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ISSN: 2348-7860 (O) | 2348-7852 (P) | Vol. 5 No. 6 | June 2018 | PP. 422-429
Digital Object Identifier DOI® http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijre.2018.5.6.1
Copyright © 2018 by authors and International Journal of Research and Engineering
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
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Abstract: In this paper, the combined related to work close to nominal frequency of the power
superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) and system and satisfying the voltage level constraints [7, 8]. To
STATCOM are used to improve transient stability keep power system frequency around its nominal value,
active power mismatches between supply and demand have
and low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of
been regulated by fast ramping reserve such as natural gas,
the wind turbine generation system (WTGS). The
whose services are costly for decades [9-12]. However,
SFCL absorbs the accelerating energy of the shifting toward integrating higher level of wind power into
generator, and therefore, improves the WTGS the power system, increases generations variability and
transient stability. Also, STATCOM helps the raises need for updated operational process such as demand
restore connecting point voltage to improve LVRT respond or installing grid scale storage to improve flexibility
capability by reactive power compensation (RPC) and maintain reliability of the power system [13, 14]. Other
after fault clearing. The optimization problem of issue of increasing integration of wind power is voltage sag
SFCL resistance and STATCOM capacity is in WTGS connecting point. The downstream faults in the
formulated based on the transient stability and power system could result in large fault current flow that not
only might damage the series equipment but also can cause
LVRT capability of WTGS. The Simulation study
voltage sag at WTGS connecting point. This voltage sag
shows the superior improving LVRT capability of
might disconnect WTGS from power system. This is
combined SFCL and STATCOM over individual adverse to the reliability and stability of power system when
SFCL or STATCOM. Also, the required capacity the wind power penetration level is high [4, 5, 15].
of STATCOM for RPC is significantly reduced.
PSCAD/EMTDC software (V4.2) is used for In order to avoid this problem, the transmission system
simulation. operators (TSOs) impose some technical requirements for
the integration of WTGS, as grid codes. In the grid code
Keywords: SFCL, STATCOM, Transient Stability, Wind requirements, the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) is one
Turbine, Reactive Power Compensation (RPC). of the important and pertinent issues [9, 16]. The ability of
WTGS to stay connected to the power system during faults
and voltage sag is stated as LVRT capability. As shown in
I. INTRODUCTION Fig. 1(a), The WTGS must stay connected when the
connecting point voltage remains inside the shadow area up
The growing number distributed energy generators requires
to limit line 1. A short disconnection is allowed, when the
new strategies for the planning and operation of the power
connecting point voltage is between line 1 and line 2. In
systems in order to maintain or even to improve the power
addition, WTGS have to provide the reactive current
supply reliability and quality [1, 2]. Optimal placement of
compensation to support the connecting point voltage during
the dispersed generation in electrical distribution systems
fault as shown in Fig. 1(b) [10, 17].
was carried out considering the voltage profile improvement
indexes and decreased losses in this study. Also, minimizing
.
the power system costs, specially the costs associated with
network load growth is the final aim of a distribution system
plan [3-6]. Safety of the power system equipment and
quality of the delivered power to the costumers are highly
IJRE | Vol. 5 No. 6 | June 2018 | T. ATUWO 423
Fig.1: (a) Limit curve for LVRT requirements of There are various types of SFCLs, which generally can
E.ON grid code beclassified into resistive and inductive types [28, 29]. Each
type of SFCL has its merits and demerits.The resistive type
SFCL isused more due to its compact size and simple
principle of operation than inductive type SFCL [30-32].
The physical property of the resistive type SFCL is based on
the E–J characteristic of the high temprature superconductor
(HTS) and its dependence on temperature (T). The E–J
characteristic of the HTS can be expressed by the following
equation:
B. STATCOM MODEL
The configuration of a typical STATCOM is shown in Fig.
4(a). It consists of a two-level voltage source converter
(VSC), common DC link capacitor and a coupling
transformer connected in shunt with the AC power grid.
Several techniquesto control the STATCOM have been
reported and proposed [36-39]. In this paper, two separate
proportional-integral (PI) controllers are used to control the Fig. 5: (a) Power system with SFCL and STATCOM for the
DC link and the STATCOM reactive power as shown in Fig. study, and (b) Steady-state equivalent circuit of induction
4(b). generator
√( ) ( ) ( )
Where,
( )
And the maximum electrical torque can be calculated as ( )
follows:
The STATCOM current is purely reactive and has +90
phase difference to VPCC. Therefore, the STATCOM current
( ) can be represented as a function of connecting point voltage
( ) ( )
as follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (13)
Where,
B. LVRT Capability
Tt the mechanical torque referred to the generator side,
Te the electromagnetic torque, Fig. 10 (b) shows the connecting point voltage of SCIG for
Ht the equivalent turbine-blade inertia, three cases. It can be observed that the connecting point
Hg the generator inertia, voltage of WTGS decreases to zero in cases A and B during
ωt the turbine rotational speed, fault, approximately.
ωg the generator rotational speed,
K the shaft stiffness
D the damping constant
θs the angular displacement the ends of the shaft
(a)
(b) (c)
Fig. 11: (a) Reactive power, (b) Electrical torque and (c)
Enlargement of the electrical torque for three cases
C. Rotor Speed
Fig. 10 (c) shows the rotor speed of the SCIG for three cases,
respectively. As shown in Fig. 12, the rotor speed gradually
reduces to the pre-fault level and the system is stable in both
(d) cases of B and C, but the SCIG is unstable in case A. Also,
the combined RSFCL and STATCOM can provide a better
damping to post-fault oscillations.
E. Torque characteristics
Fig. 11(b) shows the electrical torque of the IG for three
cases, respectively. As shown in Fig. 11 (b), the variation of
the electrical torque is reduced in both cases of B and C, and
restored in pre-fault value. But, the combined SFCL and
STATCOM are very effective in suppressing the variations
(b) of the electrical torque and swings after fault clearing. Fig.
11 (c) shows the enlargement of Fig. 11 (b).
IV. CONCLUSION
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