King, History Coinage Malwa 2

HISTORY AND COINAGE OF MALWA.
(Continued)
Author(s): L. White King
Source: The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, Fourth
Series, Vol. 4 (1904), pp. 62-100
Published by: Royal Numismatic Society
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42662091
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III.
HISTORY AND COINAGE OF MALWA.
(Continuation ; see Yol. III., p. 398.) (See Plates VHI.-IX.)
II.
Coinage.
(a.) Shapes.
In the shapes of their coins the sovereigns of Malwa

struck out an original line, as we find them adopting the
square form introduced by Ala ud Din Muhammed,
Emperor of Delhi (695-715 a.h.), and continued by his
successor Kutab ud Din Mubarik (715-720 a.h.). Si-
kandar Shah, King of Kashmir, who reigned from 788
to 813 A.H., and was a contemporary of Hoshang Shah
of Malwa, gave currency to the same type of coinage in
silver, which become the stereotyped form in the State.
Although the square form is characteristic of the Malwa
currency, the round type was also issued simultaneously,
as was the case with the Graeco-Bactrian copper coinage,
which includes both classes.
During the reign of the earlier kings, Hoshang Shah
and Muhammed I, the round form was practically
universal, although a square copper coin of the former
king without his name, but dated 829, is known. In
HISTORY AND COINAGE OF MALWA. 63
the reign of Mahmud I the issue of the square and round

types in all three metals was maintained in fairly equal
proportions. In the next reign (Grhyas Shah) the square
issues largely predominate, while in the reigns of the
later kings (Nasir Shah, Mahmud II, Muhammed II,
Bahadur Shah of Guj erat, and Baz Bahadur) the square
type only is issued.
(b.) Weights and Standards.
The weight of the gold coins was apparently constant,

with a maximum of about 175 grains and a minimum
of 167 grains, based presumably on the 100 Kati standard.
The British Museum collection contains a specimen of
G-hyas Shah's currency which weighs 207 grains. This is
an exceptional weight, which corresponds with certain
gold coins of Jehangir and some of the Dinars of
Muhammed bin Tughlak. The silver coins comprise
four classes, with maximum weights of 175, 871, 44 and
22 grains. These weights are based on the 100 Bati
standard and its subdivisions. Coins of the fourth size
are rare. Hoshang Shah's silver coins, which are also
uncommon, have only been found in the first size. There
is a square silver coin in my cabinet of Mahmud II,
which would appear to correspond with the 64 Rati
standard. I can however suggest no explanation of this
exceptional weight. The billon currency, which was
apparently introduced by Mahmud I, was continued by
his immediate successors Grhyas Shah, Nasir Shah and
Mahmud II. These coins are of different degrees of
alloy, some containing a large proportion of silver, while
others are hardly distinguishable from copper. This
64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
description of coinage comprises at least five c

with the following weights and standards : -
(1) 100 Rati standard . . . 170 to 162 grains.
(2) 80 Rati standard . . . 142 to 125J „
(3) 50 Rati standard . . . 85£ to 79 „
(4) 40 Rati standard . 72 to 63 „
(5) 32 Rati standard . . . 53 to 48 „
The metrology of the copper currency is complicated
and confusing, as the different classes seem to merge int
each other without any very definite line of partition,
and the weights of many coins are considerably belo
their supposed standards. In some reigns at least thr
standards (viz., the 100, 80 and 32 Eati) appear to hav
been used simultaneously. These may be convenientl
grouped under the following heads
100 Eati Standard. 80 Eati Standard. 32 Eati Standard.
100 Ratis 160 Ratis 128 Ratis
50 Ratis 80 Ratis 64 Ratis
25 Ratis 40 Ratis 32 Ratis ^

20 Ratis
The copper coins of Malwa may therefore be roughly

divided into the following ten classes, three being based
on the 100, four on the 80, and three on the 32 Rati
standard : -
1st class . 160 Ratis (280 grains) . . . 269 grains.
2nd „ . 128 „ (224 „ ) . 187 to 176 „
3rd „ . 100 „ (175 „ ) . 170 to 154 „
4th „ . 80 „ (140 „ ) . 142 to 115J „
5th „ . 64 „ (112 „ ) . 107 to 92 „
6th „ . 50 „ ( 871 „ ) . 86 to 77 „
7th „ . 40 „ ( 70 „ ) . 72 to 57 „
8th )) . 32 ļļ ( 56 >> ) • 55 to 46 »
9th „ . 25 „ ( 43 „ ) . 44 to 37 „
lOtb „ . 20 „ ( 35 „ ) . 33 to 25 „
Num . Chro/i. S er. IV Vol. ĪVPI. VM.
COINS OF MALWA. I.
In the reign of Hoshang Shah we find but two classes

(5th and 7th) represented, and in that of Muhammed
only one (7th). In the next three reigns ať the classes
are fairly well represented, though I have seen only one
coin of the first class, which was struck by Grhy* s Shah.
In the reign of Mahmud II, the first and second classes
are not represented, and there is an appreciable decline
in the later issues of this king, both as regards weight
and workmanship. The copper coinage of Muhammed
II comprises four classes (3rd, 4th, 7th and 8th),
while of Baz Bahadur's coins there are only two (5th
and 8th).
(c.) Sizes.
The gold coins of Malwa are of two principal sizes,

viz., 0*95 to 0'90 and 0*80 to 0*70 in.
The Mohars of Hoshang Shah, Muhammed I and
Mahmud I belong to the first class, while Nasir Shah and
Mahmud II strack coins of the smaller size. In Ghyas
Shah's reign coins of both sizes were issued.
The silver coins are divisible into four classes in point
of size : -
1st size . . . , . . . . 1*05 to 0*95

2nd size ....... 0*80 to 0*70
3rd size
4th size . . . . . . . 0*45
The silver issues of Ho

Ghyas Shah are very fine,
as far as I know, to these t
In billon the following th
1st size ....... 0*85 to 0*80
2nd size ........ 0*70
3rd size ....... 0*65 to 0*60
VOL. IV., SERIES IV. F
The copper coins comprise four main classes,

follows
1st size
2nd size .
3rd size
4th size
(i d .) Metals
The long-reig
Mahmud I, G
struck coins
copper. A bill
Ghyas Shah,
currency of M
sor's issue of
Of Muhamm
No silver coin
copper coins a
Mahmud II ar
Shah of Gujer
been found, a
(e.) Mints .
The only mint found on the coins of Malwa is Shadia-

bad (Mandu), or the City of Joy, to which is usually
prefixed the title " dar ul Mulk " (the Capital), and in
a few rare specimens " Hazrat " (Seat of the Eoyal
Presence). This mint name is found on all the copper
coins of Hoshang Shah and Muhammed I, on most of the
silver and copper coins of Mahmud I, and on a few coins
of all three metals of Ghyas Shah. The practice of
JVurrv C/vron, Set: JÍT Vol. IV. Pt, IX.
COINS OF MALWA. Ii
recording the mint was dying out in the reign of Grhyas

Shah, and on the coins of the later kings no mint name
is found.
(/.) Symbolical Marks.
A remarkable feature of the Malwa coinage is their

symbolical ornamentation. These marks are found on the
copper coins of the first king, Hoshang Shah, but are not
met with on the coinage of his successors Muhammed I
and Mahmud I. On Ghyas Shah's coins they are again
apparent, though only on the square copper coins. In
the reigns of his successors these marks are very varied
and abundant. It is a curious coincidence in regard to
these ornamental signs that they are found coming into
prominent yogue just as the practice of recording the mint
name is dying out. I am not prepared, however, to say that
they are mint marks representing different cities where
the coins were struck. These marks are found some-
times on one side of the coin only, and sometimes on both,

while a few coins are ornamented with as many as three
symbols. The most curious perhaps of these signs are
of Hindu origin, viz., the Swastika, and the magic
symbol, No. 36, which so closely resembles a Bactrian
monogram. A 'fairly complete collection of these
symbols is given in the " Table of Symbols," p. 98.
(g.) Dates .
Date3 are generally found on Malwa coins, and are for

the most part expressed in cyphers, though in a few round
coins of Mahmud I. they are written in Arabic words.
On some round coins of Hoshang Shah and Mahmud I
the date is given in the margin in figures or words, but
F 2
68 NUMISMATIC CHBONICLE.
as a general rule it is placed on the reverse ar

the coin. In Ghyas Shah's coinage it is found on
obverse of round coins and on the reverse of the sq
series. On Nasir Shah's coins the date on the reverse is
the rule, but several of his copper coins of the lower
weights have it on the obverse. In a few of this king's
copper issues the date is shown in figures running up the
side {e.g. a light-weight coin, 115 J grains, of the 4th class).
In the coins of Mahmud II and Muhammed II, the dates
are invariably shown on the reverse side. A table of the
known coin-dates of the various rulers of Malwa is given
in the general summary prefixed to this paper (Vol. III.,
pp. 359-360).
(h.) Heir-Apparent ( Wali Ahd) Coins.
In the reign of Mahmud I an interesting type of round

coins was struck in honour of the heir to the throne,
Ghyas Shah. They are known as the Wali Ahd or Heir-
Apparent series. Mahmud being an usurper was doubtless
anxious to secure his son's peaceful accession to the
throne, and adopted this method of publicly proclaiming
his successor. This class of coin is so far only known in
copper. There are two such coins in my cabinet dated
864 and 866 respectively, while a third is dateless. I may
note, however, that Mr. Nelson Wright is inclined to
ascribe a gold coin in his cabinet to this class.
(/.) Titles and Inscriptions .
The titles on the coins of Malwa are very elaborate

and varied, ^specially in the reigns of Mahmud I and
his son, Ghyas Shah, whose gold and silver series display
this characteristic in a marked degree. The inscriptions
on the copper issues are generally much more modest

in character. In the case of the coins of ephemeral
sovereigns, such as Muhammed II, Bahadur Shah, and
Baz Bahadur, the titles adopted are very simple. The
list of titles given below (p. 94 f.) is sufficiently
comprehensive.
I have to acknowledge gratefully the assistance I

received from Mr. Nelson Wright, I.C.S., in the pre-
paration of this paper. He not only placed his fine
collection at my disposal, but was good enough to
read the proofs of the catalogue and advise me on
many difficult points.
L. White King.
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VOL. IV., SERIES IV. H
TABLE OP SYMBOLS.
NOTES ON THE GENEALOGICAL TABLE.
(Part I., Num. Chron ., 1903, p. 359.)
Fidwi was the younger brother of Ghyas ud Din.

The three sons of Nasir ud Din should be arranged in the following
order : - (1) Shahab ud Din ; (2) Mahmud II. ; (3) Muhammed II.
NOTES ON THE CATALOGUE OF COINS AND ADDITIONS

FROM MR. NELSON WRIGHT'S CABINET.
27 (a) JE, Round, Shadiabad, 878,
J*
•55. Wt., 48grs.
28 (a) M, Square,
•70. Wt., 78 grs.
43 (a) Mj Round,
instead of and without a line across the coin.
•60. Wt., 55 grs.

Note to No. 49. Two similar coins : - (1) Date 877r with rose
on reverse. Wt., 140 grs. (2) Date 888, with symbol N
Wt., 132 grs.
Note to No . 50. A similar coin, date 889, with symbol No. 9 o

Wt., 112 grs.
Note to No. 52. A similar coin, date 893, with symbol No. 40 on
obverse, and symbol No. 15 on reverse.
Note to No. 56. A similar coin, with rosette symbol on reverse.
Wt., 35 grs.
61 (a) Billon, Square,
circles with ornamental segments, but with da
and with symbol No. 26 on obverse. Size, *
Note to No. 64. A similar coin, date 915, with sym
70(a) As No. 70, but on obverse y>' instead of ^òV^'

and date 926. Size, *75. Wt., 170 grs.
72 (a) Square,
segments.
aáXo
jo'¿ ^)' irr

Symbol, No. 27. Symbol, Swastika.
•65. Wt., 87 grs.
Note to No. 77. A similar coin, date 922, with symbols No. 27 and
28 ôn reverse. Wt. 128 grs.
Note to No. 90. In Part III. of the Num. Chron . for 1903 (p. 314) two
similar coins are described, size *7, wt., 109 grs., with symbols
Nos. 38 and 39 and a star of four rays. Another similar specimen,
but of half the weight (55 grs.), is also mentioned.

King, History Coinage Malwa 2

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HISTORY AND COINAGE OF MALWA.

HISTORY AND COINAGE OF MALWA.

(Continuation ; see Yol. III., p. 398.) (See Plates VHI.-IX.)

In the shapes of their coins the sovereigns of Malwa

the reign of Mahmud I the issue of the square and round

(b.) Weights and Standards.

The weight of the gold coins was apparently constant,

description of coinage comprises at least five c

100 Eati Standard. 80 Eati Standard. 32 Eati Standard.

100 Ratis 160 Ratis 128 Ratis

50 Ratis 80 Ratis 64 Ratis

25 Ratis 40 Ratis 32 Ratis ^

The copper coins of Malwa may therefore be roughly

In the reign of Hoshang Shah we find but two classes

The gold coins of Malwa are of two principal sizes,

1st size . . . , . . . . 1*05 to 0*95

4th size . . . . . . . 0*45

The silver issues of Ho

VOL. IV., SERIES IV. F

The copper coins comprise four main classes,

The only mint found on the coins of Malwa is Shadia-

recording the mint was dying out in the reign of Grhyas

(/.) Symbolical Marks.

A remarkable feature of the Malwa coinage is their

times on one side of the coin only, and sometimes on both,

Date3 are generally found on Malwa coins, and are for

as a general rule it is placed on the reverse ar

(h.) Heir-Apparent ( Wali Ahd) Coins.

In the reign of Mahmud I an interesting type of round

(/.) Titles and Inscriptions .

The titles on the coins of Malwa are very elaborate

on the copper issues are generally much more modest

I have to acknowledge gratefully the assistance I

„"34 *. *4 1. J3 iHI gSf» S, ?- Is,

M £ 1 t 3' "3 "? „ fgl S § "38TÎ.:à-S * * gj

s > ^ 23 - i«ii pûo ai Y « J> ?. J jfg .2 s HN

YOL. IT., SERIES IV. G

1" ^Sk J 5 Si M .15 8 *f -2 QD tS S ^

i> >0 co o o >o i

<D <X> © <D O <D CD

Sa22aI ' ' I 'a

VOL. IV., SERIES IV. H

NOTES ON THE GENEALOGICAL TABLE.

(Part I., Num. Chron ., 1903, p. 359.)

Fidwi was the younger brother of Ghyas ud Din.

NOTES ON THE CATALOGUE OF COINS AND ADDITIONS

27 (a) JE, Round, Shadiabad, 878,

•70. Wt., 78 grs.

•60. Wt., 55 grs.

Note to No . 50. A similar coin, date 889, with symbol No. 9 o

61 (a) Billon, Square,

circles with ornamental segments, but with da

and with symbol No. 26 on obverse. Size, *

Note to No. 64. A similar coin, date 915, with sym

70(a) As No. 70, but on obverse y>' instead of ^òV^'

jo'¿ ^)' irr

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1st size . . . , . . . . 105 to 095

„"34 . 4 1. J3 iHI gSf» S, ?- Is,