Int J Ayu Pharm Chem

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A Comprehensive Review of A Multi-Faceted Drug: Guduchi

(Tinospora cordifolia Willd.)
Meenakshi Sharma1* and A. Rama Murthy2
1,2
Department of Dravyaguna Vigyana, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT
In present era, Ayurvedic herbs are becoming increasingly popular all over the world. The
demand of herbal drugs is progressively increasing due to their admirable efficacy, lesser side
effect and good belief by communities on herbal drugs. Some of the herbal drugs are much
popular in communities in both curative and preventive aspect. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia
Willd.) is one such plant. This plant is extensively used in folklore and Ayurvedic system of
medicine. Various pharmacological properties of Guduchi are described in ancient Ayurvedic
texts i.e. Jwarahara, Rasayana, Agnideepana, Vataraktanashaka, Sangrahi, Balya,
Mehnashaka, Kasa-swasahara, Sarvakusthahara, Krimihara, Prameha, Arshnashaka, etc.
Synonym Amrita is credited to this drug due to its capability to convey enthusiasm, vitality and
longevity to its benefactor. Due to its multi-faceted usage, this mission is on-going to declare
this drug as a Rashtriya aushadhi (National herb) of India.

KEYWORDS
Tinospora cordifolia Willd, Guduchi, Amrita, Rashtriya aushadhi, Ayurveda

Greentree Group Publishers

Received 30/01/19 Accepted 18/03/19 Published 10/05/19
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INTRODUCTION as well as compound medicine. The

Biodiversity of natural resources has helped availability of the drugs is being threatened

not only for the primary human needs but due to irrational use and improper

also for health care since ancient times. harvesting system of the medicinal plants.

Medicinal plants are performing an Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Willd.) is

important role for primary healthcare since unique versatile rejuvenating climbing herb

long. Ethnic communities have a rich which plays a basic role in Indian medicinal

knowledge base about usage of medicinal system. This single herb has shown a great

plants for treating various diseases. potential for treatment of various disease

Ayurveda was developed through daily life since times immemorial. Vedas and

experiences with the joint relationship Ayurvedic classics extensively mentioned

between human and nature. Classical about the uses of this drug. Due to its ethno-

Ayurvedic literature gives emphasis over medicinal importance and significant role

the 2000 plant species for their therapeutic in treating various diseases it is also

use. Not only in Ayurveda, but also in other discerning to declare it as a Rashtriya

traditional and folklore systems of medicine aushadhi.

plants are the main therapeutic agents used Guduchi is used both as curative and

by human and still play an important role to preventive medicine. It is used as single

form medicinal preparations1. According to drug and in compound formulations. The

a WHO report, about 80% population of aim of this review is to compile all the

world depends on traditional system of references of Guduchi as stated in

medicine for primary health care, where Brihatrayee and Nighantu and published

plants are the foremost component over information on ethno-medicinal or folklore

other natural resources2. The progress of usages, pharmacological reports of this

these traditional system of medicine with plant and available data on internet

the perception of safety, efficacy and regarding its pharmacological actions.

quality will help not only to preserve their

traditional values but also to explain the MATERIALS AND METHODS
practise of natural products in the health The information regarding Guduchi is
care3. compiled from Brihatrayee, various
In the present scenario, there is a vast range Nighantu and research articles for its details
of herbal drugs which are being used singly like synonyms, classification (as

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Gana/Varga), vernacular names, Amlapitta (Acid gastritis) –
pharmacodynamics, part used, dose, Decoction of Guduchi, Nimba, Patola
indications, folklore claims etc. leaves mixed with honey alleviates varied
In Vedic literature, Atharvaveda forms of severe amlapitta .(B.P.Chi.10/16)
(commentator Sayana) states about Vatarakta-
guduchi. Guduchi was used to avoid snakes An oil cooked with decoction of Guduchi
and scorpions4. Guduchi is indicated in and milk or decoction of Draksha, or
Brihatrayee (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta decoction of Madhuka and kashmarya
Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya) & alleveiates vatarakta (C.S.Ci.29/121)
Laghutrayee (Bhavaprakash Samhita, Kustha –
Sharangdhar Samhita, Kashyap Samhita) Juice or decoction of guduchi or guduchi
and various Nighantu for many disease as a ghrita is taken every morning to get rid of
single drug or various formulations. all types of Kustha (S. Ci.10/64)
Various Classical uses of Guduchi are as For purifying breast milk-
following5:- One should administer decoction of Katuki
Fever- or Guduchi and Saptaparna with Shunthi
Juice of Guduchi and Shatavari in equal for purifying breast milk. (C. S. Ci. 30/261)
quantity mixed with jaggery alleviates fever Prameha-
caused by vata .(S.S.Utt.39/170) Juice of Guduchi or Amalaka mixed with
The juice of guduchi mixed with pippali honey cures Prameha. (A.H.Ci.12/6)
powder pacifies fever. (A.H.Ci.1/60) Filaria-
The leaves of guduchi are used as vegetable Regular use of Guduchi juice mixed with
in chronic fever. (Chakradutta 1/41) oil destroys filaria. (Chakradutta 42/16)
Jaundice and Halimaka- Synonyms-
One suffering from jaundice should take Various synonyms of Guduchi is compiled
paste of Guduchi leaves with buttermilk. from Nighantu are Amrita (That which
(B.P.Chi. pandu roga 70) perish easily), Amritvalli (The creeping
Thirst- plant that endows life by destroying
Syrup of guduchi removes thirst. disease), Chinnaruha (That which grows
(C.S.Ci.22/45) even after cutting or that which exists),
Cold infusion of Guduchi mixed with Chakralakshanika(Wheel like appearance
honey cures all three types of thirst. on cross section of stem), Vatsadini(That
(S.S.Su.49/24) which is eaten by calves ),
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Madhuparnika(Tender leaves are sweet or Classification-
less bitter than other parts), Vayastha(That Guduchi is classified in Tikta Skandha in all
which help in sustaining youthfulness), three Samhitas of Brihattrayee and also
Vishaghni (That which cures visha or classified in different Gana or varga in
toxins), Jwaranashini(Antipyretic), Brihattrayee & various Nighantu in Table
Kundali(Forming a ring or moving in 1.
circles), Vishalya (That which relieves pain
caused by Shalya/trauma,free from pain).
Table 1 Categorization of Guduchi under various Gana or Varga in Brihattrayee & Nighantu
Samhit/ Nighantu Gana / Varga Reference
Charaka Samhita6 Tikta skandha, C.S.Vi.8/143
Sandhaniya, Tripthighna, C.S.Su.4/11,4/18,4/29,4/41,4/50.
Stanyashodhan,
Snehopaga,Trishnanigrahana,
Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya
Sushruta Samhita7 Arghvadhadi, Shyamadi, Patoladi, S.S.Su.38/6, 38/29, 38/33,
Kakolyadi, Guduchyadi, 38/51, 38/73.42/22
Vallipanchamoola
Ashtanga Hridaya8 Tikta Varga, A.h.Su. 10/29,
Patoladi gana, Guduchyadi,
Arghvadhadi gana A.h.Su.15/7,15/15,15/16
Dhanvantari Guduchyadi Varga D.N. 1-8, P.no.16-17
Nighantu9
Sodhala Nighantu10 Guduchyadi Varga So.N.part-1, Anekarthavarga 735
Madanpal Abhayadi Varga (M.N. Abhayadi varga 38-41)
Nighantu11
Kaiyadeva Aushadhi Varga K.N.Aushadhi varga 7-11
Nighantu12
Bhavaprakasha Guduchyadi Varga (B.P.N. Guduchyadi varga 6-9)
Nighantu13
Raja Nighantu14 Guduchyadi Varga R.N. Guduchyadi varga 17-18,
Nighantu Guduchyadi Varga Ni.A .Vol 1
Aadarsha15
Pirya Nighantu16 Pippalyadi Varga Pri. Ni.16-19

Vernacular names- English: Gulancha Garham, Palo; Tamil:- Amrutavalli,

tinospora, Tinospora; Hindi: – Gulancha, Chintilikkoti, Chindil, Seendal, Seendil
Giloy, Amrita, Gulneha, Gulbel, Guloh, kodi; Assam: – Siddhilata,Amarlata;
Gurcha; Bengali: - Golancha, Giloe; Kashmiri:- Amrita, Gilo;Oriya: –
Gujrati: - Gulvel, Galo; Kannada:- Gulochi,Gulancha; Urdu: – Gilo;
Amrutaballi, Yuganiballi, Madhuparni. Part used (Prayojyang)-Stem17, Root,
Malyalam:-Chittamritu, Amritu; Marathi:- Leaves13 are usable parts of Guduchi.
Gulvel; Punjabi:- Gilo, Gilo- gulanch, Pharmacodynamics (Rasapanchaka) 17

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Rasa- Tikta, Kashaya Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India, dose of
Guna-Guru, Snigdha, Swarasa is 5 to10 ml19. Acc.to
Veerya-Ushna BhavprakashNighantu. Dose of guduchi
Vipaka-Madhura churna is 1-3gm, Kwatha-40-80ml, Satva-
Dose- Guduchi is indicated in the form of 0.5 to 2gms13.
Swarasa (juice), Kwatha (decoction), Ethno medicinal, Folk &Tribal use –
Churna (powder) and Satva. According to Tinospora cordifolia catches a special
Sharangadhara Samhita, the universal dose mention for its use in tribal medicine or folk
for the Swarasa is half Pala (24 ml), for medicine in different part of country. Ethno
Kwatha is two Pala (96 ml) and that of medicinal, Folklore Pharmacological uses
Churna is one Karsha (12 g)18. As per of Tinospora cordifolia is listed in Table- 2
Table 2 Different Ethno medicinal and Pharmacological Uses of Tinospora cordifolia
S.no. Plant part used as Ethno medicinal &Pharmacological use Reference
medicine cited
1 Leaf20,21,22  Used in the treatment of gout and ulcer 20
 leaf extract showed inhibition of E. coli 21
 Extraction of leaves improves fertility & decoction 22
of leaves cures malarial fever.
2 Stem23,24,25  Bitter stomachic stimulates bile secretion, diuretic, 23
enriches the blood, cures jaundice, medication of skin
diseases. Juice is useful remedy in diabetes, vaginal and
urethral discharges, fevers and enlarged spleen
 Decoction of stem is used as an anthelmintic agent to
expel intestinal worms and to cure jaundice.
 Stem as decoction used for washing sore-eyes and
syphilitic-sores, antipyretic and antimalarial. 24,25
 Starch (Satva)extracted from stem intended for
treatment of chronic diarrhoea.
3 Root26  Water extract of Guduchi root is used as a powerful 26
emetic, in visceral obstruction and in leprosy.
4 Stem and Root27 In combination with other drugs, it is used as an antidote to 27
snake bite
6 Fruit28 Mix with ghee or honey used as tonic and in treatment of 28
jaundice and rheumatism. The juice of ripe fruits with a little
honey is given to children in cold
7 Whole plant29,30,31  Beneficial in the treatment of :- 29
 Urolithiasis
 General weakness/ Debility 30
 Dyspepsia 31
 Dysentery

Pharmacological activities – Tinospora anti-pyretic properties. The plant

cordifolia is a popular and extensively used significantly improves immune system.
plant in traditional system of medicine for This plant possesses many useful
its immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic and properties. The common pharmacological
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activities of Tinospora cordifolia are as hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase, serum acid
following- phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and
1-Immunomodulatory activity- lactate dehydrogenase have been
Tinospora cordifolia is well documented observed35. Root extract of Tinospora
for their Immunomodulatory activity since cordifolia was administered in dose of (2.5
many years; some compounds are being and 5.0 g/kg b.w.) for 6 weeks. It
isolated, characterised on the basis of this significantly reduced serum cholesterol,
activity. Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract phospholipids and free fatty acids36.The
has been investigated in human for the aqueous, alcoholic and chloroform extracts
Immunomodulatory effect on of the leaves of Tinospora cordifolia have
immunodeficiency virus positive patients. shown a significant hypoglycaemic activity
On the basis of reported results the plant in normal as well as in alloxan-treated
leaf extract has showed significant rabbits.37.
immunostimulatory effect32. 4-Hepatoprotective activity- Tinospora
2-Anti-cancer activity- In-vitro study on cordifolia is reported to have
alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia hepatoprotective activity. Animal study of
show that it supresses cell proliferation stem and leaves extract of Tinospora
which leads to cell necrosis in a dose- cordifolia on rats was done in carbon
dependent (25-75 μg/ml) and time tetrachloride induced liver damage38. The
dependent (24-120 hours) manner in oral stem of Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora
squamous cell carcinoma cell line with a sinensis (satva) has significantly reduced
significant cytostatic effect33. the levels of serum ALT [Alanine
3-Hypoglycaemic activity- Aqueous aminotransferase], AST [Aspartate
extract of Tinospora cordifolia was aminotransferase] and ALP [Alkaline
evaluated for hypoglycaemic effect for phosphatase] in the paracetamol induced
altered time intervals in mice. The plant liver cirrhosis in rats39.
extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg b.w. per day, 5-Anti–Inflammatory activity- Anti-
exhibits a significant (70.37%) decrease in inflammatory activity of Tinospora
the blood glucose concentration34. In cordifolia as Guduchi Ghana is testified
another study, the plant has been evaluated using carrageenan induced paw oedema
for hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic model in rats. Significant reduction in
activity in the alloxan induced diabetic rats. oedema was observed40.
Significant reductions in blood glucose,
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6-Anti-stress activity- The Anti-stress serum and heart tissue were observed with
activity of Tinospora cordifolia & the prior treatment of Tinospora cordifolia
Asparagus racemosus were investigated by with various doses for 7 days compared to
the Cold Water Swim Stress Model in rats. control animals. Hence, the present study
Both extract of Tinospora cordifolia and suggests the cardio-protective activity of
Asparagus racemosus reduced stress Tinospora cordifolia in limiting ischemia-
induced by lipid peroxide and significantly reperfusion induced myocardial
enhance the plasma glutathione level infarction43.
compared by the well-known antistress 11-Diuretic activity- In a study on rats and
agent Diazepam41. human volunteers, Tinospora cordifolia
8-Hypolipidaemic activity- An aqueous was found to have diuretic action44. It was
extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots in also found effective in modulation of
dose of 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg body weight for 6 morphology and some gluconeogenic
weeks resulted in a significant reduction in enzymes activity in kidneys of diabetic
serum and tissue cholesterol, phospholipids rat45.
and free fatty acids in alloxan diabetic Safety evaluations - Acute toxicity studies
rats36. revealed the non-toxic nature of methanol
9-Anti-Leprotic activity- Tinospora extract of Tinospora cordifolia.
cordifolia is reported for its anti-leprotic Experimental study was done on normal
activity, along with wide use in eczema healthy male rats and no mortality was
(Kandu) and other skin disorders like observed in the extract-treated rats,
erysipelas (visarpa) and has been shown to behaviour of the treated rats was also
exert anti-leprotic activity in a combination appeared normal. There was no toxicity
formulation of Swertia chirata, Tinospora found at any selected dose until the end of
cordifolia, Achyranthes aspera, Acacia the study46.
catechu, Lawsonia inermis and Nerium
indicum42. DISCUSSION
10-Cardio-protective activity- An Guduchi was widely used to evade snakes
alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia in and scorpions in Vedic period. Synonyms
an in vivo rat model of surgically-induced like Amrita, Amritsambhava and
myocardial ischemia. Results of this study Devnirmita indicates this herb as a divine
reported a dose dependent reduction in herb. In Ayurvedic literature, Guduchi is
infarct size and in lipid peroxide levels of
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stated not only for therapeutic usage but terpenes, anthocyanins, flavonoids,
also for surgical usage. Guduchi swarasa is alkaloids and glycosides. It is also notified
cited as a Medhya Rasayana in Charaka that the plant has efficacy against Swine flu
Samhita6. Guduchi is stated in shaka varga H1N1 Virus and other viral infections
(Vegetable)6. also48.
In Sushruta Samhita guduchi fibres are CONCLUSION
indicated for seevana karma as Ashtavidh In Ayurvedic literature Tinospora cordifolia
7
shastra karma and Guduchi patra is point out to have rasayana (revitalizing),
achadana in atidagdha agnikarma vayasthapana (rejuvenating), hridya
7
chikitsa .Guduchi is also mentioned as the (cardiotonic) and chakshusya (useful in eye
treatment of piles. Formulation of disorders) properties. These
buttermilk used with guduchi and other pharmacological actions are remarkably
drugs is indicated for stimulation of validated by modern research evidences
digestive fire & alleviation of also.Thus, these facts suggest that this drug
haemorrhoids7. has immense potential in modern
The rasapanchaka of guduchi – Rasa – pharmaco-therapeutics and capable of
Tikta, Kashaya, Guna – Guru,Snigdha, getting honour of Rashtriya Aushadhi.
Veerya – Ushna, Vipaka-Madhura and
Dosha-Karma – Tridosha-shamaka. The
action of the drug perform by quality of its
Rasa , Guna, Veerya, Vipaka, Dosha-
karmta47 .
In present era, guduchi is widely use as
shaka as well as drug also. Guduchi is
indicated in form of swarasa, Kwatha,
Satva, Churna. .All the parts of this
climbing shrub have a great potential to
cure the various diseases .That’s why, this
drug is being popular as a home remedy in
communities and as an immune-booster.
The health benefits of this drug are
observed due to the presence of the various
notable phytochemicals like phenols,
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