2nd MELC WORKSHEET

Republic of the Philippines Score:
Department of Education
Region VII – Central Visayas
Schools Division of Bohol
BILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Yanaya, Bilar, Bohol
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Subject:
Activity No. 1.1
Name: _____________________________________________ Grade: ___________
MELC: Identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial
to the contemporary.
References: https://lemongrad.com/proverbs-with-meanings-and-examples/ and https://ncca.gov.ph/about-
ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/literary-arts/the-literary-forms-in-philippine-
literature/
Concept Notes:
Pre-Colonial Times
Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich past through their folk speeches, folk songs, folk
narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors.
The most seminal of these folk speeches is the riddle which is tigmo in Cebuano, bugtong in
Tagalog,paktakon in Ilongo and patototdon in Bicol. Central to the riddle is the talinghaga or metaphor because
it “reveals subtle resemblances between two unlike objects” and one’s power of observation and wit are put to
the test. While some riddles are ingenious, others verge on the obscene or are sex-related:
The proverbs or aphorisms express norms or codes of behavior, community beliefs or they instill
values by offering nuggets of wisdom in short, rhyming verse. The extended form, tanaga, a mono-riming
heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life is “more emotionally charged than the terse
proverb and thus has affinities with the folk lyric.” Some examples are the basahanon or extended didactic
sayings from Bukidnon and the daraida and daragilon from Panay.
The folk song, a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people’s lifestyles as
well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive as in the children’s songs
or Ida-ida(Maguindanao), tulang pambata (Tagalog) or cansiones para abbing (Ibanag). A few examples are
the lullabyes or Ili-ili (Ilongo); love songs like the panawagon and balitao (Ilongo);harana or serenade
(Cebuano); the bayok (Maranao).
The folk narratives, i.e. epics and folk tales are varied, exotic and magical. They explain how the world
was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls,
volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna and, in the case of legends, an explanation of the origins of things. Fables
are about animals and these teach moral lessons. Our country’s epics are considered ethno-epics because
unlike, say, Germany’s Niebelunginlied, our epics are not national for they are “histories” of varied groups that
consider themselves “nations.”
The epics come in various names: Guman (Subanon); Darangen (Maranao); Hudhud (Ifugao);
andUlahingan (Manobo). These epics revolve around supernatural events or heroic deeds and they embody or
validate the beliefs and customs and ideals of a community. Examples of these epics are the Lam-
ang (Ilocano); Hinilawod (Sulod); Kudaman (Palawan); Darangen(Maranao); Ulahingan (Livunganen-
Arumanen Manobo); Mangovayt Buhong na Langit (The Maiden of the Buhong Sky from Tuwaang–
Manobo); Ag Tobig neg Keboklagan (Subanon); and Tudbulol (T’boli).
Activity: Identify the form of literature in each item below. Choose your answer from the provided choices
inside the box. Riddle Proverb Folksong Epics
________1. Balitao ________6. Ulahingan

_______2. Sa araw any bungbong, sa gabi ay dahon. _______7. Three eyes have I, all in a row;
when the red one opens, all freeze.
_______3. Kudaman _______8. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
_______4. Ili-ili _______9. Hinilawod
_______5. Kung walang tyaga, walang nilaga. _______10. Among the blind the one-eyed man is
king.

Address: Yanaya, Bilar, Bohol
School ID: 302818
Telephone No: (038)535-9128
E-mail: bilarnhs@gmail.com
Ensuring Quality Education, Affirming Excellence

Subject:
Activity No. 1.2
Name: _____________________________________________ Grade: ___________
References: 21st Century Literature form the Philippines and the World Textbook pp. 9-15
Concept Notes:
Spanish Colonial Philippine Literature
Spanish colonial literature focused on the society and culture as reflected and affected by the Catholic
faith.
Forms of Literature During this Period
1. Corrido- is a legendary religious narrative form that usually details the lives of saints or the history of a
tradition.
2. Awit- is a chivalric poem about a hero, usually about a saint. It is also usually sung and used in religious
processions.
3. Pasyon- is a narrative poem about the life of Jesus Christ, beginning from His birth and up to His death. This
is usually sung during Lenten season.
4. Cenaculo- is the dramatization of the Passion of Christ. It highlights the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ,
and it is also done during the Lenten season.
5. Moro-moro or Comedia de Capa y Espada- is a blood and thunder melodrama depicting the conflict of
Christians and Muslims.
6. Carillo- is a play that uses shadows as its main spectacle. This is created by animating figures made from
cardboard, which are projected onto a white screen.
7. Tibag- is the dramatic reenactment of St. Helena’s search for the Holy Cross. St. Helena is the mother of
Constantine and is oftentimes credited to have influenced her son to be the great Christian leader he is known
for today.
8. Duplo or Karagatan- are native dramas that are connected to Catholic mourning rituals and harvest
celebrations.
9. Zarzuela- is probably one of the most famous forms of entertainment back in the Spanish era. It is a musical
comedy or melodrama that deal with the elemental passions of human beings.
Activity:
A. Identify the form of literature defined in the statements below. Write your answer in the blank provided.
____________1. It is a play that uses shadows as its main spectacle. This is created by animating figures
made from cardboard, which are projected onto a white screen.
____________2. It is a musical comedy or melodrama that deal with the elemental passions of human beings.
____________3. It is a chivalric poem about a hero, usually about a saint. It is also usually sung and used in
religious processions.
____________4. It is also known as Comedia de Capa y Espada which depicts the conflict between Muslims
and Christians.
____________5. It is the dramatic reenactment of St. Helena’s search for the Holy Cross
B. Answer the question below briefly. (5pts.)

1. How has the literature during the Spanish era differed from the literature during the precolonial era?

School ID: 302818

Subject:
Activity No. 1.3
Name: _____________________________________________ Grade: ___________
References: https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/literary-
arts/the-literary-forms-in-philippine-literature/
Concept Notes:
The American Colonial Period
A new set of colonizers brought about new changes in Philippine literature. New literary forms such as
free verse [in poetry], the modern short story and the critical essay were introduced. American influence was
deeply entrenched with the firm establishment of English as the medium of instruction in all schools and with
literary modernism that highlighted the writer’s individuality and cultivated consciousness of craft, sometimes at
the expense of social consciousness.
The poet, and later, National Artist for Literature, Jose Garcia Villa used free verse and espoused the
dictum, “Art for art’s sake” to the chagrin of other writers more concerned with the utilitarian aspect of literature.
The Balagtas tradition persisted until the poet Alejandro G. Abadilla advocated modernism in poetry.
Abadilla later influenced young poets who wrote modern verses in the 1960s such as Virgilio S. Almario, Pedro
I. Ricarte and Rolando S. Tinio.
While the early Filipino poets grappled with the verities of the new language, Filipinos seemed to have
taken easily to the modern short story as published in the Philippines Free Press, the College
Folio and Philippines Herald. Paz Marquez Benitez’s “Dead Stars” published in 1925 was the first successful
short story in English written by a Filipino. Later on, Arturo B. Rotor and Manuel E. Arguilla showed exceptional
skills with the short story.
Alongside this development, writers in the vernaculars continued to write in the provinces. Others like
Lope K. Santos, Valeriano Hernandez Peña and Patricio Mariano were writing minimal narratives similar to the
early Tagalog short fiction called dali or pasingaw (sketch).
The romantic tradition was fused with American pop culture or European influences in the adaptations
of Edgar Rice Burroughs’ Tarzan by F. P. Boquecosa who also penned Ang Palad ni Pepe after Charles
Dicken’sDavid Copperfield even as the realist tradition was kept alive in the novels by Lope K. Santos and
Faustino Aguilar, among others.
The essay in English became a potent medium from the 1920’s to the present. Some leading essayists
were journalists like Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge Bocobo, Pura Santillan Castrence, etc. who wrote formal to
humorous to informal essays for the delectation by Filipinos.
Among those who wrote criticism developed during the American period were Ignacio Manlapaz,
Leopoldo Yabes and I.V. Mallari. But it was Salvador P. Lopez’s criticism that grabbed attention when he won
the Commonwealth Literay Award for the essay in 1940 with his “Literature and Society.” This essay posited
that art must have substance and that Villa’s adherence to “Art for Art’s Sake” is decadent.
The last throes of American colonialism saw the flourishing of Philippine literature in English at the
same time, with the introduction of the New Critical aesthetics, made writers pay close attention to craft and
“indirectly engendered a disparaging attitude” towards vernacular writings — a tension that would recur in the
contemporary period.
Activity: Match the following writers in column A with their corresponding contribution to Philippine literature
during the American Period in column B. Write only the letter of your answer in the blank provided.
A. B.
_____1. Alejandro G. Abadilla a. One of the leading essayists who wrote formal to humorous to
informal essays for the delectation by Filipinos.
_____2. Carlos P. Romulo b. Writer of “Dead Stars” published in 1925 which is the first
successful short story in English written by a Filipino.
_____3. Jose Garcia Villa c. He advocated modernism in poetry.

_____4. Paz Marquez Benitez d. He used free verse and espoused the dictum, “Art for art’s sake”
_____5. Patricio Mariano e.Writes minimal narratives similar to the early Tagalog short fiction

School ID: 302818
called dali or pasingaw (sketch).


Subject:
Activity No. 1.4
Name: _____________________________________________ Grade: ___________
References: https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/literary-
arts/the-literary-forms-in-philippine-literature/
Concept Notes:
The Contemporary Period

Historical Background
 THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)- The New Filipino Literature during this period in Tagalog
was revived. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities.
 THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)- Rebellious Youth
 PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972- 1980) – Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the
development or progress of the country.
 PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)- Literature during this period of the Third Republic
were romantic and revolutionary.
 CURRENT PERIOD (1986-1999)- History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained
their independence which they lost twenty years ago, the so-called People Power (Lakas ng Bayan)
prevailed.
Forms of Literature
 Novels and Essays
 Poetry
 Short Stories
 Novellas
Activity: Complete the timeline below based on the Historical Background of the Contemporary Period.
1972-1980
PERIOD
OF
THE
THIRD
REPUBLIC

School ID: 302818
School ID: 302818

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Republic of the Philippines Score:

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

1. Balitao 6. Ulahingan

BILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

B. Answer the question below briefly. (5pts.)

BILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

_____3. Jose Garcia Villa c. He advocated modernism in poetry.

BILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Republic of the Philippines Score:

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

The Contemporary Period

BILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

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