TUGAS MATA KULIAH

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN DAN KARYA ILMIAH

Pertemuan VI dan VII

Oleh:
I MADE MAHA PUTRA
1709511067
KELAS C

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN

UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
DENPASAR
2020
Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6(3): 212-217, 2010
© 2010, INSInet Publication

Effect of Concentrate Supplementation on Growth and Sexual Development

of Dairy Heifers
1
Abdelgadir A. Mohamed, 1 Izeldin A. Babiker and 2 Ali. E. Eltayeb

1
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zalingei, Sudan
2
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum,
Shambat, Sudan

Abstract: Eighteen crossbred dairy heifers of average body weight 100 kg were used to study the effect
of supplementation on growth performance and sexual development. The heifers were divided into three
groups of six animals each. Heifers in group (C0) were fed sorghum bicolor (Abu Sabeen) ad-lib, heifers
in groups (LC= low concentrate diet) and (HC= high concentrate diet) were fed on sorghum bicolor forage
ad-lib supplemented with 1.0 and 2.0 kg (as fed) concentrate mixture/head/day, respectively. Results
obtained in this experiment showed no significant (P>0.05) effect of the treatment on roughage intake.
Average daily live weight gain (LW G) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (P<0.01)
different among the treatments groups. The correlation between live weight and heart girth(r= 0.97) was
positive and significant (P<0.05). Heart girth was significantly (P<0.01) affected by the plane of nutrition
on which the heifers were reared. Heifers fed on high level of concentrate (HC) reached puberty at a
significantly (P<0.05) younger age and heavier live weight than those fed on low level of concentrate
(LC), however, heifers in group (C0) did not reached puberty during days on test. All pubertal heifers
showed oestrus signs which were accompanied with peripheral blood progesterone presence.

Key words: Puberty, progesterone, dairy heifers, supplementation

INTRODUCTION M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS

The nomadic people of Sudan, raise their cattle on
pasture and range grasses, which usually show seasonal
pattern of growth resulting in a marked fluctuation in
quantity and quality of the nutrient available to the
animals. These fluctuations in the supply of nutrients
cause fluctuations in the growth rate of the animal,
which may lead to sever loss of weight, especially
prior to puberty, pregnancy and during lactation, and
consequently influence the productive and reproductive
performance of the animals. In other irrigated areas and
Khartoum, dairy cattle were raised mostly on fresh or
dry forage as the sole diet, especially heifers and dry
cows with no attention paid to the nutritive
requirements of the animal at this stage of growth. The
objectives of this study are to determine the feedlot
performance of crossbred dairy heifers fed ad-
libitum(ad-lib) on sorghum bicolor forage (Abu sabeen)
alone or supplemented with concentrate mixture beside
examining the sexual development of these heifers as
affected by concentrate supplementation.
This experiment was conducted at the University
of Khartoum farm in Shambat area, Khartoum North.
For the purposes of this study, 18 crossbred dairy
heifers were selected at random from a large herd that
housed and treated as one group. The selected heifers
were then placed on shaded pens (2. x 1.75 m for a
couple of heifers). The animals were then allowed
seven days preliminary adaptation period. At the end of
this period, heifers were stratified according to their
live body weight into 3 similar groups. These groups
were then randomly assigned to one of the three
feeding treatments (Table 1).
Forage was offered ad-lib to the three dietary
groups throughout a period of 130 days then alfalfa
and Abu Sabeen ad-lib for the period of 45 days.Then
forage (Abu Sabeen) was offered ad-lib to all groups
in addition to the concentrate mixture until they
reached puberty. The concentrate mixture was offered
to the heifers once a day at 8.00 a.m. clean water was
available throughout the experimental period. Daily
allowance of Abu Sabeen was offered in one meal at

Corresponding Author: Abdelgadir A. Mohamed, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University
of Zalingei, Sudan

212
 J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(3): 212-217, 2010
10.00 a.m. the forage refusal was adjusted to 10% of
the amount offered. The daily feed intake was
calculated by subtracting the refusals from the amount
offered. Heifers were weighed weekly at 7.00 a.m.
before increasing meal, heart girth was measured in
(cm), average daily gain (kg) were calculated and FCR
was computed (kg feed/kg gain).
The proximate analysis of the feeds used in this
experiment were done as described by AOAC [1 ]. The
ME of feed were calculated according to Ellis [8 ] as
follows:
ME (MJ/kgDM )= 0.012 CP + 0.031 EE + 0.005 CF +
0.014 NFE
Jugular venous blood (5ml) was obtained by
vacutainers at weekly intervals from each heifer
throughout the experimental period. All blood samples
were received into heparinized (5 I.U. heparin/ml
blood) nylon syringes, they kept for a short time and
centrifuge at 300 g for 10 minutes. Plasma samples
were stored at -20 o C until the assessment of plasma
progesterone by direct method.
Rectal palpation was performed for heifers that
showed first presence of progesterone in their serum
samples and was repeated with the four consequent
sampling. The ovarian status was determined and the
findings were recorded. Oestrus signs also were
observed, especially during the period extended from
first to last rectal palpation. Serum progesterone was
assayed by method described by joint FAO/IAEA
Division using direct solid phase techniques for radio-
immunoassay for progesterone.
Materials used at this level were, progesterone
antibody coated tube, progesterone standards for breed
serum/plasma kit (the standard covers the physiological
range prevalent in most livestock species= 0, 1.25, 2.5,
5, 10, 20 and 40 nmol/ml), quality control (QC)
samples labeled progesterone (yellow liquid).
The radioimmunoassay procedure was performed
by using standard curve, QC and sample tubes which
were used for total counts. Two coated tubes per
standard curve and QC were used. Hundred mml of the
standards, QC and samples were pipetted into the
bottom of correspondingly labeled tubes. One ml of 1-
125
progesterone was added to each tube within 5
minutes of adding the unknown or standards.
Standards, QC and samples were incubated overnight
at room temperature. The radioactivity of the tubes
were counted for 1 minute. then the binding percentage
was calculated.
The experimental design adopted in the feeding
trial was the randomized complete block design [2 3 ].
Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA),
and the difference among treatments means were
determined by least significant difference (LSD).
213
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of DMI are shown in table (2). The
average roughage intake (on DM basis) for the three
treatment groups were, 3.33, 3.17 and 3.02 kg for the
CO, LC and HC group, respectively. The difference
was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The average
total DMI for the three groups were significantly
(P<0.01) affected by the feeding system. The daily
DMI as percent of live weight showed non-significant
(P>0.05) difference.
Table (3) shows that, the difference among the
treated groups in daily live weight gain and final body
weight were highly significant (P<0.01). Animals in
group (CO) showed fluctuations in their live weight
gain throughout the feeding period. Feed conversion
ratio (FCR) was improved (P<0.01) for the
supplemented treatment groups. No significant (P>0.05)
differences among the treatment groups for the initial
heart girth measures were observed. However, the final
heart girth measures showed highly significant (P<0.01)
difference. The correlation between live weight and
heart girth (r= 0.96) was positive and significant
(P<0.05). The greater increase in heart girth was
achieved by animals in group HC. The regression
equations for the treatment groups showed that live
weight increase were 0.75, 0.75 and 0.62 kg for each
cm increase in heart girth for groups CO, LC and HC,
respectively. Initial heart girth measures showed high
correlation(r= 0.99) with body weight. Final heart girth
was significantly (P<0.01) affected by the improved
nutrition. The findings indicate that it is possible to
predict accurately the body weight (r= 0.97) in
crossbred heifers with 100 kg average body weight.
Table (5) shows the mean age and live weight at
puberty of dairy heifers. The findings indicate that
heifers fed (HC) diet, reached puberty at a significantly
(P<0.05) younger age and heavier live weight
compared with heifers fed (LC) diet. Moreover, all
pubertal heifers showed oestrous signs that were
accompanied with the peripheral blood progesterone
presence. However heifers in group (CO) did not reach
puberty throughout the feeding period. The average
ages (months) and live weights (kg) at puberty were
23.9, 231.25 and 20.4, 247.87 for heifers in groups
(LC) and (HC), respectively. The relationship between
age and live weight at puberty (r= 0.33) was positive,
but not significant (P>0.05) indicating that, animals
reach puberty at a given live weight rather than at a
given age.
Progesterone concentration noml/L. ovary surface
examination showed that high concentration of
progesterone were accompanied with the presence of
corpus luteum (CL) as examined by rectal palpation. It
was observed that some heifer showed oestrous signs
before the attainment of the detectable progesterone in
their peripheral-blood.
 J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(3): 212-217, 2010

Table 1: The ingredient com position of concentrate m ixture and chem ical com position of the experim ental diets
Ingredient Percentage
Sorghum grain 35
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sunflower cake 35
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
W heat bran 27
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lim estone flour 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salt 1
Chem ical com position Abu Sabeen Alfalfa Concentrate
DM 94.3 93.6 98.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ash 8.2 10.6 6.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CP 4.1 16.8 20.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CF 39.3 28.0 33.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EE 1.8 2.1 6.32
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N FE 45.0 36.1 31.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
M E M J/kgDM 9.31 7.86 10.52

Table 2: Effect of concentrates on feed intake of dairy heifers

Treatm ent param eter Treatm ent groups S.E. Level of significance
-------------------------------------------------
CO LC HC
N o. of anim als 6 6 6 - -
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Period (days) 130 130 130 - -
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Roughage intake (kg) 3.33 3.17 3.02 0.08 NS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Concentrate intake (kg) - 0.98 1.96 - -
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total D M I (kg) 3.33 a 4.15 b 4.98 c 0.47 **
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D aily D M I (% Bwt) 2.52 2.59 2.55 0.02 NS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D aily M E, M J 31.0 39.83 48.73 - **
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D aily CP intake 0.136 0.333 0.521 - **
S.E.Standard error
N .S.N ot significant
a, b, cM eans in the sam e row with different superscripts are significantly different

Table 4: Effect of concentrates on body confirm ation of dairy heifers

Treatm ent param eter Treatm ent groups Level of significance
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO LC HC
Initial live weight (kg) 100.0 ±5.03 99.83 ±5.25 100.16 ±4.54 NS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Initial heart girth (cm ) 112.66 ±3.91 112.66 ±3.91 111.16 ±2.87 NS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Correlation coefficient (r) 0.99 0.99 0.97 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final weight (kg) 119.83 a ±4.92 160.83 b ±4.68 195.66 c ±5.53 **
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a
Final heart girth (cm ) 136.16 ±6.40 186.83 b ±4.68 218.3 c ±5.33 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Correlation coefficient (r) 0.98 0.98 0.47 -

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 J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(3): 212-217, 2010

Table 5: Effect of concentrates on sexual developm ent of heifers (m eans ±SE)

Treatm ent param eter Treatm ent groups Level of significance
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO LC HC
N o. of anim als 6 6 6 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D ays on onset 240 240 240 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Initial live weight (kg) 100.00 ±0.57 99.83 ±5.23 100.16 ±4.54 NS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Age at puberty (M O ) - 23.90 a ±0.57 20.46 b ±0.58 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- b
Live weight at puberty (kg) 231.25 a ±5.32 247.87 ±2.38 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent cycled - 66 83.3 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average daily gain (kg) 0.22 a 0.49 b 0.75 c **

Table 6: Serum progesterone concentration of daily heifers

Param eter Serum progesterone concentration ng/m l
Param eter M H
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 st D S 323 339 337 348 347 341 318 331 321 320
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2n d D S 0.77 2.78 0.94 2.21 0.89 2.21 3.55 1.08 0.87 0.94
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 rd D S 3.21 0.98 0.44 0.64 3.45 0.64 ND 3.47 2.20 ND
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 th D S 0.42 3.12 0.82 1.74 ND 1.74 ND 0.67 0.60 0.91
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 th D S 0.69 ND 1.68 3.27 0.98 3.27 0.69 1.20 0.93 1.63
*H efier ear tag
D SD etectable sam ple
N D N on detectable

The serum progesterone concentration was slightly
higher for heifers in group (HC) compared with those
in group (LC), whereas for heifers in group (CO) was
not detectable (Table 6).
Discussion: The results of this study showed no
significant (P>0.05) effect of supplementation of
roughages with concentrate on the roughage DMI. This
agree with the findings of Tayler and W illkison [2 6 ] who
reported that concentrate intake did not affect roughage
intake. On the other hand, these results contradict with
other studies which indicated that roughage intake were
depressed by increasing the level of concentrate intake
supplementation[3 ,7 ,1 6 ,1 3 ] . Findings of total DMI showed
a highly significant (P<0.01) difference among
treatment. This is in line with the findings of Iedger et
al.[1 4 ] and Pool (1986) who reported that increasing of
the DMI of high roughage diet was associated with the
increase in the metabolizable energy (ME). DMI as a
percent of live body weight showed no significant
(P<0.05) effect among the treatment groups. This is in
agreement with Paladines and Alba [1 9 ] and Mustafa [1 8 ].
These workers reported an average DMI as 2.51 kg/100
kg live weight. The results also showed an improved
daily live weight gain. This might be due to the fact
that, addition of concentrates mixture would provide
nutrients which may be lacking or deficient in the
roughage. This is in line with the findings of other
previous studies[2 6 ,1 3 ,9 ] , which demonstrated that live
weight gain increased as the amount of concentrate
supplementation increased. Supplementation of forage
with concentrate mixture had significantly (P<0.01)
improved the feed efficiency (FE) of the supplemented
groups of heifers, this is obviously noted in heifers fed
the high level of concentrate (HC) than those
supplemented with low level (LC). These results are in
line with that of Guibert et al. [1 0 ] and McCulloush [1 6]
who reported that feed efficiency was improved by
decreasing the level of roughage in the diet. FCR
reported in the study were higher than those reported
by Gaber[9 ] and Mustafa[1 8] for the same breed. It was
observed that, in this study, the heart girth increased
with the increase in live weight, especially in heifers
fed on (LC) and (HC) diets. This is in agreement with
the findings of other workers [2 ,2 1 ,2 5 ,1 7 ] who reported that
the external body measurements increased linearly with
the increase in age and body weight. Heifers of the
supplemented groups in this study exhibited puberty at
a heavier live-weight and younger age; whereas, the
unsupplemented ones did not reach puberty during days
on test. M oreover, the results showed that, heifers fed
(HC) diet reached puberty at significantly (P<0.05)

215
 J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(3): 212-217, 2010
younger age and extremely heavier live weight
compared with those fed (LC) diet. This confirms with
the findings of several researchers [1 2 ,5 ,4 ,2 0 ,2 2 ,1 5 ,2 4 ,9 ] who
reported that improved plane of nutrition effected the
onset of puberty in cattle.
The crossbred heifers used in this study attained
puberty at younger age than the local Sudanese breed
used by Elkhidir et al.[6 ] . This is in line with Teodero
et al.[2 7] who reported that crossbreeding decrease the
age at puberty.
The results indicate that the first presence of
progesterone in the peripheral blood of the heifers
ranged from 0.77 to 2.78ng/ml and 0.87 to 3.35 ng/ml
with an average age and live weight of 23.9 month at
231.25 kg and 20.46 month at 247.87kg for heifers fed
on (LC) and (HC) diets, respectively. These results
were in line with that reported by Donaldson et al.
(1970) who found that the plasma progesterone
concentration of heifers ranged from 0.3 to 3.9 ng/ml.
Also, the results showed that, higher concentration of
progesterone were accompanied with the presence of
corpus luteum. This agrees with the previous results
reported by Rakha et al. [2 0 ].
From this study it could be concluded that ,
supplementation of poor quality roughages improves the
performance and the reproductive traits of dairy heifers.
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 Tugas Metodologi Penelitian dan Karya Ilmiah

Pertemuan VI dan VII

1. Jenis Penelitian
a. Jenis Penelitian Menurut Pendekatan Analitik
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan pada jurnal ini menurut pendekatan analitik
adalah penelitian kuantitatif Bila disederhanakan penelitian ini berdasarkan
pendekatan kuantitatif secara mendalam digolongkan penelitian deskriptif.
Penelitian deskriptif melakukan analisis hanya sampai taraf deskripsi, yaitu
menganalisis dan menyajikan data secara sistematik, sehingga dapat lebih
mudah untuk dipahami dan disimpulkan. Analisis data pada penelitian
deskriptif hanya mencari ukuran pemusatan dan penyebaran data dan sering
disertai berbagai bentuk grafik. Penelitian diatas termasuk penelitian deskriptif,
karena data numerikal hasil pengaruh pemberian pakan suplementasi konsentrat
pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan seksual pada sapi perah dianalisis hanya
sampai taraf deskriptif.

b. Jenis Penelitian Menurut Bentuk dan Tujuannya

Jenis penelitian yang digunakan pada jurnal diatas menrutu bentuk dan
tujuannya adalah penelitian eksperimental adalah suatu penelitian untuk
menguji populasi hipotetik, yaitu suatu populasi yang dibayangkan akan ada
oleh si peneliti, suatu penelitian eksperimental selalu dilakukan dalam kondisi
dimana variabelnya dapat dikontrol atau diidentifikasi secara jelas.
Pengontrolan variabel artinya, satu atau beberapa variabel bebas atau tetap
ditentukan dengan jelas, demikian juga satu atau beberapa variabel tak bebas
atau tergantuing dapat didefinisikan secara jelas.

c. Jenis Penelitian Berdasarkan Teknik atau Cara Melakukan Penelitian.

Berdasarkan tehnik atau cara melakukan penelitian, penelitian diatas
tergolong penelitian percobaan (experiment research), dimana penelitian ini
dilakukan perubahan ( atau perlakuan khusus atau kondisi ) terhadap variable
 yang diteliti. Pada penelitian diatas, 18 sapi perah betina yang akan dijadikan
objek penelitian diberikan perlakuan khusus yaitu dengan pemberian pakan
konsentrat yang mengandung suplemen. Hijauan ad-libitum diberikan untuk
diet tiga kelompok sapi yang sudah dikelompokkan selama periode 130 hari
kemudian alfalfa dan Abu Sabeen ad-lib untuk periode 45 hari. Kemudian
hijauan (Abu Sabeen) ditawari ad-lib untuk semua kelompok selain campuran
konsentrat sampai mereka mencapai pubertas.

d. Berdasarkan Hasil yang Diperoleh.

Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh penelitian diatas termasuk Applied
Reseach (Penelitian Terapan): mempunyai alasan praktis, keinginan untuk
mengetahui; bertujuan agar dapat melakukan sesuatu yang lebih baik, efektif,
efisien.

2. Pengolahan Data

Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model tetap, dimana pada
model tetap, percobaan yang perlakuannya ditetapkan sebelum penelitian oleh peneliti.
Hal ini berkaitan dengan bidang ilmu yang akan digunakan oleh peneliti dalam
penelitian. Penelitian diatas dikatakan menggunakan model tetap karena 18 sapi perah
sebelum penelitian diberikan perlakuan yang sudah ditetapkan. Hijauan ad-libitum
diberikan untuk diet tiga kelompok sapi yang sudah dikelompokkan selama periode 130
hari kemudian alfalfa dan Abu Sabeen ad-lib untuk periode 45 hari. Kemudian hijauan
(Abu Sabeen) ditawari ad-lib untuk semua kelompok selain campuran konsentrat
sampai mereka mencapai pubertas. Campuran konsentrat ditawarkan untuk sapi muda
sekali sehari pukul 8.00 pagi dan air bersih tersedia sepanjang periode percobaan. Abu
Sabeen (Hijauan) ditawarkan dalam sekali makan di jam 10.00, penolakan hijauan
disesuaikan menjadi 10% dari jumlah yang ditawarkan. Asupan pakan harian adalah
dihitung dengan mengurangi penolakan dari jumlah tersebut ditawarkan. Sapi dara
ditimbang setiap minggu pukul 7.00 pagi.
3. Bentuk Grafik yang Digunakan
Pada penelitian diatas data disajikan menggunakan tabel analisis ANOVA
(Mean, dan SE) dan tabel yang disajikan sesuai dengan perlakuan yg diberikan kepada
sapi perah.
4. Analisis Data
Perubahan perkembangan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan seksual dianalisis
secara statistik menggunakan Analisis of variance (ANOVA) karena terdapat lebih dari
2 kelompok sapi perah dan perbedaan paling signifikan (LSD) dalam Program IBM
SPSS.