IES-EC-83-5M

1. Explain the reason out the following. Which amongst the following three is a
fundamental role (Faraday’s law of induction)? Derive the remaining two with
d d di
e (t) = -N e (t ) = - e (t) = -L
assumptions, if any d t ; d t , d t.
Sol: - Faraday’s law of induction: -
The electromotive force over a closed path is equal to negative of rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
that closed path i.e.,
d
-
Emf = dt
‘-ve’ indicates opposite direction of current flow given by Lenz’s law.
d
e(t )  
So, dt is the fundamental law.
If it has N number of turns then
d d
e(t )  N   N
dt dt
From the definition of inductance, magnetic flux is directly proportional to current flow.
i.e.,   i
  Li (L is called inductance).
d di
 L
dt dt
d di
 e(t )    L
dt dt .
IES-EC-83-6M
2. Prove the following.
(i) volume element dv in spherical co-ordinate system is given by d v = r s in θ.d r.d θ.d 
2

 
(ii) Force acting on the mavoing charge in the presence of both E and B field.
Sol: - Consider infitismially small element in spherical co-ordinate system.
(i) Change in radial direction = dr
Change in elevation direction = r d
Change in azimuthal direction = r .sin .d 
Total volume dv  r .sin .d .d .dr
2

 

(ii) The force acting on a charge with electric field alone is, F  Q E

-1-
 The force acting on a current carrying conductor in uniform magnetic field is,

Q   l   
 
 ( l  B)  Q (  B)  Q (   B)

F B  I ( l  B) t t .

The total force acting on charge due to both electric and magnetic fields is,
     
F  F e  F B  Q. E  Q (   B)

    
F  Q  E  (   B) 
 .
The above equation is called Lorentz-force equation.
IES-EC-83-10M
 
2
3. Evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the field F = 2.r .a r , for the volume of the sphere
with r = 3.
Sol: - Divergence theorem,
  

 F.ds   . F.dv

   
F  2r 2 a r ds  r 2 .sin .d .d . a r
  2   

 F.ds    2.r . a r .r 2 .sin .d .d . a r

2

0 0

(4 .2r 4 )  8 .r 4  8 (3)4  2,034.72


1  1  1
. F  2 . (r 2 .Fr )  2 . (r 2 .2r 2 )  2 .(2).4r 3  8r
r r r r r
 2 2 r

 (. F )dV     8r .r .sin .d .d .dr

2

0 0 0

r4
 (4 ).8.  8 r 4  8 (3)4  2,034.72
4 .
IES-EC-83-15M

 k 
P =  n ar
4. State conditions for “solenoidal” and “irrotational” fields given the field  r  ,in which k is a

2 -n 
 .P =  n +1  k
constant, show that r  (excluding r = 0). What choice of n will provide a solenoidal field?

Prove whether field P is irrotational.


Sol: - A field is said to be solenoidal, (non divergent) if .P  0 .



A field is said to be irrotational. If   P  0

-2-
 
k 
P  n a r
Given, r 

. P  0
1  2 1   2 k  1  2 n 1
.
r r
2 
r .Pr  0  2 .
r r  r . n   0  2 .
 r  r r r
 
r .k  0  2 .(2  n ) . r 1 n .k  0

2n 
  n 1  .k  0
 r 
K is a constant, i.e., 2 – n = 0  n  2 .


For n = 2, .P  0 .
  
ar a a

1   
P  2
r .sin  r  
k
0 0   
r2  a r .(0)  a  .(0)  a  .(0  0)  0 .
 
  P  0 , so P is irrotational field.
IES-EC-84-15M
5. Consider spherical charge distribution of radius R. The charge density is  in c/m3 and can be assumed
to remain constant from the centre to the radius R in any direction write down Gauss law and derive an
expression for electric fields E for points (i) outside the distribution of charge (ii) inside the charge
distribution.
Sol: - (i) r > R
Gauss Law: - The net amount of electric flux crossing a closed surface is same as charge enclosed by the
surface.

 

i.e., 
D.ds  Q en c

Q

 4  3  Q   4  R 3  C
 3  R 3
Let Q is the total charge of sphere, then    
According to Gauss law, a Gaussian surface of radius ‘r’ enclosed a charge of Q C.
All electric fields are radially outward and
 2
Q
 
  o   E r . r 2 .sin .d .d   Q  Er 
 o E r . a r .r .sin .d .d . a r  Q
2
0 0   o .E r . r (4 )  Q
2
4  o . r 2
Q 1 
4 R  3 
   .a r  .. R 3 . a r  ar
 Er  Er .a r 4  o r 2 4  o .r 2 3 3 o r 2 .
4
Q  R . 3

(ii) r < R ; A charge 3

-3-
 4
R 3
Q. 3
4 4 4 r3
R 3 R 3 R 3 Q en c  Q . 3
3 encloses a charge of Q . 3 encloses a charge of 3 . R
r3 Qr Q.r
 o E r .r 2 (4 )  Q . 3  E r   Er 
 

 D.ds  Q en c R 4 R  o
3
4  o R 3
4
R 3 r
4 3 r 
.r 
Q  R 3   E r   Er  E .a r .
3 4  R 3
3 o 3o
But, o

IES-EC-85-15M
6. Calculate from first principles the capacity of a spherical condenser, formed by two concentric
conducting spherical shells of radii a and b , b > a, when the region between the spheres is a dielectric
with permittivity,  .
Q
V
4  o r
Sol: -
a  
V    E . dl
b

b>a

Q 
E ar
4 o r 2
a
a
Q   Q 1
Q 1 1  Q
V   . a r . dr . a r       V
 (b  a )
b 4  o r
2
4b
 4  o  a b 
o r 4  o a b
4 o
C  F /m
Q 4 o a b 1 1 
C  a  b
Capacitance , V b a  
4  o
C  4  o a F
1 
a 
If b   , then   .
IES-EC-84-5M
7. Explain about the trajectory of a charged particle, shot into a uniform electric field, with initial velocity
u, perpendicular to electric field intensity E.

-4-
 
Sol: - The charge particle travels with initial velocity of u along x –axis. So, displacement along x-axis is
x = ut ...............(1)
As it enters into electric field, the charged particle experiences some force and is accelerated along y-
direction.
e
a  F
So, ma = eE m .................(2)
x
t 
from (1), u
2
1 1  e  x  1 e E  2
y  u t  a t 2  y  2 .  m E  .  u   2 .  m 2  .x
in y-direction, 2      u  .
It means in parabolic path.
8. Two equal charges ‘q’ of opposite sign separated by distance d constitute an electric dipole. Derive the
expression for the electric potential ‘V’ at any point in space due to this dipole, assuming that the point
is not too close to the dipole. Sketch the appropriate equipotential lines.
d
r1  r  cos 
From figure, 2
Sol: -

d
r2  r  cos 
2
q
V 
4 o r1
The potential due to + Q charge is
q
V 
4 o r 2
The potential due to –q charge is
The total potential of a point p, which is at far distance is, V  V  V
q q q 1 1  q  r 2  r1 
        
4 o r1 4  o r 2 4 o  r1 r 2  4 o  r1 . r 2 

-5-
 d d
r 2  r1  r  cos   r  cos   d cos 
But, 2 2 (Effects on phase changes).
All lines are seems to parallel to each other and have r1  r2  r in denominator (Effects on amplitude
changes).
 
q d cos  qd cos  q d . a r
V V 
4 o r 2
4 o r 2 4  o r 2
 
P .a r
V
4 o r 2
.
 

Where, P  q d is called dipole momentum.



The electric field, E  V

 V  V    E    qd cos  .  2  a r  1 qd (  sin ) a  
   
 E   ar  a  
 4  o r 4  o r
3 2
 r rd   r 
qd   

 2 cos . a r  sin . a   V / m
4  o r 3  
1  1
V E 3
r2 , r in case of dipole.
Qd
1
4  o
and then cos   Vr .
2
To plot the equipotential lines, choose a dipole such that

IES-EC-87-8M
9. An inductance is fabricated by winding N turns of wire around a circular iron core of cross-sectional
area A, permeability  and mean length l. It carries the current I. What do you mean by term”mean
length”. Write the expression for the mmf, the reluctance of the coil, the flux linked with each turn of
the coil, and the condcutnace of the coil.
Sol: - Inductance is defined as magnetic flux per unti current,

N
L
I
N is the number of turns.Magnetic flux,   BA(A  a r ea ) .
 

Using Ampler’s, assume Ampere loop of radius l, then , 

H.dl  I en c

 

 H  . a  .l.d . a   NI
H  .  2 l   NI

-6-
 NI
H 
 l 
2
NI
  H  A  A
2 l
N  N 2
L  A
I 2 l
NI NI
H  
a b (a  b) (a  b)
l= 2 .
Here, 2 , 2 .
l =  a  b 
Where, . i.e., called length of the magnetic circuit at the mean radium.
NI   NI A  NI  A   NI l
B  l  R R
l ; l   , where  A.
Here, NI is called magnetomotive force.
m.m.f
 flu x   m m f  perm ea n ce
Re lu c t a n ce .
IES-EC-89-8M
10. A straight rod of radius ‘a’ and infinite length carries a direct current I. Find the vector magnetic
potential inside and outside the rod.
Sol: - (i) r < a
Applying poisson’s equation,
2 A z  J z

I
J z  Current density = a 2

I 1   A z  I   A z  Ir A z Ir 2

2 A z  2   A z  .    2  r  2 r
2
 r.  C
a r r  r  a r  r  a r 2 a 2
At r = 0, c = 0.
A z I 2
 2 A z  r  r
r 2 a 2
At r = 0,  A z  0  A z  0
2

A z I  r 2
 r  A z   C1
r 2 a 2 2 a 2 2
Assume at r = a, Az = 0.
a 2 
C1  
4 a 2
4
  A   1  r 
2
r 2
 Az    z  
4 a 2
4 4  a2 
inside the wire.
(ii) r > a, outside the conductor.
2 A z  0

-7-
 1   A z    A z  A A z C
 r.   0   r.   0  r. z  C    A  C ln r  C1
r r  r  r  r  r r r z  
At r = a, Az = 0, C1  C ln a
r 
 A z  C ln  
A z   C ln r    C ln a  a 
A z 
  B   a
We know, B    A , r

At r = a, B is continuous,
A z I .I A z C .I .I
B    .a     C 
r 2 a 2
2 a r a 2 a 2
.I  r 
Az   ln
2   a 
outside the wire.
IES-EC-89-10M
11. A parallel plate capacitor has length and width 1m each and the plate separation is 10 mm. Find the
energy stored in capacitor and the force between the plates if air is filled between the plates and p.d of
10 kV applied.
1
 CV 2
Energy stored 2
Sol: -

o A  o  10 3  10 3
C    o  10 4
d 10  10 3
  10 4
E o  5000  o
2
 A  1 1
C o  o   o  10 2
d 10  10 3
1 1 1
E  CV 2    10 9  10 2  10 8
2 2 36   4.42  10 3  10 9  10 2  10 8  4.42  10 2
Force between the plates at constant voltage,
1 E ner gy 1 F or ce  d 1
  o E 2    o E 2     o E 2 (A)
Energy density 2 Ar ea  d 2 d 2
1 1
 
2
   10 9  4.42  10 2 (A)  4.42(1)
Force = 2 36  .
12. Electrons emitted from a surface A, as shown below are accelerated towards surface C which is
maintained at a potential of + V volts. The separation of plates is d meter. Show that the value of flux
2m V 1
B= . 2
density at which current will cese to flow to a plate C is given by e d , where m and e are
the electron mass and charge respectively.
Sol: -

-8-
 Based on the conservation of energy the total energy of the charge particle remains constant.
1
m V 2  eV
The potential energy is + eV due to external + V, electrons gains K. E  2
The electron may reach the plate C and current flow takes place. When a magnetic field B is applied in such a
way that the electron does not reach the plate C so that no current conduction takes place. Because of B,
centripetal force acts on electron. So
m V2 Ber Bed
BeV  V 
r m m
2
1  Bed  2 2 2
 m   eV  1 B e d  eV  B 2  2m V  B  2m V . 1 Wb / m 2
2  m  2 m ed 2 e d2 .
IES-EC-90-17M
13. A thin dielectric rod of cross-sectional A extends along the x-axis from x=0 to x=L . The polarization of
2
the rod is along its length, and is given by P = a x + b . Find the volume density of polarization charge
and the surface polarization charge on each end. Show explicitly that the total bound charge vanishes in
this case.
Sol: - A dielectric is always neutral. It always satisfied.
  

 P.ds   . P dV  0
 

polarization takes place along x-axis,


P  ax2  b a x 
The

L
P

x2
 2a x .d x  dy.dz    A   2a  .

. P  x  2a x
x
 . P dV  2
 a.AL2   Vb
0

  Vb  a.AL2 .
 
 Qb
 P   b s
We know, 
P.ds  Q b Ar ea


at x = 0, P  a(0)  b  bs
2

at x = 2, P  a(L)  b   bs .
2

 

 P. ds  bs x =L
(A)   bs x 0
(A)  (a L2  b)A  bA  a AL2

Total charge, a AL  a AL  0 .
2 2

-9-
 IES-EC-92-8M
14. An eccentric hole of radius ‘a’ is bared parallel to the axis of right circular cylinder of radius b (b > a),
as shown in figure below. The two axes are at a distance d apart. A current of ‘I’ amperes flow in the
cylinder, what is the magnetic at the centre of the hole?

Sol: - This problem can be treated as a superposition of two problems having conductor of radius b and another
circular conductor having radius a. Both are having current densities Jz and –Jz respectively.
 

By Ampere’s law, 
H.dl  I en c
.

2
JZ
H
0
 .r1 .d  
r1 2
.I en c

J z r1
H  (2 )r1  J z ..r12  H   2
J r
B   H   z 1
2

J z r2
B 
2
Similarly, for another conductor,

J z r1
B 
2
 
r1  x1 a x  y1 a y
J z x1
B x1  
2

-10-
 J z y1
B y1 
2
 
r 2  x 2 a x  y 2 a y
J z x z J y
B x2   ; B y2   z z ;
2 2
x  x  d y  y
But, 1 2 , 1 2 .
J z (x 2  d ) J z x 2 J d
Bx     z
2 2 2
J z y1 J z y1
By   0
2 2 .
d d I 
Bx   Jz  . a x
2 2 (b 2  a 2 )

d I 
B .a 
2 (b  a )
2 2

IES-EC-92-5M
F 
15. A 1 -capacitor (Tio2) as dielectric of r = 100 for an applied dc voltage 100 V. Find
(i) Energy stored in capacitor and
(ii) Energy dissipated in polarizing Tio2.
1 1 1
W  CV 2  10 6  (10 2 )2  10 2 J
Sol: - (i) 2 2 2
(ii) Wt ot  WP ola riz  Wa ir
Wt ot
 Wt ot 
WP ola riz  Wt ot  Wa ir r
1 2 1
Wt ot  cV Wt ot   o r V 2
2 , 2 .
1 2 1
Wt ot  E   o  r E   r Wa ir
2

2 2
Wt ot
 Wa ir
r
1 1 10 2 99
Wpol  (1  )Wt ot  (1  )   10 4  49.5  10 4 J
r 100 2 2

D  1    1 
   
 D   o .   o 1  .   D  E 1  
  
D   o E  P  P  D  o E   r   r .
IES-EC-90-17M

-11-
16. A parallel plate capacitor consists of two metal plates of area A and separation d. A state of thickness t,
and dielectric constant  is inserted between the plates with its faces parallel to the plates and having
the same surface area as that of plates. Find the capacitance of .
If  = 2 , for what value of lid will the capacitance of the system be 3/2 times that of the air-capacitor
alone? If the charge Q in the capacitor remains unchanged. Calculate the energy in the two cases and
account for the change in energy?
Sol: -

1 d 1
C1 
Dielectric capacitance, A , d1 = t.
2 d 2
C2 
Air capacitance, A , d2 = d1 – t.
Equivalent capacitance Ceq is parallel combination.
1 1 1
 
C eq C1 C 2
1 C  C1
 2
C eq C1 C 2
C1 C 2
C eq 
C1  C 2
1 A 2 A
.
d1 d 2 1 A 2 2  o  r1 A o o r A 2o A
C eq     
1 A 2 A ( 1 d 2  2 d 1 )A ( r d 2  d 1 )o (  r d 2  d 1 ) (2d 2  d 1 )
 1 1

d1 d2
3 o A 2o A 3

2 d 2d 2  d 1  d  4 (2d 2  d 1 )
.
IES-EC-91-17M
17. A long cylindrical conductor of radius a, bearing the charge  per unit length, is immersed in a
dielectric medium of constant permittivity  . Find the electric field at a distance r > a from the axis of
the cylinder.
Sol: - Imagine a Gaussina cylinder of radius r > a.

Then according to Gauss law,

 

 D.ds  Q en c
 

  E.ds  Q en c

-12-
  
  E  . a  .  . d  . dz . a   Q en c

L 2
E    .d .dz  Q en c
0 0

Q en c 
E  r .(2 )L  Q en c  E   
2 r L 2  r
 
 E  a V / m
2  r
.
IES-EC-92-17M
  
18. A dielectric cube of side L has a radial polarization given by P = A r , where A is a constant and
   
r = x a x + y a y + z a z . The origin of coordinates is at the centre of the cube. Find all the bound charge
densities, and show explicitly that the total bound charge vanishes.
  

Sol: - P  A r  A.r . a r for dielectric Q s  Q b  0 .


. P  vb

1  2 1  2 A  3 A
. P  .
r 2 r

r .Pr  2
r r
r .A.r  2
r r
 
r  2 .3.r 2  3A
r
 
.
  L / 2  L /2  L /2
Q b   .P dv      3A  dx.dy.dz  3A  L   3AL3
3
 L / 2  L /2  L /2 .
Q s  sb A   sb .dx.dy

P  sb
 L / 2  L /2
   
 
Qs    A  x a x  y a y  z a z dx.dy a z
 
At one face,  L /2  L /2

L AL3
 A  z.dx.dy  A.L2 . 
2 2
AL3
Q s  6.  3AL3
It has 6 faces so, 2 .
Q sb  Q vb  0
Total charge,
3AL3  3AL3  0 .
So, dielectric is electrically neutral.
IES-EC-92-8M
19. An infinite number of charges each equal to q are located along the x-axis at x = 1, x = 2, x = 4, x =
8 .......... and so on. Find the potential and electric field at the point x = 0 due to this set of charges.

-13-
 Q
V
4  o r
Sol: -

Q 1 Q  1 1 1 1  Q  a  1
VT 
4  o
r
i 1

4  o 1  2  4  8  16  ....... 
 
VT 
4  1  r

 ,a  1,r  2

i o

 
Q  1  Q Q
VT     2 
4  o  1 4  o 2  o
 1  
  2
Q
E
4  o r 2
Q  1
ET  
4  i 1 r i 2
Q  1 1 1 1 
E 1  2 2  4 2  8 2  16 2  ... 
4  o
 
Q a Q 1 Q 1 Q 4
   .  .
4 o 1  r 4  o 1 4 o 1 4  o 3
1 1
4 4
Q
ET 
3  o
.
IES-EC-92-8M
20. A small sphere of polarizability and radius a is placed at a distance (   α ) from the conducting

sphere of radius b, which is maintained at a potential 1 V. Find the expression for the force on the
dielectric sphere.
Sol: - Due to conducting sphere the electric field E at a distance  is,

Q
E1 
4 o 2
This electric field acts on dielectric sphere and polarizes due to this the center has been shifted by distance.

 

Electric field inside dielectric sphere is,  D.ds  Q en c

-14-
  
4
  E .ds   . d 3
3
V

4  .d
E r .d 2 .(4 )  V . .d 3  E r  V
3 3
Q

4 3
a
But, V  total volume charge density 3
Q.d Q.d
Er  
4 4 a 3
3. a 3 .
3
As E1 acts on E2 there must be equal and opposite forces.
Q Qd a3
 d  2
4  2
4 a 3
 .
Force acting on dielectric sphere is
a3
Q2 . 2
Q.d  Q2
 Q.  
F = EQ 4 .a 3 4 .a 3 4 2
Q
V  Q  (1).4 .b
But, 4 b
 4 b 
2
4 b
F 
4  2
2
21. A charge Q is uniformly distributed between the spheres of radius r 2 and r3 (r3 > r2) respectively. The
spheres may be assumed to be constructed of a plastic material with a relative permittivity of 1.
Calculate
(i) the volume charge density in the regions between spheres.
(ii) the electric field produced by this charge distribution for values of ‘r’.
Q
V 
Sol: - (i) Volume charge density, V

Q   V .dv
Q Q Q
V   
4 2
 dV    r
2   r3
2
. sin .d .d .dr r3  r2 2 
3
0 0 r2
.

r 2  r  r3
(ii)

-15-
  

 D.ds  Q
 o  E r .r 2 .sin .d .d   Q
 o 4 r 2 .E r  Q
Q
Er 
4 r 2 o

Q 
E ar
4  o r 2 .
r  r2

 

 D.ds  0

E 0
r  r3
 

 D.ds  Q en c

4
 o .4 .r 2 .E r 
3
 
. V . r 3 2  r 2 2

 Er 

V . r3 2  r 2 2    
V . r3 2  r2 2 
E  .a r
3o r 2 3 r 2 .
IES-EC-95-8M
Uniform charge densities 2 c / m and - 2 c / m exist in x-y planes, infinite extend and located at z =
2 2
22.
3m and z = 19 m respectively. The region 3  z  19 is a dielectric of relative permittivity 9. Determine
the displacement density the electric field and polarization vectors in the space between the planes.
-16-
Sol: -
 
D  E

 s 2  10 6
E   8   10 3
 1
 10 9  9
36 
 
D   s  s  2  c / m 2

In polarization dielectric medium,
  
D  o E  P

   
D
P  D  o E  D  o
 o . r
   
1 1 8 16
P  1 
  9
6
 9

 D  1   . 2  10   2  10 
6

9
 / m 2
  r
.
IES-EC-94-17M
23. A parallel plate capacitor with 1 cm separation between plates has 20 kv applied across it. It has air
dielectric .A glass sheet of 2 mm thickness and of 6.5 relative permittivity is inserted in the air dielectric
and kept on one plate. Find the capacitance of the parallel plate with glass per unti area, the electric
field in air and glass, the charge density on the plates.
C1 1

Sol: - Capacitance of glass medium per area = A d

1
1   o r   10 9  6.5
36 
3
d = 2 mm = 2  10 .
C1 10 9 6.5
   28  10 9 F / m 2
A 36  2  10 3
C 2 2

(ii) Air capacitance per unti area, A d
1 1 1
  10 9    10 6  1.105  10 9 F / m 2
36  8  10 3 36   8 .
V1
d1
E1 is the electric field in glass capacitance =

-17-
 C2 1.1  10 9
V1  V.  20  10 3   0.756 kV
C1  C 2  28  1.1   10 9
V1 0.756  10 3
E1    0.378  10 6 V / m
d1 2  10 3 .
E2 in air capacitance,
V.C1 28  10 9
V2   20  10 3   19.24  10 3
C1  C 2  28  1.1   10 9
V2 19.24  10 3
E2    2.405  10 6 V / m
d2 8  10 3
Q s A CV
C   s 
We know, V V A .
CV
s1  1 1  28  10 9  0.756  10 3  21.168  10 6 c / m 2
A .
C 2 V2
s 2   1.105  10 9  19.24  10 3  21.26  10 6 c / m 2
A .
IES-EC-96-8M
24. Find the electric field vector E for an anisotropic dielectric material when displacement vector
      
= 5 a x + a y + a z 
D = Dx a x + Dy a y + Dz az   c/m2 and E related to D as
D x  4 2 2   E x 
  2 4 2   E 
D y  = ε o   y
D  2 2 4   E 
 z  z  following usual notations.
5
Dx   4E x  2E y  2E z
o
Sol: - .......... (1)
5
Dy   2E x  4E y  2E z
o
........... (2)
10
Dz   2E x  2E y  4E z
o
........... (3)
(1) – (2) x (2)
4E x  2E y  2E z  5 o
4E x  8E y  4E z  10  o
     
________________________________
 6E y  2E z  5  o
(2) – (3)
2E x  4E y  2E z  5 o
2E x  2E y  4E z  10  o
       
__________________________________
2E y  2E z  15  o

-18-
 2E y  2E z  15  o
6E y  2E z  5  o
     
_______________________________
8E y   20  o 
5
Ey 
2 o
15
E y  Ez 
2 o
15 5 15 5
Ez  Ey    
2  o 2  o 2  o 2 o
5 5  5  5
 4E x  2.  2.    4E x 
o 2o 
 o  o
.
10 5
 4E x  E x 
o 2o

5  5  5 
E ax ay az V / m
2 o 2 o o
.
IES-EC-96-15M
25. The potential function V = 3x+5y V exists in free space. Find the stored energy in a 2m2 volume
centered at the origin.
Sol: - V = 3x+5y V
E ner gy 1
 o E 2
Energy density = volu m e 2

E  .V

V  V   
E ax a y  3 a x  5 a y
x y

E  E  9  25  34  5.8

1 2  1 1
 2  o E  (volu m e)    10 9  34  2  0.3  10 9 J
Energy =   2 36  .
IES-EC-98-17M
26. A certain homogeneous slate of lossless dielectric material is characterized by an electric susceptibility
of 0.12 and carries a uniform flux density within it of 1.6 nc/m2. Find the electric field intensity, the
19
polarization, the average dipole moment if there are 2 × 10 dipoles per cubic metre and the voltage
between two equipotential 2.54 are apart.
Sol: - e  0.12
D = 1.6 nc/m2
   
D   E  o r E   o  1  e  E


D 1.6  10 19 1.6  36 
E    161.48 V / m
o  1  e  1 1.12
 10 19  1.12 
36 

  
D   1    1  9 9
P  D  o E  D  o  1   . D  1    1.6  10  0.171  10 C / m
2

o r  r   1.12  .
Polarization is defined as dipole momentum per unit volume.

-19-
 Dipole m om en t u m c  m
P  3
 c / m2
Volu m e m .
 2  10 9  2.54  10 2  5  10 7 c / m 2 .
IES-EC-98-17M
27. Calculate the inductance of a toroid formed by surfaces  = 3 c m ,  = 5 c m , Z = 1.5 cm wrapped
with 5000 turns of wired. The core has a magnetic material with  r = 6 ( Do not use approximation in
evaluating flux).
Sol: - By applying Ampere’s law,

 

 H.dl  I en c

NI
H  ..  2    NI  H  
2 
NI
B   H  
2  .

L
Inductance, I
h b h b
   
NI NI
  B.ds    B  . a  .d .ds. a     2 d .ds  2
(h ). ln (b / a )
Flux, 0 0 0 0 .
N  N I.h
2
N 2 h
L  ln (b / a )  ln (b / a )
I 2 .I 2
6  4   10 7   5000   1.5  10 2
2

 ln (5 / 3)
2  12  10 7  25  10 6  1.5  10 2 ln (5 / 3)
 450  ln (5 / 3)  10 3  229.87  10 3 H
L  229.87  10 3 H .
IES-EC-12-10M

28. Find the potentials at  A = 4m and   = 16m due to a point charge Q = 900 PC at the origin and zero
reference at infinity. Also find the potential at  A with respect to  B .
Q 900  10 12 81
VA     10 1  2.025 V
4  o  A 1 4
4   10 9  4
Sol: - 36 
Q 900  10 12 81
VB     10 1  0.5V
4  o  B 1 16
4   10 9  16
36 

-20-
 Potential A w.r.to B  VA  VB  2.025  0.5  1.525 V .
IES-EC-12-10M
29. Two parallel conducting planes in free space are at y = 0 and y = 0.04 m and zero voltage reference is at


y = 0.02 m. If D = 126 a y nc/m2 between the conductors, determine the conductor voltages?
 
D  126 a y
Sol: -



D 126 
E  n ay
o o
126  10 9
fin a l   0
V1    E . dl    E dy  E (0.02) 
1 9
 (0.02)  126  36   0.02  284.8V
init ia l 0.02  10
36 
0.04  
V2   
0.02
E .dy . a y  E (0.02)  284.8V

at 0 : - there is gain of potential.

at 0.04 : - there is loosing of potential.
IES-EC-13-5M
(r = 5 c m a n d r2 = 30 c m ) are applied with -10 V and + 120 V
30. Two concentric spherical shells 1
respectively. The dielectric medium between the shells has  r = 2.2 . Find the charge densities.
Determine the location where the V = 50 v.
Sol: - We can apply Laplacian equation

2 V  0

-21-
 1   2 V    2 V  V V C1 C
 r  0 r 0 r2  C1  2 V   21  C 2
r r  r 
2
 r  r   r  r r  r .
V = - 10 v at r1  0.05 m V = 120 v at r 2  0.3
C C
10  1  C 2 120   1  C 2
0.05 ..............(1) 0.3 ..............(2)
(1) – (2)
C C 0.3C1  0.05C1
 130   1  1  130    16.66C1
0.05 0.3 (0.05)(0.3)
C1  7.8
7.8
10   C2
0.05  C 2  146 .
7.8
V(r )   146
r
at V = 50, r = ?
7.8 7.8 7.8
50   146   146  50  96  r   0.08 m
r r 96 .

V  7.8 
E  V   ar  2 ar
r r
 
7.8 
D   E  2 o r a r
r
7.8 7.8
  c / m2   c / m2
 0.05   0.3 
2 o r 2 o r

at r = 0.05, at r = 0.3,
IES-EC-13-10M
31. Two coils kept on a common axis are separated by 12 cm. Coil A has 10 turns of radius 4 cm with a
current of 1 A. Coil B has 5 turns of wire with a radius of 6 cm. The current in coil B is to be
determined such that the induced magnetic field at the center of coil A generated by coil A.
Sol: - Magnetic field intensity due to circular loop


  
   

I.a.d . a    a. a   h a z  I.a.d .  a. a z  h. a  
 
     

I dl  a R 3 3
dH 
4 R 2 
4 . a 2  h 2 2 
4 . a 2  h 2 2 

Due to symmetry of loop,  component get cancelled.

-22-
 

I.a.d .a. a z 
I.a 2  
I.a 2 
dH  3
H   3
d . a z  H  3
az

4 . a 2  h 2  2

4 . a 2  h 2  2

2 a2  h2  2
.

N.I.a 2 
H  3
az A / m

If it has N number of turns,


2 a2  h2  2

at the centre of loop, h = 0.


N.I.a 2  NI 
H  3
az  az A / m
2a 2a .

The magnetic field intensity at the centre of coil A is,

 N1I  10  1  10 
HA  .a z  .a z  .a z
2a 2  0.04  0.08
The magnetic field at the center of A loop due to magnetic loop of B is,
 N 2IBa 2 
HB  3
.a z
2 a2  h2 2  
3


N 2IBa 2

10
 IB 
10


2 0.06 2  0.12 2  2

 IB 
125  2(0.262)
 3,638.88
3
0.08 0.08 (5)(0.06)2 0.018

2 a2  h2  2

IES-EC-13-10M
32. Derive the expression for the power required to move a current carrying conductor at a rotational


frequency of N rev/min if it is placed in a magnetic field of flux density B o a r .Find the value with the
given data: B o  0.6 T, I = 10A: L = 1.2 m: N = 25 rev/min, r = 2 cm. From this determine the magnetic
flux density to be applied if the power is to be 1.5 W.

-23-
Sol: - Power = 1.5 W, L = 1.2 m,  = 2 m, I = 10 A, N = 25 rev/min, Bo = ?.
 

The force acting on conductor, F  BIL. a  .

 

So, applied force is , Fa  BIL. a  .

2  
W   BIL  . a  ..d  a   BIL.2 
The work done for one complete revolution is, 0

60 sec - N revolutions
N
1 sec - 60 revolutions.
BIL.2 .N

Power = 60 watts.
P ower  60 1.5  60
B   0.0238 wb / m 2
2 ILN 2   2  10  1.2  25 .
IES-EC-14-10M
33. (i) A steady magnetic field of 10 A/m is incident on an iron air boundary as shown in figure
  r = 8000  .

(i) Write the boundary conditions for the magnetic field in terms of the indicated variables and
parameters assuming surface current to be absent.
 
0θ θ=
 
(ii) Plot Vs for the range 2 .For 4 find the magnetic flux density in magnitude and
direction at the interface.
Sol: - Boundary condtions for magnetic fields for current free region is
H tan 1  H tan 2 B n1  Bn 2
and .
H i cos   H r cos  1 H n 1   2 H n 2
H i . cos  90     H r . cos  90   
H i sin   H r sin  1 H 1 cos    2 H 2 cos 
sin  sin  tan  tan  
    tan   1 tan 
1 cos  2 cos  1 2 2

-24-
  r1
tan   .tan 
 r2
.
1
 tan   tan 
t a n   8000 t a n  8000 .
tan 
  0 o    t a n 1  0
 8000 
(ii)
 t a n 30 
  30 o    t a n 1    4.134  10 3
 8000 
 1 
  45 o    t a n 1    7.16  10
30

 8000 
 t a n 60 
  60 o    t a n 1    0.012
o

 8000 
 t a n 75 o 
  75 o    t a n 1    0.026
o

 8000 
 t a n 80 o 
  80 o    t a n 1    0.04
o

 8000 
 t a n 90 o 
  90 o    t a n 1    n ot def.
 8000 

1
B n 1  o  r1 .H n 1   o  r H i cos 45 o  4    10  .  8000   10 
7
 0.7111 Tesla.
(iii) 2
H 1  H i .sin   10  sin 45 o  5.071 A / m
IES-EC-14-16M
34. (a) Find the force on a point charge as 500 C that is uniformly distributed over a circular disk r  5m,
Z = 0 m.
(b) 40 nc of charge is uniformly distributed around a circular ring of radius 2 m. Find the potential at a
point on the axis at 5 m from the plane of the ring. What wouls be the voltage if all the charge is at the
origin like a point charge.
 

Sol: - F = Q E

dQ 
dE  .a R
4  o R 2
  
R  . a   h. a z
dQ  S .ds

-25-
   

  a  zaz 
 s ..d .d   
dE  .

4  o 2  z 2  z
2 2


Due to symmetry of disc component get cancelled. Only z component is present.

 s ..d .d .z. a z
dE  3


4  o 2  z 2  2


 s .z  2   
 s .z  1   .z 1 1 
E z.  d   .   s   
4  o
  2  o  2  z 2  2o  z
3
  z2 
2
0 2  z 2  0 
6
500    10
s   20  10 6 c / m 2
5 5 .

20  10 6  5  1 1 
E   
1 5
2  10 9  50 
36 
 
F  Q E  16.6 N .
(ii) Q = 40 nc
dQ L .d l L ..d 
dV   
4 o R 4    h
2 2
4  o 2  h 2
o

Q Q 40 n c 10 n c
L   L   L    3.18  10 9 c / m
l 2  2  4 
.
L . 3.18  10 9  2 1
V  .  66.7V
1
2  o 2  h 2 2  10 9 4  25
36  .
Q 40  10 9 360
V    72V
4 o R 1 5
4   10 9  5
36  .
IES-EC-87-8M
1. Calculate the energy of sphere of radius ‘R’ in which the charge is uniformly distributed.
1
 o E 2
Sol: - Energy density 2
1
   o E 2 dV
Energy 2


E at r < R.
Apply Gauss Law for electric fields,
 

 D.ds  Q en c
-26-
  

  o E . r 2 sin .d .d . a r  Q en c

 o E r r 2 (4 )  Q enc
Q en c
Er 
4 o r 2
dQ 4 3
But,
V 
dV
Q    V .dV 
3
r . V

4
 V . ..r 3
3  .r
Er   V
4 o r 2 3 o
  r 
E  V .a r
3 o
2 2
1 
1 2   R   V .r  1 v 2 R 5 2 . V 2 .R 5
 
2 o 2 0 0 0 o  3  o 
 E  .dv   .   .dV   4  .  J
2 o 9 o2 5 45  o
Energy = .
2. What is meant by magnetic scalar potential? What are the difficulties arising in using this quantity?
fin a l  
V  E . dl
Sol: - Electric scalar function is defined as, init i


This equation is defined from E  V .

   V   0


But from vector calculus . i.e.,   E  0 .

 
So, E is a conservative field (or) E is a irrotational field.
fin a l  
Vm    H.d l
To define magnetic scalar potential as, init ia l .
 

The necessary conditions to be satisfied as, H  Vm and   H  0 .

 

But according to ampere’s law, H  J



To define magnetic scalar potential, the necessary condition is J  0 .



Difficulty is magnetic scalar potential is defined in regions where only J  0 i.e., current free region only.
IES-EE-83/91-12M
 

3. Give the physical interpretation of E × H . State and prove pointing theorem?

 

Sol: - Physical interpretation of E  H ,


units for E is V/m.

units for H is A/m.
  v A
E  H   wa t t / m 2
units for is m m .
  

Now define a vector P  E  H watt/m2. The physical interpretation of P is it always gives power flow per

unit area (or) rate of energy flow per unit area i.e., power density P indicates power density, but not power.
This is also called Poynting vector. This vector is defined from pointing theorem.
Poynting theorem : -
  .  

E. 

 H  J z  J  E E
From MAXWELL’s Equation, t , Where, t .

-27-
   .
J    H E
.
 

 
  
E .J  E .  H   E .E
 
    
   

.  E  H   H .    E   E .    H 
We know from vector calculus,      

 
   
  
 E .    H   H .    E   .  E  H 
     
.
 

 
    
 E . J  H .    E   .  E  H    E . E
    .
 . . 
H  

H
  E     H H 
But from MAXWELL’s Equation, t , t .
 
.

.
 
     
E . J  H . . H    E  H    E .E
   
 
. .  
   
 
  
H E   
 E . J  . H . H   E . E  .  E  H   . H  . E  .  E  H 
  t t  .
 
    B  A
A .B  A  B.
We know, t t t
  
2
  
A  A 1 A 2   A
  A A  A.   A.
If, A  B , t t t 2 t t .
 
 H 1 H 2   E 1 E 2

H.  E. 
Similarly, t 2 t , t 2 t .
 
1 H 2
 E 2
  

E . J     .  E  H 
2 t 2 t  
 
 1 1   
E .J    H 2  E 2   .  E  H 
t  2 2   
 
 1 1 2  
 E . J dV    t  2 H  E   .  E  H  dV
2

2   
Taking volume integration on both sides,

    

 .  E H  dV   E  H .dS
 
 1  1 2   
  
t V 2
 
t  2
    E  H  .dS
2
E . J dv H dv E dV
.
   
  E . J dv   E dv 
2

1. The term in L.H.S indicates power dissipation instantaneously.   . This is similar

2
to ohmic losses (I R).
2. The I term in R.H.S indicate, decreasing in rate of energy stored in the form of electric and magnetic
fields per unit volume.
3. The II term in R.H.S indicate, the amount of energy entering into the volume.

-28-
     1 1   
   E  H  .dS     H 2  E 2 dv 2   E . J dv
  t V  2 2  v

(r a t e of en er gy (r a t e of en er gy (P ower
flow en t er in g lost in t h e for m dissipa t ion
in t o volum e V) of elect ric a n d perm it volu m e)
m a gn et ic fields
wit h in V)
Statements: - According to pointing theorem, rate of energy flow (or) power flow with in volume is equal to
rate of energy lost in the form of electric and magnetic fields and ohmic losses.
    
1    E  H .dS   P.dS
 
   
P is called Poynting vector and is P  E  H  watt/m2.
IES-EC-87-15M

4. Using magnetic vector potential concept, calculate the magnetic field H of an infinite z-direction
current filament of strength I.

 I 
4  R
 A dl
Sol: - Magnetic vector potential A is given by, .
   

Relation between A and B is, B    A .


1 

H    A 
 


A
Magnetic vector potential concept   : - It is defined from the property of solenoidal of magnetic fields.

There is no physical meanings for A .


Solenoidal property of magnetic fields is, . B  0 .

 

.    B   0
But from vector calculus ,   .
(Divergence of curl of any vector is equal to ).

1 

 H 

  A 
 By comparing, B    A ,    .
  
 
 
    A    .A   2 A    B      H    J
take,   .


 J
4  R
A dV
After solving above second order partial differential equation,

 K

 I 
A 
4 R
dS 
4  R
dl
.

From the above equation A is also into the direction of I.

-29-
  

Then, A  A z . a z .
  
ax ay az
1   

 x y z

1 

H    A  0 0 Az
  .


1   
 
H a x Az  a y Az 
  y z 
 I 

4  R
Az  dz. a z

Consider the line is a finite line of length –L to + L.

L
 I
Az  
4  L x  y 2  z 2
2
dz

 
L
 dz  L

   ln z  x 2  y 2  z 2   ln L  x 2  y 2  L2   ln x 2  y 2
2 0 x 2  y2  z2 2  0 2   

For an infinite line, L  x  y .

2 2 2

 
Az  ln 2L  ln x 2  y 2 
4   
A z I  1  1 I y
   . 2 .2y  . 2
y 2  2  x  y 2
2 x  y2
A z I  1  1 I x
   . 2 .2x  . 2
x 2  2  x  y 2
2 x  y2

  
   


I   y. a x x. a y  I  y. a x  x. a y 
B 
2  x  y
2 2
x  y  2 x2  y2
2 2
 x2  y2 
   

I 
B .a 
2  .

-30-
 
I 
H .a  A / m
2 
.
5. Derive the Laplacian equation in cylindrical, spherical Cartesian co-
ordinate system.
Sol: - In general form curvilinear co-ordinate system,
u v w h1 h 2 h3
x y z 1 1 1
  z 1 l 1
r   1 r r sin 
          
coefficien t s m et ric coefficien t

The general expression for laplacian operation on scalar t is,

1    h 2 h 3 t    h 1 h 3 t    h 1 h 2 t 
2 t        
h 1 h 2 h 3  u  h 1 u  v  h 2 u  w  h 3 w 
2 t 2 t 2 t
2 t   
x 2 y 2 z 2 (Cartesian)
1    t   1  2 t  2 t
2 t        2 2  2
         z
(Cylindrical)
1    2 t    r sin  t    1 t  
2 t    r sin       
r sin   r  r    r     sin    
1   2 t  1   t  1 2 t
 2  r   2  sin .   2
r r  r  r sin  v    r sin  2
2
(Spherical).
6. Find the potential function and electric field intensity for the region between two concentric circular
cyinders whose cross-section is shown in figure.
Sol: - Apply Laplace’s equation for the region between r1 and r2 and boundary conditions are at r = r1, V =0, at r = r2
, V = Vo.

So, Laplace’s equation is,  V  0 .

2

1   2 V    2 V  2 V V C1 C
r   0  r  r r   0  r   0 dr   2  V   21 dr
r 2 r  r    r r r r
C1
V  C2
r
C1 C
0  C2  1  C2
at r = r1 , V = 0, r r .
Vo
 C1 
C1 C1 1 1  1 1 
Vo    Vo  C1      
at r = r2, V = Vo,
r2 r1  r1 r2   r1 r2  .

-31-
 In cylindrical coordinate system, at   1 , V = 0; at   2 , V = Vo.
So, Laplacian equation,  V  0
2

1    V      V   V V C1
    0       0    C1  
               
C1
V  C2
n
C1 C
0  C2 C2   1
n 1 n 1
at   1 , V = 0,
Vo
C1 
2 
Vo  C1 ln 1  C1 ln 2  C1 ln ln 1
1 2
at    , V = Vo,
Vo  
V    ln  
  
ln  2   1 
The expression fror potential is,  1  .

V 
E  V   a
Now, electric field  .

V  Vo 1 1  Vo 
E a  .  . a   2  1
     1
  
ln  2
    ln  2 
 1
  1   1  .
IES-EC-88-15M

7. Define magnetic vector potential. Find the magnetic vector potential A due to an infinite plane current

sheet of uniform density K .
 

Sol: - B    A

1 

H    A 
 
 
 

    A    B     H 
 
 
  
  . A    2 A   J
 
 
2 A   J
 

 J  K  I
A 
4 R
dV  
4 R
dS 
4  R
dl

1  
 H K a n
H due to infinite sheet is given as, 2 .

-32-
  
K  ky ay
Consider,

1  
1 
H ky a y a z   ky a x
For Z > 0, 2 2
1
Hx  ky
2
1     1 
Hx  ky a y a z    k y a x
For Z < 0, 2   2 .

A
Here surface current is flowing in y – direction and hence A only contains y direction.
 
A  Ay a y
  
ax ay az

1 
 1   
H    A  
   x y z
0 Ay 0

1  1   A y  A y   
ky ax  ax 
  z   z   2 k y  A y   2 k y  dz   2 k y  z  z o 

2
For Z > 0,

 
A   k y  z  z o  a y wb / m
2

 
A  k y  z  z o  a y wb / m
ly for Z < 0, 2 .
IES-EC-89-15M
8. Starting from Ampere’s law and Faraday’s law, obtain the corresponding MAXWELL’s equations in
integral form using appropriate theorems of vector calculus Derive these equations in differential form.

Sol: - Ampere’s law: - The integration of H over a closed path is equal to the amount of current
 

i.e., 
H .dl  I en c
enclosed by that path .
 

 H .dl  I en c
.
   

Applying the stoke’s theorem,  H .dl     H.ds

 
 
     H .ds  I en c
 
I  

But,
J 
A
 I en c   J .ds
   
   
    H J
   H.ds   J .ds   .

-33-
  
 
.    H   . J 

If we take divergence on bothsides,    . J  0 .

  V
. J  
It is controduction to equation of continuity which says, t
    

So,   H  J is wrong and assume,   H  J  G .

 
  
.    H   . J  .G
 

V    D
      . D   .
.G  . J t t   t


D
G 

So, t  J D = Displacement current density.


D  
 H  J 
t modified Amperes law (or) 4th MAXWELL’s equation.
Faraday’s law : - The electromotive force over a closed path is equal to rate of change of flux linked
with that coil i.e.,
d
em f 
dt
d
em f  
The direction of current over loop is given by Lenz’s law and is dt .
 
d  
  E .dl   dt  B.dS

 
  B 
    H .dS   t .dS

By applying stoke’s theorem,  

 B

E 
t
.
This is MAXWELL’s 3rd equation.
IES-EC-89-06M
9. State and explain Gauss law in point and integral form.
Sol: - The amount of electric flux lines crossing over a closed volume is equal to the charge enclosed by that closed
surface.
Q 
   
  o  a r . r 2 .sin .d   Q 4 
   D . dS  Q  o  E . dS 4  r 2
4  =Q.
Let electric flux, o
 
Q   D . dS  Q en c

Integral form of Gauss law.

  

By applying Divergence theorem,  D . dS   . D dV  Q en c    V .dV


 . D  V
Differential (or) point form.
IES-EC-90-12M
10. Develop an expression for magnetic field intensity both inside and outside a solid ctlindrical conductor
of radius ‘a’ carrying current ‘I’ with uniform current density.
 

Sol: - By Ampere’s law,  H.dl  I en c

 

 H  . a  ..d . a   I en c

-34-
 H   2    I en c
a 2 - I
 2
- ?
2
I
a 2

2 I
H   2    .I  H     a
a 2
2 a 2
 

For   a ,  H.dl  I
H   2    I
I
H    a
 
2 
IES-EC-90-(3+3+3)
11. Explain the terms (1) electrostatic potentials (2) electric flux density (3) Gauss law.
Sol: - (1) Electric potential: The amount of workdone to move a charge from one point to another point in given
electric field is called electrical potential (V).
Work done = Force  displacement
dW  F  d l
 
dW  Q E .dl
W  


 
W    Q E .dl    E .dl
Q
fin a l  
V 
in it
E . dl

Q
V
4 o R
due to point charge.

(b) Electric flux per unit area is called electric flux density D .


D
 Ar ea 
 
   D .dS
 
  D.dS
(c) Gauss law: - The total amount of electric flux over a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed by that
surface.
 

 D . dS  Q en c
.
IES-EC-91-48M

-35-
 A spherical volume of radius R has a volume charge density  c / m given by  = k r where r is the
3
12.
radial distance, K is a constant. Develop the expression for electric field intensity and electric potential
and sketch their variation w.r.to r.
Sol: - (i) r > R
 

 D.ds  Q en c
 

  o E .ds  Q en c
 
 o  E r a r .r 2 sin .d .d . a r  Q en c

 o  E r r 2 sin .d .d   Q en c

 o E r r 2  4    Q en c
Q en c
Er 
4 o r 2
1 4 V R 3
Er  . V . R 3

4  o r 2 3 3o r 2
KR 4
Er 
4 o r 2

KR 4 
E ar
4 o r 2

1
E
r2
Q en c
v 
4 4
R 3 Q en c  v R
3

3 3
R
KR 4
Q en c    .dV    Krr sin .d .d   .4   KR 4 
2
V
4
0 .
r  r R r

KR 4  
KR 4 1 KR 4 1 KR 4
   E . dl     . a r .dr . a r    r 2 dr   4 o . r   4 o r
 4  o r
2
4 o
Electric potential  .
(ii) r =k

KR 4  KR 2 
E .a r  ar
4 o r 2 r R
4 o
KR 4 KR 3
V 
4 o R 4 o
at r = R ,
 

(iii) r  R  D.dS  Q en c

 

  o E.dS  Q en c

-36-
  
 o  E r . a r .r 2 .sin .dr .d . a r  Q en c
 o E r r 2  4    Q en c
Q en c
Er 
4 o r 2
4
R 3
3 - Q
4
R 3
3 - ?
2
r
Q en c  Q
R3
Qr
1 r2  V r
Er  . 3 Q 3 4  3 
4  o r R
2   o R 3 o
3
Q
V 
Volu m e
2  r
4
    kr .r
2
.sin .d .d   k. r .4 
Q en c    V dv 0 0 0 4  k r 4
1
Er  k r 4
4 o r 2
kr 2
Er 
4 o
r  R   r
  
KR 4 kr 2 KR 4 k 1 3
V    E .dl    E . dl   E . dl 
4 o r 2
  4 
dr 
4  r 2

4  3

r  R3 
Potential   R R o o o

KR 4 k
 
4  o r 2 12 o
R3  r 3 
.

-37-
 IES-EC-91-12M
13. Starting from first principle, derive MAXWELL’s equation in integral form. Write these equations in
differential form.
  

Sol: - Gauss Law,  D.dS  Q en c . D  V

 

 D.dS  0

. B  0

  
D 
Ampere’s Law,
 H.dl   J  t .dS  
H  J  J D


 
 
 B   B 

Faradayls Law,
 E.dl   t dS E 
t
IES-EC-91-10M
14. The volume charge distribution in a device is given by V = 2 o se c h x / a + ta n h x / a . Determine the
expression E = 0 as x   and V =0 at x=0.

2 V   V
Sol: - Poisson’s equation, E
 V
2

 V
In one dimension, dx 2

dV 
   V .dx
dx 
dV 2 o
  .sec h x / a. t a n h x / a.dx
dx 
dV 2
  o sec h x / a.a  c
dx 
as x   , E = 0.
dV 2 o
E  V    .sec hx / a.a  c
dx o
But,
As x   , sec h x / a  0
c=0

-38-
 dV 
 2 o .sec h x / a.a
dx 

V  2 o .a  sec h x / a dx

2 x
V   o a.2. t a n e a .a  c 2

But , V = 0 at x = 0
2 o a 2
0
.2. t a n (1)  c 2

4 a 2
c2   o t a n (1)

4 a 2 x
4 a 2
V  o t a n e a  o t a n (1)
  .
IES-EC-91-10M
15. Find the work done involved in moving a charge of 1 coulomb from (6,8,-10) to (3,4,-5) along a straight
   

line in the field E  x a x + y a y - z a z V/m?

Sol: - (6, 8,-10)  (3, 4,-5)
   
E  xax yayzaz
   
dl  dx a x  dy a y  dz a z
3 4
5
fin a l   3 4
x2 y2 5
W  Q. 
in it
E . dl
 (1) xdx  ydy  zdz
   xdx   ydy  3
6 8

10
dz  
2 6

2 8
 3 z 10

9 
    18   8  32   3 5  10   13.5  24  15  52.5 J
 2  .
IES-EC-91-8M
 

16. Find the emf developed about the path r = 0.5, z = 0 at t = 0, if B  0.1 s in 377t a z .
d d   d
    B . ds    0.1  sin 377t ..(0.5)2  (0.1)cos 377t. .(0.5) 2 .(377)
Sol: - emf dt dt dt
emf = -29.6 cos 377 t.
at t = 0, emf = - 29.6 V.
IES-EC-92-12M
17. Derive the expression for electric field intensity at any point inside and outside of a sphere of radius R
due to a uniform spherical distribution of charge of density  by applying poisson’s equation (or) its


equivalent  D  V both inside and inside the sphere. One constant is evaluated by matching solutions

at the boundary of a sphere and the other is evaluated by nothing that D is zero at the center of sphere.
Sol: - Case (i): r > R

 

 D .dS  Q en c

 o  E r . a r .r sin .d .d   Q en c
2

-39-
  o E r r 2  4    Q enc
4
V . R 3
Q en c 3
Er  
4 o r 2 4 o r 2
 V R 3 
E .a r V / m
3 o r 2
Case (ii): r = R
 V R 3   R 
E .a r  V .a r
3o R 2
3 o
Case (iii): r < R
 

 D .dS  Q en c

4
R 3
3 Q en c
-
4 3
r
3 - Q
Qr 3
R3
 o  E r . r 2 sin .d .d   Q en c
Qr 3 Qr
E r o r 2  4     Er 
R3 4  o R 3
3
3
v r 
Er  .a r
3 o
.
18. A fined square 9-turn coil with lower left corner at the origin has sides of lengths x1 and y1 . If x1 = y1 = 1

m and if the magnetic flux density B is normal to the plane of the coil and has space variation of
amplitude.
x y
B o = 5s in .s in .T
x1 y1
.
Find the rms emf induced in the coil if B varies harmonically with the time at 1000 cps.
d d
   N  (BA).N
Sol: - emf dt dt
x y
B o = 5sin .sin .sin t .T
x1 y1
x1 y1
d x y

dt   (9)(5)sin x1
.sin
y1
.sin t.(1)(1)
emf = 0 0

 45  sin  x  cos  y  . cos t

 45  2   f  sin x sin y. cos t
 2   2 
 45  2   5    
  x 1    x1 \

V  t   1130  10 3 cos 2   10 3 t   1
2


V  t   114.5  10 3 cos 2   10 3 t 

-40-
 114.5  10 3
Vrm s   81.02 kV
2 .
IES-EC-92-12M

19. What do you understand by magnetic vector potential? Find magnetic vector potential A of a long

wire of circular cross section of radius ‘b’ carrying current of density ‘J’ .From the value of A ,

deduce the expression for B ?


Sol: - . B  0
 

.    A   0
 
 
A  B

1 
 
V
H    A  . A    
 Lorentz gauge equation,  A   J
2
 t
 
 
 

    A     B    H 
   
 

  
D 
  . A    2 A    J 
   t 
 

   
E    V  
 V 
  . A    2 A   J     J     J    
  t t  t 
.
 

Solution of  A   J
2

 

 J  K  I 
A
4  R
dV  
4 R
ds 
4  R .
dl


 I 
4  R
A dl
L L L

 I 
I dz 
I dz 
A  dz. a z   2  .a z   .a z
4  L x 2  y 2  z 2 4 0 x 2  y2  z 2 2 0 x 2  y 2  z 2
I  L
I  I
 ln z  x 2  y 2  z 2   ln L  x 2  y 2  z 2   ln x 2  y 2  ln 2L   ln x 2  y 2
2   o 2    2  
I  L 
 a z  I ln  L  a z

 ln 
2    
 x y 
2 2
2   

-41-
   
a  a  az
 
1   
B  A 
   z
1   A z  A z 
0 0 Az    a    a
    
.
A z I 1 I
 . 
 2  2 
 A z  I  jb 2  
B a   a   a
 2  2 

jb 2 
B a
2
.
20. Starting from Faraday’s law of induction show, with usual notations, that for time varying fields


B
E  
t .
d
 N
Sol: - emf dt
d  
dt 
 N B.ds
emf =

 
B 
 E .dl   N  t .ds
 
 
 

 E . dl      E  . ds
Applying Stoke’s theorem,

 
  B 
    E .ds    t . ds


B
E  
t
IES-EC-93-12M
21. A small isolated conducting sphere of radius of ‘a’ is charged with + Q coulombs. Surrounding this
sphere and concentric with it is a conducting shell which possesses no net charge. The inner
radius of shell is ‘b’ and outer radii ‘c’ all non-conducting space is air, Using Gauss’s law find and

plot E and potential V every where for 0  r   , where ‘r’ is the radial distance from the
center of sphere.
Sol: - (i) r > C
 

 D . ds  Q en c


Q 
E ar
4 o r 2
 
Q
V    E . dl 
4  o r

-42-
 (ii) b < r < c

E  0 , inside the conductor i.e., no validation in potential.
(iii) a < r < b

Q 
E ar
4  o r 2
a   c   b   a  
V    E . dl    E . dl   E . dl   E . dl
  c b

Q 1 1 
 
4  o  a b 


(iv) r < a, E  0
Q 1 1 
V 
4  o  a b 


. J  0
22. Derive the equation of continuity for current t ,where  is the charge density.
dQ
 enc  
Sol: - dt

 
 en c   J .ds Q    V dv
 
d
 J .ds   dt   dv v

  V
  . J dv   
t
.dv
 v
.J 
t
 
.J v 0
t
IES-EC-94-12M
 r2 
  o  1 - 2  ; r  a
 a 
23. A spherical charge density distribution is given by,  0 r  a . Using Poisson’s and
Laplacian’s equations as applicable, find E for every where for 0  r  a. Show that maximum value
of E occurs at r = 0.745a.
Sol: - r  a, Poisson’s equation is applicable.
r < a, Laplacian’s equation is applicable.

2 V   V


-43-
 1    2 v   V
  r r     
r 2  r
 
  2 v  V 2 1  r2  2 o  2 r 4 
r   r     1   r   r  2 
r  r 
o
o o  a2  o  a 
v 1 r3 r5 
r2   o   2   C
r o  3 5a 
v 1 r r3 
  o   2 
r  o  3 5a 
1 r2 r4 
V o   
 o  6 20a 2 

 
E ar
V
  r r3 
E   o   2 a r
 o  3 5a 
, 0  r  a.
 V 0 r>a
2

1   2 v 
r 0
r 2 r  r 

E
 0
Maximum value of E occurs only when, r
o  1 3 r 2 
  0
o  3 5 a 2 
1 3 r2 5 r2 5
 2
  2 r a  0.754a
3 5a 9 a 9 .
24. Figure shows a rectangular bus bar for distributing large currents. It is required to find
magnetic field at the point ‘P’ located on x – axis, adjacent to the bus bar and directly opposite
to one edge of it. Show that the x and y components of the resultant vector B is given by
I d 2  b2
B x  o ln
Sol: - 4 b d 2 and
I b
B y  o t a n 1  
2 b d 

 

 H . dl  I en c

Ampere’s law gives,

 
  x 2  y2  H  a  . d  a   I cn c

-44-
 1
H    2    I en c
But the current is element dy is b .
I
H 
2 
I

 o   dy 
dB  b a
1

I 
2 d  b
2 2 2
  dB  a
2  .
 o Idy  o Iydy
 sin  
 
 
dB x  d B  . a x 2 d 2  y2 2  d 2  y 2 .b
o .I.d.dy
dB y 

2 b d 2  y 2 
o I b
y  o I 1 b 2y I 1 oI  d 2  b 2 
 
b

2 b 0 d 2  y 2 2 b 2 0 d 2  y 2
Bx  dy  . dy  o . ln d 2  y 2  ln  
2 b 2 0 4 b  d 2 
b
o I b 1 I y I b
By  d 2 .dy  o . t a n 1    o . t a n 1  
2 b 0 d  y 2
2 b  d  0 2 b d 
.
IES-EC-98-12M
25. Show that Ampere’s law for steady currents is not applicable for time-varying currents. Hence, explain
the concept of displacement current and its intensity. Find the displacement current through a surface
at radius r( a < r < b) in a co-axial cylindrical capacitor of length l when voltage V = Vm s i n t is
applied, a and b being radii of inner and outer cylinders respectively.
 

Sol: -   H  J
 
 
.    H    . J
 
 

.    H   0
But,  

.J 0
  v
.J 
Which is contraductory to equation of continuity, t
  

Assume,   H  J  G
 
  
 .    H    . J   .G
 
 D
 
 v .
 . G   . J t t .


D
G
t


D 
H  J 
t

-45-
r = a, V=V(t);r = b, V = 0;


D E
JD  
t t

V 
E .a r
r
2 V  0
1   2 V  2 V V C1 C
r 0 r  C1   2  V   1  C2
r 2 r  r  r r r r
r = b, V = 0,
C1
 C 2  C1  C 2 b
b
C 1 1 
V  t    1  C 2     C1
a b a  .
2 V  0
1   V 
 0
    

  V  V V C1
 0   C1  
        V  C1 ln   C 2
  a
at , V = V(t)
  b
at , V = 0.
0  C1 ln b  C 2  C1  C1 ln b
V t 
 C1 
a  a 
V  t   C1 ln  a   C1 ln  b   C1 ln   ln  
b b
V t Vt 
V ln   ln b
 
a a 
ln   ln  
b b

V  t  ln  
V b
a 
ln  
b
1 1 V t  
 V t   a

V 
a   a 
E a ln   b  b  ln b
 b    
V t   1 
  
a  
  ln    
D  E b

-46-
 

D 
JD   Vm cos t  
t a 
 ln  
b
ID Vm  cos t 
 .a 
a r ea a 
 ln  
b
Vm  cos t
ID   J D .dS   J D ..d .d    2 l  J D  2 l.
a 
. ln  
b
 
 2 l 
I D  Vm    cos t  Vm C cos t Am p
  a 
ln
  b 
  
2 l
C F
a 
ln  
b
.
IES-EC-95-12M
26. The electric field intensity associated with a plane wave travelling in a perfect dielectric medium
 

having    ο is given by

E = 10c o s 6  × 10 t - 0.4 z a x V / m 7
. Find the phase
 velocity, the

permittivity of the medium and associated magnetic field vector H velocity in free space=
3  10 8 m / se c .
 

Sol: -

E  10 cos 6   10 7 t  0.4 z a x V / m 
 2   f 6   10 7
     15  10 7 m / sec
 0.4  0.4 
 p  15  10 7 
+Z

 15  10 7

3  10 8
 15  10 7    3  10
8

r r
15  10 7 =2   r  4
E 10 1
Hy  x 
 120 

cos 6   10 7 t  0.4 z 
12 

cos 6   10 7 t  0.4 z  

1 
Hy 
12 

cos 6   10 7 t  0.4 z a y 

10 
1 
Hy 


cos 6   10 7 t  0.4 z a y 
6
 
cos 6   10 7 t  0.4 z a y 
.
IES-EC—95-12M
27. State Biot-Savart’s law in its integral form. Find the magnetic induction at any point on the line
through the center, and perpendicular to the plane circular current loop.
 

I.dl a R
H  
Sol: - 4 R 2

-47-
 
  
   

I..d . a    . a   h. a z  I..d .  . a z  h. a   2

H         I. 
3 3
4   3
d
4  2  h 2 2   
4  2  h 2 2  
0
2  h 2  2
.


   R  2  h 2  
R   a   h a z , , dl  d  a  .

I.2 
H 3
az A / m

2 2  h 2  2

If   a ,

I.a 2 
H 3
az A / m

2 a2  h2  2

At the center h = 0,

I.a 2  I 
H  3 az  az A / m
2a 2a .
28. State MAXWELL’s equations in differential form corresponds to Gauss’s law for electric fields.
(i) Starts from the MAXWELL’s equation in differential form, obtain the Poisson’s equation for the
general situation in which the permittivity of the medium is not constant and is a function of
position.
(ii) Starting from the equation of continuity, show for a conducting medium obeying ohm’s law,
 
   0
J   E and using Gauss law, that t  o , where  is charge density.


Sol: -  D   V

 B  0


B
E  
t


D 
H  J 
t

. D   V

. E  V

-48-
  V
. E 
t
V
.  V  
t
V
2 V  
 is called poisson’s equation.

If  V  0 ,  V  0 , Laplace equation.
2

       
. J   V  . E   V  . E   V   V   V
Equation of continuity, t t t  t
V 
  V
 t
 V  V t
  0 
 t   V   o e 



 = relaxation time.
IES-EC-96-12M
29. Derive from MAXWELL’s equations, the Poynting theorem and explain the physical significance of
terms involved.


D
H  J
Sol: - t


B
E 
t
 
  
    
   
   H    E 
.  E  H   H .    E   E .    H   H .  E.   E 2
       t   t 
   
 
  
H 
E
.  E  H    H .  E.  E 2
  t t
Over a closed a surface, i.e., volume.
      

 
        . E dV   E dV
2
.  E H  ds H . H dV E
 V
 
    H  H
H .H  H . H .
t t t

 2 
H
H  2H.
t t

1  2  H
H  H.
2 t t
      2   2
  E  H  .ds   2 V t H dV  2  t E dV   E dV
2

 
 
  1 2
  E  H  .ds   t   2 H  E  dV   E 2 dV
2

2 
V .
(2) terms indicates decreasing in rate of change of energy stored in electric and magnetic field.
(3) Energy lost in the form of ohmic loss.
  

(1) net power flow with in closed surface E  H  

-49-
30. Define magnetic vector potential. Derive the expression for mutual inductance between two straight
parallel wires at length L using magnetic vector potential.
Sol: - Magnetic vector potential is defined from solenoidal property of magnetic fields i.e.,

. B  0
But from vector calculus divergence of curl of any vector is zero.
 

.    A   0
i.e.,  
 
B A
 

    H  

Divergence of A is defined as, A  B  

 
 
  V 
   
 D  
E  
 V 
  . A    A   J 
2
  J     J     J     
   t  t t  t 
 

V
. A  
t , Lorentz gauge equation.
 
2 A   J .
From Helmholtz theory a vector is not defined unless it is defined by it’s curl and divergence.

v
  . A  
 A  B , t
 
2 A   J
 

 J  K  I 
4  R 4  R 4  R
A dV  dS  dl

The vector magnetic potential at P due to current element I1 dl1 is given by

  I L dl 
A  Az a z  1  1 a z
4 0 r
z 
I L
dl 1 I L
dz1 I1  1 dz1 L
dz1 
 1
4   1
4  
 
4  0 D2   z  z 
  
D 2   z 2  z1  D 2   z 2  z1  D 2   z 2  z1 
2 2 2 2
0 0
 2 1
z2

I1   2  
2 ln D   z 2  z1   2 ln  L  z1   D   z 2  z1    2 ln D 
2
 2 2

4
I   2  
ln D   z 2  z1   ln  L  z1   D   z 2  z1    ln D 
2
 1 2 2

2

A  A
 E Ez   z
The Electric field in E at P is given by, t (or) t
 dI
 
  o 1 ln z1  D 2  z 2  ln  L  z 2    L  z 2   D 2  ln D 
2  dt 
2


-50-
 L
V2    E z dz 2
0

 
 o L dI1   L  D   
2 2
L  D
  ln  1  D  1  L  
2  dt   D      L 
   
D L
 1  1
L >>>D, L D .
 o L dI1   2L  
V2  ln  1
2  dt   D  
dI
V2  M 1
dt
 L   2L  
M 2  o ln   1  H en rys
2    D  
.
IES-EC-96-12M

D  
 H  JC 

31. Show with usual notations that  t . Find   H if the field is varying harmonically.
 

Sol: -   H  J Amperes law.

 
 
.    H   . J
 
 

.    H   0
But  

. J  0 controduction to equation of continuity.
 
. J   V
t
  

Let   H  J  G
 
   
.    H   .  J  G 
   
 
0  . J  .G
 
  . D  
 V    D
      .
.G  . J t t t
 

D E 1 c 
G    2
t t c/m (or) A/m2.  s m 

D

t

A / m2 
Displacement current density


D 
H  J 
t .
IES-EC-97-12M

-51-
32. The plane x = 0 separates two isotropic linear homogeneous magnetic materials. If relative

B   
 -2 a x  3 a y  a z  
o
permittivity is 5 for x > 0 and 2 for x < 0 and for x < 0, , find H and M for x
 

> 0. What will be these values if there is a surface current density? J  2 a y A/m.
Sol: -

For current free interface boundary conditions are

H tan1  H tan 2
H  H y 2 H z1  H z2  H y 2  3,H z 2  1
i.e., y1 ,
B n1  B n 2
1 H n 1  2 H n 2
1 H x1  2 H x 2
1
H x  2 2  0.8
2 1 5  
H x2 
.
   
H z  0.8 a x  3 a y  a z
     
B   H   o  r H   o  1  Xm  H   o H   o X m H
 r2  1  Xm

 
     
M 2  Xm H 2   r2  1 H 2  3.2 a x  12 a y  4 a z A / m
.
  
  

 H 1  H 2   a 12  k
  .

   
    

  2 a x  3 a y  a z   H z   a x  2 a y
   .

   
2  H x 2 ) a x  (3  H y2 ) a y  ( 1  H z2 ) a z  2 a z
H x 2  2 H y 2  3 1  H z 2  2  H z 2  1  2  3
, , .

-52-
     

 H 1  H 2   a N 12  J
  .
 
     
    
a x   2  H x 2 a x  3  H y2 a y  1  H z2 a z   2 a y
  .
 
 
  
0  3  H y2 a z   1  H z    a y   2 a y
  .
H y 2  3 1  H z  2  H z  2  1  3
, .
1 H x1  2 H x 2
.
1 2
H x2  H x1   2   0.8
2 5
.
   
H 2  0.8 a x  3 a y  3 a z .

 
     
M 2  m H 2   r2  1 H 2  3.2 a x  12 a y  12 a z
.
IES-EC-97-8M
1  
33. Show that the electromagnetic energy due to charged conductors in space is given by 2
 D .E dV ,
 
where the fields D and E occupy whole V of the space.
Sol: - W1  V1 Q1
W2  V21 Q 2
W3  V31 Q 3  V32 Q 3  V3 Q 3

W4  V41 Q 4  V42 Q 4  V43 Q 4  V4 Q 4

W4  V14 Q 4  V24 Q 4  V34 Q 4
W3  V13 Q 3  V23 Q 3
W2  V12 Q 2
2WE  V1 Q1   V12  V21  Q 2   V31  V32  V13  V23  Q 3       
 V1 Q1  V2 Q 2  V3 Q 3  V4 Q 4         
1 k
W  Vi Q i J
2 i 1
In case of continuous charge distribution,
1 1  
W   V .dV  V    . D V dv
2 Vol 2 vol  
    
.  V D   D .  V   V  . D 
But,    
 
  
 
V  . D   .  V D   D .  V 
   
1   
  
WE   .  V D   D .  V  dv
2 vol    

-53-
 1  1 
1
V D  2 VD  3
r , r , r .
1  1  1   
WE    D.  V  dv   D.  V  dv   D . E dv J
2V 2V 2V
.
2
1  
1
WE 
2V D . E dv    E dv
2 V .
WE 1 2 1 D 2
 E  J / m3
Energy density = dv 2 2  .
IES-EC-97-8M
34. Obtain Grees’s integral identities and state their significance. Apply first identity to show that the
significations of both divergence and curl of a vector with boundary conditions are sufficient to make a
function unique.
Sol: - This theorem is corollary of the divergence theorem and is

A  
Where  and  are scalar functions. Then

. A  .     .  .  .   2 
  

From divergence theorem,  . A dv   A .ds



  .    dv    ds

2

This is refered as first form of Green’s theorem. If the functions  and  are interchanged , this will lead to


     . dv    ds

2

       dv       ds .

2 2

This is refered to as second form of Green’s theorem. This theorem is externally useful in the solution of the
boundary value problems in EM theory.
IES-EC-97-04M
35. Show that vector potential due to moving point charge ‘q’ at a distance ‘R’ given by

 μ qV
Ar = o
4π R .
dq  
  o I dl  o dt dl  o dq dl  o dq 
Ar 
4  R 4  R 4   R dt 4   R
   
Sol: - We know, .

  q
A o
4 R .
36. Deduce the Laplace equation in spherical co-ordinates and find whether the potential field
a
V = 3 .sin .v
r in a region of free space satisfies it.
Sol: - Laplace equation,  V  0
2

1   2 V  1   V  1   V 
. r    sin .  2 0
r r  r  r sin   
2
  r sin    r 
 2
.
a
V  3 sin 
r .
1   2 V  1   2 a  1  2  6a.sin 
. r  .  r r 4 sin ( 3)   r 2  3a sin   . r 3 
r 2 r  r  r 2 r   r5 .

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 1   dV  1   a  a a cos 2 
 sin    2  sin  3 cos    5 cos 2 (2)  5
r sin    d   r sin    r  2r sin  r sin  .

V is not a function of  .
 2 V  0
a
V  3 sin 
r does not satisfy Laplace equation.

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