Mathematics

ALLEN
Indices/Exponents
FAMILY - Every person has 2 biological parents.Study the family tree below.

2 parents

2·2 or 4
"T he w ord ex pone nt c omes
gra ndparents
fr om t w o l at in w or ds E xo
(o ut o f) a nd P on er e (p la ce ).
2·2 ·2 or 8 great
It s li te ra l m ea ni ng i s to
gra ndparents
ma ke s omet hing vi si ble or
obvi ous."
1. How many 2s are multiplied to determine the number of great grandparents?
2. How many 2s would you multiply to determine the number of great-great
grandparents?

2.1 Introduction
m
We define x = x × x × x ... × x (m times), where m is a positive integer.
We call such expressions as exponential expressions, where x is the base
and m is the index or the exponent.
8
e.g., (i) a × a × .... × a (8 times) = a
6
(ii) 3 × 3 × .... × 3 (6 times) = 3 etc.
2.2 Laws of indices
m n m+n
(i) a × a = a

m
a m–n
(ii) n = a
a
m n mn
(iii) (a ) = a

–n
1 n
1
(iv) a = n , a = –n
a a

m m THE
m m m æ a
(v) (a × b) = a × b and ç ÷
è bø
ö
=
a
b m SPOT P
LIGHT
a , a ¹ 0, n is a positive integer..
1/n n
(vi) a =
As a mathematical term exponent
was introduced by the mathematician
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-1\Maths-1\02_Indices, Exponents.p65

n m
(vii) a m/n
= a , when a ¹ 0, n Î N Michael Stifel in 1544 in his book
(viii) a = b Þ a = b, for m ¹ 0, a, b > 0
m m Arithmetica Integra.

(ix) a = a Þ m = n for a > 0, a ¹ 1

m n

(x) a = 1, a ¹ 0
0

2.3 Fractional indices

nth root of a : If a is any real number and n is positive integer, then the nth
n
root of a is the real number x such than x = a.
1
n
The nth root of a is denoted by a n or a .

a = x Û = x Û x = a.
n
Thus, n a n

37
ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
1
(i) a= a 2 is called the square-root of a;

1
3
(ii) a= a 3 is called the cube-root of a;

1
4
(iii) a= a4 is called the 4th-root of a and so on.

p
Note : When n is a rational number i.e., n = , where p, q are integers,
q
q ¹ 0 and (p,q) = 1. Then a = a n p/q
= (a )p 1/q
= (a 1/q p
).
Note that a ¹ 0.

NUMERICAL ABILITY 2.1

Evaluate the following
-1 7 –5
æ4ö æ5ö
(i) ( 3
64 ) 2 (ii) ( 25 )
-7
´ ( 5)
-5
(iii) ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷
è5ø è4ø
Solution

-1
THE é 1ù2 1 -1 -1

P
-1
( 64 ) 2
´
SPOT (i) 3 = êë (64) 3 úû = (64) 3 2 = (64) 6

LIGHT
-1 æ -1 ö
The reciprocal of (a/b) –m
is (a/b) m
6 6
6 ´ç ÷
è 6ø -1
1
or (b/a) ?
–m = (2 ) =2 =2 =
2

-7 -5 -7
é 1ù é 1ù é 2´ 1 ù -5
(ii) ( 25 )
-7
´( ) -5
5 = ë (25) úû
ê 2 ´ ë(5) úû
ê 2 ê
= ë(5) 2 úû ´ (5) 2

-5
-7
1 1 1 1
= (5) ´ (5) 2 = 7
´ 5
= 5
= 19
5 7+
(5) 2 (5) 2 (5) 2

7 –5 7 –5 7- 5 2
æ4ö æ5ö æ 4ö æ4ö æ4ö æ4ö 16
(iii) ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ = ç ÷ ¸ç ÷ = ç ÷ =ç ÷ =
è5ø è4ø è5ø è5ø è5ø è5ø 25

BUILDING CONCEPTS 2.1

node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-1\Maths-1\02_Indices, Exponents.p65

x y z
If a = b, b = c, c = a, prove that xyz = 1
Explanation
We have,
xyz x yz
a = (a )
Þ a xyz
= (b) yz
[Q a = b] x

Þ a xyz
= (b ) y z

Þ a xyz
= c z
[Qb = c] y

Þ a xyz
= a [Q c = a] z

\ a xyz
= a 1

Þ xyz = 1

38
 Mathematics
ALLEN
BUILDING CONCEPTS 2.2

Assuming that x is a positive real number and a, b, c are rational numbers,

a b c
æx æx æx bö cö aö
show that : ç c ÷ ç a ÷ ç b ÷ = 1
èx ø èx ø èx ø
Explanation
a b c
æx bö æx cö
æx aö
b – c a c – a b a – b c
çè c ÷ø çè a ÷ø çè b ø÷ = (x ) . (x ) . (x )
x x x
ab–ac bc–ba ac–bc
= x . x . x
ab – ac + bc – ba + ac – bc
= x
0
= x = 1

NUMERICAL ABILITY 2.2

–1
ìïæ 1 ö –1
æ1ö
–1 ü
ï
Evaluate íç 3 ÷ –ç ÷ ý
ïîè ø è4ø ïþ
Solution
–1
ìïæ 1 ö –1 æ 1 ö –1 üï
1 1
íç ÷ – ç ÷ ý = (3 – 4 ) =(–1) =
1 1 –1 –1
= = –1 THE
ïîè 3 ø è 4 ø ïþ (–1)1
-1
SPOT P
NUMERICAL ABILITY 2.3 LIGHT
When a number does not have an
1 1 1
Prove that + + = 1. exponent, it is understood to be 1.
m–n l–n n–1 m–l l –m n–m
1+ x +x 1+ x +x 1+ x +x E.g. 9 = 91
Solution
1 1 1
L.H.S. = m–n l–n
+ n–1 m–l
+ l –m n–m
1+ x +x 1+ x +x 1+ x +x
1 1 1
= n -n m -n l -n
+ l -l n -l m -l
+ m -m l -m n-m
x +x +x x +x +x x +x +x
1 1 1
= -n n m l
+ -l l n m
+ -m m l n
x (x + x + x ) x (x + x + x ) x (x + x + x )
n l m
x x x
= n m l + n m l + n m l
x +x +x x +x +x x +x +x
n l m
x +x +x
= = 1 = R.H.S.
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-1\Maths-1\02_Indices, Exponents.p65

n m l
x +x +x
\ L.H.S. = R.H.S.

NUMERICAL ABILITY 2.4

Simplify :
–4
25 ´ t
–3 –8
(t ¹ 0)
5 ´ 10 ´ t
Solution
–4 3 3
25 ´ t 25 ´ 5 –4 + 8 5´5 4 625 4
(i) –3 –8
= ´ t = ´ t = t
5 ´ 10 ´ t 10 2 2

39
ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
NUMERICAL ABILITY 2.5
2x 2x + 1 3 2
Solve : 5 – 5 + 5 × 2 = 0.
Solution
2x 2x + 1 3 2
Given, 5 – 5 + 5 × 2 = 0
Þ 2x 2x 1
5 – 5 . 5 + 5 × 2 = 03 2

2x
Put 5 = y
Þ 3
y – 5y + 5 × 2 = 02

Þ – 4y = – 500
Þ y = 125
Þ 2x
5 = 125 = 5 3

3
Þ 2x = 3 Þ x =
2

NUMERICAL ABILITY 2.6

x x–1
If 4 – 4 = 24, then find the value of x.
Solution
x x –1
4 – 4 × 4 = 24
æ 1 ö
= 4 çè 1 – ø÷ = 24
x
4
æ 4 - 1 ö
Þ 4 ç
x
÷ = 24
è 4 ø
THE
SPOT P x
= 4 =
24
3
´ 4

LIGHT Þ 4 = 32
x

Why 0 ¹ 1?
0 2x
= 2 = 2 5

Þ 2x = 5
5
= x =
2

NUMERICAL ABILITY 2.7

3+ x 3y
æ1ö æ1ö
Solve for x, y : 27 x+1
= 81 y+2
; ç ÷ =ç ÷ .
è3ø è9ø
Solution
x+1 y+2
As 27 = 81
Þ 3 x+1
(3 ) 4 y+2
= (3 )
Þ 3 3x+3
= 3 4y+8
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-1\Maths-1\02_Indices, Exponents.p65

Þ 3x + 3 = 4y + 8 (Q Bases are same \ powers must be same)

Þ 3x – 4y = 5 ...(1)
3+ x 3y
æ1ö æ1ö
Also, ç ÷ =ç ÷
è3ø è9ø
3y
æ1ö
3+ x ææ 1 ö 2 ö
Þ ç3÷ = çç ÷ ÷
è ø çè 3 ø ÷
è ø
3+ x 6y
æ1ö æ1ö
Þ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è3ø è3ø
Þ 3 + x = 6y (Q Bases are same \ powers must be same)
Þ x – 6y = – 3 ...(2)
40
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Multiply (1) by 1, (2) by 3 and subtract
3x – 4y = 5
3x – 18y = – 9
– + +
__________________
14y = 14 Þ y = 1
Put y = 1 in (1), we have
3x – 4 = 5
Þ 3x = 9 Þ x = 3
\ x = 3, y = 1

NUMERICAL ABILITY 2.8

x y z 2
2xz
If a = b = c and b = ac, prove that, y =
z+x
Solution

1 1 1
x y z y
Let a = b = c = k. Then a = kx , b = k and c = k z .

( ) THE
2

P
1 1 1
y
\ b 2
= ac Þ k = k ´k x z
SPOT
2 æ1 1ö
LIGHT
y
ç + ÷ 2 1 1 z+x Powers of a number with absolute
Þ k =k èx zø
Þ = + =
y x z xz value less than one tend to zero:
bn ® 0 as n ® ¥ when |b| < 1.
2xz
Þ y = .
z+x

NUMERICAL ABILITY 2.9

1 1 1
If 2 = 7 x –y z
= 14 , prove that = +
x y z

Solution
x –y z
Given, 2 = 7 = 14
Let 2 = 7 x –y z
= 14 = k Þ 2 = k or 2 = k
x 1/x

–y –1/y
7 = k or 7 = k
z 1/z
14 = k or 14 = k
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-1\Maths-1\02_Indices, Exponents.p65

1/z 1/x –1/y

Now, 14 = 2 × 7 Þ k = k . k
Þ k 1/z
= k 1/x – 1/y

1 1 1 1 1 1
Þ = - Þ = +
z x y x y z

41
ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
EXERCISE # 1
1. The value of (6 – 7 ) – (5 – 4 ) is equal to :-
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1
a
é a–a-1 1
ù a +1
1 1 1 1 2 . The value of ê(x ) a–1
ú =
(1) (2) (3) (4) None
2 3 4 ë û
-3 -3 -2 (1) x (2) 1/x (3) xa (4) 1/x a
æaö æ5ö æ 8 ö æaö
2. If ç ÷ = ç ÷ × ç ÷ then ç ÷ is equal to:- P as s ag e (Q. 13 to Q .15)
è bø è2ø è 15 ø èbø m n
(i) x × x = x
m+n

6 –6
æ4ö æ3ö m ì x m-n
(when m > n)
(1) ç ÷ (2) ç ÷ x ï
è3ø è4ø (ii) x n = í 1
(when m < n)
ïî x n -m
(3) (1) & (2) (4) None
0
-8 -8 (iii) x = 1
æ5ö æ5ö m n mn
3. The value of ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ is equal to :- (iv) (x ) = x
è3ø è3ø m+n n +l l+m
x ´x ´x
5 3 13. m n l 2 =
(1) (2) (3) 1 (4) None (x ´ x ´ x )
3 5
l +m + n 2l + 2m + 2n
4. Value of 4
(81) –2
is (1) x (2) x
2
(3) x (4) 1
1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) 9 (4) 1

( 4) 1
2x +
9 3 81 3 2 =
14. The value of x such that is
32
5. x =
4 3 2
2
(1) –4 (2) 4 (3) x (4) 1
(1) x (2) x 1/2 (3) x 1/3 (4) x 1/6 a+b a–b b–c b+c c+a c–a
15. (x ) × (x ) × (x ) =
a+ b 2 b +c 2 c+ a 2 a+b+c 2a+2b+2c
(x) (x ) (x ) (1) x (2) x (3) 0 (4) 1
6. a b c 4 =
(x .x .x ) 4 7
æ 1ö æ 1ö
(1) –1 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) None ç+ 2 ÷ +
ç 8÷
è ø è ø
0
(0.6) - (0.1) –1 16. 5
× 6 =
7. The value of is æ 1ö æ 1ö
æ 1ö
–1 +
ç 4÷ ç+ 4 ÷
3 –1
(3 / 2 ) (3 / 2) + ç – ÷ 3 è ø è ø
è 3ø
1 1 1 1
(1) 3/2 (2) –3/2 (3) 2/3 (4) –1/2 (1) (2) (3) (4)
8 4 2 16
8. If 9x – 1 = 32x – 1 – 486 then the value of x is
2n - 3 2n + 2
(1) 3.5 (2) 2.5 (3) 1.5 (4) 0 x ´x 27
17. If -12 = x , then x =
n+4 n x
2 – 2(2 ) –3
9. n +3
+ 2 is equal to (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
2(2 )
a+b+c
n+1 n+1
1 18. Simplify :
(1) 2 (2) –2 + -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
8 a b +b c +c a
(1) a + b + c (2) abc
9 n
(3) –2 (4) 1 (3) 2abc (4) 2(a+b+c)
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-1\Maths-1\02_Indices, Exponents.p65

8
3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
10. If 2 2x–y x+y 2
= 32 and 2 = 16 then x + y 2 19. If A = 20102 +3 + 4 , B = 20105 +6 +7 + 8 ,
(1) 9 (2) 10 (3) 11 (4) 13 then A × B is
4 34 3 1
5/2 2/5 (1) (2010) (2) (2010) (3) (2010) (4) (2010)
(25) ´ (243)
11. The value of is -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
3/ 4
(16) ´ (8) 5/3
x -y y -z -xz
20. + + = _________.
5625 5615 5625 z x y
(1) (2) (3) (4) None (1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4) 2
128 256 256

EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY

Multiple choice questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A ns . 4 3 3 1 4 3 2 1 4 2 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 2 3 3

42
 Mathematics
ALLEN
EXERCISE # 2
Very short answer type questions Long answer type questions
1. Express as a power of a rational number with 12. Evaluate :
(i) (27) –1/3 × [27 1/3 2/3
– 27 ]
positive exponent :
7/2 9/2
(36) - (36)
–2 4 (ii)
éæ 4 ö ù (36) 5/2
(i) 86 × 8–5 (ii) êç ÷ ú
ë è 5 ø û
-1 -1 2
a a 2b
2. Express each of the following with positive indices : 13. Prove that –1 –1
+ –1 –1
= 2 2
a +b a -b b -a
–1 –2 7 14. If xyz = 1, then show that
(i) x 2
(ii) x 5 (iii) –5 / 6 (iv) –3
(x ) 4
–1 –1
(1 + x + y ) + (1 + y + z ) –1 – 1
x
–1 –1
+ (1 + z + x ) = 1
Short answer type questions
-3 2 -3 1
–2
–2 –3 0 25 2 ´5 64 3 ´4 2 ´ 83
3. æ 5
Evaluate : ç ÷ ö æ 3ö æ 3ö 15. (i) (ii)
´ç ÷ ´ç ÷ -4 -1
è 9ø è 5ø è 5ø 3 -2
3 ¸ (32) 5
125
4. Find the value of :
(i) (2–1 × –1
4 ) ¸ 2–2 16. Simplify : ( 1
x3 -
-1
x3 )( 2
x3 +1 +
-2
x3 )
-2
–2 –2 –2 3 1
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1 ö5 æ1ö
Simplify : ( 81) + (8) ( )
0
(ii) çè ÷ø +ç ÷ +ç ÷ 17. 4 -ç ÷ 3
ç2÷ × 2
2 è 3ø è 4ø è 32 ø è ø

n +1 2n 2(x + 6) -7+ 2x
5.(25) - 25.(5) 5 ´ (25)
éæ –2 ö –2
æ ö ù æ –2 ö
3 2
18. (i) (ii)
5. Simplify : êçè ÷ø ´ çè ÷ø ú ¸ çè ø÷ 5.(5) 2n + 3
- (25) n +1
(125) 2x
ë 3 3 û 3
19. (i) If x = y , y = z 2a 2b
and z = x , prove that
2c

abc = 1/8.
ìïæ 1 ö –3
æ1ö
–3
üï æ 1 ö –3

6. Evaluate : íç ÷ –ç ÷ ý¸ç ÷ 1 1 1
ïîè 3 ø è2ø ïþ è 4 ø
(ii) If 2 = 3 = 6 , prove that + + = 0
a b –c
a b c
7. Evaluate :
2yz
20. If 3 = 5y = 45 , prove that x =
x y z
3 3
y-z
(i) (0.04 ) 2 (ii) (6.25 ) 2

21. (i) If a = 3
–2 2
3
28 , b = 27 , prove that
(iii) (0.03125 ) 5 (iv) (0.008 ) 3

1
8. Find the value of x : a +b – 2 2 = 2b
a + ab + b
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-1\Maths-1\02_Indices, Exponents.p65

(i) ( 6) x–2
=1 (ii) ( 2) x
=2 8
(ii) If x = z , y = x , z = y , prove that abc = 1.
c a b

-3 5
–1 –1 1 æ b 2 c -2 ö æ b -1 c ö x y
(64) 6
´ (216) 3
´ 81 4 22. If çç -4 3 ÷÷ ¸ çç 2 -2 ÷÷ = b c ,
9. Simplify : –1 1 –1 èb c ø èb c ø
(512) 3
´ (16) ´ (9)
4 2

prove that x + y + 6 = 0
10. Find the value of x, if 23. Solve the following equations for x :
x x x
(ii) (13 )
(i) 2 + 2 + 2 = 192 x
(i) 5 2x + 3
= 1 = 4 – 3 – 6
4 4

(ii) 8 255 = (32) x

x +1
æ 3ö 125 1

( 4) 1
2x +
éæ 2 ö –1 –1 –1
ù (iii) çç ÷÷ = (iv) 3 2
=
3
æ ö 5 27 32
11. –1 –1 3
Simplify : (i) (5 ¸ 4 ) (ii) êç ÷ ´ç ÷ ú è ø
ë è 3 ø è 4ø û

43
ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
24. Solve for x :
1/ 3 1/2
æx y ö -1 2 æx y ö
6 -3
1-7x 33. If çç 3 -2 ÷÷ ¸ ç -2 3 ÷ = x y , prove that
p z
æ2ö 5 çx y ÷
ç5÷ = 15 èx y ø è ø
è ø 8
p + q + 1 = 0, where x and y are different positive
25. Solve for x : 2 2x + 3
+ 1 = 32.2 x
primes.
x 2 x x 34. If x = 10 × 0.0099, y = 10 × 110, find the value
3 –2
4 .2 .2 – 8 1
26. If 3y
= , prove that y = 1 + x.
2 3 8 x
of .
3 6 -4
y
27. If a b = a . b , find x and y, where a, b are
x 2y

different positive primes. 35. If 3 = (81) and (10)

4a –1 1/b
= 0.0001, find the value
28. Solve for x and y : of 2 . (16) .
–a b

2 1–x/2
= 4 , (7) × (49) = 1
y 1+x –2y 1 1
Prove that ( 32 - 3 ( 32 + 5) 3
29. If a = xy , b = xy and c = xy , prove that
p–1 q–1 r–1 36. 5) = 3
a . b . c = 1.
q–r r–p p–q
n +3 n +1
30. Solve the following equations for x : 5 6´5
37. Simplify : .
n 2 n
9´5 2 ´5
1- 3x x -1
a æbö æ 2ö 27
(i) =ç ÷ (ii) çç 3 ÷÷ = 38. Find the value of
b èaø è 3 ø 8
a- b b-c c -a
æ pa + b ö æ bb + c ö æ pc + a ö
x -1 -1
çç c ÷÷ . çç a ÷÷ . çç b ÷÷
æ 3ö æ 27 ö è p ø è p ø è p ø
(iii) çç ÷÷ =ç ÷ (iv) 2 (5x – 1)
= 4× 2 (3x + 1)

è 5 ø è 125 ø
l m n
p p p
2n 2 n n 39. Solve : lm
m
. mn n
nl
l
3 .3 .3 – (27) 1 p p p
31. If 3m 3
= , prove that m = 1 + n.
3 .2 27
32. If x = 2, y = –3, find the value of xy
40. If 3 = 5 = (75) , show that z =
x y z
.
(i) x + y
x y
(ii) x + y
y x 2x + y

EXERCISE # 2 ANSWER KEY

Very short answer type questions
1 2
5 12
æ 1 ö2 æ 1 ö5 6
1
1. (i) 8 (ii) (5/4) 8 2 . (i) ç ÷ (ii) ç÷ (iii) 7x (iv)
èxø èxø x
Short answer type questions
4 19
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-1\Maths-1\02_Indices, Exponents.p65

3. 15 4. (i) 1/2 (ii) 29 5. 6. 7. (i) 0.008 (ii) 15.625 (iii) 4 (iv) 0.04
9 64
64
8. (i) x = 2 (ii) x = 16 9. 3 1 0 . (i) x = 6, (ii) 153 1 1 . (i) (ii) 1/2
125
Long answer type questions
1 æ 1ö 1 1
1 2 . (i) – 2 (ii) – 1260 1 5 . (i) (ii) 18 16. çx - ÷ 1 7 . 2 7 1 8 . (i) (ii)
5 è xø 6 25
3 2
2 3 . (i) - (ii) 4 (iii) –7 (iv) –4 24. x = 1 2 5 . x = –4 2 7 . x = 2, y = - 2 8 . x = 1 /2 , y = 3/ 8
2 3
1 107 73
3 0 . (i) x = (ii) x = –8 (iii) x = –5 (iv) x = 2 3 2 . (i) (ii) 34. ± 3 35. 1 3 7 . 19
2 27 8
38. 1 3 9. 1

44