Atoms and the Periodic Table

The atomic notation: Subatomic Symbol Mass Charge Location

particle
Proton 1 p +1 Nucleus
Electron 1e- -1 Shell
1840
X - symbol of the element
Neutron n 1 0 Nucleus
a – mass number
b- atomic number TABLE SHOWING THE PROPERTIES OF THE
c- charge SUBATOMIC PARTICLE
d- the number of entity

Calculating subatomic particles:

Protons = the atomic number

Electrons = protons

Neutron = mass number – atomic number

The mass number of an element is the sum of the protons and neutrons. The mass of the
electrons are very small and do not contribute to the over mass of the atom.

The nucleus of an atom has an overall positive charge since it contains only protons and
neutrons. The neutrons have no charge but the protons are positively charged.

The overall charge on an atom is NEUTRAL since the sum of the protons and electrons are
equal so the positive protons will cancel out the charge of the negative electrons.

16 39 40 11
O K Ar B
8 19 18 5
Element: Oxygen Element: Element: Element:
Atomic #: 8 Atomic #: Atomic #: Atomic #:
Mass #: 16 Mass #: Mass #: Mass #:

p=8 p= p= p=
e=8 e= e= e=
n = 16-8= 8 n= n= n=
Complete the table below an example is done for you.
You are require to know the first twenty elements. You must study their names,symbols, atomic
number. Recall the atomic number tells the proton number.

TABLE SHOWING THE FIRST TWENTY ELEMENT, THEIR SYMBOL,

ATOMIC NUMBER

Element’s Symbol Atomic My Your Mnemonic

Name Number Mnemonic
Hydrogen H 1 Happy
Helium He 2 Henry
Lithium Li 3 Lives
Berylium Be 4 Besides
Boron B 5 Bird Haven
Carbon C 6 Cottage
Nitrogen N 7 Near
Oxygen O 8 Our
Fluorine F 9 Friend
Neon Ne 10 Nelly
Sodium Na 11 Nancy
Magnesium Mg 12 Mg
Aluminum Al 13 Allen
Silicon Si 14 Sings
Phosphurous P 15 Pop
Sulphur S 16 Songs
Chlorine Cl 17 Clever
Argon Ar 18 Argon
Potassium K 19 Kisses
Calcium Ca 20 Carol

Create your own mnemonic if you like.

Complete the table below

Element No. of No. of No. of Mass Electronic

symbol protons electrons neutron number Configuration
Cl 18.5
14 2, 5
13 14
19 39
8 8
4 2,1
Si 28
Drawing Atomic Structure

1. Calculate the number of each subatomic particle for the element.

2. Draw nucleus, this is a circle. Place the number of protons and neutrons in it.
3. Electrons are place on shell. Shells are circle around the nucleus.
Filling electrons
Draw and fill one shell at a time.
The 1st shell can hold maximum of 2 electrons.
The 2nd shell can hold maximum of 8 electrons.
The 3rd shell can hold maximum of 8 electrons.
Place the remainder on the 4th shell.
Electrons are represented using a dot or a X.

Electronic Configuration (E.C tells the number of electrons on each shell separated by a comma).

12 16 23 27
C O Na Al
6 8 11 13

p=6 p=8 p = 11 p = 13
e=6 e=8 e = 11 e = 13
n = 12-6=6 n = 16-8=8 n = 23-11 =12 n =27-13=14

2,4 2,6 2,8,1 2,8,3

Examples:

Draw the following atoms

20 14
Ne N
10 7

39 28
K Si
19 14

If you are asked to draw a labeled atom you are required to:

1. Follow all the steps about drawing the atom (mentioned previously)
2. Draw label lines to show:
a. Nucleus contain protons and neutrons
b. Shell
c. Electrons

Draw a labeled Chlorine-35.5 atom.

If you are asked to draw an atom showing arrangement of the electrons you are required
to:

1. Draw the nucleus and write the name of the symbol of the element.
2. Place the electrons on the shells as previous taught.

Draw the silicon atom and show the arrangement of electron.

 THE PERIODIC TABLE
Complete the periodic table below by writing the symbol for the first twenty elements as
well as their electronic configuration.

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

1. The periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

2. The columns are called group. The group number is determined by the number of electrons
on the last shell.

- Elements in group I are called alkali metals.

- Elements in Group II are called alkaline earth metals.
- Elements in Gorup VII are called halogens
- Elements in Group VIII are called noble/rare/ inert gases.
Helium is not in group II because it has filled outer shell and element with filled
outer shell are placed in group VIII.
- Elements in Group VIII are stable because they have filled outer shell. All other
elements are unstable and will form bonds in order to complete their outer shell.
- All elements in a particular group will react the same way since it their
valent electrons that will predict how they react.

3. Rows are called period. The period number is determined by the number of shells.

4. Elements in group 1-3 are called metals and those in groups 4-8 are called non-metal.

TABLE SHOWING PART OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Use only the elements indicated in Table above to answer the questions which follow. Each
element may be used once, more than once or not at all.

a. Draw the carbon atom and show the arrangement of electron.

b. Write the symbol for the halogen atoms.

________________________________________________________________________

c. Write the symbol for the atoms which four (4) valent electron.

STR
________________________________________________________________________

d. Write the symbols for the alkaline earth metals.

UCT
________________________________________________________________________

e. Give the symbol of THREE metals

URE
________________________________________________________________________

f. Give the symbol of THREE nonmetals

AND
________________________________________________________________________

g. Element W has the electronic configuration of 2,8,6. Place W in its correct place of the

BON
periodic table.

DIN
G
 Formation of Ions

 Metals have 1-3 electrons on their outer shell. Metals can form positively charged cations
by losing electrons to become stable. The charge on the metal ion would be positive the
number of electron lost.

 Non-Metals with 5-7 electrons on their outer shell can form negatively charged, anions
by gain electrons to have filled outer shell. The charge on the non-metal ion would be
negative the number of electrons gained.

 When atoms form ions their electronic configuration is that of a noble gas.

- He = 2,
- Ne= 2, 8
- Ar= 2, 8, 8

Showing the formation of ions.

NB: all the steps below occurs in one straight line.

1. Draw the element.

2. Indicate the number of electrons to be lost or gained.
3. Draw an arrow.
4. Draw the new atom.
5. Places a square bracket around the new atom and write the charge at the top right hand
corner.

Draw diagrams to show how the following atoms form ions to become stable

Lithium
Magnesium

\\

Aluminum

Oxygen

THE ADD ELECTRON ARE DRAWN WITH THE OPPOSITE SYMBOL

 Phosphurous

Fluorine

Show how the following atoms form ions: Chlorine, Sodium. Nitrogen, S, Ca and K

1. Chlorine
2. Sodium

3. Nitrogen

4. Sulphur

5. Calcium
6. Potassium

TABLE SHOWING HOW EACH GROUP OF THE PERIODIC TABLE FORM

IONS IN ORDER TO BECOME STABLE

Group Number of Charge Valency Example

electron lost or
gained to
become stable
1 Lost 1 electron +1 1 H+, Li+, Na+, K+
2 Lost 2 electrons +2 2 Mg2+, Ca2+
3 Lost 3 electrons +3 3 Al3+
4
5 Gain 3 electrons -3 3 N3-, P3-
6 Gain 2 electrons -2 2 O2-, S2-
7 Gain 1 electrons -1 1 F-, Cl-, Br-, I-

CSEC Chemistry June 1993 Question 2 parts b and c

b) Fill in the missing information

Ions/ Atoms Mass Number Number of Atomic Number of

neutron Number electrons
X 10 10 10
Y+ 39 19
Z2- 18 10 10

c) Give the formula of TWO cations and TWO anion with the same number of electrons
as Ne ( Neon)

Cations _______________________

Anions _______________________
 Complete the table below.

Ions Number of protons Number of Electrons

Ca2+
N3-
Cl-
H+
8 10
19 18

Ionic Bonding

Ionic bonding

Metals will donate their valent electrons ( their 1-3 electrons) to a non-metal. The metal atoms
will form a cation, a positively charged ion and the non-metal atoms will form an anion, a
negatively charged ion. The electrostatic force of attraction between cations and anions is
ionic bonding.

Illustrating Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding is demonstrated by drawing ‘dot cross’ diagrams.

1. The electrons from the metal are drawn using a dot and the electrons from the non- metal
are drawn a cross.

2. An arrow is drawn from the metal to show the electrons being donated to the non- metal.

3. The corresponding cation and anion are drawn.

Na Cl Na+ Cl-

2Al 3O 2Al3+ 3 O2-

Show ionic bonding between the following atoms:

a. Ca and O

b. Na and S

c. Al and N
 TABLE SHOWING PROPERTY OF IONIC COMPOUND

Properties of Ionic compound Explanation

Solid The cations and anions are arranged uniformly with strong
force attraction between them.
Conducts electricity when molten When molten or aqueous the ions are mobile and can carry an
and aqueous electric current.

Can dissolve in polar solvent e.g.
water
High Melting and boiling point
In solid form the ions are stationery and cannot move to carry
an electric current.
Water is polar. Water has a partial negative end which will
attract the cation and a partial positive which will attract the
anion and thus dissolving
The strong force of attraction between the cation and anion
need a vast amount of energy to break the bond.

Drawing sodium chloride lattice:

a. Draw a cube.
b. One the corner and center of
each face place a chloride
ion.
c. Place a sodium ion between
each chloride ion.

WRITING THE FORMULAE OF IONIC COMPOUND

In order to correctly write the formulae of ionic compound you must be able study the following
ions and their charges.
 TABLE SHOWING THE CATIONS AND THEIR FORMULAE

Monovalent Cation Divalent Cation Trivalent Cation

Name Formulae Name Formulae Name Formulae
Hydrogen H+ Magnesium Mg2+ Aluminum Al3+
Lithium Li+ Calcium Ca2+ Iron Fe3+
Sodium Na+ Barium Ba2+
Potassium K+ Iron II Fe2+
Silver Ag+ Copper Cu2+
Ammonium NH4+ Zinc Zn2+
Lead Pb2+
TABLE SHOWING THE ANIONS AND THEIR FORMULAE

Monovalent Anion Divalent Anion Trivalent Anion

Name Formulae Name Formulae Name Formulae
- 2- 3-
Fluroide F Oxide O Nitride N
Chloride Cl- Sulfide S2- Phosphate PO43-
-
Bromide Br Carbonate CO32-
Hydroxide OH- Sulfite SO32-
-
Nitrite NO2 Sulfate SO42-
Nitrate NO3- Dichromate Cr2O72-
-
Hydride H
Manganate MnO4-
Hydrogen carbonate HCO3-
Hydrogen sulphate HSO4-
Ethanoate CHCOO-
Ionic compounds are made up of a cation and an anion.

Recall the charge of an atom is neutral since the some of the protons and electrons are the same
and can cancel each other out. Ionic compound is made up of two charged particles cations and
anions. When they combine the total positive charged of the positive ions will cancel out the
total negative charged.

Rules to writing the formula of ionic compound

1. Write the formula of the cation and anion.

2. Write down the valency (the charge of the ions without the +/) the top right and corner.
3. Take the valency metal ion and write it a subscript of the non-metal and take the valency
non-metal ion and write it as subscript of the metal.
4. divide the subscripts by the highest common factor of both
 5. If a polyatomic ion has more than one ion in the compound a bracket is placed
around it)

NB: if valency are the same only one of each ions are used.

Examples
Complete the table below.

Fluoride Oxide Bromide Nitride Sulphide Phosphide Chloride Iodide

Magnesium

Lithium

Aluminum

Sodium

Calcium

Barium

Write the formulae for the following ionic component.

a. Iron III chloride b. Magnesium nitrate

c. Aluminium hydroxide d. Ammonium chloride

 e. Lithium sulfite f. Calcium carbonate

g. Aluminum nitrate h. Ammonium sulfate

i. Iron II hydroxide j. Zinc carbonate

Complete the table below.

Compound Formulae Number of each ion at

present (this critical to
practice it will help with
ionic equation)

Sodium nitrate NaNO3 Na+ , NO3-

Potassium carbonate K2CO3 2K+ , CO32-
Iron III hydroxide Fe(OH)3 Fe3+, 3OH-
Ammonium chloride
Sodium bromide
Calcium nitrate
Zinc sulphate
Sodium
hydrogencarbonate
Aluminum carbonate
Iron II nitrate
Copper nitrate
Zinc bromide
Iron III suphate
Potassium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Magnesium carbonate
Lithium chloride