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STUDY OF ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, TOOLS AND SAFETY

PRECAUTIONS, POWER SUPPLIES.

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
STUDY OF TOOLS
Aim :
 To get the introduction about tools.
 To identify common wiring tools and their proper use.
 To safely use tools to build projects.

DESCRIPTION OF TOOLS

LINE TESTER
A Conducting metal bar is connected in series with a high
carbon resistance, and a neon lamp which is connected to stud
by a conducting spring. This is used for detecting presence of
electric supply. If the line is above, the lamp glows.

SCREW DRIVERS

The screw drivers are available in different blade sizes, but 25cm
screw driver with 15cm blade is a standard one. This is used to
tighten or loosen of to keep screws in position.
Precautions to be used while using screw driver:
 The size should not be too sharp,
 It must fit in the slot of the screw head
 Do not use it as a hammer or chisel.

MALLET
Mallet is a wooden hammer and is used to give light
blows.The striking face is made flat.It is available in many sizes.

BALL PEEN HAMMER

A ball peen hammer is a tool for surface hardening.
Its head is made of cast iron. Head is made of cast iron.
Head is fitted with wooden handle of various lengths. The striking
place is slightly convex.

CLAW HAMMER
It is used both for nailing and for nail-pulling. It is made up
of steel and has striking face at one end and claws at the other
end. The surface of the hammer face is slightly convex to minimize
marring the surface when the nail is driven in flush with the wood.

TRY SQUARE
 Try square is used check whether the object is
plane or perpendicular and also used as scale. It
consists of two straight bands at right angles to each other.

MEASURING TAPE
Measuring tape made up of steel and graduated in `mm’
and also in inches. It has a steel core. It is used
to measure the length of a wire for electrical purpose.

STANDARD WIRE GAUGE

The thickness or diameter of the wire can be found using
the wire gauge.One side is calibrated in gauge and other side in
`mm’. It is circular in shape with calibrated slots into which the
wires can be inserted. Using this wires are graded in terms
of gauge or `mm’.

FIRMER CHISEL
Firmer chisel used for chipping,scraping and grooving in the wood.It
consists of a blade with a handle.The flat blade varies from 12 `mm’ to 15
`mm’. It is used only in wooden piece and it should not be used in iron.For
iron pieces,cold chisel is used.

FLAT FILE
Flat file is used in conduit wiring and often in all kind of electrical
work. Half round file of size 5cm is used for removing. The file has
one flat and one curved side. The curved side is single cut and flat
side is double cut.

HACKSAW FRAME WITH BLADE

It is used for cutting metals as conduits, cables. The hacksaw frame is
adjustable and its blade is made of tool steel. The less teethed hacksaw is
used for tough jobs while more teethed one is used for fine cut.

CUTTING PLIER
 Cutting plier is used to cut the wire strands, to combine several stands and to remove insulation
from wires. The handle of cutting plier is insulated and its length varies from 150 mm to 1200
mm. The handle is covered by the insulating material to prevent electrical shock. Do not use it as
a hammer.

FLAT NOSE PLIER

It is used to cut small wires and also used to add screw and nuts. Small bends
can also be made in the wire. The length is 6 inches and handle is insulated to
prevent electrical shock. It is also used for holding jobs or holding wires.
As it has jaws which are slotted and tappered,it is used for tightening or
loosening small nuts.

ELECTRICIAN KNIFE
Elecrician knife is double bladed knife having two blades in
opposite direction.It is generally used for removing insulations
from wires.It should not be kept in pocket.

HAND DRILLING MACHINES

This machine is used to drill holes in wooden boards, enabling
the screw to be driven easily.It is also used for making threads.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

 Always be careful.
 You should not energize any conductor unless you are sure that all are connected
properly.
 you should not tamper unnecessarily with any electrical gear.
 You should not disconnect any plug by pulling the flexible cables.
 Before replacing a blown fuse, always remember to put the main switch OFF.
 Safety demands good earthing. Hence always keep earth connection in good condition.
 Before using portable electrical things, see that those are well earthed.
 while handling in electrical appliance like table fan,iron heaters, etc.., be sure that they
can be disconnected from the supply. Switching OFF is not enough. Leaky insulation
may give serious shock.
 Live wire should always be connected through the switch.
 Do not use a plier as a hammer. Choose the right tool for the job.
 Do not put a sharp edged tool in your pocket.
  If you want to hand over any sharp tool, like knife, screw driver, file handsaw, etc..,to
someone else, give it from handle side. Otherwise it can injure your hand.
 Do not use tool like file, knife, screw-driver, etc.., without handle otherwise it can injure
your hand.
 In rainy season apply grease on tools on which rust can affect.
 In case of electrical fire do not throw water in live conductor and equipment ,as it is
dangerous. The best remedy is to disconnect the electrical supply immediately and then
throw sand or dust on the fire.
 All fire extinguishers cannot be used for electrical fire but CO2 extinguishers are
preferred for this purpose.
 Before starting the work, above ground level on a pole or tower, you must use safety belt
and ladder so that it may not slip away.
 Always wear shock proof shoes.
 Shirts must be tucked in and avoid wearing loose fittings that might fall on electrical
accessories.
Virtually all wiring tools accidents are preventable.

POWER SUPPLIES

Dc power supply
A DC power supply is one that supplies a constant DC voltage to its load. Depending on
its design, a DC power supply may be powered from a DC source or from an AC source such as
the power mains.
AC-TO-DC SUPPLY
Some DC power supplies use AC mains electricity as an energy source. Such power supplies will
sometimes employ a transformer to convert the input voltage to a higher or lower AC voltage.
A rectifier is used to convert the transformer output voltage to a varying DC voltage, which in
turn is passed through an electronic filter to convert it to an unregulated DC voltage.
The filter removes most, but not all of the AC voltage variations; the remaining AC voltage is
known as ripple. The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates the minimum amount of filtering
that must be provided by a power supply. In some applications, high ripple is tolerated and
therefore no filtering is required. For example, in some battery charging applications it is
possible to implement a mains-powered DC power supply with nothing more than a transformer
and a single rectifier diode, with a resistor in series with the output to limit charging current.
AC POWER SUPPLY
An AC power supply typically takes the voltage from a wall outlet (mains supply) and
lowers it to the desired voltage. Some filtering may take place as well.
In modern use, AC power supplies can be divided into single phase and three phase systems.
"The primary difference between single phase and three phase AC power is the constancy of
delivery." AC power Supplies can also be used to change the frequency as well as the voltage,
they are often used by manufacturers to check the suitability of their products for use in other
countries. 230V 50 Hz or 115V 60 Hz or even 400 Hz for avionics testing.

ELECTRICAL CHARGE
The fundamental unit of charge is denoted by ±q
It is the charge associated with a single electron or proton and is equal in magnitude to 1.60 x 10 -
19
Couloumbs (C)
Charge can be either positive or negative.
One coulomb = approximately 6.24 x 1018 unpaired electrons or protons.

ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric current denoted by I, is the quantitative measure of the flow rate of electric
charge carriers. It is measured by determining the number of couloumbs of charge that pass a
specific point in the period of time. The unit of electric current is the ampere

Number of couloumbs transfer per second is current.

ELECTRIC VOLTAGE
Voltage (potential) is defined as electrical potential energy per unit charge.

Voltage can be thought of as a measure of stored electrical energy that has the ability to do work,
such as moving other charges via an electric field.
Energy required to transfer one couloumb per second is voltage.

ELECTRICAL POWER
 It is a measure of the electrical work, or energy used, per unit time. Instantaneous power,
of an eleectrical device is defined as the work that is done per unit of time. In terms of the
voltage (V) and current (I).

DC SIGNAL

Direct Current has a constant voltage and current, neglecting the changes occuring during
power on and power off.
Common sources
 Batteries (K)
 DC power supply
V = constant, I = constant.
AC SIGNAL

Alternating Current is a fluctuating current that is associated with a changing potential

difference (AC Voltage). The most commonely alternating current pattern is associated with a
sinusoidal change in voltage.
Common sources
 Household power
 Signal generator
v(t) = A sin (2πft)