4 Multimedia Elements and Digitization

ICT Focus
The economic impact of the DTT services in Hong Kong includes the following:
• Broadcasters are able to explore more business opportunities and test out new
services on the digital platform;
• The consumer electronics industry benefits from consumer demand for digital
products; and
• Analogue switch-off frees up spectrum for more TV broadcasters and other
communication services, commonly referred to as ‘digital dividend’.
(Refer to the web site of the Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, the
HKSAR Government http://www.digitaltv.gov.hk)

Activity 1
• JPEG can produce a file with smaller file size than PNG for photographic images
since JPEG uses a lossy encoding method specifically designed for processing
photographic image data.
• PNG is a better choice than JPEG for storing images that contain text, line art or
other images with sharp transitions. Also, JPEG does not support transparency.
• JPEG is a worse choice for storing images that require further editing as it suffers
from generation loss, whereas lossless formats do not. This makes PNG useful for
saving temporary photographs that require successive editing.
(any one × 1)

Activity 2
Feature Bitmaps
Resolution The larger the resolution,
the larger the file size is.
Application Scanned pictures and
digital photographs
File size • Dependent on
resolution and file
dimensions.
•It is usually larger than
vector graphics.
Software tools for Adobe Photoshop, Corel
creating and editing PhotoImpact, CorelPaint
Vector graphics
Independent of resolution
Illustrations, charts and line
art
• Independent of resolution
and file dimensions.
• It is usually smaller than a
bitmap image.
Freehand, Adobe Flash,
CorelDraw, Adobe Illustrator

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 graphics

Activity 3
10. The quality of test1.wav is better than that of test128.mp3 while the file size of
test1.wav is larger than that of test128.mp3. test1.wav can be a recording of a
classical song in a CD while test128.mp3 can be a song which is transmitted over
the Internet.

Activity 4
8. The quality of photo1.bmp is better than that of photo3.jpg while the file size of
photo1.bmp is larger than that of photo3.jpg. One application for photo1.bmp is
taking a photo of scenery while photo3.jpg can be a photo which is posted on a
web site.

Activity 5
6. The quality of v1.avi is better than that of v3.mpg while the file size of v1.avi is
larger than that of v3.mpg. One application for v1.avi can be a video of a music
concert on a DVD while v3.mpg can be a video which is posted on a video sharing
web site such as YouTube.

Concept Map
1. B
2. F
3. A
4. G
5. C
6. H
7. E
8. D

Concept Checker
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T

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Multiple Choice Questions
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. A
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. C

Short Questions
1. (a) 1 bit / pixel (0.5) and 300 ppi (0.5)
(b) (i) 50 ppi (1)
(ii) The length of the photo
The number of horizontal pixel or vertical pixel

Screen resolution
16  50

75
 10.7 inches
The dimensions are 10.7  10.7 inches. (1)
(c) • The file size can be very large if the quality of the image is high. (1)
• Once the bitmap image is enlarged, they look unnatural and blocky. (1)

2. (a) The bit resolution is 16 bits. (1) There are 20 samples within 1 ms. So the
sampling rate is  20 = 20000 Hz / 20 kHz. (1)
0.001
(b) s4(1), s5(1) and s6(1)
(c) Use a higher bit resolution. (1) A higher bit resolution can record a wider
range of amplitude of the original sound wave. (1)

3. (a) The memory required for one video frame

= 352 × 288 × 24 bits (1)
= 2,433,024 bits
= 304,128 bytes
= 0.29 MB
The memory required for the video clip
= 0.29 × 30 × 60

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 = 522 MB (1)
Eddie cannot play the video clip using his mobile phone (1) because the file
size of the video clip exceeds the capacity of the memory card. (1)
(b) • Eddie can convert the video to a compressed video file format such as
MPEG or WMV. (1)
• Eddie can buy a new flash memory card with a larger storage capacity
(e.g. 1 GB). (1)
• Eddie can reduce the frame size of the video. (1)
4.
Characteristic Analogue data Digital data
Accuracy of Accuracy depends on the Lower accuracy: Not all
information sampling technique used. information is converted and
e.g. recording sound in a recorded in the process of
cassette tape converting analogue signals to
digital signals. e.g. recording
music in MP3 format
Mode of data Mostly sequential access Direct access is possible,
access e.g. playback of songs with depending on the media used for
a cassette player storage. e.g. playback of
songs with an MP3 player
Efficiency on Low: Analogue contents are High: Digital contents can be
data analysis difficult to search, analyze efficiently reused or processed
and reconstruct to produce by computers to generate
other information. e.g. information. e.g. searching a
searching a word in a book word in a text file

5. (a) WMV / MOV / RM / MPEG (any three × 1)

(b) To capture television programmes into a computer, we need a TV tuner card
to receive TV signals from the antenna. (1) A TV tuner card converts
analogue TV signals into a sequence of digital images and digital audio. (1)
A video capture card is used to capture the converted signals from TV tuner
card (1) and saves it as a video file in a computer by using video capture
software. (1)

Long Questions
1. (a) The file size of each photo
= 1,600 × 1,200 × 24 (1)

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 = 46,080,000 bits
= 5,760,000 bytes (1)
The maximum number of photos that can be stored on the web site
= 100 × 1,024 × 1,024 × 1,024 5,760,000 (1)
= 18,641 (1)
(b) • Felix can add more hard disk space to the web server. (1)
• Felix can convert the uncompressed bitmap images on the web server to
compressed bitmap images. (1)
(c) It is because the photos are stored in bitmap format with fixed numbers of
pixels. (1) When zooming in an image, the number of pixels per unit length
will be lower. They provide no additional details and appear jagged on the
screen. (1)
(d) The file size of a frame
= 160 × 120 × 16 (1)
= 307,200 bits
= 38,400 bytes (1)
Maximum duration of the video clip
= 50 × 1,024 × 1,024 × 1,024 307,200 (1)
= 174,762 seconds = 2,912.7 minutes (1)

2. (a) Sampling is the process of obtaining discrete sample data from the
continuous analogue signal for every fixed time (or length) interval. (1) The
digital video camera obtains the discrete sample data from the analogue
signal frames by dividing the screen horizontally and vertically into fixed
samples respectively. (1)
(b) Quantization is the process of converting the attribute of each sample
data into a digital code using a predefined scale. (1)
The digital code is usually represented by a binary number.
Digital codes of Frame 2: BCCCB BBBCB BCCCB BCBBB BCCCB (1)
Digital codes of Frame 3: CCACC CCACC CCACC CCCCC CCACC (1)
(c) (i) Digital codes of Frame 2: BC3B4CB2C3B2CB4C3B (1)
Digital codes of Frame 3: C2AC4AC4AC9AC2 (1)
(ii) Compression ratio of Frame 2
25  18
  0.28 (1)
25
Compression ratio of Frame 3
25  14
  0.44 (1)
25

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 (d) Digital codes of Frame 1 before compression:
AAAAABAAABBBBBBAAAABAAAAA
Digital codes of Frame 2 before compression:
BBBBBCBCCCCBCBCCCCBCBBBBB
Digital codes of Frame 3 before compression:
CCCCCCCCCCAAACACCCCCCCCCC (1)
Digital codes of Frame 1 after compression: A5BA3B6A4BA5
Digital codes of Frame 2 after compression: B5CBC4BCBC4BCB5
Digital codes of Frame 3 after compression: C10A3CAC10 (1)
Compression ratio of Frame 1
25  12
  0.52
25
Compression ratio of Frame 2
25  15
  0 .4
25
Compression ratio of Frame 3
25  10
  0.6
25
Yes, it would achieve a higher compression ratio. (1)

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