Introduction to State Space

• The transition from simple approximate models, which are

easy to work with, to more realistic models produces two
effects.

– First, a large number of variables must be included in the models.

– Second, a more realistic model is more likely to contain nonlinearities

and time-varying parameters.

– Previously ignored aspects of the system, such as interactions with

feedback through the environment, are more likely to be included.

1
 Introduction
• Most classical control techniques were developed for linear
constant coefficient systems with one input and one output
(perhaps a few inputs and outputs).

• The language of classical techniques is the Laplace or Z-transform

and transfer functions.

• When nonlinearities and time variations are present, the very basis
for these classical techniques is removed.

• Some successful techniques such as phase-plane methods,

describing functions, and other methods, have been developed to
alleviate this shortcoming.
2
 Introduction
• The state variable approach of modern control theory provides a uniform
and powerful methods of representing systems of arbitrary order, linear
or nonlinear, with time-varying or constant coefficients.

• It provides an ideal formulation for computer implementation and is

responsible for much of the progress in optimization theory.

• The advantages of using matrices when dealing with simultaneous

equations of various kinds have long been appreciated in applied
mathematics.

• The field of linear algebra also contributes heavily to modern control

theory.
3
 Introduction
• Conventional control theory is based on the input–output
relationship, or transfer function approach.

• Modern control theory is based on the description of system

equations in terms of n first-order differential equations, which may
be combined into a first-order vector-matrix differential equation.

• The use of vector-matrix notation greatly simplifies the a

mathematical representation of systems of equations.

• The increase in the number of state variables, the number of inputs,

or the number of outputs does not increase the complexity of the
equations.
4
 Definitions
• State Variable: The state variables of a dynamic system are
the smallest set of variables that determine the state of the
dynamic system.

• State Vector: If n variables are needed to completely

describe the behaviour of the dynamic system then n
variables can be considered as n components of a vector x,
such a vector is called state vector.

• State Space: The state space is defined as the n-

dimensional space in which the components of the state
vector represents its coordinate axes.
5
 Definitions
• Let x1 and x2 are two states variables that define the state
of the system completely .

dx
x2 dt
Velocity State (t=t1)
State (t=t1)

State
Vector
x1 Position
x

Two Dimensional State space State space of a Vehicle

6
 State Space Representation
• An electrical network is given in following figure,
find a state-space representation if the output is
the current through the resistor.

7
 State Space Representation
• Step-1: Select the state variables.

v c 
 
iL 

Step-2: Apply network theory, such as Kirchhoff's voltage and current

laws, to obtain ic and vL in terms of the state variables, vc and iL.
Applying KCL at Node-1 i L = i R + iC
iC = −i R + i L
dvC vC
C =− + iL (1) 8
dt R
 State Space Representation
Step-2: Apply network theory, such as Kirchhoff's voltage and current
laws, to obtain ic and vL in terms of the state variables, vc and iL.

Applying KVL at input loop

di L
v(t ) = L + vR
dt
di L
L = −vC + v(t ) (2)
dt
Step-3: Write equation (1) & (2) in standard form.
dvC 1 1
=− vC + i L
dt RC C
State Equations
di L 1 1
= − vC + v(t )
dt L L 9
 State Space Representation
dvC 1 1 di L 1 1
=− vC + i L = − vC + v(t )
dt RC C dt L L

 1 1
d vc   RC   v   0
C c +  1  v(t )
 = 1  
dt  i L  − 0   i L   L 
 L 

 1 1
vc   RC   v   0
C c +  1  v(t )
  =  1  
 iL  − 0   i L   L 
 L 
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 State Space Representation
Step-4: The output is current through the resistor therefore, the
output equation is

1
i R = vC
R

1  v c 
iR =  0  
R  iL 

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 State Space Representation
 1 1
vc   RC   v   0
C c +  1  v(t )
  =  1  
 iL  − 0   i L   L 
 L 
Where,
x(t) --------------- State Vector
x(t ) = Ax(t ) + Bu(t ) A (nxn) ------------ State (System) Matrix
B (nxp) ----------------- Input Matrix
u(t) --------------- Input Vector

1  v c 
iR =  0   Where,
R  iL  y(t) -------------- Output Vector
C (qxn) ---------------- Output Matrix
D ----------------- Feed forward (Direct
y(t ) = Cx(t ) + Du(t ) transmission) Matrix
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 Example-2
• Consider the following system
K
x(t)
M
f(t)
B
Differential equation of the system is:

d 2 x(t ) dx(t )
M +B + Kx(t ) = f (t )
dt 2 dt

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 Example-2
• As we know
dx d 2x dv
=v =
dt dt 2 dt
• Choosing x and v as state variables

dx d 2 x(t ) dx(t )
=v M +B + Kx(t ) = f (t )
dt dt 2 dt

dv B K 1
=− v− x+ f (t )
dt M M M

 x   0 1   x  0 
   = − K B    +  1  f (t )
 v   M −  v   
M M 
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 Example-2

 x   0 1   x  0 
   = − K B    +  1  f (t )
 v   M −  v   
M M 
• If velocity v is the out of the system then output equation is given as

 x
y (t ) = [0 1] 
v 

15
 Example-3
• Find the state equations of following mechanical translational
system.

• System equations are:

d 2 x1 dx1 d 2 x2
M1 2
+D + Kx1 − Kx 2 = 0 f (t ) = M 2 2
+ Kx 2 − Kx1
dt dt dt
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 Example-3
• Now dx1 d 2 x1 dv1
= v1 =
dt dt 2 dt
dx2 d 2
x2 dv2
= v2 =
dt dt 2 dt
• Choosing x1, v1, x2, v2 as state variables
dx1
= v1
dt
dv1
M1 + Dv1 + Kx1 − Kx 2 = 0
dt
dx2
= v2
dt
dv2
f (t ) = M 2 + Kx 2 − Kx1
dt 17
 Example-3
• In Standard form
dx1
= v1
dt
dv1 D K K
=− v1 − x1 + x2
dt M1 M1 M1
dx2
= v2
dt
dv2 K K 1
=− x2 + x1 + f (t )
dt M2 M2 M2

18
 Example-3
dx1 dv1 D K K dx2
= v1 =− v1 − x1 + x2 = v2
dt dt M1 M1 M1 dt
dv2 K K 1
=− x2 + x1 + f (t )
dt M2 M2 M2
• In Vector-Matrix form

 0 1 0 0  0 
 x1   K D K  1 x 
   − − 0    0 
 v1  =  M 1 M1 M1
  v1   
+  0  f (t )
 x 2   0 0 0 1  x2 
   K K    1 
 v2   M 0 − 0  v2   
 2 M2  M2 

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 Example-3
 0 1 0 0  0 
 x1   K D K  1 x 
   − − 0    0 
 v1  =  M 1 M1 M1
  v1   
+  0  f (t )
 x 2   0 0 0 1  x2 
   K K    1 
 v2   M 0 − 0  v2   
M2  M
 2
 2

• If x1 and v2 are the outputs of the system then

 x1 
1 0 0 0  v
 1

y (t ) = 
0 0 0 1
  x2 
 
 v2 
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