MECH0028 BIOFLUID MECHANICS- Quiz 2018

115
CHAPTER 3
NAME:
pressure force PART
cularA.ductAnswer
is to beall questions
measured using (60%).
a manometerCircle or underline
whose open the correct answer from
iodic escape of arm is inclined 35° from the
the list of options given (a, b, c….. OR [ horizontal, as shown in
], Fig.
[ ]…) and fill in the required
ially dangerous P3–121.where
answers The density of the by
indicated liquid in the manometer is 0.81
______.
e at a constant kg/L, and the vertical distance between the fluid levels in the
of a pressure two arms of the manometer is 8 cm. Determine the gage !
age and has an 1) pressure
The velocity distribution for a steady, incompressible
of air in the duct and the length of the fluid column field is: V = 3 xiˆ + Cyˆj + 0kˆ
ume an atmos- where
in C is arm
the inclined a constant.
above the fluid If level
conservation ofarm.
in the vertical mass is satisfied the value of C
e-body diagram should be [ 3], [3/2 ], [ 0 ], [ -3
3–122E Consider a U-tube whose arms are open to the ].
atmosphere. Now equal volumes of water and light oil (r (4%)
pe, as shown in 2) !Judge
49.3 the
lbm/ftfollowing
3 ) are pouredstatements:
from different arms. A person
m of the tube is blows from • the
From control
oil side of the volume analysis
U-tube until we surface
the contact can obtain detailed knowledge of a
92 kPa, deter- flowmoves
of the two fluids field to
enclosed
the bottomby of the controland
the U-tube, volume.
thus [true] [false]
, in m. Assume • Control volume analysis is valid only in regions where viscosity is
sity of water to negligible [true] [false]
• Control volume analysis is valid only for steady flows [true] [false]
(6%)
3) The two dimensional velocity Air field of a Newtonian fluid is given by:
!
V = (sin x cos y )iˆ + (- cos x sin y ) ˆj . If the dynamic viscosity of the fluid is µ find
the rate of strain tensor produced by the flow:

Oil Water 30 in
________ ________
e ij =
________ ________

The flow is [compressible],

FIGURE P3–122E [incompressible], [can’t tell].
(10%)
the liquid levels in the two arms are the same. If the fluid
4) height
A two-dimensional
in each arm is 30flow field is the
in, determine described u = 2 xy and v = x 2 - y 2 . The flow
by: the
gage pressure
person exerts on the
is [rotational andoil compressible],
by blowing. [rotational and incompressible] [irrotational
and compressible],
3–123 [irrotational
Intravenous infusions are usually and incompressible].
driven by gravity
by hanging the fluid bottle at sufficient height to counteract (10%)
on earth is the blood pressure in the vein and to force the fluid into the
he relation Patm
he atmospheric 5) body.
The The higher the bottle is raised, the higher the flow rate
temperature in a flow field is given by T ( x, y, z , t ) = xyze- t . A particle is
of the fluid will be. (a) If it is observed that the fluid and the
th z ! 0 at sea flowing
blood alongbalance
pressures the x each
direction with the
other when a velocity m by: U ( x, y, x, t ) = uiˆ + 0 ˆj + 0kˆ .
given
bottle is 1.2
ic pressures at above
If thethe arm level,
particle doesdetermine the gage pressure
not experience of the
any temperature changes then its velocity
Mexico City (z blood. (b) If the gage pressure of the fluid at the arm level
! 8848 m).
must be equal to u =__________________________________.
needs to be 20 kPa for sufficient flow rate, determine how
(10 %)
erences with a high the bottle must be placed. Take the density of the fluid
6) During intravenous (IV) therapy a fluid is infused into a patient’s vein by
r is inclined to to be 1020 kg/m3.
gravity from an IV bag hanging
re difference is
on a pole. The fluid container
not the actual Patm has to be hanged at sufficient
essure in a cir-
height to counteract the
IV bottle
pressure of the blood flowing in
1.2 m the vein (ranging typically from
2-15 mmHg) and hence force
the fluid into the body.
cm
a. If the IV fluid and blood
pressure in the vein balance

FIGURE P3–123
Biofluid Mechanics-Quiz 1
 with each other (i.e. no fluid flows into the vein) at a height of 1.2 m, the
pressure of blood (gage) in the vein is: ______kPa.

b. To achieve a sufficient flow rate a gage pressure of 20 kPa is needed at arm

level; hence the container needs be placed at796 a height of _____m.

Fig. 3b). A d isp lay of velocity vectors for th e com p lete 3D d ifferen t tim e fram es from an an i
Take the density of blood to be 1020 kg/m3 and region
the acceleration of gravity
is too com p lex to be u sefu l.
Path lin e visu alization is a m u ch m ore d escrip tive w ay of
forw ard traces sh ow n in Fig. 4.

g=9.81 m/s . 760 mmHg=101.33 kPa.

2 d isp layin g flow p attern s an d can follow th em alon g th eir
cou rse an yw h ere w ith in th e en tire 3D volu m e. Particle Maxwell Corrections
traces are con stru cted for th e blood th at crosses (10 marks)
th e refer- Th e qu ality of th e in p u t velocity d
en ce p lan e at a given startin g tim e; th ey follow th e flow as accu racy of p article trace visu aliz
it m oves th rou gh th e h eart in su bsequ en t fram es. Th e lin es are calcu lated as th e tim e in te

7) Figure A below shows the blood flow pattern in the left ventricle of the heart startin g tim e, th e size an d p osition of th e referen ce p lan e,
an d th e d en sity of th e em itted p article traces can all be
even a sm all artifactu al n on -zero
create sign ifican t d eviation of th e
during late diastolic filling. The lines were determined from the velocity field d efin ed . Th e flow of in terest can th erefore be carefu lly
selected , an d as all oth er con cu rren t velocity in form ation
traced for a lon g tim e. Th e im p ort
velocities is sh ow n in p article tra
measured using an echocardiographic velocimetry method. The lines are: is h id d en , a d etailed visu alization of th e flow p ath an d
velocities alon g th e traces can be obtain ed . A typ ical
velocity d ata acqu ired from th e
p h an tom . Th e th eoretical p articles
[pathlines], [streamlines], [streaklines], [none of the above]. exam p le of p ath lin es, startin g from th e location of th e
m itral valve at th e tim e of early d iastolic in flow, is sh ow n
sim ilar to tracin g tim es u sed w ith
sh ou ld resu lt in traces h avin g
in Fig. 4. It can be read ily seen h ow th e w ell-organ ized d em on strates th at p ath lin es w ith
th an 3 cm ) are gen erated w h en th
In figure B the same ventricular flow is visualized by injecting particle tracers
blood m oves forw ard from th e p lan e in to th e left ven tricle,
m akes a sm ooth ben d n ear th e ap ex, an d th en tu rn s in to th e corrected for th e lin ear p h ase

in the flow through the line indicated by the arrow, positioned at the mitral
ou tflow tract. Tracin g blood flow backw ard s in tim e essen -
tially d em on strates th e origin of blood flow th at reach es a
valve opening. The particles are followed in time producing the lines shown in given location in th e h eart at a d efin ed m om en t. Th is h as
p roved very u sefu l in locatin g sm all in flow s an d sw irls.
Figure B. These lines are: [pathlines], [streamlines],[streaklines], [none of Backw ard p article traces from th e sam e startin g p lan e an d
tim e are also sh ow n in Fig. 4, d em on stratin g th e u p stream
the above]. left atrial flow.
Th e d escrip tive p ow er of p article trace visu alization is
If the flow is steady, these lines are: [pathlines], [streamlines],[streaklines], en h an ced by an im ation . Th e len gth of th e p article traces’
PERSPECTIVES ‘‘tails,’’ w h ich rep resen t th e d istan ce traveled d u rin g a
[none of the above], [all of the above]. Note that color coding indicates sp ecified tim e in terval, can be sh orten ed to lim it th e
cu rren ts. Wh en th e velocity d ata
th e n on -lin ear offsets cau sed by
u sin g th e tech n iqu e p rop osed by
artifactu al in terferen ce is m arked ly
Th e effects of Maxw ell term s o
are sh ow n in Fig. 7a. Here, th e tra
d ata corrected for ed d y cu rren ts bu
Man y traces seem to p ass th rou gh
artifactu al velocity offsets. After c
w ell term s, traces from th e sam
ap p rop riately w ith in th e left ven tr

velocity magnitude.
high costs for routine clinical practice. This
technique cannot be used intraoperatively,
or in patients with cardiac devices in whom
echocardiography remains the only option.
Consequently, in this Perspectives article,
we do not provide a detailed analysis of
PCMR in vortex evaluation owing to its
limited application in the context of large,
population-based studies.
3D Doppler echocardiography is not ade-
quate to detect vortex structures because it
measures only one component of the veloc-
ity vector, and does not evaluate directional
change or velocity gradients. An echo-
cardiographic technique utilizing B-mode
harmonic imaging can be used to evaluate
instantaneous vortical blood motion in
the left ventricle. A patient is given a low-
dose intravenous injection of ultrasound
microbubble contrast agent that has the
same rheological behaviour as red blood
cells and can be considered a blood flow
tracer. Such bubbles visually display swirl-
ing intracardiac motion, and images can be
processed by an echocardiographic adap-
Figure
tation of the particle image velocimetry
(PIV) technology (‘echo-PIV’), which has
long been used in fluid dynamics labora-
tories.23 The echo-PIV concept has been
validated in vitro in comparison with laser-
based digital PIV.24–27 Using high frame-rate
recording to avoid the cut-off in velocity
blood motion1
magnitude, PIV can be used to differenti-
8) The equation
ate flow structure from its first application
in healthy individuals and patients with
therefore, be interpreted with
diastolic dysfunction.28,29 Echo-PIV enables "bloodDt
visualization of
am ou n t of in form ation p er fram e an d give a real-tim e
ap p earan ce to th e flow traces. Th e an atom ical 2D slices
a b
m ay also be sh ow n in cin e m od e in com bin ation w ith th e DISCUSSION
Ao traces, creatin g a very realistic rep resen tation of sim u lta-
In tracard iac flow s occu r in th ree d
MV n eou s flow an d card iac m otion . Figu re 5 sh ow s th ree
ch an ge m arked ly over th e card iac c
flow s—w h ile illu strative—are in c
MV
Ao Ou r d ep en d en ce on th e 2D p ersp
th e accu racy of ou r assessm en t o
exam p le, tran svalvu lar flow s are o
th e im m ed iate vicin ity of th e val
solu tion s an d in vitro m od elin g ap
vivo flow s th at p rop agate in th e
con cu rren t flow s an d ch an gin g
excep tion ally d ifficu lt to p red ict.
ech ocard iograp h y h ave d etected c
lar flow in m an y typ es of valvu la
d ers, bu t th eir d escrip tion h as been
sen sitivity of its velocity m easu rem
n atu re.
Th e 3D p article trace tech n iqu e
tion s abou t in tracard iac flow s. It
organ ized vortices are im p ortan t i
th ey h ave been d etected in tw o d im
LV apex
d iograp h y an d con ven tion al 2D c
LV apex
n iqu es (4,8,26). Particle trace visu a
based on 3D MRI d ata gives a m ore
A (Pedrizetti et al 2014) FIG.Figure Bvisualization
(Wigstrom of flow through1999)
Figure 3 | Echocardiographic recordings of intraventricular swirling flow in healthy individuals. th eir 3D p rop erties, u n restricted to
4. Particle trace a normal heart.
a | Streamlines during late diastolic filling. The vortex is visible behind the anterior mitral Th is w ill im p rove ou r ability to in
Particles are emitted in early diastole from a plane positioned at the
leaflet. b | 3D streamlines reconstructed from multiplane acquisition at the onset of systole. of vortices in m ain tain in g op tim al
mitral annulus (arrow) and followed forward and backward in time.
The streamlines spiral out from the vortex and are directed towards the outflow tract. In both Deviation from organ ized an d ef
This delineates the path taken from the left atrium (LA), through the
images, pressure gradient is directed from apex to the base (in colour scale from red to blue).
mitral valve, to the apex and out through the left ventricular outflow be clin ically im p ortan t an d is s
Minimal pressure is found at the centre of the vortex for centrifugal effect. Abbreviations: Ao,
tract (LVOT). The traces are color coded according to velocity. card iovascu lar d iseases. Arrh yth ym
aorta; LV, left ventricular; MV, mitral valve.
(6%)
Don"gradients ! ! Research has also been focused on the transit
based
= care.
Ñ should,
×In vivo
V , where " inside
properties of blood denotes
the left ventriclethe volume of a fluid particle,
flow and flow-derived as an index of flow quality. These tech- 20

visualization of intraventricular vortex
defines the
tunity following
formation (Figure 3a) and monitoring of
to improve methods for the diagno-
beat-by-beat variability.
A major limitation of echo-PIV is that
blood velocities are shown only on 2D
slices (scan plane) of the actual 3D flow,
whereas 3D echocardiography has a largely
insufficient space–time resolution to allow
PIV processing. The extension of echo-
cardiographic techniques to multiplanar
echocardiographic acquisitions has demon-
strated that reconstructing 3D blood flow
motion might be possible (Figure 3b).30
An exploration of the properties of blood
motion requires the evaluation of quanti-
ties related to the velocity gradient tensor,
such as vorticity and energy dissipation.31
Techniques to estimate velocity gradients
based on PIV have been developed32 and
have been preliminarily applied to echo-
PIV.33 However, the spatial resolution of
echo-PIV is still low, and might be insuf-
Biofluid Mechanics-Quiz
ficient for the smallest scales of (weakly)
turbulent blood motion; quantification of
IVPG17,33 parametric maps offer an oppor-
kinematic
property:
esia give rise to a distorted __________________.
sis, medical treatment, and surgical repair
of cardiovascular disease.
Vortex analysis in LV disease
Although vortex analysis represents a new
paradigm for investigating the functional
properties of the heart, the pathophysio-
logical relevance of cardiac fluid dynamics
is still unknown and quantitative data are
inconclusive. The first clinical studies on
LV vortices were initiated as global indica-
tors of vortex formation34 and were followed
by studies in animals during impaired elec-
trical activation.28 Investigation progressed
to patients with dilated cardiomyopathy,
in whom the geometrical properties of LV
vortex were analysed.29 Vortical properties,
such as position and circulation (the amount
of vorticity, or local fluid particle rotation,14
contained inside the vortex), have been
shown to be modified with disease, char-
acterized by weakened and basal vortices.
niques show that LV dilatation or dyskin-
and weakened
vortex, local stagnation, and reduced flow
exchange with an increased risk of thrombus
Based on this kinematic property the fluid
formation.22,35,36 These studies demonstrate
intraventricular, fluid-dynamic phenomena
particle in the figure appears to move around
associated with pathologies such as dilated
cardio myopathy and ischaemia, which
in a [compressible][incompressible] fluid flow
had previously been detected using other
diagnostic methods.22,35,36
field.
The attempt to characterize pathological
conditions in terms of LV flow properties
is a step forward in diagnostic technol-
ogy. The persistence of vortex circulation
from early to late diastole delineates normal
haemodynamic coupling between LV fil-
ling and emptying that seems to be lost in
(4 marks)
patients with nondilated heart failure. 37
Moreover, the timing of LV vortex forma-
tion is immediately modified by turning
off a biventricular pacemaker in patients
receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy,
although changes in tissue dynamics could
2
not be detected by available technology.38

NATURE REVIEWS | CARDIOLOGY VOLUME 11 | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 547

PART B. Solve only ONE of the following two problems. (40%)

1. A microfluidic optical viscometric method can be utilised to measure the

viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids. The method is based on the analytical
solution for two co-flowing
fluids- often immiscible- in
a rectangular microchannel
with one of the fluids
having a known viscosity.
This is illustrated in the
figure on the left, taken
from a study on blood
viscosity by Mehri et al al
(2018).
To simplify the analytical solution for this viscometric method we can
approximate the flow as a modified form of Couette flow in which two
immiscible fluids of different viscosity are sandwiched between two infinitely
long and wide parallel flat plates. The top plate moves with velocity V to the
right and the bottom plate is stationary. The flow is steady, incompressible,
parallel and laminar. Gravity acts in the –z direction (downward in the
figure). There is no forced pressure gradient pushing the fluids through the
channel-the flow is set up solely by viscous effects created by the moving
upper plate (i.e. there is no pressure gradient in the x-direction). You may
ignore surface tension effects and assume that the interface is horizontal.
The pressure at the bottom of the flow (z=0) is equal to Po.

Moving wall V

h2 fluid 2 , r2, µ2 interface

h1 fluid 1 , r1, µ1 z
x

a. List all assumptions and appropriate boundary conditions on both velocity

and pressure. (hint: there are 6 boundary conditions)
(10 marks)
b. Simplify the continuity and Navier Stokes equations for the problem.
(10 marks)
c. Solve for the velocity field and determine the velocity at the interface.
Express your answer in terms of V, µ 1, µ 2, h1, h2.
(Hint: Split up the solution into two portions, one for each fluid).
(20 marks)

2. In order to treat an aortic arch aneurysm and restore blood flow the entire
aortic arch needs be replaced by a Dacron graft as shown in the figure below.
The blood flow through the aortic arch can be approximated by flow through a
180 ° elbow if the side branches (i.e. the subclavian and carotid branches)
stemming from the aortic arch are neglected. We wish to analyse the forces
acting on the aortic arch and hence the graft. Let the blood enter the aortic arch

Biofluid Mechanics-Quiz 3
with a velocity of 1 m/s and a pressure of 120 mmHg at peak systole. The
diameter of the ascending aorta is 25 mm and of the descending one 20 mm.
The flow is assumed steady, laminar, frictionless and incompressible. The walls
of the aorta are considered rigid and both the weight of the aortic vessel and the
blood within it are ignored.
Simplified aortic arch

D1=25 mm D2=20 mm

V1 V2

Aortic arch repair

a. Sketch a control volume with one inlet and outlet for the simplified aortic
arch flow indicating clearly the inlet and outlet, the coordinate system and all
the forces acting on the control volume.
(5 marks)

b. Calculate the velocity and pressure at the outlet of the control volume.

(10 marks)

c. Determine the net force exerted by the blood flow on the graft due to net
momentum change in the arch.
(25 marks)

The density of blood is 1050 kg/m3 and for pressure unit conversion use 760
mmHg=101.33 kPa.

Biofluid Mechanics-Quiz 4
FORMULAE

Reynolds number UL
Re = ,U= characteristic velocity, L characteristic length and n
ν
µ
kinematic viscosity, v =
r
Womersley number d wr
a= , d is the diameter of the vessel, ω [radians/sec] is the
2 µ
heart rate.
Rotation vector
î ĵ k̂
! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ∂ ∂ ∂
ω = ω x î + ω y ĵ+ ω z k̂ = curl V = ∇ × V =
2 2 2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
u v w
Rate of strain tensor
ε xx ε xy ε xz
1 ⎛⎜ ∂ui ∂u j ⎞⎟
εij = ⎜ + i, j = x, y,z → ε yx ε yy ε yz
2 ⎝ ∂x j ∂xi ⎟⎠
ε zx ε zy ε zz
Viscous stress tensor
τ xx τ yx τ zx
⎛ ∂u ∂u ⎞
τ ij = µ ⎜⎜ i + j ⎟⎟ i, j = x, y,z → τ xy τ yy τ zy
⎝ ∂x j ∂xi ⎠
τ xz τ yz τ zz
Continuity equation ∂ρ ! !
in both Cartesian and + ∇ ⋅ ρ V = 0 and for steady, incompressible flow:
( )
∂t
cylindrical coordinates ∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ρ 1 ∂( ρ rur ) 1 ∂( ρuθ ) ∂( ρuz )
+ + + =0
∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
Navier-Stokes equations ⎛ ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u ⎞
(Cartesian coordinates) ρ ⎜ + u + v + w ⎟ = ρgx − + µ ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
⎛ ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂2 w ∂2 w ∂2 w ⎞
ρ ⎜ + u + v + w ⎟ = ρgz − + µ ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
⎛ ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂2 v ∂2 v ∂2 v ⎞
ρ ⎜ + u + v + w ⎟ = ρgy − + µ ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
Navier-Stokes equations ⎛ ∂u ∂ur uθ ∂ur uθ2 ∂u ⎞
(cylindrical coordinates) ⎜
ρ⎜ r
+ ur + − + uz r ⎟⎟ =
⎝ ∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z ⎠
∂p ⎡ 1 ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ u 1 ∂ ur 2 ∂uθ ∂ ur ⎤
2 2
− + ρ gr + µ ⎢ ⎜ r r
⎟ − r
+ − + ⎥
∂r ⎢⎣ r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ r 2 r 2 ∂θ 2 r 2 ∂θ ∂z 2 ⎥⎦

Biofluid Mechanics-Quiz 5
 ⎛ ∂u ∂u u ∂u u u ∂u ⎞
ρ ⎜ θ + ur θ + θ θ + r θ + uz θ ⎟ =
⎝ ∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z ⎠
1 ∂p ⎡ 1 ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ u 1 ∂ uθ 2 ∂ur ∂ uθ ⎤
2 2
− + ρ gθ + µ ⎢ ⎜ r θ ⎟ − θ2 + 2 + + ⎥
r ∂θ ⎢⎣ r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ r r ∂θ 2 r 2 ∂θ ∂z 2 ⎥⎦
⎛ ∂u ∂u u ∂u ∂u ⎞
ρ ⎜ z + ur z + θ z + uz z ⎟ =
⎝ ∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z ⎠
∂p ⎡ 1 ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ 1 ∂2u ∂2u ⎤
− + ρgz + µ ⎢ ⎜r z ⎟ + z
+ z
⎥
∂z ⎢⎣ r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ r 2 ∂θ 2 ∂z 2 ⎥⎦
Poiseuille flow 1 ⎛ dp ⎞ 2
u(r) = ⎜ ⎟ r −R
4µ ⎝ dx ⎠
2
( )
π R 4 ⎛ dp ⎞ π R 4 ΔP
Q=− ⎜ ⎟ or Q =
8µ ⎝ dx ⎠ 8µ L

!
Flow through a porous v = - KÑp , where K is the hydraulic conductivity of the medium
medium, Darcy Law (=k/µ, where k is medium permeability).
Conservation of mass for fixed ∂ !
non-deforming control volume ∂t
∫ ρd∀ + "∫ ρV ⋅ n̂ dA = 0
cv cs
Linear momentum equation for ∂ ! ! ! !
fixed non-deforming control ∫ Vρ d∀ + "∫ Vρ V ⋅ n̂ dA = ∑ Fcontents of
∂t cv cs control colume
volume
! ! !
Linear momentum equation for ∑ F = ∑ m" V − ∑ m" V
steady flow in algebraic form out in

General Bernoulli dP 1 2
equation for steady, ∫ + V + gz = constant
ρ 2
frictionless flow, along a
streamline In case of incompressible flow r = constant
P 1 2
+ V + gz = constant
ρ 2

Biofluid Mechanics-Quiz 6