62.

When there are size limitations, an integral baffle plate can be used on the side face of the
wire-mesh as a vapor distributor.
63. In Micro-Fiber, Only the diffusion type can remove droplets less than 2 microns.
64. Wire-Mesh mounted on a support ring in vertical separator or frame in horizontal separator.
65. the slug volume measured between the low level and the normal level.
66. “slug catcher” used when two-phase pipelines are routinely pigged.
67. In sizing a separator, the use of an effective depressant should be assumed.
68. The foaming tendencies determined with laboratory tests.
69. There is a standard method of measuring the amount of foam produced or the difficulty in
breaking the foam.
70. The major cause of foam in crude oil is the presence of impurities.
71. foaming can be expected where CO2 is present in small quantities (1–2%).
72. When CD (drag coefficient) is unknown, it can be solved by an iterative process
73. The purpose of the gravity settling section of the vessel is to condition the gas for final polishing
by the mist extractor.
74. if liquid droplet size 60-micron, droplets are removed in gravity settling section.
75. mist extractor will be able to perform job of removing liquid droplets between 10- and 140-
micron diameters.
76. it is common to design the scrubbers for removal of 300- to 500-micron droplets in the gravity
settling section.
77. the design of scrubbers included mist extractor.
78. If a mist extractor is used, it is necessary to provide safety relief protection around the mist
extractor in the event that it becomes plugged.
79. retention time is the average time in which molecule of liquid is retained in the vessel.
80. retention time is thus the liquid flow rate divided by the volume of the liquid storage.
81. For most applications, retention times between 30 s and 3 min have been found to be sufficient.
82. The higher API, The higher retention time.
83. the initial sizing of a horizontal separator 100% full of liquid.
84. Liquid re-entrainment is a phenomenon caused by low gas velocity at the gas-liquid interface
of a separator.
85. The liquid capacity constraint equations are based on setting the gas retention time equal to
the time required for a droplet to settle to the liquid interface.
86. When sizing a horizontal separator, it is necessary to choose a seam-to- seam vessel length and
a diameter.
87. The liquid capacity constraint equations are based on setting the gas retention time equal to
the time required for a droplet to settle to the liquid interface.
88. In Liquid Capacity Constraint Two-phase separators must be sized to provide some liquid
retention time so the liquid can reach phase equilibrium with the gas.
89. The actual required seam-to-seam length is dependent on the chemical design of the internals
of the vessel.
90. The combination of Leff and d exists that will minimize the cost of the vessel
91. When increasing the diameter, increases the possibility that high velocity in the gas flow will
create waves and re-entrain liquids at the gas-liquid interface.
92. the slenderness ratio is the lss length divided by the diameter.
93. Most two-phase separators are designed for slenderness ratios between 4 and 5.
94. Slenderness ratios outside the 3 to 4 range may be used, but the design should be checked to
assure that re-entrainment will not occur.
95. In vertical separators, a minimum diameter must be maintained to allow liquid droplets to
separate from the vertically moving gas.
96. the lower the slenderness ratio, the less expensive the vessel will be.
97. In vertical separators it is common to choose slenderness ratios no greater than 4 to keep the
height of the liquid collection section to a reasonable level.
98. As a vessel’s diameter increases, more length is required to evenly distribute the gas flow.
99. over pressure in a process component in excess of minimum allowable working pressure.
100. over pressure can be caused by an input source that will develop pressure in excess of
maximum allowable working pressure if outflow exceeds inflow.
101. over pressure can also be caused by thermal expansion of fluids within a component if heat is
applied while inlets and outlets are open.
102. effect of over pressure can be a sudden rupture and leak of HCs.
103. high temperature is the detectable abnormal condition that indicates that over pressure may
occur.
104. primary protection from over p in a pressure component should be provided by a PSV sensor
to shutoff inflow.
105. if a vessel is heated, the PSH sensor should shutoff the fuel or source of heat.
106. Primary protection for ATM components should be provided by an adequate vent system.
107. secondary protection from over p should be provided by a PSH.
108. secondary protection of over p for ATM components should be provided by a second vent
which is different from the primary vent.
109. in a process component with both a liquid and gas sections, the PSH sensor only should be
installed to sense the P from gas and liquid.
110. the sensing connections for the safety devices should be located at the lowest practical
location on the component to minimize the chance of fouling by flow stream contaminants.
111. evaporation is the accidental escape of fluids from a process component to ATM.
112. leaks imply that the escaping fluids are hydrocarbons.
113. A leak can cause by deterioration from corrosion, excess T, by rupture from over P or by
accidental damage from external forces.
114. to create an abnormal operating within a pressure component should be provided by an ESV
senor to shut off inflow and a PSL sensor to minimize back flow.
115. primary protection from leaks from the liquid section may also be provided by HSL sensor to
shutoff inflow.
116. Primary protection from all detectable leaks and small gas leaks in an inadequately ventilated
area should be provided by emergency support system ESS.
117. secondary protection from small liquid leaks should be provided by LSL sensor
118. LSL sensor should be located a significant distance below the lowest operating liquid level to
avoid nuisance shutdowns
119. Leaks is the discharge of liquids from a process component through a gas or vapor outlets.
120. liquid overflow can be caused by liquid input in excess of liquid outlet capacity.
121. high pressure is the detectable abnormal condition that indicates that overflow may occur.
122. the effects of liquid overflow can be overpressure or excess liquid in downstream component
or release of HDCs to the ATM.
123. secondary protection of liquid overflow should be provided by an LSH sensor to shut off
inflow into the component.
124. secondary protection of liquid overflow to downstream should be provided by the emergency
support system ESS.
125. secondary protection of liquid overflow to ATM should be provided by the Safety devices.
126. LSL sensor should be located a significant distance above the highest operating liquid level to
avoid nuisance shutdowns but with adequate volume above LSH sensor to prevent liquid
overflow before shutting down is accomplished.
127. the effects of gas blow by can be overpressure in downstream component or low level.
128. primary protection from gas blow by should be provided by an LSH sensor to shut off inflow
or liquid outlet.
129. secondary protection of gas blow by to downstream component should be provided by the
safety devices on the downstream component.
130. under pressure is P in a process component less than the design collapse pressure.
131. effect of under pressure can be collapse of the component and a leak.
132. low pressure is the detectable abnormal condition that indicates that under pressure may
occur.
133. secondary protection of under pressure in an atmospheric component should be provided by
an adequate vent system.
134. primary protection of a pressure component subject to under pressure should be provided by
the emergency support system.
135. secondary protection of under pressure for an atmospheric component should be provided by
a second vent or PSL.
136. secondary protection for a pressure component subject to under P should be provided by
PSV sensor to shut of inflow and outflow.
137. PSL sensor should be located at the lowest practical location on the component to minimize
the chance of fouling by flow stream contaminant.
138. vents and PSVs should be installed in accordance with API standard 2000.