with help of ESA
Telescope
 Only telescope designed to be serviced in space by astronauts.
 Planet-scale array of eight ground-based radio telescopes forged through
Event
international collaboration
Horizon
 Designed to capture images of a black hole.
Telescope
 Recently it captured the image of a black hole Messier 87
 Proposed extremely large telescope
 Controversial because of the place chosen for its setup – MaunaKea, Hawaii.
 Allow astronomers to explore the mysterious period in the life of the universe
when the first stars and galaxies were formed,
Thirty Meter
 India is a part of the project. From the Indian side, this will be a joint project of
Telescope
the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Department of Atomic
Energy (DAE).
 The Indian industries are making the telescope’s sensors, actuators and its
mechanical support structure.
 Part of NASA’s Great Observatory Programme
Spitzer Space
 Designed to detect infrared radiation
Telescope
 It was able to reveal cooler objects in space
 Chinese telescope
Xuntian  300 times wider than Hubble space telescope
 Will capture deep space objects
 JAXA AND ESA
 InfraredSpaceTelescope
Spica
 Aims to elucidate the process that enriched the universe with metal and dust and
led to the formation of habitable world.
 In Hawaii
Gemini  Radio telescope of USA
 Used to measure distance to the galaxy using redshift
 First telescope of South Africa
Meerkat  It will be the biggest of the radio telescopes deployed in Southern hemisphere
 Will address key questions like how did galaxy form, their evolution etc.,
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9. Technologies and Innovations in

Day to Day Life
Biometrics:
Biometrics is a branch of information technology
that aims towards establishing one’s identity
based on personal traits.
A biometric system is a technology which takes

an individual’s physiological, behavioral, or both
traits as input, analyzes it, and identifies the
individual as a genuine or malicious user.
Automated Multi-modal Biometric
Why Biometrics is Required? Identification System (AMBIS)
 Authentication (Identification)
 Verification Maharashtra government has implemented
 Authorization AMBIS
 Shortcomings of Conventional Security Aids  AMBIS is an advanced crime detection
(e.g. PIN and passwords) system, for detection of crime based on the
available fingerprint, palmprint and iris scan
Working: data of criminals on record
 Components: An AMBIS unit comprises a
computer terminal, a camera, and iris,
fingerprint, and palm scanners. It also
includes a portable system to dust off and
capture fingerprints from crime scenes.
 Working: With the integration of the system
with facial recognition from CCTV cameras,
AMBIS enables the police to cross-reference
and put faces to criminals whose fingerprints
have been captured on paper over the
decades, apart from solving fresh crimes.
Automated Facial Recognition System

(AFRS):
 Central government wants to create a
“repository of photographs of criminals in the
country,” and wants to put a system in place
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to track “missing children and unidentified

dead bodies
 National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has
invited bids to create such system
Facial Recognition:
 It is a way of recognizing a human face
through technology.
 A facial recognition system uses biometrics
to map facial features from a photograph
or video.
 It compares the information with a
4D Printing:
database of known faces to find a match.
 Scientists have successfully developed the
 Facial recognition can help verify personal
world's first 4D printing for ceramics. This
identity, but it also raises privacy issues.
technology is part of the project of MIT Self-
assembly Lab.
 It can be used to create complex, shape-
changing objects.
 4D Printing is referred to as 3D printing
transforming over time. Thus, a fourth
dimension is added: time.
 The difference is that the 4D Printing
technology uses programmable and
advanced materials (smart materials) that
Biometric Seafarer Identity Document (BSID):
perform a different functionality by adding
India has become the first country in the world to
hot water, light or heat.
issue BSID, capturing the facial bio-metric data of
 The 4D printed objects can re-shape or self-
seafarers.
assemble themselves over time with external
 BSID was launched by the Ministry of
stimuli, such as mechanical force,
Shipping and Ministry of Chemical &
temperature, or a magnetic field.
Fertilizers.
 BSID is an improvement over the two finger
or iris based bio-metric data, with modern
security features.
 It will give a fool proof identification to Indian
seafarers which will facilitate their
movement, provide ease of getting jobs and
help in identifying them from any location in
the world.
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E Cigarette Ban:
Parliament has passed the Prohibition of Why ban?
Electronic Cigarettes Bill, 2019.  e-Cigarettes usually contain nicotine which
makes product addictive.
It makes production, manufacture, import,
 e-Cigarettes cause health hazards for youth,
export, transport, sale, distribution, storage and
young adults, and pregnant women.
advertisement of e-cigarettes and other
 A number of metals, including lead,
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) a
chromium, and nickel, and chemicals like
punishable offence.
formaldehyde have been found in aerosols of
ENDS includes vapes, e-hookahs and e-cigars.
some ENDS, with concentrations equal to or
greater than traditional cigarettes. These
E Cigarette:
metals also work as ‘tumor promoters’.
 e-Cigarettes are battery powered devices that
 Lack of knowledge about the negative
work by heating a liquid into an aerosol that
effects of nicotine and easy accessibility of
the user inhales and exhales.
these products make the youth prone to
 The e-cigarette liquid typically contains
addiction.
nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin,
 These products are not registered as
flavorings, and other chemicals.
nicotine replacement therapy products in
 These devices belong to a category of vapour-
India.
based nicotine products called ENDS.
 E-cigarettes and other ENDS products may
Virtual Sim:
look like their traditional counterparts, but
Unlike a SIM card, virtual SIMs are not
they also come in other shapes and sizes and
attached to a mobile and created online to
can resemble daily use products (like pens
help you communicate.
and USB drives).
 Several companies selling ENDS in India Working Principle:
have positioned these products as a safer,  In case of Virtual SIM, there is no physical
less harmful alternative to traditional SIM card issued to the end user.
cigarettes or as devices that could help users
quit smoking.
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 Instead the mobile phones are embedded  Lower battery consumption.

with a universal SIM card that can be  Increased bandwidth to deliver greater
configured to store data of any operator. (in performance with lower latency
physical sim it is only from one particular
operator. E.g BSNL sim) Hyperloop:
 This enables remote SIM provisioning, which India has mooted its 1st hyperloop project,
simply means that one may connect to any the Mumbai Pune Hyperloop system.
operator of choice remotely without actually  The hyperloop concept is a brainchild of
having to buy a physical SIM card. Tesla founder Elon Musk.
 To enable remote SIM provisioning, you will  It is a transportation system where a pod-like
be authenticated by the operator (say BSNL) vehicle is propelled through a near-vacuum
using say a QR Code sent to you or other tube connecting cities at speeds matching
means. that of an aircraft.
 Further the information on Virtual SIM is  Most of the air has been removed in the
rewritable which means you can decide to tunnel to reduce friction for the pods and
change operator. hence increase speed.
 the smart phone can have ‘multiple virtual  Rather than using wheels like a train or car,
SIM’ facilities the pods are designed to float on air skis,

using magnetic levitation to reduce
Wi-Fi 6.0: friction.
 It is Next generation standard in Wi-Fi  Hyperloop will allow travel at the near-
technology. Also known as “AX Wi-Fi" supersonic speeds of 1,200 kilometers per
 However, the function of the Wi-Fi remains hour, or Mach 0.91.
same that id connecting multiple devices but
now with a higher speed than Wi-Fi 5.0 Working:
 Instead of boosting the speed for individual  Firstly, the track on which the capsules move
devices, Wi-Fi 6 is all about improving the is essentially an electromagnetic motor laid
network when a bunch of devices are flat on the floor.
connected.  Each pod is pushed along the track when an
 It was built for in response to the growing electric current is fed through the magnets.
number of devices in the world of IoT  Where an electric motor spins in a circle, the
(Internet of Things) due to faster data hyperloop pod is propelled forwards.
transmission rates.
Magnetic levitation- (maglev) or magnetic
Advantages: suspension is a method by which an object is
 High speed for all the connected devices suspended with no support other than
 Highest standards for security and magnetic fields.
interoperability.
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Magnetic force is used to counteract the effects  Power Generation – Cloud seeding
of the gravitational acceleration and any other experiments have shown to augment
accelerations. production of hydroelectric during the last 40
years in Tasmania, Australia.
 Water Pollution Control –To maintain
minimum summer flows of the rivers and
dilute the impact of treated wastewater
discharges from municipalities and
industries.
 Weather modification: Fog Dispersal, Hail
Suppression, and Cyclone Modification.
Project Sky Water of U.S.A.
Cloud Seeding:
 Air pollution – Urban areas like Delhi and
 Process of augmenting the process of
Mumbai have contemplated the use of cloud
precipitation by manipulating the size of
seeding to combat air pollution as rain water
condensation nuclei.
absorbs particulate matter.
Redefining Kilogram:
General Conference on Weights and

Measures (CGPM) is the highest international
body of the world for accurate and precise
measurements and comprises of 60 countries
including India and 42 Associate Members.
 Under his process substances capable of
absorbing water vapour (hygroscopic) such In 2019, the SI base units were redefined in
as silver iodide,sodium chloride, agreement with the International System of
potassium chloride, dry ice (solid carbon Quantities. The decision was made at the General
dioxide) are sprayed in the clouds to act as Conference on Weights and Measures.
using an aircraft or an artillery gun.
 This catalyzes the growth of condensation
nuclei which in turn results in enhanced
precipitation.
Applications Of Cloud Seeding:

 Agriculture –To augment rainfall in drought-
stricken areas. For instance ‘Project
Varshadhari’ in Karnataka in 2017.
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In 2019, India adopted a global resolution to  Planck constant is 6.62607015 × 10-34 m2

redefine four of the seven base units -- kg/s.
kilogramme, kelvin, mole and ampere, a move  The Planck constant is a concept in quantum
expected to have far-reaching effects, including mechanics. One can think of the Planck
changes in textbooks. constant as the smallest action an electron
can take.
Kilogram:
 Previously, it was defined by the weight of a FASTags- National Electronic Toll
platinum-based ingot called “Le Grand K” Collection system (NETC)
which is locked away in a safe in Paris. FROM DEC 1, 2019 the lanes in the national
 It was followed since 1889. highway collects toll only through FASTags
 Several close replicas were made and without human intervention
distributed around the globe.
Why change now?

 But the master kilogram and its copies were
seen to change – ever so slightly – as they
deteriorated.
 The fluctuation is about 50 parts in a billion,
less than the weight of a single eyelash.
 But accurate measurement is now critical in
many areas, such as in drug development,
nanotechnology and precision
engineering. About FASTag:
 FASTag is a device that employs Radio
New Definition:
Frequency Identification (RFID) technology
for making toll payments directly while the
vehicle is in motion.
 FASTag (RFID Tag) is affixed on the
windscreen of the vehicle and enables a
customer to make the toll payments directly
 The Kilogram has joined other standard units from the account which is linked to
of measure such as the second, metre, FASTag.
ampere, kelvin, mole and candela that would  FASTag is also vehicle specific and once it is
no longer be defined by physical objects. affixed to a vehicle, it cannot be transferred
 It now hinges on the definition of the Planck to another vehicle.
Constant, a constant of nature that relates
to how matter releases energy.
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Some of the key features and Cashback scheme is available

functionalities of National Electronic Toll to the customers on toll
Cashback.
Collection system. payments using FASTag at
National Highways Toll Plazas.
Off-line; near real time About RFID:
transaction processing as the  It is an electronic tag that can exchange data
Transaction
toll plazas send the with an RFID reader through radio waves.
Type.
transactions within 10 mins  In this an antenna broadcasts energy to
interval.
the tag, which in turn returns the
NETC ecosystem supports
modulated energy back in the form of back-
multiple issuers and multiple
Interopera scatter.
acquirers' i.e. Tag issued by
bility.  It is faster connection and its operational
any member bank is
accepted at all toll plaza range is about 100m
Customers can link their  RFID tag typically sends out information
FASTag to their existing hence only oneway information.
savings/current account or
Flexibility to
to a prepaid account basis the About NETC and NPCI:
choose the
offering from the Issuer
underlying  National Payments Corporation of India
member banks. For opening a
payment (NPCI) has developed the National Electronic
prepaid account, it is not
instruments. Toll Collection (NETC) program
mandatory to have an
existing relationship with  National Payments Corporation of India
the issuer bank. (NPCI), an initiative of the Reserve Bank of
Can be issued by member India (RBI) and Indian Banks’ Association
Tag
banks, authorized for NETC
Issuance. (IBA), is an umbrella organisation for
Program.
operating retail payments and settlement
FASTag facilitates electronic
Cashless payments at the toll plaza systems in India.
Payment. while the vehicle is in  NPCI functions under the provisions of the
motion. Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007
Customer can travel without and It is a non-profit organisation
stopping at the toll plaza by
Save Time using the FASTag thus reduce RFID vs NFC:
and Fuel. congestion at plazas and,
saving fuel and reduce travel
time.
Customer can recharge
Recharge FASTag account online
FASTag through issuing member banks
account portal using UPI/ Credit Card/
online. Debit Card/ NEFT/ RTGS /Net
Banking.
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BHIM 2.0:  The interface will allow account holders

BHIM app, a UPI based payment interface across banks to send and receive money from
developed by NPCI that allows real time fund their smartphones using just their Aadhaar
transfer unique identity number, mobile phone
number or virtual payments address without
The new version of BHIM also supports three entering bank account details.
additional languages -- Konkani, Bhojpuri and
Haryanvi
Some of the striking features marking BHIM

2.0 include
 A 'Donation' gateway,
 Increased transaction limits for high value
transactions,
 Linking multiple bank accounts
 Offers from merchants QR Code- Quick Response Code:
 Option of applying in IPO  A QR code consists of black squares arranged
 Gifting money in a square grid on a white background,
 Total languages – 16 (3 newly added) which can be read by an imaging device such
as a camera.
About BHIM:  QR contains information about the item to
 Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM) is a which it is attached.
payment app that lets you make simple, easy
and quick transactions using Unified Are Bharat QR & BHIM QR Same?
Payments Interface (UPI).  BHIM QR is UPI Based QR. It is preferably
 You can make direct bank payments to used for P2P or P2M dynamic Transaction
anyone on UPI using their UPI ID or using Virtual Payment Address.
scanning their QR with the BHIM app.  Bharat QR is specifically used for P2M
 You can also request money through the app transaction wherein payment is done via
from a UPI ID. cards i.e., Debit card/Credit Card/Pre-paid
Card
UPI Working:
 It will be an unique identifier that your bank Membrane-based Water Purification
uses to transfer money and make payments Systems (MWPS)- Reverse Osmosis
using the IMPS (Immediate Payments  Recently, the Union Ministry of Environment
Service). has issued a draft notification that seeks to
 It works 24*7 ban membrane-based water purification
 an initiative by National Payments systems (MWPS), primarily reverse osmosis
Corporation of India’s (NPCI)
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(RO), in areas where the water supplied water by pushing the water under pressure
meets norms through a semi-permeable membrane.
 National Green Tribunal (NGT) in May, 2019, Osmosis:
instructed the BAN It is a naturally occurring process. It is a
 Ban was ordered on the grounds that RO process where a weaker saline solution will
wasted water and that, in the process of tend to migrate to a strong saline solution.
removing salts, they often deprived drinking Examples of osmosis are when plant roots
water of essential salts absorb water from the soil and our kidneys
 It also asked the ministry to lay down a absorb water from our blood.
requirement for RO systems manufacturers
that the recovery of treated water should be Semi-permeable membrane is a membrane that
at least 60 per cent as against 20 per cent will allow some atoms or molecules to pass but
prescribed by the Bureau of Industry not others. It allows the passage of water
Standards (BIS) in 2015 molecules but not the majority of dissolved salts,
organics, bacteria and pyrogens.
Note:
 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) = comprise
inorganic salts (principally calcium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium,
bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and
some small amounts of organic matter
that are dissolved in water
 As per a WHO study, TDS levels below 300
mg per litre are considered to be excellent
 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
guidelines on drinking water
o According to BIS standards, drinking Reverse Osmosis is capable of removing up to
water is considered below par if the TDS is 99%+ of the dissolved salts (ions), particles,
above 500 mg/l colloids, organics, bacteria and pyrogens from the
o BIS standards also state that RO system is feed water
not recommended for treatment of raw

Desalination Technology:
water having Arsenic level above 0.1 mg/l
 To convert salt water into freshwater, the
and Fluoride level above 8.0 mg/l )
most prevalent technology in the world is
Reverse osmosis (RO)
Reverse Osmosis Technology:
 Because RO plants convert seawater to fresh
Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to
water, the major environmental challenge
remove a large majority of contaminants from
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they pose is the deposition of brine (highly comes to investigating criminal activities
concentrated salt water). being rendered over it
 Another problem is that the pressure motors  Dark Net itself is only a part of the Deep Web
needed to draw in the seawater end up that is a broader concept, which includes
sucking in small fish and life forms sites that are protected by passwords
 There are concerns that desalinated water is  Only difference is that while the Deep Web is
short of vital minerals such as calcium, accessible, the Dark Net is deliberately
magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium and hidden
carbonates  The part of internet that is readily available
 The alternative desalination technology used to general public and searchable on standard
is thermal energy sourced from the ocean search engines is called as Surface Web
(There is a low-temperature thermal
desalination (LTTD) technique) Robotics:
The All India Council for Robotics and
Minjur desalination plant, in the state of Tamil Automation (AICRA) has announced the launch
Nadu, India. It is the largest desalination plant in of a new initiative the ‘Tech Startup Program’.
India. The second largest plant is in Jamnagar,
Gujarat, with a capacity of 96,000m³/day. It will act as incubation environment for
startups and other early stage adopters working
1st Solar-Powered Desalination: on Robotics and Robotics Process Automation
 IIT-Madras sets up India’s 1st solar-powered (RPA) in India.
desalination plant at Chennai.
 A 10,000-liters-per-day plant in Tamil Nadu Robotics Process Automation (RPA):
offers hope for powering clean water without  RPA is a technology capability that allows the
fossil fuels. streamlining of operations in the enterprises.
 It uses RO technology powered by solar  It also allows them to automate their
power mundane and tedious processes thereby
enabling users to enhance their productivity
Darknet: through higher value adding tasks.
 refers to the deep hidden internet platform  It is not a defined system and is yet evolving
that is used for narcotics sale, exchange of in nature.
pornographic content and other illegal  New and emerging ideas like artificial
activities by using the secret alleys of the ToR learning, deep learning or better operating
Network to stay away from the surveillance of systems can be added to it
law enforcement agencies
 Owing to its end-to-end encryption, darknet Difference between RPA and the
is considered very tough to crack when it Traditional Automation
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 Programmed machinery executes the work in  It was developed by the Hong Kong-based
a static way without responding or adapting Hanson Robotics and ‘activated’ on
to the changing environment. February 14, 2016.
 RPA, on the other hand are adaptive to the  Sophia, with a perfect skin and soft facial
changing environment and are very efficient, muscles, can give as many as 66 facial
increase productivity and are safe to work expressions.
with.
All India Council for Robotics and Living Robots: Xenobots:
Automation
 It is a not-for-profit organization
established in 2014.
 It sets up standards in robotics &
automation and education industry,
helping organizations and professionals to
solve difficult technical problems, while
enhancing their leadership and personal Scientists in the United States have created
career capabilities. the world’s first “living robots” named

“xenobots”.
Sophia Humanoid Robot:  The robot is tiny and built from the cells of
The World’s first humanoid robot Sophia the African clawed frog.
participated in the 81st edition of Technax, the  named after the species of aquatic frog
annual tech festival of the Banaras Hindu Xenopus laevis (found in Nigeria and Sudan)
University (BHU).  this is for the first time that completely
biological machines are designed from
scratch
 The xenobots can move toward a target,
perhaps pick up a payload and even heal
themselves after being cut.
 Applications - during radioactive
contamination, gathering microplastic in the
 Sophia is the first robot citizen of the world oceans etc.
after Saudi Arabia granted her citizenship in
October 2017. Ai-Da Robot:
 She is a social humanoid robot, which using  Recently an exhibition of art created by a
artificial intelligence (AI) programming, humanoid AI robot, named Aida was held at
can imitate human gestures and facial University of Oxford.
expressions, and is able to converse on

predefined topics.
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 Aida is the world's first ultra-realistic

humanoid artist, able to draw creatively due
to in-built artificial intelligence (AI)
technology.
 Ai-Da is named after Ada Lovelace, the
English mathematician and writer often
called the world's first computer coder.
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Science & Technology

www.laex.in Page No. 1 https://elearn.laex.in

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

02. Vaccines and Diseases 22 33

03. Space Technology 33 64

04. Defense Technology 64 77

05. Emerging Technologies in ICT 77 110

06. Energy 110 116

07. Intellectual Property Rights 116 124

08. Advancement in Fundamental Physics 124 132

09. Technologies And Innovations In Day To Day Life 133 144

Cell Organelles and Functions

nucleus of almost every cell in our body.

 When the number of chromosomes is more or .

Human Genome Project:

Fig: Transcription and Reverse

 In transcription, the information in the DNA Genome Editing

 CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool. Biotechnology has wider applications in range

Applications of Biotechnology- Heal the

Anima c) Tissue Culture 3. Multipotent cells- One cell can differentiate

Biotech 1. Embryonic Stem cells

a) Industrial Products 2. Somatic Stem Cells

through fermentation 3. Induced Pluripotent cells

Fig: Stem Cells

Applications of Stem Cells:

I. First Generation Vaccines-

Fig: Human Stem Cell Applications

III. Third Generation Vaccines- (DNA Vaccine)

Fig: Applications of GE in Vitamin/

National Guidelines for Gene Therapy

 The GTP are entities that deliver nucleic cloning:

benefit to patients. cloned buffalo calf at National Dairy

Institute of Technology, Scotland. of a particular individual.

How PCR Test is used to test COVID

Applications of DNA Finger printing-

B. ELISA Test: Enzyme Linked Immuno-

8. Assisted Reproduction Technologies-

Fig: IVF Technique

 Aims to develop effective, safe medications

Fig: Bt Cotton Production using Genetic

HTBT Cotton: converted into vitamin A as needed by the

beta-carotene (provitamin A), which is 3. Silicate Solublising Bactria

Incorpor material/toxin producing

Advantages of Bio Pesticides:

Advantages of Bio Fertilisers:  Effective in small quantities and quickly

1) Bio fertilizers are usually eco-friendly decompose, avoiding pollution, which is a

3) Bio fertilizers usually are not expensive so  Can be less expensive

and animals. Tissue culture is the growth

Genetic engineering is used to produce these of tissues or cells in an artificial medium

required qualities.  This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid,

biopesticides fall into: broth or agar.

 By application of these methods it is possible There are two types of Transgenics:

Fig: Cell mediated Transgenesis

are mice. contribute to the development of disease.

Applications of Genetic Engineering in

 Tapping into the full potential of traditional

Fig: Biodiesel through Algae

2. Bio remediation though Oil Zapper:

1. DNA Technology (Use & Application)

Key Provisions of the Bill

 No bad smell in toilets from the tanks paternity suits.

 No bugs infestation for matters related to establishment of

 No clogging of bio digester individual identity.

 Reduction in pathogens by 99% cases like arrested person having punishment

Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020

Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020