Mathematics for Physics

1
Mathematics for Physics
1. QUADRATIC EQUATION 3
An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of ⇒ x =   or  x = –1
2
the variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic equation.
The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 ...(i) is the general form of 2. BINOMIAL EXPRESSION
quadratic equation where a ≠ 0. The general solution of
An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a
above equation is
binomial expression.
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =  1
2a For example (a + b), (a + b)3, (2x – 3y)–1,  x +  etc.
 y
If values of x be x1 and x2 then are binomial expressions.
−b + b 2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac Binomial Theorem
x1 =   and  x2 = n(n − 1) n − 2 2
2a 2a (a + b)n = a­n + nan–1b1 + a b + … + bn
2 ×1
Here x1 and x2 are called roots of equation (i). We can
easily see that n(n − 1) 2
b (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + … + xn
sum of roots = x1 + x2 = – 2 ×1
a
Binomial Approximation
c
and product of roots = x1x2 = If x is very small, then terms containing higher powers of
a
x can be neglected so
Illustration 1 (1 + x)n - 1 + nx
Find roots of equation 2x2 – x – 3 = 0.
Illustration 2
Solution:
Evaluate (1001)1/3­upto six places of decimal.
Compare this equation with standard quadratic
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, Solution:
we have a = 2, b = –1, c = –3. (1001)1/3 = (1000 + 1)1/3 = 10(1 + 0.001)1/3
Now from By comparing the given equation with standard
n(n − 1) 2
− b ± b 2 − 4ac equation (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x +…
x = ; 2!
2a
1
       x = 0.001 and n =
− ( −1) ± ( −1)2 − 4 ( 2 ) ( − 3) 3
x =
2 ( 2) 10(1 + 0.001)1/3

1 ± 1 + 24 1 ± 5  1 1  2 
x = =  1  − 1 × (.001) 
33 
4 4 = 10 1 + (0.001) + + …
 3 2! 
6 −4  
⇒ x =   ⇒   x =
4 4
1.2 Physics
5. GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION (GP)
 1 
= 10 1 + 0.00033 − (0.000001) + … General form: a, ar, ar 2, ..., ar n–1. Here a = first term,
 9 
r = common ratio
= 10.003301 (Approx) a(1 − r n )
Sum of n terms Sn =
1− r
Illustration 3
a
The mass m of a body moving with a velocity v is Sum of ∞ term S∞ = (|r| < 1)
1− r
m0
given by m = where m0 = rest mass of
v2 Illustration 5
1− 2
c 1 1 1
body = 10 kg and c = speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s. Find 1 + + + + ... upto ∞ .
2 4 8
Find the value of m at v = 3 × 107 m/s.
Solution:
Solution: 1 a 1
−1/2 Here, a = 1, r = S∞ = = 2
So,=
 v2  2 1− r 1− 1
m = m0 1 − 2 
 c  2

  3 × 107 2  −1/2
  1 
−1/2 6. TRIGONOMETRY
10 1 − 
=   = 10 1 − 
  3 × 108    100  Angle: It is measure of change in direction.
 
Arc (s )
  1   1  Angle (θ) =
10 1 −  −  
=  Radius (r )
  2   100  
10
10 +
= ≈ 10.05 kg
200
s
iu
ad s arc
R
r
3. LOGARITHM
Common formulae:  r
O
• log mn = log m + log n Radius
m Angels measured in anticlockwise and clockwise
• log = log m – log n
n direction are usually taken positive and negative
• log mn = n log m respectively.
• loge m = 2.303 log10 m System of measurement of an angle
4. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP) [A] Sexagesimal system: In this system, angle is
General form: a, a + d, a + 2d, ..., a + (n – 1)d measured in degrees.
Here a = first term, d = common difference In this system, 1 right angle = 90°, 1° = 60′ (arc
minutes), 1′ = 60″ (arc seconds)
n
Sum of n terms Sn = [a + a + (n − 1)d ] [B] Circular system: In this system, angle is measured
2
in radian.
n st th
        = [1 term + n term]
2
if arc = radius then θ = 1 rad

Relation between degrees and radian
Illustration 4
2π rad = 360°
Find sum of first n natural numbers.
180°
Solution: π rad = 180° ⇒ 1 rad = = 57.3°
π
Let sum be Sn then Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n; π
To convert from degree to radian multiply by
n  n(n + 1)  180°
Sn = [1 + n] =
 2 
2 180°
To convert from radian to degree multiply by
π
 Mathematics for Physics 1.3
Illustration 6 Solution:
A circular arc of length π cm. Find angle subtended Here angle is very small so diameter ≈ arc length
by it at the centre in radian and degree.
 1 ° 1 π 7π
θ= 42=′  42 ×  = 42 × × = rad
6 cm  60  60 180 1800
 cm 7 22
 Diameter = Rq = 360000 × × 4400 km
=
1800 7
6c
m
Trigonometric Ratios (T-ratios)
Solution: Following ratios of the sides of a right angled triangle are
s π cm π known as trigonometrical ratios.
θ= = = rad = 30°
r 6 cm 6

Perpendicular (P)
H)
s e(
Illustration 7 te nu
po
When a clock shows 4 o’clock, how much angle do Hy
its minute and hour needles make?
π 
(a) 120° (b) rad Base (B)
3
2π
(c) rad (d) 160° P B
3 sin q = cos q =
H H
Solution:
P 1 H
2π tan q = cosec q = =
From diagram angle q = 4 × 30° = 120° = rad B sin θ P
3
1 H 1 B
12
sec q = = cot q = =
cos θ B tan θ P
11 1

10 2

Trigonometric Identities
In figure, P2 + B2 = H 2 Divide by H 2,
9 3

2 2
P B
8 4

7 5   +   = 1
6 H H

⇒ sin2 q + cos2 q = 1
Illustration 8
2 2
The moon’s distance from the earth is 360000 km P H
Divide by B2,   + 1 = 
and its diameter subtends an angle of 42′ at the B B
eye of the observer. The diameter of the moon in
kilometers is ⇒ 1 + tan2 q = sec2 q
2 2
(a) 4400 (b) 1000 B H 
Divide by P2, 1 +   =
 
(c) 3600 (d) 8800 P  P 

⇒ 1 + cot2 q = cosec2 q

Commonly Used Values of Trigonometric Functions

Angle(θ) 0° 30° 37° 45° 53° 60° 90°

1 3 1 4 3
sin θ 0 1
2 5 2 5 2
1.4 Physics
3 4 1 3 1
cos θ 1 0
2 5 2 5 2
1 3 1 4 3
tan θ 0 ∞
3 4 3

Trigonometric ratios for any angle tan (2π − θ) = – tan θ

90° (b) will be changed into co-function if n is odd
and sign of trigonometric function will be
according to value of that function in quadrant.
IInd quadrant IIst quadrant π 
sin  + θ  = + cos θ
2
Sin All
0°

180° 360°
π 
cos  + θ  = − sin θ
Tan Cos 2 
IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant
π 
tan  + θ  = − cot θ
2 
270°
In first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive. π 
sin  − θ  = + cos θ
In second quadrant, only sin θ and cosec θ are positive. 2 
In third quadrant, only tan θ and cot θ are positive. π 
In fourth quadrant, only cos θ and sec θ are positive cos  − θ  = + sin θ
2 
π 
tan  − θ  = + cot θ
2 
All Silver Tea Cups (iv) Trigonometric function of an angle –θ (negative
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ angles)
I II III IV sin (– θ) = – sin θ
cos (– θ) = + cos θ
tan (– θ) = – tan θ
Trigonometrical Ratios of General Angles
(i) Trigonometric function of an angle 2nπ + θ Illustration 9
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,.... will remain same. The two shorter sides of right angled triangle are
sin(2nπ +θ) = sin θ 5 cm and 12 cm. Let θ denote the angle opposite to
cos (2nπ + θ) = cos θ the 5 cm side. Find sin θ, cos θ and tan θ.
tan (2nπ + θ) = tan θ Solution:
 nπ  m
(ii) Trigonometric function of an angle  + θ 3c
 2  2 =1
2 H
5 cm

2 +1
5 P
(a) will remains same if n is even and sign of
trigonometric function will be according to B

value of that function in quadrant. 12 cm
sin(π – θ) = + sin θ
cos (π − θ) = – cos θ P 5 cm 5
sin =
θ = =
tan (π − θ) = – tan θ H 13 cm 13
sin (π + θ) = – sin θ B 12 cm 12
cos =
θ = =
cos (π + θ) = – cos θ H 13 cm 13
tan (π + θ) = + tan θ
P 5 cm 5
sin(2π − θ) = – sin θ tan θ= = =
B 12 cm 12
cos (2π − θ) = + cos θ
 Mathematics for Physics 1.5
Illustration 10 1
Find x, y and perimeter of the triangle. (xi) cos 300° = cos (360° – 60°) = cos 60° =
2
5 cm
1
53° (xii) sin (– 30°) = – sin 30° = –
2
y
x 1
(xiii) cos (– 60°) = + cos 60° =
2
(xiv) tan (– 45°) = – tan 45° = –1
Solution:
(xv) sin (– 150°) = – sin (150°) = – sin (180° – 30°)
y 4
    = sin 53= ° ⇒ = y 4 cm 1
5 5 = – sin 30° = –
2
x 3
and  = cos 53= ° ⇒ = x 3 cm
5 5
Perimeter of the triangle = x + y + 5 =3 + 4 + 5 = 12 cm Addition/Subtraction Formulae for Trigonometrical
Ratios

Illustration 11 • sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

Find the value of: • sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
(i) sin 30° + cos 60° (ii) sin 0° – cos 0° • cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
(iii ) tan 45° – tan 37° (iv) sin 390°
• cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
(v) cos 405° (iv) tan 420°
Some more trigonometric identities
(vii) sin 150° (viii) cos 120°
(ix) tan 135° (x) sin (330°) tan A + tan B
(i) tan (A + B) =
(xi) cos 300° (xii) sin (– 30°) 1 − tan A tan B
(xiii) cos (– 60°) (xiv) tan (– 45°) tan A − tan B
(ii) tan (A – B) =
(xv) sin (– 150°) 1 + tan A tan B
Solution: (iii) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
1 1
(i) sin 30° + cos 60° = + =1
2 2 (iv) cos 2θ = cos2 θ – sin2 θ = 1 – 2 sin2 θ = 2 cos2 θ – 1
(ii) sin 0° – cos 0° = 0 – 1 = –1
2 tan θ
3 1 (v) tan 2θ =
(iii) tan 45° – tan 37° = 1 − = 1 − tan 2 θ
4 4
1
(iv) sin 390° = sin (360° + 30°) = sin 30° = Illustration 12
2
Find the value of
1
(v) cos 405° = cos (360° + 45°) = cos 45° = (i) sin 74° (ii) cos 106°
2
(iii) sin 15° (iv) cos 75°
1
(vi) tan 420° = tan (360° + 60°) = tan 60° = Solution:
2
1 (i) sin 74° = sin (2 × 37°) = 2 sin 37 cos 37°
(vii) sin 150° = sin (90° + 60°) = cos 60° = or sin
2
1  3  4  24

150° = sin (180° – 30°) = sin 30° =      = 2    =
2  5  5  25
1
(viii) cos 120° = cos (180° – 60°) = – cos 60° = –
2 (ii) cos 106° = cos (2 × 53°) = cos2 53° sin2 53°
(ix) tan 135° = tan (180° – 45°) = – tan 45° = – 1
2 2
1  3  4 9 − 16 7
(x) sin 330° = sin (360° – 30°) = – sin 30° = –      =   −   = = −
2 5  5 25 25
1.6 Physics
(iii) sin 15° = sin (45° – 30°) Conventionally, in any graph, the independent variable
(i.e., cause) is represented along x-axis and dependent
      = sin 45° cos 30° – cos 45° sin 30° variable (i.e., effect) is represented along y-axis. For
1 3 1 1 3 −1 example, we want to depict V = I. R graphically in which
      = × − × = R is a constant called resistance, V is the applied voltage
2 2 2 2 2 2
(cause) and I (effect) is the resulting current. We will
(iv) cos 75° = cos (45° + 30°) represent voltage on x-axis and current on y-axis.
      = cos 45° cos 30° – sin 45° sin 30° Some important graphs for various equations
1 3 1 1 3 −1
      = × − × = Y Y
2 2 2 2 2 2  y = mx + c
y = mx
 C
X X
Small Angle Approximation O O

If θ is small (say < 5°) then sin θ ≈ θ, cos θ ≈ 1 and tan

θ≈θ
Note: here θ must be in radian. m = tan q = slope of line c = Positive intercept on
with x-axis y-axis and positive slope
Illustration 13
Find the approximate values of (i) sin 1° (ii) tan 2° Y
y = mx – c
Y y = – mx + c
(iii) cos 1°.
C 
Solution: X
O
X
C O
 π  π π
(i) sin1
= ° sin 1° × =  sin ≈
 180°  180 180
 π  π π Negative intercept and Positive intercept and
(ii) tan
= 2° tan  2°× =  tan ≈
 180°  90 90 positive slope negative slope
 π  π Y Y
(iii) cos1
= ° cos 1°× =  cos ≈1
 180°  180
X X
Maximum and Minimum Values of Some useful O O 2
y = – kx
Trigonometric Functions 2
y = kx
– 1 ≤ sin q ≤ 1
– 1 ≤ cos q ≤ 1 Symmetric parabola about Symmetric parabola about
positive X-axis negative X-axis
− a 2 + b 2 ≤ a cos θ + b sin θ ≤ a 2 + b 2
   
Y Y
Illustration 14
Find maximum and minimum values of y: O
X
O
X
2
2 x = – ky
(i) y = 2 sin x (ii) y = 4 – cos x x = ky

(iii) y = 3 sin x + 4 cos x

Solution: Symmetric parabola about Symmetric parabola about
(i) ymax = 2(1) = 2 and ymin = 2(– 1) = –2 positive Y-axis negative Y-axis

(ii) ymax = 4 – (–1) = 4 + 1 = 5 and ymin = 4 – (1) = 3 Y Y

(iii) ymax = 32 + 42 = 5 and ymin = – 32 + 42 = – 5 O O

X X

7. GRAPHS OF IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS 2

y = ax + bx + c
A graph is a line, straight or curved which shows the
variation of one quantity w.r.t. other, which are interrelated. Asymmetric parabola (a > 0) Asymmetric parabola (a < 0)
 Mathematics for Physics 1.7
Y 2 2 2 d −2
x +y =a f ′(x) = ( x ) = – 2x–2–1
Y dx
xy = constant
X 2
O a = – 2x–3 = − 3
x
X
O
dy d 3 2 d 2/3
(b) = ( x ) = (x )
Rectangular hyperbola Circle of radius ‘a’ dx dx dx
Y 2 (2/3) − 1 2 −1/3
    = x = x
b
Y 3 3
–kx
X y=e
O a
2 2 Rule 2: If c is a constant and f is a differentiable
y
x
2
+ 2 =1 X function, then
a b O
d d
Ellipse of semi-major a and Exponential curve [cf ( x)] = c f ( x)
dx dx
semi-minor axis b
Y
Y Illustration 16
+1 +1 Differentiate:
450° 180° 360°
(a) y = 3x4
180°
O 90° 270° 360° 540°

O 90° 270° 450°
 (b) y = – x
–1
y = sin 
–1
y = cos  Solution:
d d 4
sine curve cosine curve (a) (3x4) = 3 (x ) = 3(4x3) = 12x3
dx dx
8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS d d
(b) (– x) = (– 1) (x) = – 1(1) = – 1
Method of Differentiation dx dx
dy d
Notation: or ( y ) is read as
dx dx Rule 3: Derivative of a constant is zero
(i) derivative of y with respect to x or d
(c) = 0
(ii) differential coefficient of y with respect to x. dx
Rule 4: The sum/difference rule:
Derivative of a function f (x) with respect to variable x
d d d
d [f (x) + g(x)] = f (x) + g(x)
can be represented as ( f ( x)) or f ′(x). dx dx dx
dx
The derivative is calculated by the following rules: d d d
[f (x) – g(x)] = f(x) – g(x)
Rule 1: Power rule If n is any real number, then dx dx dx
d n
( x ) = nxn–1 Illustration 17
dx
Differentiation y = x8 + 12x5 – 4x4 + 10x3 – 6x + 5
Illustration 15 Solution:
Differentiate: d
(x8 + 12x5 – 4x4 + 10x3 – 6x + 5)
1 3
dx
(a) f (x) = (b) y = x2
x2 d 8 d d d
= (x ) + (12x5) – (4x4) + (10x3)
dx dx dx dx
Solution:
d d
In each case we rewrite the function as a power of x. – (6x) + (5)
dx dx
(a) Since f (x) = x–2, we use the power rule with = 8x7 + 60x4 – 16x3 + 30x2 – 6 + 0
n = – 2:
1.8 Physics
Derivative of some other functions Illustration 19
d Find the derivative of y = (x2 + 1) (x3 + 3).
(i) (sin x) = cos x
dx Solution:
d From the product Rule with u = x2 + 1 and v = x3 + 3,
(ii) (cos x) = − sin x
dx we find
d we find,
(iii) (tan x) = sec2 x;
dx d
[( x 2 + 1)( x3 + 3)] = (x2 + 1) (3x2) + (x3 + 3) (2x)
d dx
(iv) (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx         = 3x4 + 3x2 + 2x4 + 6x
d         = 5x4 + 3x2 + 6x.
(v) (cot x) = – cosec2 x;
dx
Example can be done as well (perhaps better) by
d multiplying out the original expression for y and
(vi) (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x
dx differentiating the resulting polynomial. We now
check:
d 1
(vii) ( loge x ) = y = (x2 + 1) (x3 + 3)
dx x
d x x5 + x3 + 3x2 + 3
=
x
(viii) (e ) = e dy
dx = 5x4 + 3x2 + 6x.
dx
Illustration 18
Differentiate: This is in agreement with our first calculation.
(a) y = 5x + cos x (b)
y = sin x – ln x There are times, however, when the product Rule
must be used.
Solution:
dy d d Illustration 20
(a) = (5x) + (cos x)
dx dx dx If f(x) = xe x, find f ′(x).
   = 5 – sin x Solution:
dy d d f ′(x) = xe x + e x · 1 = (x + 1)e x
(b) = (sin x) + (ln x)
dx dx dx
1 Illustration 21
   = cos x –
x y = x sin x

Rule 5: Product rule Solution:

d dv du dy d d
(uv) = u + v . = x · (sin x) + sin x · ( x)
dx dx dx dx dx dx
dy
The derivative of the product uv is u times the derivative = x · cos x + sin x
of v plus v times the derivative of u. dx

Illustration 22

 Derivative of a product is not equal to product of the If f (x) = x g ( x ) , where g(4) = 2 and g′(4) = 3,
derivative of two functions.
find f ′(4).
Let f (x) = x and g(x) = x2.
Solution:
 hen the power rule gives f ′(x) = 1 and g′(x) = 2x. But
T g ( x)
f ′(x) = xg ′( x) +
(fg) (x) = x3, so (fg)′(x) = 3x2. Thus ( fg)′ ≠ f ′g′ 2 x
 Mathematics for Physics 1.9

g (4) Solution:
Put x = 2 f ′(4) = 4 g′(4) +
2 4 Method 1: Put t = x­2
2 dt
= 2 · 3 + = 6.5 = 2x
2⋅2 dx
Now y = sin (x2) = sin t
Rule 6: The quotient rule dy
= cos t
d d dt
 f ( x)  g ( x) [ f ( x)] − f ( x) [ g ( x)]
d dx dx dy
 g ( x)  = But we need to find
dx   [ g ( x)]2 dx
x2 + x − 2 dy  dy   dt 
Ex. Let y = =     = (cos t) (2x)
x3 + 6 dx  dt   dx 
Sol. Putting t = x2
d 2 d dy
( x3 + 6) ( x + x − 2) − ( x 2 + x − 2) ( x3 + 6) = (cos x2) (2x)
dy dx dx dx
= Method 2: Observe the composite function sin (x2).
dx ( x3 + 6) 2
Start with the outermost function, here it is sin ( )
− x 4 − 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 6
  = derivative of sin ( ) is cos ( ). This is first step we have
( x3 + 6) 2 derivative of sin (x2) as cos (x2). Now go to the inner
function x2 derivative of inner function is 2x.
Now multiply the results in both steps, we get sin (x2)
 Don’t use the quotient rule every time you see a (2x).
quotient. Sometimes it’s easier to rewirte a quotient This is our answer.
first to put it in a form that is simpler for the purpose
of differentiation. For instance, although it is possible Illustration 24
to differentiate the function d
( tan x )
3x 2 + 2 x dx
F(x) =
x Solution:
using the quotient rule, it is much easier to perform Observe the composite function (tan (x1/2))1/2.
the division first and write the function as Step 1: Note that (  )1/2 is the outermost function on
1 −1/2
F(x) = 3x + 2x –1/2 differentiation we get ( ) .
before differentiating. 2
Step 2: tan (  ) is the net function derivative of which
is sec2 (  ).
Rule 7: Chain rule Step 3: x1/2 is the innermost function derivative of x1/2
Composite functions: Take a function y = sin (x2), it 1 −1/2
is made of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = x2. It can be written as y is x .
2
= f [g(x)]. Such functions are composite functions. Other Multiplying the answer in three steps we get
examples of composite functions are:
1 1
(tan ( x )) −1/2 (sec 2 x ) ( x) −1/2
(i) sin x (ii) cos (x2 – x) 2 2
1 sec2 x
(iii) ln   which after simplification gives us .
 x 4 x tan x
To differentiate composite functions we use a short cut
called chain rule. Higher order derivatives
Illustration 23 If we differentiate the function y = f (x) we write the
dy
d derivative as or f ′(x).
( sin ( x 2 )) dx
dx
1.10 Physics
If we differentiate the derivative f ′(x) again, we may
Solution:
d  dy  d 2 y Using the Product Rule, we have
represent it as  = or f ″(x).
dx  dx  dx 2 d d
f ′ (x) = x (cos x) + cos x (x) = – x sin x + cos x
Higher order derivatives similarly can be written as dx dx

d3y d4y To find f ″ (x) we differentiate f ′ (x):

, … or f ″′ (x), f ″″(x)... etc.
dx3 dx 4 d
f ″ (x) =(– x sin x + cos x)
dx
Illustration 25 d d d
If f (x) = x cos x, find f ″ (x).    = – x (sin x) + sin x (– x) + (cos x)
dx dx dx
   = – x cos x – sin x – sin x = – x cos x – 2 sin x

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
d  1 d  x 
1.  x −  6.  
dx  x dx  1 + x 2 
1 1
(a) 1 + (b) 1 − 2 2 x2 1 − x2
x2 x (a) (b)
(1 + x 2 )2 (1 + x 2 )2
1
(c) 0 (d) x2 + 2 1
x (c) (d) None of these
1 + x2
d  1 
2.   d
dx  4 x3 
4
7. (sin x)
dx
1 − 7/4 − 3 −10/4 (a) 4 sin3 x (b) 4 sin3 x cos x
(a) x (b) x
4 4 (c) – 4 sin 3x cos x (d) None of these
− 1 1/4 − 3 −7/4
(c) x (d) x d 2
4 4 8. (ln(1 + x ))
dx
d 3
3. ( x ln x) 1 2x
dx (a) 2 (b)
x+x 1 + x2
(a) x2 + 3x2 ln x (b) 3x
(c) x ln x + x2 (d) None of these x2
(c) (d) None of these
x + x2
d 4
4. (3x + 5) d sin(2 x )
dx 9. (e )
dx
(a) 8(3x + 5)3 (b) 12(3x + 5)3
(a) esin(2x) (b) 2 cos(2x)esin(2x)
(c) 4(3x + 5)3 (d) 3x + 5)2
(c) cos(2x)esin(2x) (d) None of these
d d
5. ( tan x ) 10. ( 1 + sin 2 x )
dx dx
sec2 x cos x sin 2 x
(a) (b) tan x sec2 x (a) (b)
2
2 tan x 1 + sin x 1 + sin 2 x
sin x cos x
2 tan x (c) (d) None of these
(c) (d) None of these 1 + sin 2 x
cos 2 x
Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c)
 Mathematics for Physics 1.11
Application of Derivatives ∆x dx
v = Lim
= = 6t
1. Instantaneous rate of change ∆t dt
∆t → 0

Let us take an example when we set t = 2 sec, then we obtain v = 12 ms–1

An object, sliding along horizontal plane, is In other words, the instantaneous velocity v equals the
found to have its position at any instant given by limiting value of the ratio ∆x/∆t as ∆t approaches zero
x = 3t 2 + 1, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. but it can not be zero as ∆t being zero will mean ∆x also
Compute its average velocity in the time interval becoming zero and velocity becoming undefined.
between ∆x
(a) 2 sec and 3 sec v = lim...(i)
∆t
∆t → 0
Sol. For t = 2s x = 3(2)2 + 1 = 13 m. In calculus notation, this limit is called the derivative
For t = 3 sec, we have ∆t = 1 sec of x with respect to t, written dx/dt.
x = 3(3)2 + 1 = 28 m ∆x dx
v = lim =
and ∆x = 28 m – 13 m = 15 m ∆t →0 ∆t dt
∆x dx
Thus vaverage = = 15 m/1 sec = 15 ms–1 so we learn that when we calculate , we get the
∆t dt
(b) 2 sec and 2.1 sec instantaneous rate of change of x with respect to t which
Sol. For t = 2.1 sec, we have ∆t = 0.1 sec we also call intantaneous velocity.
x = 3(2.1)2 + 1 = 14.23 m Similarly we can take some more such examples
and ∆x = 1.23 m dv
(i) a = this means acceleration ‘a’ is rate of
∆x dt
Thus vaverage = = 1.23 m/0.1 sec = 12.3 ms–1
∆t change of velocity ‘v’ with respect to time ‘t’.
dp
(c) 2 sec and 2.001 sec, (ii) F = this means force ‘F’ is rate of change of
dt
Sol. For t = 2.001 sec, we have ∆t = 0.001 sec momentum ‘p’ with respect to time ‘t’.
x = 3(2.001)2 + 1 = 13.012003 m dW
(iii) Power = this means power ‘P’ is rate of
and ∆x = 0.012003 m dt
∆x change of work ‘W’ with respect to time ‘t’.
Thus vaverage = = 0.012003 m/0.001 sec dq
∆t (iv) Ι = this means current ‘Ι’ is rate of flow of
dt
= 12.003 ms–1
charge ‘q’ with respect to time ‘t’.
(d) 2 sec and 2.00001 sec.
In general,
Sol. You may verify that for t = 2.00001 sec
dy
vavg = 12.00003 ms–1 is rate of change of ‘y’ with respect to ‘x’.
dx
(e) Also find the instantaneous velocity at 2 sec.
Sol. 
We note then that as ∆t becomes smaller the velocity Illustration 26
approaches the value of 12 ms–1. We may thus expect The area A of a circle is related to its diameter by
that this is the instantaneous velocity at t = 2 sec. π
the equation A = D2.
We could do this process algebraically and save time. 4
to find the instantaneous velocity at time t, we first find How fast is the area changing with respect to the
average velocity in a time interval (t, t + Dt) and then make diameter when the diameter is 10 m?
the interval Dt infinitesimal to get the result. Solution:
2 2
∆x [3(t + ∆t ) + 1] − [3t + 1] The (instantaneous) rate of change of the area with
vaverage = =
∆t (t + ∆t ) − t respect to the diameter is
= 6t + Dt dA πd π πD
(A) = (D2 ) =
= (2 D)
Now we can get instantaneous velocity at time ‘t’ by dD 4dD 4 2
making Dt → 0 in the expression of average velocity. When D = 10 m, the area is changing at rate (π/2)10
We can write this step as:
1.12 Physics
= 5π m2/m. This means that a small change ∆D m y
in the diameter would result in a change of about = tan θ, or y = 500 tan θ
500
5π∆D m2 in the area of the circle.

Balloon
Ballon
Illustration 27
A 6 ft tall man is walking towards a 15 ft tall lamp d
post with a constant speed of 5 ft/s. Find the rate of dt
= 0.14 rad / min
which the length of his shadow is changing. 
when  =
4
Solution: dy
y =?
dt

when  =
 4
L = 15 ft Rangefinder
500 feet
H = 6ft
Differentiate with respect to t
dy dθ
y x
= 500 sec2 θ
dt dt
Shadow Substitute θ = π/4 and dθ/dt = 0.14
x is the distance of man from lamp post
dx dy 2
= – 5 ft/s  (x is decreasing) = 500 ( 2) (0.14) = (1000) (0.14)
dt dt
y is the length of the shadow at the instant.  π 
= 140  sec = 2 
dy  4 
= rate of change of length of shadow
dt At the moment in question, the balloon is rising at the
using similar triangles rate of 140 ft./min.
H y
= Illustration 29
L y+x
A ladder AB is inclined against the wall and floor as
 H 
y =  x shown. The end B is puled rightward with constant
L−H  speed u = 5 m/s. Find the velocity of end A when
dy  H  dx q = 30°.
=  
dt  L − H  dt A

6 30
= − × 5 ft/s = − ft/s length = l
9 9
–ve sign means the length of shadow is decreasing  u
B

Illustration 28 Solution:
A hot air balloon rising straight up from a level Assume that at any instant when angle is q the position
field is tracked by a range finder 500 ft from the of A and B from the corner O is y and x respectively.
Now     x2 + y2 = l2
lift-off point. At the moment the range finder’s
elevation angle is π/4, the angle is increasing at the Differentiating with respect to time
rate of 0.14 rad/min. How fast is the balloon rising dx dy d
2x + 2y = 0   (Constant) = 0
at the moment? dt dt dt

Solution:
dθ
Given = 0.14 rad/min when θ = π/4
dt
To find: dy/dt when θ = π/4.
 Mathematics for Physics 1.13
y
A
v
l
y
(x, y)
 u
O x B

dx dy
= u and we have to find 
dt dt x

dy x dx dy
= − = – cot qu Instantaneous rate of change =
dt y dt dx
Substituting q = 30° and u = 5 m/s        = slope of tangent = tanθ
dy Maxima/minima
= − 5 3 m/s
dt Consider point A in graph-1 and its slope is zero, and you
can also note that value of yA is larger than its neighbouring
points.
y
yA A
If the the quantity y is increasing with increasing x
Graph 1
dy
then the rate to change is positive
dx
If the the quantity y is decreasing with increasing x
dy x
xA
then the rate to change is negative.
dx
Note: If slope of a line at x = a is zero it means the
2. GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF tangent at x = a is parallel to x‑axis.
DERIVATIVE
Consider point B in graph-2 its slope is zero, and
Let a function y = f (x) be plotted as shown in figure. you can also note that value of yB is smaller than its
Average rate of change in y w.r.t. x in interval [x1, x2]
y
neighbouring points.
B
y
(x2, y2)

Graph 2
yB
y
x
(x1, y1) xB
x
A This can be understood simply by thinking that when
x dy dy
is positive, y increases and when is negative y
Average rate of change dx dx
change in y ∆y y2 − y1 dy
= = = decreases, hence at = 0, it has stopped increasing and
change in x ∆x x2 − x1 dx
= slope of chord AB. dy
it starting to decrease (in graph 1) thus at = 0, y has
dx
Instantaneous rate of change: It is defined as the maximum value.
rate of change in y with x at a particular value of x. It is Similar explanation should be given for graph 2.
measured graphically by the slope of the tangent drawn to dy
Thus when = 0, the y will either have maximum or
the y-x graph at the point (x, y) and algebraically by the dx
first derivative of function y = f (x). minimum value compared to its neighbouring points.
1.14 Physics
Second Derivative Test
dy
If for a function y = f (x), = 0 at some x = xo then
dx y
d2y
if > 0 for x = xo then f (x) has a minima at x = xo x
dx 2 x
2
d y V = x2y
if < 0 for x = xo then f (x) has a maxima at x = xo
dx 2
again x and y are related to surface area of this tank
which is equal to 40 m2.
Illustration 30
⇒ x2 + 4xy = 40
Find the the minimum value of y = 5x2 – 2x + 1.
Solution: 40 − x 2
y =
4x
For maximum/minimum value
2
dy 1 2  40 − x 
= 0  ⇒  5(2x) – 2(1) + 0 = 0  ⇒  x = ⇒ V(x) = x  
dx 5  4x 
2
1 d y
Now at x = , =10 which is positive so minima (40 x − x3 )
5 dx 2 V(x) =
4
1
at x = .
5 maximizing volume,
2
1 1 4 (40 − 3x 2 )
Therefore ymin = 5   − 2   + 1 = V ′(x) = =0
5 5 5 4

40
⇒ x = m
Illustration 31 3
A sheet of area 40 m2 in used to make an open tank
by second derivative test,
with square base. Find the dimensions of the base
3x  40 
such that volume of this tank is maximum. V ′′(x) = −   ⇒  V ′′   < 0
2  3 
Solution:
Let length of base be x m and height be y m. 40
confirming that volume is maximum at x = m.
3

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. A particle moves along a straight line such that at
time t its displacement from a fixed point O on the
line is 3t2 – 2. The velocity of the particle when t = 2
is:
(a) 8 m/s–1 (b) 4 m/s–1
(c) 12 m/s–1 (d) 0
2. A particle moves in a straight line, according to the
  t 
law x = 4a  t + a sin    , where x is its position in
  a 
meters, t in sec, a is some constant, then the velocity
is zero at
(a) x = 4a2p m (b) t = p s
(c) t = 0 s (d) None
3. A man 2 m high walks at a uniform speed
5 m/hour away from a lamp post 6 meter high. The
rate at which the length of his shadow increases is
5
(a) 5 m/h (b) m/h
2
5 5
(c) m/h (d) m/h
3 4
4. A ladder 5 m in length is resting against vertical wall.
The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground
away from the wall at the rate of 1.5 m/sec. The
height of the highest point of the ladder when the
foot of the ladder 4 m away from the wall decreases
at the rate of
(a) 2 m/sec (b) 3 m/sec
(c) 2.5 m/sec (d) 1.5 m/sec

5. If the volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at
the rate of 900 cm3/sec, then the rate of change of
radius of balloon at instant when radius is 15 cm
 22 
[in cm/sec]  π = 
 7 
7 (c) (d)
(a) (b) 22
22
22
(c) (d) None of these
7 is minimum.
6. A girl flies a kite at a height of 300 ft; the wind
carrying the kite horizontally away from her at a
rate of 10 ft/sec. How fast must she let out the string
when the kite is 500 ft away from her.
(a) 4 ft/s (b) 8 ft/s
(c) 5 ft/s (d) 10 ft/s
7. The two parts of 100 for which the sum of double of
first and square of second part is minimum, are
(a) 50, 50 (b) 99, 1
(c) 98, 2 (d) None of these
Mathematics for Physics 1.15
8. The perimeter of a sector is p. The area of the sector
is maximum when its radius is
1
(a) p (b)
p
p p
2 4
9. A rectangle has a perimeter 20 m. the length of the
side of the rectangle when the length of the diagonal
(a) 5 (b) 4
(c) 3 (d) 7
10. A right triangle has base 6 cm and height 8 cm. A
rectangle is inscribed inside the triangle with one
of the sides along the base of the triangle. If the
length of the sides for which the area of rectangle is
maximum area and b. then a + b is
(a) 5 (b) 7
(c) 10 (d) 6

Answer Key
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)

9. INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Illustration 32

A function F(x) is called an antiderivative or simply an
integral of a function f (x) if differentiation of F(x) gives
Evaluate ∫ 2x dx .
us f (x). Solution:
F ′(x) = f (x) an antiderivative of 2x
The set of all antiderivatives of f is the indefinite
integral of f with respect to x, denoted by ∫ f ( x) dx .
∫ 2x dx = x2 + C the arbitrary constant
The formula x2 + C generates all the antiderivatives of
The symbol ∫ is an integral sign. The function f is the
the function 2x. The function x2 + 1, x2 – π, and
integrand of the integral and x is the variable of integration. x2 + 2 are all antiderivatives of the function 2x, as
For example f (x) = x3 then f ′(x) = 3x 2
So the integral of 3x 2 is x3
you can check by differentiation.
Similarly if f (x) = x3 + 4 then f ′(x) = 3x 2
Many of the indefinite integrals needed in scientific
So the integral of 3x 2 is x 3 + 4 work are found by reversing derivative formulas.
In general integral of 3x2 is x3 + c where c is a constant.
Integral Formulas
If F is one of antiderivatives of the function f, the
other antiderivatives of f differ from F by a constant. We
Indefinite Integral
indicate this in integral notation in the following way: Reversed derivative formula
∫ f ( x) dx = F (x) ­+ C.…(i) n
1. ∫ x =dx
x n+1
+ C ; n ≠ – 1, n rational
n +1
The constant C is the constant of integration or arbitrary
constant, Equation (1) is read, “The indefinite integral of f
with respect to x is F(x) + C.” When we find F(x) + C, we d  x n+1  n
 =x
say that we have integrated f and evaluated the integral. dx  n + 1 
1.16 Physics

∫ dx=
∫ 1 dx= x + C (special case) = 5 (sec x + C ′) Formula 6
= 5 sec x + 5C′
d
( x) = 1 = 5 sec x + CC is some constant
dx

2. ∫ sin x dx =
− cos x + C Rule 2: ∫ [ f ( x) ± g ( x)dx] = ∫ f ( x)dx ± ∫ g ( x)dx
d
(− cos x) = sin x
dx Illustration 35
2
3. ∫ cos x=
dx sin x + C Evaluate ∫ ( x − sin x ) dx
d Solution:
(sin x) = cos x
dx 2
∫ (x − sin x) dx
2
4. ∫ sec =
x dx tan x + C 2
∫ x dx − ∫ sin x dx
=
d
tan x = sec2 x x3
dx = − (− cos x) + C
3
2
5. ∫ cosec x dx =
− cot x + C
d
(− cot x) = cosec2 x
dx
In general the integral of a product of two functions
6. ∫ sec x tan x=
dx sec x + C ∫ f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) dx is not equal to the product of
d
dx
sec x = sec x tan x integrals ∫ f ( x) dx ⋅ ∫ g ( x) dx . similarly no general
f ( x)
7. ∫ cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + C
formula exists for integrating ∫ g ( x)
dx

d
(− cosec x) = cosec x cot x
dx Rule 3: integration by parts

∫ ( f ( x) g ( x) ) dx
x x
8. ∫ e dx
= e +C
d x
(e ) = e x d 
dx = f ( x) ∫ ( g ( x)) dx − ∫  ( f ( x) ) ∫ ( g ( x) ) dx  dx
 dx 
Illustration 33 (i) when you find integral ∫ g ( x) dx then it will not
1 contain arbitrary constant.
Find the integral ∫ x
dx .
(ii) the choice of f (x) and g(x) is decided by ILATE
Solution: rule.
1 the function will come later in sequence is taken as
−1/2
∫ dx = ∫x dx = 2 x1/2 + C= 2 x + C integral function g(x).
x
Ι → Inverse function
Formula 1 with n = –1/2 L → Logarithmic function
Method of integration A → Algebraic function
Rule 1: if k is a constant, then T → Trigonometric function
∫ kf ( x) dx = k ∫ f ( x) dx E → Exponential function

Illustration 36
Illustration 34
x
Find the integral Evaluate ∫ xe dx
Solution:
Solution:
∫ 5 sec x tan x dx = 5 ∫ sec x tan x dx  Rule 1 Exponential comes later in ILATE and hence it will be
 Mathematics for Physics 1.17
taken as the function which is integrated twice (g(x)) sin (ax + b)
∫ cos (ax + b) dx =
a
+C
d
∫ xe x dx = x ∫ e x dx − ∫  ( x)
 dx
( x 
)
∫ e dx  dx 1 ln (ax + b)
∫ ax + b
dx =
a
+C
xe x − ∫ 1 ⋅ e x dx
=
ax + b eax + b
xex – ex + C
= ∫ e dx = a
+C

Rule 4: Method of substitution These can be derived by using ax + b = y.

Let take am example Illustration 37
Evaluate ∫ x 2 sin ( x3 ) dx 2 z dz
Evaluate ∫ 3 z2 + 1
d 3
Notice( x ) = 3x2, and x2 is present in the integrand
dx
Solution:
multiplied to ‘dx’.
Substitute u = z2 + 1.
Step 1: Let y = x3
2 z dz du

dy
= 3x2
∫ 3 z2 + 1 = ∫
u1/3
dx
dy = 3x2 dx −1/3 u 2/3
∫ u du = 2 / 3 + C
=
2  dy 
Step 2: ∫x sin ( x3 ) dx = ∫ sin ( y)   3 2/3 3
3  = u + C = ( z 2 + 1)2/3 + C
2 2
1 cos y
3∫
= sin y dy = − +C
3 Illustration 38
Step 3: Substitute y = x3 back into the final expression. 2 z dz
cos ( x ) 3
Evaluate ∫ 3 z2 + 1
2
Hence, ∫x sin ( x3 ) dx = −
+C
3
Note we cannot apply this method if we change the Solution:
sin ( x3 ) Substitute u = z2 + 1.
integrand to .
x2 2 z dz du
Let us look at same more examples and suggested
∫ 3 z2 + 1 = ∫
u1/3
substitutions
−1/3 u 2/3
x 4
d 5 ∫
= u du =
2/3
+C
(i) ∫ 5
x +5
dx
dx
( x + 5) = 5x4 use x5 + 5 = y
3 2/3 3
= u + C = ( z 2 + 1)2/3 + C
4 d 2 2
(ii) ∫ cos x sin x dx
dx
(sin x) = cos x use sin x = y
Let u = z2 + 1, du = 2z dz.
(ln x)3 d 1 In the form f u ndu
(iii) ∫ x
dx
dx
(ln x) = use ln x = y
x Integrate with respect to u.
Note that the derivative of a part of expression to Replace u by z2 + 1.
be integrated is also present in the expression and is in
multiplied form with dx. 10. DEFINITE INTEGRATION
b
Some more useful results:
n +1
∫a f ( x) dx is known as a definite integral. b is called
n (ax + b)
∫ (ax + b) dx =
n +1
+C
the upper limit and a the lower.
cos (ax + b) To evaluate the value of the definite integral we use the
∫ sin (ax + b) dx = −
a
+C following result:
1.18 Physics
b b
∫a f ( x) dx = F(b) – F(a) ∫a f ( x) dx gives the under the curve y = f (x) between

where F(x) is the anti derivative of f (x). x = a and x = b as shown in the diagram.

Illustration 39 Illustration 40
Evaluate Find the area under the curve y = x2 + 1 as shown
below:
2 π
(a) ∫1 x 2 dx      (b) ∫0 sin x dx
Solution:
x3
(a) ∫ x 2 dx = +C
3
x=0x=2
2 2 (2)3 (1)3 7
∫ x dx = − =
1 3 3 3 Solution:
(b) ∫ sin x dx = – cos x + C

22
The required area = ∫ ( x + 1) dx
0
π
∫0 sin x dx = [– cos (p)] – [– cos (0)] = 2
 23   03 
Definite integration as area under curve.  + 2  −  + 0 
=
 3   3 

y = f(x) 14
= sq. units
3
a b

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3

1. ∫ x dx − 2 x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
(b) +c
4
1 2 3/2
(a) + c (b) x +c
2 x 3 − x cos 2 x − sin 2 x
(c) +c
2 2
(c) + c (d) None of these (d) None of these
3 x3
4 dx dx
2. ∫ dx 5. ∫
x2 1 x ln x
1 3 (a) ln(ln x) + c (b) ln2x + c
(a) (b)
4 4 (c) lnx2x + c (d) None of these
−1
(c) (d) 0 6. ∫ tan x dx
2
π/4
sec2 x dx (a) – ln cos x + c (b) ln sin x + c
3. ∫
0 (c) sec2 x + c (d) None of these
1
(a) 2 (b)
2 ex
7. ∫ dx
(c) 1 (d) 0 ex + 1
(a) ln(ex + 1) + c (b) lnex + c
4. ∫ x sin 2 x dx
1
x cos 2 x + sin 2 x (c) + c (d) None of these
(a) +c x
e +1
2
 Mathematics for Physics 1.19
1 dx 15
8. ∫ (c) sq. units (d) None of these
01+ x2 4
π 10. The velocity of the particle is given as v = (6t – 3t2)
(a) p (b)
2 m/s. The total distance covered by the particle during
π
(c) (d) None of these the first 3 seconds from the beginning of motion
4
(t = 0)
9. The area bound by the curve y = x3 + 1, x axis, x = 1
(a) 4 m (b) 8 m
and x = 2 is
(c) 0 m (d) None of these
7 19
(a) sq. units (b) sq. units
4 4

Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)

11. VECTORS N

1. Introduction
W E
Scalars: Physical quantities which can be completely
described by a numerical value with unit are known as
scalars. S

(iii) We draw a line of length equal in magnitude and in

e.g., mass, temperature, density, charge, etc.
the direction of vector to the chosen quantity.
Vectors: Physical quantities which have magnitude (iv) We put arrow in the direction of vector.
and direction, and also follow laws of vector algebra are 
known as vectors AB
e.g., force, velocity, etc. Magnitude of vector:

| AB | = 5 N
N
B
 A physical quantity having direction may not be a
cm
5

vector. To be a vector, it must follow the vector law of 45°

Head

addition and the commutative law of addition as well. W

A
E

e.g., Electric current is a scalar, for, it does not follow

the law of vector addition. Angular displacement Tail
Dq(Dq ≠ 0) is scalar but dq(Dq → 0) is vector because S
dq follow the cummutative law of addition but Dq By definition magnitude of a vector quantity is scalar
does not follow the same. and is always positive.
3. Terminology for vectors
2. Representation of vector
Parallel vector: If two vectors have same direction, they
A representation of vector will be complete if it gives us are parallel to each other. They may be located anywhere
direction and magnitude. in the space.
   
Symbolic form: v , a , F , S used to separate a vector 
quantity from scalar quantities (u, i, m). a

b
Graphical form: A vector is represented by a directed
straight line, having the magnitude and direction of the Antiparallel vectors: When two vectors are in opposite
quantity represented by it. direction they are said to be antiparallel vectors.
e.g., if we want to represent a force of 5 N acting 45° N Equality of vectors: When two vectors have equal
of E magnitude and are in same direction and
represent the same quantity, they are equal. 
(i) We choose direction co-ordinates. a
  

(ii) We choose a convenient scale like 1 cm ≡ 1 N. i.e.,          a = b b

1.20 Physics
Thus when two parallel vectors have same magnitude 
Similarly, we can have vector A divided by a scalar l.
they are equal. (Their initial point & terminal point may 
not be same) A
The resulting vector becomes .
l
Negative of a vector: When a vector
1
have equal magnitude and is in opposite  The magnitude of the new vector becomes that of
direction, it is said to be negative vector of
a
   l
–b A and direction is same as that of A .
the former.  
    A A/2 ( = 12)
i.e.,    a = − b   or   b = − a
Thus when two antiparallel vectors have same Collinear or parallel vectors: The vectors which
magnitude they are negative of each other. act along the same line or along a parallel line are called
     collinear vectors.
Zero vector: When a = b , then a − b = 0 
A
(zero vector). It is a vector with zero magnitude and 
 
undefined direction. B A
B
Unit vector: A unit vector is a vector of magnitude (a) Like or parallel vectors.
of 1, with no units. Its only purpose is to point, i.e., to
describe a direction in space. 

A
A unit vector in direction of vector A is represented as  
B A
  
 A B
A (b) Unlike or antiparallel vectors.
and  =   
| A| ^ Note: If A and B be two collinear vectors, then there
 A 
or A can be expressed in terms of a unit vector in its exists a scalar k such that B = kA , the absolute value of k
 
direction i.e., A =| A | Aˆ being the ratio of the length of the two collinear vectors.
Unit Vectors along three coordinates axes: Coplanar and concurrent vectors: Vectors
originating from same point are known as concurrent
unit vector along x-axis is iˆ vectors.
unit vector along y-axis is ĵ 
B
unit vector along z-axis is k̂
y

A
^j
^k x 
^i C
z
Vector lying in same
 plane are called coplanar vectors.

Multiplication of a vector by a scalar: When a vector In figure, A, B and C are coplanar and concurrent vectors.
is multiplied by a scalar l, we get a new vector which is l
 
times the vector A i.e., lA . The direction of resulting 4. LAWS OF ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
vector is that of A . OF VECTORS
If l has negative value, then we get a vector whose Triangle rule of addition: Steps for adding two vectors

direction is opposite of A . The unit of resulting vector is representing same physical quantity:

the multiplied units of l and A . For example, when mass (i) Keep vectors such that tail of one vector coincides
is multiplied with velocity, we get momentum. The unit of with head of other.
momentum is obtained by multiplying units of mass and D

velocity. C CD

A 
A A B
AB
 
( = 2) –2A (  = –2)
2A (ii) Join tail of first to head of the other by a line with
 Mathematics for Physics 1.21
arrow at head of the second.
2 2
D OC = BC − OB = 3
AD

A
BC Illustration 43
This new vector is the sum of two vectors. (also called  
The resultant of two velocity vectors A and B is
resultant)  
   perpendicular to A . Magnitude of Resultant R is
AB + CD = AD 
equal to half magnitude of B . Find the angle
Illustration 41  
between A and B ?
A boy moves 4 m south and then 5 m in direction
37° E of N. Find resultant displacement. Solution:
 
Since R is perpendicular to A . Figure shows the

D
N   
three vectors A, B and R .
W E 4m 5m
37°

Solution:

D represents the required displacement from the
diagram
  
D ≡ 3 m towards east. angle between A and B is π – θ
R B 1
Subtraction of vectors: Let say we want to obtain sin θ = = =
  B 2B 2
a −b
   
a − b = a + (− b )
   ⇒ θ = 30º
So a − b can be understood as the addition of a and
 ⇒ angle between A and B is 150º.
−b .
Polygon Law of addition: This law is used for adding
b –b –b
more than two vectors. This is extension of triangle law
a–b of addition. We keep on arranging vectors such that tail of
a a next vector lies on head of former.
When we connect the tail of first vector to head of last
Illustration 42 we get resultant of all the vectors.
â and b̂ are two unit vectors such that their sum d
is also a unit vector. find the magnitude of their d
difference.
+d
+c

c
b

Solution: c
a+

b+ c
a+
P=

C
a+b
^ b
–b b
a
a
^
a^ – b A
 
a b

 The order in which the vectors are added does not

B
O ^
a+b
^
matter. addition is associative.
        
Clearly OA = AB = AC = OB = 1 unit Ex. P = (((a + b ) + c ) + d ) = ((c + a ) + b ) + d
By Pythagoras theorem
1.22 Physics
Illustration 44 is q. In right angle triangle ABD, BD = b sin q and AD = b
ABCDE is a pentagon. Prove that the resultant of cos q. In right angle triangle ODB
     
the vectors AB , AE , BC , DC , ED and AC is OD = a + b cos q and BD = b sin q

3 AC . a
2
OB = OD + BD
2

Solution:
D (a + b cos q) 2 + (b sin q)2
=
2 2
E C = a + b + 2ab cos q

A B
B
Let R be the resultant force
      a+b
\  R = AB + AE + BC + DC + ED + AC b
     
\  R = ( AB + BC ) + ( AE + ED + DC ) + AC  
    O a A D
   = AC + AC + AC = 3AC . Hence proved.  
Thus the magnitude of a + b i.e.,
 
| a + b | = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos q
If a number a vectors kept in the same sense (head  
| a + b |max = a + b when q = 0°
to tail) form a closed polygon, their resultant will be
 
zero. | a + b |min = | a – b | when q = 180°

c
 In triangle OBD
a
 BD b sin q
b tan a = =
OD a + b cos q

a 
−1  b sin q 
e
Thus a =tan   where a is the angle
 a + b cos q 

f
      
a+b +c +d +e + f =0 made by the resultant vector with a .

PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION
If two vectors are represented by the two sides
of a parallelogram with same initial point, then their
resultant i.e., sum is represented by that diagonal of the
parallelogram whose initial point coincide with the initial
point of the vectors.
C a
Illustration 45
Two vectors of 10 units and 5 units make an angle
of 120° with each other. Find the magnitude and
angle of resultant with vector of 10 unit magnitude.
Solution:
 
| a + b | = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos q
B

100 + 25 + 2 × 10 × 5(− 1 / 2)
=
  
b a+b 
b
125 − 50 = 75 = 5 3
=
O  A
a 5 sin 120° 5 3
tan a = =
10 + 5 cos 120° 20 − 5
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF THE
RESULTANT VECTOR 5 3 1
 = =
Consider the figure below Suppose magnitude of the a is 5×3 3
  
a and that of b is b. The angle between the a and the b ⇒ a = 30°

Illustration 46
A vector A and B make angles of 20° and 110°
respectively with the X-axis. The magnitudes of
these vectors are 5 m and 12 m respectively. Find
their resultant vector.
Solution:
Angle between the A and B = 110°– 20° = 90°
Mathematics for Physics 1.23
| A − B | = [(A) + (B)2 + 2AB cos (180° − θ)]1/2
2
| A − B | = A2 + B 2 − 2 AB cos q
 In a parallelogram formed by vectors a and b the
diagonal between the vectors is a + b and the other

R= A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos 90
= ° 52 + 12=
2
13m  
diagonal is a − b .

R
Illustration 47
B  
Two non zero vectors A and B are such that
    
A | A + B | = | A − B | . Find angle between A and
°
110 20° 
X-axis B?
 
Let angle of R from A is a Solution:
B sin q 12 sin 90°
tan a = = Method 1: If the length of the to diagonal vectors
A + B cos q 5 + 12 cos 90°    
a + b and a − b are equal, this means the
 
12 × 1 12 parallelogram formed by the vectors a and b must
= =
5 + 12 × 0 5  
 be a rectangle. and therefore angle between a and b
−1  12 
or a = tan   with vector A or (a + 20°) with π
 5 must be .
2
X-axis.    
Method 2: | A + B | = | A − B |
Subtraction of two vectors
    ⇒ A2 + B2 + 2AB cos θ = A2 + B2 – 2AB cos θ
A − B is equal to addition of A with reverse of B
⇒ 4AB cos q = 0   ⇒   cos q = 0
A 
1800 – 
π
A
B ⇒ q =
A–B –B 2

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. The magnitude of a given vector with end points
(4, –4, 0) and (−2, −2, 0) must be
(a) 6 (b) 5 6
(c) 4 (d) 2 10
2. The magnitude of the resultant of two equal vectors
is equal to the magnitude of either vector. What is
the angle between the two vectors?
(a) 60° (b) 90°
(c) 120° (d) 150°
3. What happens if a vector is multiplied by a number
–2?
(a) the magnitude of the vector is doubled but its
direction remains the same
(b) the magnitude of the vector remains the same
but its direction is reversed
(c) the magnitude of the vector is doubled and its
direction is reversed
(d) neither the magnitude nor the direction of the
vector undergo any change
  
4. If the magnitudes of A , B and C are 12, 5 and
13  units respectively and A + B = C , then the
angle between A and B is
(a) zero. (b) π
(c) p/2 (d) p/4
1.24 Physics
5. A particle is acted upon by two forces of 3 N and      
(a) a + b = 2c (b) a + b = c
4 N simultaneously. Which of the following is most      
correct? (c) a − b = 2c (d) a − b = c
(a) The resultant of these forces is 7 N 
8. Vector A is 2 cm long and is 60° above the x-axis in
(b) The resultant of these forces is 1 N 
the first quadrant. Vector B is 2 cm long and is 60°
(c) The resultant of these forces in 4 N below the x-axis in the fourth quadrant. The sum
(d) The resultant of these forces lies between 1 N  
A + B is a vector of magnitude
and 7 N
(a) 2 cm along positive y-axis
6. From figure the correct relation is
 (b) 2 cm along positive x-axis
C
O N (c) 2 cm along negative y-axis
 (d) 2 cm along negative x-axis

D  B  
A 9. Two forces F1 = 500 N due east and F2 = 250 N
 
M  P due north have their common initial point. F2 − F1
E
       is
(a) A + B + E = 0 (b) C − D = −A
(a) 250 5 N, tan–1 (2) W of N
   
(c) B + E − C = − D (d) All of the above (b) 250 N, tan–1 (2) W of N
   (c) 250 5 N, tan–1 (2) N of W
7. Figure shows three vectors a , b and c , where R is
(d) 750 N, tan–1 (2) W of N
the midpoint of PQ. Then which of the following
    
relations is correct? 10. Given that A + B = C . If | A |= 4, | B |= 5 and
P   
| C | = 61 , the angle between A and B is

a  R
c (a) 30° (b) 60°
(c) 90° (d) 120°
O  Q
b

Answer Key
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)

Resolution of a Vector into Components Ax = A cos θ and Ay = A sin θ


Following laws of vector addition, a vector can be A = Axiˆ + Ay ˆj
represented as a sum of two (in two-dimensional space)
2 2
or three (in three-dimensional space) vectors each along A = Ax + Ay
predetermined directions. These directions are called axes
y
and parts of the original vector along these axes are called
components of the vector.
Cartesian components in two dimensions
Ay A
If a vector is resolved into its components along mutually
perpendicular directions, the components are called 
x
Cartesian or rectangular components. O
Ax

In figure is shown, a vector A resolved into its
  Here iˆ and ĵ are the unit vectors for x and y coordinates
Cartesian components Ax and Ay along the x and y-axis. respectively.
Magnitudes Ax and Ay of these components are given by Mathematical operations e.g., addition, subtraction,
the following equation. differentiation and integration can be performed
 Mathematics for Physics 1.25
independently on these components.
Solution:
Cartesian components in three dimensions 
 Let vector is A
A vector A resolved into its three Cartesian components
A 3
one along each of the directions x, y and z-axis is shown in Ax = A cos 30° = 250 =
the figure. 2
   
A = Ax + Ay + Az = Axiˆ + Ay ˆj + Az kˆ ;
500 A sin 30° A
⇒ A =       
A = Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2 3 30°
A cos 30°
z
500 1 250
Ay = A sin 30° = × =
3 2 3

A Illustration 50
AZ
AX y Resolve a weight of 10 N in two directions which
are parallel and perpendicular to a slope inclined
at 30° to the horizontal.
Ay
x
Solution:
Illustration 48 Component perpendicular to the plane

Resolve horizontally and vertically a force F = 8
N which makes an angle of 45º with the horizontal.
W||
Solution: 30°
FV W
30° W = 10 N

 3
F W^ = W cos 30° = (10)
2
= 5 3 N
45°
FH and component parallel to the plane

Horizontal component of F is 1
W|| = W sin 30° = (10)   = 5 N
1 2
FH = F cos 45º = 8 = 4 2 N
2
 Illustration 51
and vertical component of F is Fv = F sin 45°  
Two forces F1 = 1 N and F2 = 2 N act along the
 1  lines x = 0 and y = 0 respectively. Then, find the
= (8)   = 4 2 N
 2 resultant force.
Solution:
Illustration 49 x = 0 means y-axis; y = 0 means x-axis; \  1 N is
A vector makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. acting along y-axis and 2 N is acting along x-axis; So,

If horizontal component of the vector is 250. Find the force F= 2iˆ + ˆj .
magnitude of vector and its vertical component?
Illustration 52
What vector must be added to the summation of
A
vectors iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ and 3iˆ + 6 j − 7k so that the
30°
resultant vector is a unit vector along the y-axis.
1.26 Physics
Solution: of iˆ , ĵ . Also Find magnitude and direction of the
     iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ + 3iˆ + 6 ˆj − 7kˆ = 4iˆ + 3 ˆj − 5kˆ
resultant.
Now, (4 + x)iˆ + (3 + y ) ˆj + (− 5 + z )kˆ = ĵ
Solution:
So, x = – 4, y = – 2, z = 5 
A = 5iˆ
and hence the vector is − 4i − 2 j + 5kˆ 
C = 5 ˆj
Addition and subtraction of vectors in component form 
  B = 5 2 cos 45iˆ + 5 2 sin 45 ˆj
Let A =Ax i + Ay j + Az kˆ and B =Bx i + By j + Bz kˆ be
= 5iˆ + 5 ˆj
two vectors whose addition (or subtraction) has to be   
done. Then the components in the same direction will be A + B + C = 5iˆ + 5iˆ + 5 ˆj + 5 ˆj = 10iˆ + 10 ˆj
added and new vector will be obtained. For example, in North
this case,
B
 
A + B = ( Ax + Bx )i + ( Ay + B y ) j + ( Az + Bz )kˆ C

East
Illustration 53 A
  
Vector A , B and C have magnitude 5, 5 2 and
     
5 respectively, direction of A , B and C are | A + B + C | = (10) 2 + (10)2 = 10 2
towards east, North-East and North respectively. 10
tan q = =1
If iˆ and ĵ are unit vectors along East and North 10
  
respectively. Express the sum A + B + C in terms ⇒ q = 45° from East

INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1. If a unit vector is represented by 0.5iˆ + 0.8 ˆj + ckˆ ,
then the value of ‘c’ is
(a) 1 (b) 0.11
(c) 0.01 (d) 0.39
2. The unit vector along iˆ + ˆj is
(a) k̂ (b) iˆ + ˆj
iˆ + ˆj iˆ + ˆj
(c) (d)
2 2
3. If a = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj and b= 7iˆ + 24 ˆj then the vector
having the same magnitude as b and parallel to a
is
(a) 10iˆ + 5 ˆj (b) 15iˆ + 20 ˆj
(c) 20iˆ + 15 ˆj (d) 15iˆ + 10 ˆj
4. A force is inclined at 60° to the horizontal. If it’s
rectangular component in the horizontal direction
is 50 N, the magnitude of the force in the vertical
direction approximately is
(a) 25 N (b) 75 N
(c) 87 N (d) 100 N
 
5. A vector A when added to the vector B= 3iˆ + 4 ˆj
yields a resultant vector that is in the positive
y-direction and has a magnitude equal to that of B .
Find the magnitude of A .
(a) 10 (b) 10
(c) 5 (d) 15
6. A plane is inclined at an angle of 30° with horizontal.

The component of a vector A = − 10kˆ perpendicular
to this plane is (here z direction is vertically upwards)
(a) 5 2 (b) 5 3
(c) 5 (d) 2.5
 Mathematics for Physics 1.27
  5 5
7. If A and B are two vectors each of magnitude (a) (b)
2 2
5 units. If they are inclined with the x-axis at angles
of 30o and 90o respectively, their resultant will be 5 3 5
(c) (d)
5 3ˆ 5ˆ 5 3ˆ 5ˆ 2 3
(a) i + j (b) i− j 
2 2 2 2 
10. a and b are two vectors with magnitude of 20 and
5 3 ˆ 15 ˆ 5 5 3  25 respective. The angle between them is 37o. The
(c) i+ j (d) iˆ +  + 5  ˆj
2 2 2  2      3
angle between a + b and a will be sin 37° = 
     5 
8. If a= 3iˆ − 4 ˆj and b =
− 4iˆ + 3 ˆj then, | a | + | b | is
equal to −1  3  −1  3 
(a) tan   (b) tan  
(a) 5 (b) 8 4 8
(c) 10 (d) 12 −1  2 
 (c) 45o (d) tan  
9. Magnitude of y-component of vector OA is 3

A y

5
60°
O x

Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)

MULTIPLICATION (PRODUCT) OF VECTORS Properties of scalar product

   
When we add two like vectors we get the resultant vector 1. It is commutative, i.e., A ⋅ B = B ⋅ A
of same kind, but the multiplication operation is different       
2. It is distributive, i.e., A ⋅ ( B + C ) = A ⋅ B + A ⋅ C
from addition operation. Vectors can be multiplied by one
another to get quantities of new physical dimensions. 3. Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum
Multiplication of vectors undergoes three different when cos θ = max = 1, i.e., θ = 0º,
 
kinds of operation. i.e., vectors are parallel ⇒ ( A ⋅ B)max = AB
1. multiplication of a vector by a scalar
4. The scalar product of a vector by itself is
2. multiplication of a vector by a vector to get a   
scalar quantity. Such operations is known as dot ( A)2 = A ⋅ A = AA cos q = A2
product or scalar products.  
⇒ A = A ⋅ A
3. multiplication of a vector by a vector to get a
5. If the scalar product of two nonzero vectors
vector quantity. Such operation is known as
vanishes then the vectors are perpendicular.
cross product, or vector product.
6. In case of unit vector n̂ ,
2. Scalar Product (Dot Product)
nˆ ⋅ nˆ = 1 × 1 × cos 0° = 1
The scalar product of two vectors are written as a ⋅ b and
  ⇒ nˆ ⋅ nˆ = iˆ . iˆ = ˆj ⋅ ˆj = kˆ ⋅ kˆ = 1
is defined as, a ⋅ b = ab cos q where q is the angle between
  7. In case of orthogonal unit vectors iˆ, ˆj and k̂ ;
the a and b , and a and b are their magnitude respectively.
  iˆ ⋅ ˆj = ˆj . kˆ = kˆ ⋅ iˆ = 0
Dot product of two vectors is commutative, that is, a ⋅ b  
  A ⋅ B = (iA
8. ˆ x + ˆjAy + kA ˆ ) ⋅ (iB ˆ )
ˆ x + ˆjBy + kB
= b ⋅a . z z

= [AxBx + AyBy + AzBz]

1.28 Physics
 
Illustration 54 Component of B along A
   
If the Vectors P = aiˆ + ajˆ + 3kˆ and Q = aiˆ − 2 ˆj − kˆ
B
A⋅ B 
are perpendicular to each other. Find the value = B cos θ = = Â ⋅ B
A
of a?  


Component of A along B

os
Ac
Solution: 
   
A⋅ B  A
If vectors P and Q are perpendicular = A cos θ = = A ⋅ Bˆ
  B
⇒ P ⋅ Q = 0

⇒ (aiˆ + ajˆ + 3kˆ) ⋅ (aiˆ − 2 ˆj − kˆ) = 0 Illustration 56

⇒ a2 – 2a – 3 = 0 
Find the projection of A = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ along the
⇒ 2
a – 3a + a – 3 = 0 
vector B = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ .
⇒ a(a – 3) + 1(a – 3) = 0
⇒ a = – 1, 3 Solution:
  
9. As by definition A ⋅ B = AB cos θ. The angle The projection of vector A in the direction of vector
  
 A ⋅ B B is given by
between the vectors θ = cos−1   
. A⋅ B
 AB  P = 
  |B|
A ⋅ B is positive if angle between the vectors is
acute (i.e., < 90º) and negative if angle between (iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) ⋅ (2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ)
them is obtuse (i.e., 90º < θ ≤ 180º) P =
22 + 12 + 12
Illustration 55
  (2 − 1 + 1) 2
If a = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj and b = 2iˆ – ˆj then find angle P = = .
6 6
between them.
Solution:
  
a ·b 
cos θ =   ; | a | = 5; | b | = 5 Illustration 57
| a ||b |      
If a + b + c = 0 , | a | = 3, | b | = 5 and | c | = 7, find
6−4 2  
So, cos θ = = the angle between a and b .
5 5 5 5
−1  2  Solution:
⇒ θ = cos      
5 5 We have, a + b + c = 0
  
  a + b = − c
10. A ⋅ B = A(B cos θ) = B(A cos θ)
      
Geometrically, B cos θ is the projection of B ⇒ (a + b ) ⋅ (a + b ) = (− c ) ⋅ (− c )
 
onto A and A cos θ is the projection of A onto   
⇒ | a + b |2 = | c |2
  
B as shown. So A ⋅ B is the product of the     
  ⇒ | a |2 + | b |2 + 2 | a | | b | cos q = | c |2
magnitude of A and the component of B along
 ⇒ 9 + 25 + 2(3)(5) cos q = 49
A and vice versa.
1
B ⇒ cos q =
B 2
π
  ⇒ q =
A B cos A
3
 Mathematics for Physics 1.29
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
        
1. If A = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ and B= 3iˆ − 2 ˆj , then their dot 6. If a ⋅ b = a ⋅ c for 3 vectors a, b, c , then it implies
product will be that
 
(a) 0 (b) 12 (a) angle between a and c must be same as angle
 
(c) 8 (d) 16 between a and b
   
2. Dot product of two vectors a and b is positive. (b) b must be equal to c
 
Then the angle between the two vectors must be (c) b must be parallel to c
  
(a) greater than 90o (b) less than 90o (d) a is perpendicular to b − c
      
(c) equal to 90o (d) data insufficient 7. If a + b + c = 0 and | c | = 10 units. Then, (a + b) ⋅ c
    will be
3. Two vectors a and b are a = 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ and b =
(a) 80 (b) 200
iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ . The angle between the two vectors will
(c) –100 (d) –40
be
 
−1  − 5  −1  − 5  2iˆ + 4 ˆj and b =
8. If a = Kiˆ − 6 ˆj are two vectors
(a) cos   (b) cos  14 
 28    which are perpendicular to each other, then value of
−1  4  −1  − 2  K is
(c) cos   (d) cos  5 
 35    (a) 8 (b) 12
  (c) 24 (d) –18
4. If A and B are two vectors then, the value of
    
a ⋅ (b ⋅ c ) will be 4iˆ + 3 ˆj and b =
9. If a = 5iˆ + 2 ˆj then the magnitude of
         
(a) a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c (b) a ⋅ b − a ⋅ c component of a along b will be
  
(c) a ⋅ b + c 26 14
(a) (b)
   5 5
(d) the expression a ⋅ (b ⋅ c) is invalid
   26 26
(c) (d)
5. If two vectors a and b are a = 2iˆ + ˆj + 4kˆ and 29 5 29
  
b =iˆ + 3 ˆj + ckˆ . The value of c such that a ⋅ b = 0    
10. Given | A1 |= 2, | A2 |= 3 and | A1 + A2 | = 3. Find the
will be    
5 4 value of ( A1 + 3 A2 ) ⋅ (3 A1 − 4 A2 ) .
(a) (b)
4 5 (a) –64 (b) 60
5 3 (c) –106 (d) 64
(c) − (d) −
4 8
Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c)

2. Vector product of two vectors

  unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the
The vector product of two vectors (a and b ) is written as vectors.
 
a × b = ab sin q n̂ , where a and b are the magnitudes of
 
a and b respectively and is the angle between them,
value of which lies between 0° ≤ q ≤ 180° and n̂ is the
1.30 Physics
RIGHT HANDED SCREW RULE ĵ × kˆ = iˆ
Z
       kˆ × iˆ =ˆj

j j
n̂ ( – k̂ )
Y

k i
i
X
b
a
k
Now we discuss to specify the direction of ˆ . Consider (A) (B)
the figure, Take a right handed screw fitted with a nut, 9. In terms of components,
keep the plane of the nut parallel to the plane containing
  iˆ ˆj kˆ
the vectors. Now rotate the screw from b to a . The  
direction in which screw moves is the direction of n̂ . In A × B = Ax Ay Az
   
the figure, a and b lie in X – Y plane b × a is directed Bx By Bz
       
along negative Z axis. Let C1= b × a and C2= a × b . A × B = iˆ( Ay Bz − Az By ) + ˆj ( Az Bx − Ax Bz )
 
From the rule C1 is directed along negative z-axis and C2  + kˆ( Ax By − Ay Bx )
 
is directed along positive z-axis. Since direction of b × a
     
is opposite to the direction of a × b . Hence a × b ≠ b × a. Illustration 58
Properties of vector product    
Find A × B if A = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ and B = 3iˆ − ˆj + 2k.
ˆ
   
1. a × b ≠ b × a (not commutative)
Solution:
     
2. (ma ) × b = a × (mb ) = m(a × b ) (associative), iˆ ˆj kˆ
where m is a scalar.  
A × B = 1 − 2 4
      
3. a × (b + c ) = (a × b ) + (a × c ) (distributive) 3 −1 2
4. The magnitude of vector product of two vectors
will be maximum when sin θ = max = 1, i.e., iˆ[− 4 − (− 4)] − ˆj (2 − 12) + kˆ[− 1 − (− 6)]
=
θ = 90° 10 ˆj + 5kˆ
=
 
| A × B |max = AB    
i.e., magnitude of vector product is maximum if 10. a × b = 0 ⇔ a and b are parallel (collinear)
   
the vectors are orthogonal. ( a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0) i.e., a = Kb , where K is a scalar.

5. The magnitude of vector product of two non‑zero 11. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a and
  
vectors will be minimum when | sin θ | = a×b
  b is n̂ = ±  
minimum = 0, i.e., θ = 0° or 180° and | A × B |min |a×b |
= 0 i.e., if the vector product of two non–zero 12. A vector of magnitude ‘r’ and perpendicular to
vectors vanishes, the vectors are collinear.   
 r (a × b )
   the plane of a and b is ±   .
6. A × A = AA sin 0° n̂ = 0 . |a×b |

7. In case of unit vector n̂ , nˆ × nˆ = 0 Illustration 59
Find a vector of magnitude 9, which is perpendicular
⇒  iˆ × iˆ = ˆj × ˆj = kˆ × kˆ =
to both the vectors 4iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ and − 2iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ .
8. In case of orthogonal unit vectors iˆ, ˆj and k̂ in
Solution:
accordance with right-hand-thumb-rule, 

Let a = 4iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ and b = − 2iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ . Then,
iˆ × ˆj = k̂
 Mathematics for Physics 1.31
 
13. Geometrically | a × b | = area of the parallelogram
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  whose two adjacent sides are represented by
a × b = 4 -1 3  
-2 1 -2 a and b .
B
= (2 - 3)iˆ - (- 8 + 6) ˆj + (4 - 2)kˆ b
= - iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ 
O
  a A
⇒ | a × b | = (- 1)2 + 22 + 22 = 3  
14. If a and b are the vectors representing two
  sides of the triangle. Then the area of triangle
 a×b 
\  Required vector = 9     1  
|a ×b | ABC = | a × b | .
2
9 ˆ
= (- i + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ)
3 15. Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal
  1  
- 3iˆ + 6 ˆj + 6kˆ
= vectors are d1 and d 2 is given by | d1 × d 2 | .
2
INTEXT EXERCISE: 7
      
1. If a = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 3kˆ and b =3iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ , then a × b 5. If = a 4iˆ - 5 ˆj and =
b 2iˆ + 3 ˆj , c = 7kˆ then
  
is c × (a × b) will be
(a) - 2iˆ + 7 ˆj - 8kˆ (b) - 2iˆ + 7 ˆj + 8kˆ
(a) 2iˆ + ˆj - kˆ (b) 3iˆ - ˆj + 5kˆ
(c) iˆ - 4 ˆj + 8kˆ (d) 2iˆ - 7 ˆj + 3kˆ (c) zero (d) 5iˆ + 2 ˆj - 3kˆ
   
2. For two vectors a and b , a × b may be equal to 6. If two of the adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
  
b × a when represented by vectors a = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj - kˆ and
  
(a) a and b are parallel to each other b =iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ . The area of the parallelogram will
  be
(b) angle between a and b is an acute angle
  (a) 392 (b) 278
(c) a and b are mutually perpendicular 92 (d) 184
(c)
 
(d) angle between a and b is an abtuse angle 7. If two of the adjacent sides of a triangle are
      
a 2iˆ + ˆj and b= iˆ + 2 ˆj .
represented by vectors =
3. The value of A ⋅ ( A × B) for two vectors A and B
will be Then area of triangle will be
     (a) 5 units (b) 25 units
(a) ( A ⋅ A) × B (b) 2A ⋅ B
(c) 1.5 units (d) 9 units
   2
(c) A ⋅ B + | A | (d) zero     
8. Three vectors A, B and C satisfy the relation A ⋅ B
     
4. If A, B and C are mutually perpendicular vectors, = 0 and A ⋅ C = 0. The vector A is parallel to
    
then C × ( A × B) will be equal to (a) B (b) C
   
    (c) B ⋅ C (d) B × C
(a) C ⋅ A + C ⋅ B
     
(b) (C ⋅ A) B + (C ⋅ B) A 9. iˆ × ( ˆj × kˆ) is
     
(c) C × ( A ⋅ B) + C ⋅ ( A × B) (a) iˆ + ˆj + kˆ (b) iˆ + ˆj + kˆ
(d) zero (c) zero vector (d) unit vector
1.32 Physics
10. The sum, difference and cross product of two vectors  
  (b) A and B are perpendicular to each other
A and B are mutually perpendicular if  
  (c) A and B are perpendicular but their magnitudes
(a) A and B are perpendicular to each other and
are arbitrary
   
| A| = |B| (d) | A | =| B | and their directions are arbitrary
Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
 Mathematics for Physics 1.33

Unsolved Exercises
EXERCISE - 1

Method of Differentiation 1 1
(a) (b)
1. y = x tan x ( x + 2) 2( x + 2)
1
tan x
2 2 tan x (c) (d) None of these
(a) x sec x - (b) x sec x + 1
2 x 2 x 2( x + 2) 2
tan x
(c) x sec2 x + (d) None of these 2
x dæ 1 ÷ö
8. ççç x + ÷÷ =
dx è xø
2. y = ex (1 + cos x)
1 1
(a) –ex sin x + (1 + cos x)ex (a) 1 – 2 (b) 1 + 2
x x
(b) ex sin x + (1 + cos x)ex
(c) –ex + (1 + cos x)ex 1
(c) 1 – (d) None of these
(d) None of these 2x

sin x d æ 1 ö÷
3. y = 9. ççç 4 ÷=
ex dx è x sec x ø÷
x sin x + 4cos x -( x sin x + 4 cos x)
(a) (b)
cos x + sin x sin x - cos x x 5
x5
(a) (b)
ex ex 4cos x - x sin x
(c) (d) None of these
cos x - sin x x5
(c) (d) None of these
ex 1 dz
10. If y = , then =
x2 + 1 a-z dy
4. y =
(2 x + 3) (a) (z – a)2 (b) – (z – a)2
2 x2 + 6 x - 2 2 x2 + 6 x + 2 (c) (z + a)2 (d) – (z + a)2
(a) (b)
(2 x + 3) 2 (2 x + 3) 2 11. If y = x sin x, then
1 dy 1 dy 1
x2 + x - 2 (a) = + cot x (b) = + cot x
(c) (d) None of these y dx x dx x
(2 x + 3) 2
1 dy 1
(c) = - cot x (d) None of these
1 y dx x
5. y =
2 x + 10
d
12. log 7 (log 7 x) =
-1 -1 dx
(a) 3/2 (b)
(2 x + 10) 2(2 x + 10)3/2 1 log e 7
(a) (b)
1 x log e x x log e x
(c) (d) None of these
2(2 x + 10)3/2 log 7 e log 7 e
x2 (c) (d)
6. y = 10 e x log e x x log 7 x
x 2
(a) x e (b) 2 x e
x 2
d x+3log x
13. e =
2
dx
x
(c) 20 x e (d) None of these (a) ex .x2(x + 3) (b) ex .x(x + 3)
3
7. y = ln ( x + 2) (c) ex + (d) None of these
x
1.34 Physics
Application of Differentiation
14. If a particle moves along a line by S = 12t2 – t3 then
the time at which the particle comes to rest is
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8
15. If the rate of decrease of x2/2 – 2x + 5 is twice the
decrease of x then x =
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 1
16. The radius of a circular plate is increasing at the rate
of 0.01 cm/sec. when the radius is 12 cm. Then the
rate at which the area increases is
(a) 0.24p sq. cm/sec. (b) 60p sq. cm/sec.
(c) 24p sq. cm/sec. (d) 1.2p sq. cm/sec.
17. If the rate of change in the area of circle is equal to
the rate of change in its radius then the radius is
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 8, 8 (d) 2, 14
p 2p
1 1
(c) (d)
p 2p
18. The side of a cube increases at the rate of
0.02 cm/sec. The rate of increase in the surface area
of the cube when the side is 5 cm is
(a) 3 sq. cm/sec. (b) 1.2 sq. cm/sec.
(c) 10 sq. cm/sec. (d) 15 sq. cm/sec.
19. If the rate of change in the volume of sphere is equals
to the rate of change in its radius then the radius is
1 1
(a) (b) (c) + 3 cm 2 /sec (d) - 3 cm 2 /sec
2p 2 p
1 2
(c) (d) made out of a square tin sheet of side 6 ft in length
2p p
20. If the semivertical angle of a cone is 45° then the
rate of change in base radius must be equal to
(a) rate of change in volume
(b) rate of change in surface area
(c) rate of change in height
(d) rate of change in curved surface area
21. The minimum value of f (x) = 2x2 + 3x + 1 is
1 3
(a) - (b) -
8 4
(c) 1 (d) – 4
22. The minimum value of (x – a) (x – b) is
( a - b) 2
(a) ab (b)
4
( a - b) 2
(c) 0 (d) –
4
23. If x > 0, y > 0, x + y = 32 and x6 + y6 is minimum then
the numbers are
(a) 14, 18 (b) 12, 20
(c) 16, 16 (d) 17, 15
24. The sum of two positive numbers is 48. The numbers
so that the sum of their squares is a minimum are
(a) 36, 12 (b) 32, 16
(c) 24, 24 (d) 22, 26
25. The sum of two numbers is 16. If their product is
maximum then the numbers are
(a) 12, 4 (b) 10, 6
26. A line segment of length 8 cm is divided
into two parts AP and PB by a point P. If
AP2 + PB2 is minimum then AP =
(a) 6 cm (b) 5 cm
(c) 4 cm (d) 2 cm
27. Length, breadth of a rectangle are increasing at 2
cm/sec and decreasing at 1 cm/sec. Findout the rate
of which area of rectangle changes w.r.t. time when
length is 4 and breadth is 3 cm.
(a) - 2 cm 2 /sec (b) + 2 cm 2 /sec
28. A box of maximum volume with open top is to be
by cutting out small equal squares from the four
corners of the sheet then height of the box is
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 1/2 (d) 3/2
29. A wire of length 20 cm is cut into two parts which
are bent in the form of a square and a circle, then the
least value of the sum of areas so formed is
400 20
(a) (b)
p+4 p+4
5 100
(c) (d)
p+4 p+4
 Mathematics for Physics 1.35
Integration and Applications 37. ∫ e
–5x
dx
30. ∫ (1 – x) x dx
e-5 x
(a) – 5e–5x dx + C (b) +C
2 3/2 2 5/2 2 2 5
(a) x + x + C (b) – x3/2 + x5/2 + C
3 5 3 5 e-5 x
(c) - + C (d) 5e–5x + C
2 3/2 2 5/2 2 3/2 2 5/2 5
(c) – x - x + C (d) + x - x + C
3 5 3 5 sin x
38. ∫ cos x e dx
3 2
ax + bx + c
31. ∫ dx equals to (a) esin x + C (b) ecos x + C
x4
(c) – esin x + C (d) None of these
b c
(a) a log x +
x 2
+ 3 +c
3x 39. # sin ^ x 2
+ 1 h x dx
b c -1
(b) a log x + - 3 + c (a) cos ^ x 2 + 1 h + c
x 3x 2
b c (b) - 2 cos ^ x 2 + 1 h + c
(c) a log x - - 3 + c
x 3x
(c) 2 sin ^ x 2 + 1 h + c
(d) None of these
1
1 (d) sin ^ x 2 + 1 h + c
32. The value of ∫ ( x - 5)2 dx is 2
1 1
(a) + c (b) - +c 2
40. ∫ x 1 + x dx =
x -5 x -5
2 1 + 2 x2
(c) + c (d) – 2(x – 5)3 + c (a) + c (b) 1 + x2 + c
3 2
( x - 5) 1+ x
1
(c) 3(1 + x2)3/2 + c (d) (1 + x 2 )3/2 + c
33. ∫ sec x tan x dx = 3
(a) sec x + tan x + c (b) sec x + c sin 2 x
41. ∫ dx =
(c) tan x + c (d) – sec x + c 1 + sin 2 x
2
34. ∫ tan x dx is equal to (a) log sin 2x + c (b) log (1 + sin2 x) + c
1
(a) tan x + x + c (b) tan x – x + c (c) log(1 + sin 2 x) + c (d) tan–1 (sin x) + c
2
(c) sec x + x + c (d) sec x – x + c
cos x $ dx
4 4
35. ∫ (sin x - cos x) dx = 42. # ]sin x + 2g
cos 2 x sin 2 x ]sin x + 2g2
(a) - + c (b) - +c (a) + c (b) ln ]sin x + 2g + c
2 2 2
1
(c) cos ] x + 2g + c (d) ln ]sin x + 2g + c
sin 2 x cos 2 x
(c) + c (d) +c
2 2 2
3 π/2
36. ∫ (1 - 3x) dx
43. # sin x $ dx
0
(1 - 3x) 4 (1 + 3x)4
(a) – + C (b) +C (a) 1 (b) 0
12 9
(1 - 3x) 4 3 1
(c) - (d) None of these (c) (d)
4 2 2
1.36 Physics
2 52. A man walks 40 m North, then 30 m East and then
44. # ] x + 2g $ dx 40 m South. What is his displacement from the
0 starting point ?
(a) 4 (b) 6 (a) 30 m East (b) 150 m West
(c) 7 (d) 3 (c) 40 m West (d) 150 m East
cot x  
45. ∫ dx = 53. Given: A = 2iˆ + pjˆ + qkˆ and B = 5iˆ + 7 ˆj + 3kˆ . If
logsin x  
A || B , then the values of p and q are respectively
(a) log(log sin x) + c (b) log(log coses x) + c
(c) 2 log (log sin x) + c (d) None of these 14 6 14 6
(a) and (b) and
2 5 5 3 5
(1 + log x)
46. ∫ dx =
x 6 1 3 1
(c) and (d) and .
(a) (1 + log x)3 + c (b) 3(1 + log x)3 + c 5 3 4 4
1 3
(c) (1 + log x) + c (d) None of these Vector Addition and Subtraction
3   
54. The resultant of A and B makes an angle a with A
p
47. ∫ sec x tan x dx = 
and b with B ,
sec p+1 x sec p x (a) a < b always (b) a < b if A < B
(a) + c (b) +c (c) a < b if A > B (d) a < b if A = B
p +1 p
55. Which of the sets given below may represent the
tan p+1 x tan p x
(c) + c (d) +c magnitudes of three vectors adding to zero?
p +1 p
(a) 2, 4, 8 (b) 4, 8, 12
2 3
48. ∫ x sec x dx = (c) 1, 2, 5 (d) 0.5, 1, 2
  
(a) log (sec x3 + tan x3) 56. Let C= A + B .
 
(b) 3 (sec x3 + tan x3) (a) | C | is always greater than | A |
   
1 3 3 (b) it is possible to have | C | < | A | and | C | < | B |
(c) log(sec x + tan x )
3 (c) C is always equal to A + B
(d) None of these (d) C is never equal to A + B
∞     
-x 57. Two vectors A and B are such that A + B = C and
49. ∫e dx
0
A2 + B 2 =C 2 . Which of the following is correct ?
(a) 1 (b) 0  
(c) ∞ (d) None of these (a) A is parallel to B

Vectors Definitions (b) A is anti-parallel to B
 
50. Choose the false statement: (c) A is perpendicular to B
 
(a) Electric current is a vector because it has both (d) A and B are equal to magnitude
magnitude and direction 
58. Let the angle between two nonzero vectors A and
(b) Time is a vector which has direction always in  
the forward direction B be 120° and its resultant be C
 
(c) All quantities having magnitude and direction (a) C must be equal to | A - B |
are vector quantities  
(d) all the above (b) C must be less than | A - B |
 
51. Which one of the following is not a scalar: (c) C must be greater than | A - B |
(a) time (b) Length  
(c) mass (d) weight. (d) C may be equal to | A - B |
 Mathematics for Physics 1.37
59. The resultant of two forces of magnitudes 8 N and  
66. If the resultant of two vectors A and B is
15 N is 17 N. The angle between the forces of 8 N  
and 15 N is perpendicular to A , then the angle between A and

(a) 30° (b) 45° B is
(c) 60° (d) 90°. −1  A  −1  A 
(a) tan  −  (b) sin  
60. The sum and difference of two perpendicular vectors  B B
of equal lengths are −1  A  −1  A 
(c) tan   (d) cos  − 
(a) of equal lengths and have an acute angle between B  B
them
67. The maximum and minimum resultants of two
(b) of equal length and have an abtuse angle between
them forces are in the ratio 7 : 3. The ratio of the forces is
(c) also perpendicular and of different lengths (a) 4 : 1 (b) 5 : 2
(d) also perpendicular and of equal lengths (c) 7 : 3 (d) 49 : 9.
  
61. The resultant of two vectors of magnitudes 2A and 68. Given : a + b + c = 0 . Out of the three vectors
  
a , b and c , two are equal in magnitude. The
2 A acting at an angle q is 10 A . The correct
magnitude of the third vector is 2 times that of
value of q is
either of the two having equal magnitude. The angles
(a) 30° (b) 45°
between the vectors are
(c) 60° (d) 90°
     (a) 90°, 135°, 135° (b) 30°, 60°, 90°
62. Given : C= A + B . Also, the magnitudes of A, B (c) 45°, 45°, 90° (d) 45°, 60°, 90°

and C are 12, 5 and 13 units respectively. The angle 69. The resultant of two vectors of magnitudes 3 units
 
between A and B is and 4 units is 37 . The angle between the two
r vectors is
(a) 0° (b)
4 (a) 0° (b) 30°
r
(c) (d) r (c) 60° (d) 90°.
2   
63. Given : P= A − B and P = A + B. The angle between 70. A vector of length m is turned through an angle b
 
A and B is about its tail. The change in the position vector of its
(a) 0° (b) 90° head is
(c) 180° (d) 270° b b
(a) 2m sin (b) 2m cos
2 2
64. The resultant of two forces makes angles of 30° and b b
60° with them and has a magnitude of 40 N. The (c) 2 m tan (d) 2m cot .
2 2
magnitudes of the two forces are
71. The ratio of maximum and minimum magnitudes of
(a) 20 N, 20 N (b) 20 N, 28 N 
the resultant of two vectors a and b is 3 : 1. Now

(c) 20 N, 20 3 N (d) 20 N, 60 N |a|=
 
    (a) | b | (b) 2| b |
65. The resultant C of A and B is perpendicular to A .  
    (b) 3| b | (d) 4| b | .
Also, | A | = | C | . The angle between A and B is
72. The simple sum of two co-initial vectors is 16 units.
Their vector sum is 8 units. The resultant of the
π 3π
(a) (b) vectors is perpendicular to the smaller vector. The
4 4
magnitudes of the two vectors are
5π 7π
(c) (d) (a) 2 units and 14 units (b) 4 units and 12 units
4 4
(c) 6 units and 10 units (d) 8 units and 8 units.
1.38 Physics
73. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon with point O as
    
centre. The value of AB + AC + AD + AE + AF is
 
(a) 2 AO (b) 4 AO
(c) 6 AO (d) 0.
74. For the three vectors the magnitude of D = A - B - C
and its direction are
B=4
C=2
A=1
(a) 25, 45°, below + ve, x-axis
(b) 13, 57° above + ve, x-axis
(c) 5, 53°, below + ve, x-axis
(d) 36, 45 above + ve, x-axis
75. Arrange the vectors subtractions so that their
magnitudes are in decreasing order. If the two
vectors A and B are acting at an angle (| A | > | B |).
A. 60° B. 90°
C. 180° D. 120°
(a) D, C, B, A (b) A, B, D, C
(c) C, D, B, A (d) C, D, A, B
76. If the angle between two vectors of equal magnitude
P is q, the magnitude of the difference of the vectors
is
q q
(a) 2 P cos (b) 2 P sin
2 2
q q
(c) P cos (d) P sin
2 2
77. If three vectors P, Q and R are related as P - Q =
R (c) 20 3 N , 20 3 N (d) 10 N, 30 N
and P – Q = R, the angle between the vectors P and
Q is
(a) 0 (b) 30°
(c) 60° (d) 180°
78. Eleven forces each equal to 5 N act on a particle
simultaneously. If each force makes an angle 30°
with the next one, the resultant of all forces is
(a) 15 N (b) 55 N
(c) 5 N (d) zero
79. Two forces are such that the sum of their magnitudes
in 18 N, the resultant is 228 when they are at
120°. Then the magnitude of the forces are
(a) 12 N, 6 N (b) 13 N, 5 N
(c) 10 N, 9 N (d) 16 N, 2 N
80. Two vectors are given by a = –2 iˆ + j – 3k and
b = 5 iˆ + 3j – 2k. Third vector c is if 3a + 2b – c = 0
(a) 4i + 9j – 13k (b) – 4i – 9j + 13k
(c) 4i – 9j – 13k (d) none
81. The minimum number of forces of equal magnitude
in a plane that can keep a particle in equilibrium is
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 5
82. The minimum number of unequal forces in a plane
that can keep a particle in equilibrium is
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 6
83. The minimum number of non coplanar forces that
can keep a particle in equilibrium is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
84. If ‘O’ is in equilibrium then the values of the Tension
T1 and T2 are x, y, if 20 N is vertically down. Then x,
y are
60°
T1
150°
0 60°
T2
20 N
(a) 20 N, 30 N (b) 20 3 N, 20 N
85. A man of 80 kg is supported by two cables as shown
the tension ratio of T1 : T2 is
60° 30°
T1 T2
80 kg
(a) 1: 3 (b) 3 :1
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 2 : 1
86. If P - Q =
R and P = Q = R, the Ratio of angles
between P and R to P and Q is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 3

87. The two forces 2 2 N and x N are acting at a point.
Their resultant is perpendicular to xˆ N and having
magnitude of 6 N. The angle between the two
forces and magnitude of x are
(a) q = 120°, x = 2 N (b) q = 30°, x =
(c) q = 150°, x 3 N (d) q = 150°, x =
88. The resultant of the three displacement vectors
OP, PQ and Q R is
R (c) 15,000 N (d) 20,000 N
Y
P 6 cm 4 cm
m the vector is making an angle 60° with the horizontal,
5 c 37° Q
O X
(a) 15 cm (b) 17 cm
(c) 149 cm (d) 107 cm
89. Four forces of magnitude p, 2p, 3p, 4p act along the
four sides of a square ABCD in cyclic order. The
magnitude of resultant is
D 60° C
60°
60°
E
B
60°
60°
O 60° A 97. If P= iˆ + ˆj and Q = 2iˆ - kˆ are two vectors which
(a) 2P (b) 8P
(c) 4P (d) 3P
Components of Vector
90. The component of a vector is
(a) always less than its magnitude
(b) always greater than its magnitude
(c) always equal to its magnitude
(d) none of these.
91. The components of a vector along x and y directions
are (n + 1) and 1 respectively. If the co-ordinate
system is rotated by an angle q = 60°, then the
components change to n and 3. The value of n is
(a) 2 (b) cos 60°
(c) sin 60° (d) 3.5
92. If component of one vector in the direction of
another vector is zero, then those two vectors
(a) are parallel to each other
(b) are perpendicular to each other.
(c) are opposite to each other
(d) are coplanar vectors.
Mathematics for Physics 1.39
93. The horizontal component of the weight of a body of
mass m is
mg
(a) mg (b)
2
(c) Zero (d) Infinity
2N
94. A car weighing 100 kg is on a slope that makes an
2N angle 30° with the horizontal. The component of
car’s weight parallel to the slope is (g = 10 ms–2)
(a) 500 N (b) 1000 N
95. If the vertical component of a vector is 60 units and
then the horizontal component of the vector is
20
(a) units (b) 20 3 units
3
(c) 30 3 units (d) 60 units
96. A force of (2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ) N and another force of
(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) N are acting on a body. The magnitude of
total force acting on the body is
(a) 3 N (b) 14 N
(c) 17 N (d) 29 N
 
when added to R gives a unit vector along Z-axis

direction. Then R is
(a) -3iˆ - ˆj + 2kˆ (b) 3iˆ + ˆj - 2kˆ
(c) -k̂ (d) k̂
Scalar Product
98. If q be the angle between the vectors iˆ + ˆj and
2 ˆj + 2kˆ , then q is
(a) 0 (b) p/4
(c) p/2 (d) p/3.
99. If ( A + B) is perpendicular to B and ( A + 2 B) is

perpendicular to A , then
(a) A = 2 B (c) A = 2B
(c) 2A = B (d) A = B.
100. a1iˆ + a2 ˆj is a unit vector perpendicular to 4iˆ - 3 ˆj if
(a) a1 = 0.6, a2 = 0.8 (b) a1 = 3, a2 = 4
(c) a1 = 0.8, a2 = 0.6 (d) a1 = 4, a2 = 3.
1.40 Physics
   
101. If a = 2iˆ - 3 ˆj , b = 2 ˆj + 3kˆ , then ( a + b ) 110. The angle between ( A × B ) and ( B × A ) is
  (in radian)
. (a – b ) =
(a) p/2 (b) p
(a) 0 (b) –8 (c) p/4 (d) zero
(c) 9 (d) –10.
  111. A vector that is perpendicular to both the vectors
102. The vector b , which is collinear with the vector a  
  a =iˆ - 2 ˆj + kˆ and b = iˆ - ˆj + kˆ is
= (2, 1, –1) and satisfies the condition a ⋅ b =3 is
(a) (1, 1/2, – 1/2) (b) (2/3, 1/3, –1/3) (a) -iˆ + kˆ (b) -iˆ - 2 ˆj + kˆ
(c) (1/2, 1/4, –1/4) (d) (1, 1, 0). (c) iˆ - 2 ˆj + kˆ (d) iˆ + kˆ .
 
103. If 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 8kˆ and 2iˆ + xjˆ + kˆ are at right angles 112. Given : q is the angle between A and B . Then
then x = | Aˆ × Bˆ | is equal to
(a) 7 (b) – 7
(c) 5 (d) – 4. (a) sin q (b) cos q
  (c) tan q (d) cot q.
104. Given : A =3iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ and B = 6iˆ + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ . The      
  113. For any two vectors A and B , if A ⋅ B = | A × B | , the
two vectors A and B   
(a) are parallel magnitude of C= A + B is
(b) are perpendicular (a) A2 + B 2 (b) A + B
(c) make an angle of 30° to each other
AB
(d) make an angle of 60° to each other. (c) A2 + B 2 + (d) A2 + B 2 + 2 AB .
  2
105. Projection of P on Q is     
  114. Given : P= ⋅ Q 0 and P= × Q 0 . Which of the
(a) P ⋅ Qˆ (b) P̂ ⋅ Q
    
(c) P × Qˆ (d) P × Q . following is correct? ( P and Q are non zero)
   
106. The vector 5iˆ + 2 ˆj - lkˆ is perpendicular to the (a) P ⊥ Q (b) P  Q
 
vector 3iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ for l = (c) P is inclined to Q at an angle of 45°
(d) statement is wrong.
(a) 1 (b) 4.7   
(c) 6.3 (d) 8.5. 115. The vector a × (b + a ) is:

  3ab  

107. Given : a ⋅ b = . The angle between a and b (a) perpendicular to a
2
is 
(a) 0° (b) 30° (b) perpendicular to b
(c) 60° (d) 90°. (c) null vector
 
(d) perpendicular to both a and b
108. Projection of the vector 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ on the vector
  
iˆ - 2 ˆj + 3kˆ is 116. A.( A × B) is
2 1 (a) = 0 (b) > 0
(a) (b) (c) < 0 (d) none of these
14 14
3 3 117. The area of the triangle formed by the adjacent sides
(c) (d) .  
17 14 with A =+3iˆ 2 ˆj - 4kˆ and B =-iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ is
Vector-Cross Product
165 137
(a) units (b) units
109. ( A × B ) + ( B × A) is equal to 2 2
(a) 2 AB (b) A2 B2
(c) 165 units (d) 165 units
(c) zero (d) null vector
 Mathematics for Physics 1.41
     
118. The angle between A and B is q. The value of the P ⋅ Q 0 then | P × Q | is
121. If =
    
triple product A ⋅ ( B × A) is (a) | P || Q | (b) zero
(a) A2B (b) zero (c) 1 (d) PQ .
(c) A2B sin q (d) A2B cos q.
122. ]A.B g + A # B =
2 2

119. The magnitude of the vector product of two vectors (a) zero (b) A2B2
is 3 times their scalar product. The angle between (c) AB (d) AB .
vectors is      
123. If A=
× B 0 and B=
× C 0 , then the value of A × C
p p is
(a) (b)
2 6
(a) zero (b) AC sin qn̂
p p (c) AC cos q (d) AB tan q.
(c) (d) .
3 4  
 124. Given : A = 4iˆ + 6 ˆj and B =
2iˆ + 3 ˆj . Which of the
1 20. A force F = 3 ˆj acts on the rod at a point P(1, 0, 0). following is correct ?
  
Here centre of rod is taken as origin. Then the torque (a) A × B = 0
 
about O is (b) A ⋅ B = 24

(a) 3kˆ (b) -3kˆ | A| 1
(c)  =
|B| 2
kˆ kˆ  
(c) (d) - .
3 3 (d) A and B are anti-parallel.

EXERCISE - 2

Method of Differentiation æ1ö æ1ö

(a) cos ççç ÷÷÷ + 2 x sin ççç ÷÷÷
d 2 x è xø è xø
1. ( x e sin x) =
dx
æ1ö æ1ö
(a) xex (2 sin x + x sin x + cos x) (b) 2 x sin ççç ÷÷÷ - cos ççç ÷÷÷
è xø è xø
(b) xex (2 sin x + x sin x – cos x)
æ1ö æ1ö
(c) xex (sin x + x sin x + cos x) (c) cos ççç ÷÷÷ - 2 x sin ççç ÷÷÷
è xø è xø
(d) None of these (d) None of these
d
2. (log tan x) = 5. The differential coefficient of ax + log x. sin x is
dx
x sin x
(a) 2 sec 2x (b) 2 cosec 2x (a) a log e a + + log x.cos x
x
(c) sec 2x (d) cosec 2x
x sin x
(b) a + + cos x.log x
d 2 2 x
3. cos(1 - x ) =
dx cos x
(c) ax + log sin x +
(a) – 2x(1 – x2) sin (1 – x2)2 x
(b) – 4x(1 – x2) sin (1 – x2)2 (d) None of these
(c) 4x (1 – x2) sin (1 – x2)2 dy
6. If y = cos x2 then
=
(d) – 2(1 – x2) sin (1 – x2)2 dx
(a) – 2x sin x2 (b) 2x sin x2
dæ 2 1ö
4. ççç x sin ÷÷÷ = (c) sin x2 (d) 2 cos x2
dx è xø
1.42 Physics

cos x dy 2sin x
7. If y = , then = (c)
x dx 2x + 3
x sin x - cos x 2sin x
(a) x sin x – cos x (b) (d) cos x ln (2x + 3) +
x2 2x + 3
æ x sin x + cos x ö÷ dy
(c) – ççç ÷ (d) x sin x + cos x 14. If y = e2x + 3 ln x then
=
è x2 ø÷ dx
(a) 2e2x + 3 ln x (b) e2x + 3 ln x
dy
8. If y = ( 3x + 1 )sin x then =  1  1
dx (c) e2x + 3  2 ln x +  (d) 2e2x + 3  ln x - 
 x  x
(a) zero
3sin x dy
(b) cos x 3x + 1 + 15. If y = ln x + ex sin x then =
dx
2 3x + 1
1
3sin x (a) – ex(sin x + cos x)
(c) cos x 3x + 1 - x
2 3x + 1 1
(d) None of these (b) + ex(sin x + cos x)
x
dy 1
9. If y = 3 sin2 x + cos x then = (c) + ex(sin x – cos x)
dx x
(a) sin x (6 cos x + 1) (b) (6 cos x + 1) cos x (d) None of these
(c) sin x (6 cos x – 1) (d) None of these
dy
16. If y = cosec x sin x then =
10. If y = ( ax + b ) ln x dx
(a) 1 (b) –1
ax + b a ln x
(a) + (c) 0 (d) None of these
x 2 ax + b
dy
ax + b ln x 17. If y = ex sin2 x then=
(b) + dx
x 2 ax + b
(a) ex[sin2 x + sin 2x] (b) ex[sin2 x + cos 2x]
ax + b a ln x (c) ex[sin2 x – sin 2x] (d) None of these
(c) -
x 2 ax + b
dy
18. If y = x cos x5 then
=
(d) None of these dx
dy (a) cos x5 + 5x5 sin x5 (b) cos x5 – 5x5 sin x5
11. If y = (3x + 7) sin x then =
dx (c) cos x5 – x sin x5 (d) None of these
(a) 3 sin x + (3x + 7) cos Application of Differentiation
(b) 3 sin x + (3x + 7) sin x
19. A particle moves along a line by S = t3 – 9t2 + 24t
(c) 3 sin x – (3x + 7) cos x
then S is increasing when t ∈
(d) None of these
(a) (2, 4) (b) (0, 2) ∪ (4, ∞)
dy
12. If y = sin2 x2 then = (c) (–1, ∞) (d) (4, ∞)
dx
20. A point P is moving with uniform velocity v along
(a) 4x sin2x cos x2 (b) 4x sin x2 cos x2 a line AB. ‘O’ is a point on the line perpendicular
(c) 4x sin x2 cos2 x (d) None of these drawn to AB at A and at a distance ‘l’ from it. The
angular velocity of P about ‘O’ is
dy
13. If y = sin x ln (2x + 3) then = lv lv
dx (a) (b)
(a) cos x ln (2x + 3) OP OP 2
2sin x OP OP 2
(b) cos x ln (2x + 3) – (c) (d)
2x + 3 lv lv

21. Two cars started from a place one moving due east
and the other due north with equal speed V. Then the
rate at which they were being separated from each
other is
2 V
(a) (b)
V 2
1
(c) (d) 2V
2V
22. A particle moves along the curve y = x2 + 2x. Then
the point on the curve such that x and y coordinates
of the particle change with same rate
1 5
(a) (1, 3) (b)  ,  2(a - b)
2 2
 -1 -3 
(c)  ,  (d) (–1, a)
 2 4 
23. If the rate of change in the volume of a cube equal to
the rate of change in its side then the length of side is
1 1
(a) (b)
2 3
(c) 2 (d) 3
24. The volume of metallic hollow sphere is constant. If
the outer radius is increasing at the rate of v cm/sec.
Then the rate at which the inner radius increasing
when the radii are a + d, a is
v(a + d )2 v(a + d )
(a) (b) (a) 2
a 2
a rh
(c) v(a + d) (d) a + d
25. The radius and height of a cylinder are equal to the
radius of sphere. The ratio of the rates of change of
the volume of the sphere and cylinder is
(a) 4 : 3 (b) 3 : 4
(c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2
26. A balloon is in the shape of a cone surmounted by a
hemisphere. The diameter of the sphere is equal to
the height of the cone. If the height of the balloon is
9 cm then the rate of change in its volume is ––––––
times the rate of change in its height is
(a) 64 p (b) 6 p
(c) 12 p (d) 3 p
27. A kite is at 15 m height and 20 m of string is out. If
the kite starts drifting away horizontally at the speed
of 4 m/hr. Then how fast is string being released.
(a) 4 m/hr (b) 2 m/hr
(c) 7 m/hr (d) 5 m/hr
Mathematics for Physics 1.43
28. A person of height 180 cm starts from a lamp post
of height 450 cm and walks at the constant rate of
4 km/hour. The rate at which his shadow increases is
(a) 2 kmph (b) 6.4 kmph
(c) 8/3 kmph (d) 4 kmph
29. A source of light is hung ‘a’ mt directly above a
straight horizontal path on which a boy ‘b’ metre
in height is walking. How fast is the shadow
lengthening when he is walking away from the light
at the rate of ‘c’ mt/min ?
bc bc
(a) mt/min (b) mt/min
a-b a+b
bc bc
(c) mt/min (d) mt/min
2(a + b)
30. A rod of 10 feet long moves with its ends A and B
always on the axes of x and y respectively. If A is 8
ft from the origin and is moving away at the rate of
2 ft / sec. At what rate the area formed by AB and the
axes changing ?
(a) 11/3 sq. ft/sec (b) 10/3 sq. ft/sec
-14 -12
(c) sq. ft/sec (d) sq. ft/sec
3 3
31. The radius of the base of a cylinder is r cm. Water
is poured into it at the rate of k3 cc/sec. When the
height of water level is h cm, then the water level is
rising at the rate of
k2 k2
(b)
rr 2
k3 k
(c) (d)
rr 3 rh 2
32. An aeroplane is flying horizontally at an altitude of
3000 ft directly over an observer. If it is flying with
a speed of 300 ft/sec, the rate at which it is moving
away from the observer when it is at 5000 ft away
from the observer is
(a) 200 ft/sec (b) 220 ft/sec
(c) 240 ft/sec (d) 260 ft/sec
33. An electric lamp is at a height of 20 ft above the
floor. An object falls freely under gravity starting
from the rest at the same height as the lamp, but at a
horizontal distance of 5 ft from it. The speed of the
shadow of the object on the floor when it has fallen
through 16 ft is
(a) 12 ft/sec (b) 12.5 ft/sec
(c) 11 ft/sec (d) 10 ft/sec
1.44 Physics
34. A man on a wharf 20 mt above the water level pulls log x
in a rope to which a boat is attached at the rate of 42. ∫ dx
x
4 mt/sec. At what rate is the boat approaching the
shore, when there is still 25 mts rope out (log x) 2
(a) log x + c (b) +C
20 2
(a) mt/sec (b) 20 mt/sec
3 (log x) 2
23 (c) - + C (d) – log x + C
(c) 23 mt/sec (d) mt/sec 2
2 1
35. The maximum and minimum values of 43. # ^x 2
+ 2x + 1 h $ dx
f (x) = 4x3 + 3x2 – 6x + 5 are 0
7
(a) 8, 7/2 (b) 10, 13/4 (a) 2 (b)
3
(c) 3, 5/7 (d) 2, 8/7 (c) 1 (d) 3
36. The volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed p/2
in a sphere of radius = 9 cm is 44. 2 ∫ (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) dx =
32 0
(a) p c.c. (b) 72 p c.c.
3 (a) 2 (b) –2
288
(c) 288 p c.c. (d) p c.c. (c) 1 (d) 0
3
p/2
37. Height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can
be inscribed in a sphere of radius 12 cm is
45. ∫ (cos x + cos 2 x) dx =
0
(a) 8 3 cm (b) 8 cm p
(a) –1 (b)
(c) 12 3 cm (d) 24 cm 2
38. The sum of the hypotenuse and a side of a triangle (c) 1 (d) 2
are given. If the area of the triangle is maximum
then the angle between them is cos 1
46. ∫ dx
r r cos 1
(a) (b)
2 3 x 1 x
(a) 2 tan - x + c (b) tan - x + c
r r 2 2 2
(c) (d)
4 6 1 x x
(c) x - tan + c (d) x - 2 tan + c
Integration and Applications 2 2 2
1
39. ∫ dx tan x
sin x ⋅ cos 2 x
2
47. ∫ dx =
sec x + tan x
(a) cot x + tan x + C (b) tan x – cot x + C
(a) sec x + tan x – x + c (b) sec x + tan x – x + c
(c) – tan x + cot x + C (d) – tan x – cot x + C
(c) sec x – tan x + x + c (d) – sec x + tan x – x + c
1 x
40. ∫ dx 48. ∫ 1 + sin dx =
1 + e– x 2
(a) log(1 + ex) + C (b) tan x – cot x + C 1 æç x xö
(c) – tan x + cot x + C (d) – tan x – cot + C
(a)
èççcos - sin ø÷÷÷ + c
4 4 4
cosec 2 x dx æ x xö
41. ∫ dx (b) 4çççcos - sin ÷÷÷ + c
1 + cot x è 4 4ø

(a) – log |1 + cot x | + C æ x xö

(c) 4çççsin - cos ÷÷÷ + c
è 4 4ø
(b) log | 1 + cot x | + C
æ x xö
(c) log | 1 + tan x | + C (d) 4çççsin + cos ÷÷÷ + c
è 4 4ø
(d) – log | 1 + tan x | + C
 Mathematics for Physics 1.45
sin x + cos x (a) log10 e (b) 2 loge 10
49. ∫ dx =
1
1 + sin 2 x (c) 2 log10 e (d) log10 e
2
(a) sin x + c (b) cos x + c 56. A particle starts at the origin and moves along the
(c) x + c (d) x2 + c x-axis in such a way that its velocity at the point
π/4 dx 2
(x, 0) is given by the formula = cos px. Then the
50. # sin ]2xg $ dx dt
0 particle never reaches the point on
1 1
(a) (b) 1 3
2 4 (a) x = (b) x =
3 4 4
(c) (d) 1 1
4 (c) x = (d) x = 1
cosec x 2
51. ∫ dx =
x 57. Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank by
log tan
2 opening a valve at the base of the tank. It is known
 x  x that the rate at which the water level drops is
(a) log  log tan  + c (b) 2log  log tan  + c
 2  2 proportional to the square root of water depth y,
where the constant of proportionality k > 0 depends
1  x
(c) log  log tan  + c (d) None of these on the acceleration due to gravity and the geometry
2  2  1
of the hole. If t is measured in minutes and k =
1 15
52. ∫ cos 2 x (1 - tan x) 2
dx = then the time to drain the tank if the water is 4 m
deep to start with, is
1 1 (a) 30 min (b) 45 min
(a) + c (b) +c
tan x -1 1- tan x
(c) 60 min (d) 80 min
1 1
(c) - + c (d) None of these Vectors Definitions
3 (1 - tan x)3
58. A physical quantity which has a direction :–
10 x9 + 10 x log e 10 (a) Must be a vector (b) May be a vector
53. ∫ dx =
10 x + x10 (c) Must be a scalar (d) None of the above
1 1 59. How many minimum number of coplanar vectors
(a) - x
+ c (b) log(10x + x10) + c which represent same physical quantity having
2 (10 + x10 ) 2
different magnitudes can be added to give zero
1 1 resultant
(c) x
+ c (d) None of these
2 (10 + x10 ) 2
(a) 2 (b) 3
54. A particle starts from rest and moves with (c) 4 (d) 5
acceleration a which varies with time t as a = kt 60. I started walking down a road in morning facing the
where k is a constant. The displacement s of the sun. After walking for some–time, I turned to my
particle at time t is left, then I turned to the right once again. In which
1 2 1 direction was I going then –
(a) kt (b) kt 2
2 2 (a) East (b) North–west
1 3 (c) North–east (d) South
(c) kt (d) None
6
61. A bird moves from point (1 m, –2 m, 3 m) to
55. A particle moves in a straight line with a velocity (4 m, 2 m, 3 m). If the speed of the bird is 10 m/s,
dx then the velocity vector of the bird in m/s is:
given by = x + 1 (x is the distance described).
dt (a) 5 (iˆ - 2 ˆj + 3kˆ) (b) 5 (4iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ)
The time taken by a particle to traverse a distance of
(c) 0.6iˆ + 0.8 ˆj (d) 6iˆ + 8 ˆj
99 metre is
1.46 Physics
62. Let A is a non zero vector. 68. Force 3 N, 4 N and 12 N act at a point in mutually
perpendicular directions. The magnitude of the
(a) A = A (b) At = A
resultant force is :
(c) A = A At (d) None of these.
(a) 19 N (b) 13 N

63. If a is a vector and x is a non–zero scalar, then (c) 11 N (d) 5 N
 
(a) x a is a vector in the direction of a 69. The unit vector parallel to the resultant of the vectors
   
(b) x a is a vector collinear to a A = 4iˆ + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ and B =-iˆ + 3 ˆj - 8kˆ is :
 
(c) x a and a have independent directions 1 ˆ 1
(a) (3i + 6 ˆj - 2kˆ) (b) (3iˆ + 6 ˆj + 2kˆ)
(d) None of these. 7 7
1 ˆ 1 ˆ
64. Equation of line BA is x + y = 1. Find a unit vector (c) (3i + 6 ˆj + 2kˆ) (d) (3i + 6 ˆj - 2kˆ)
49 49
along the reflected ray AC.
   
Y 70. The resultant of two vectors P and Q is R . If Q is
B C
doubled then the new resultant vector is perpendicular
 
  to P . Then magnitude of R is:
O X
A P2 - Q2
(a) (b) Q
(iˆ + ˆj ) (iˆ - ˆj ) 2 PQ
(a) (b)
2 2 P P+Q
(c) (d)
(c) 2(iˆ + ˆj ) (d) None Q P-Q

65. A situation may be described by using different sets
of co-ordinate axes having different orientations.
Which of the following depends on the orientation
of the axes ?
(a) the value of a scalar
(b) component of a vector
(c) a vector
(d) the magnitude of a vector
66. A particle has position vector (3iˆ - ˆj + 2kˆ) metre at
time t = 0. It moves with constant velocity
(-iˆ + ˆj - 3kˆ) ms–1. The position vector (in m) of the
particle after 3 second is
(a) 2 ˆj - 7kˆ (b) 2iˆ - kˆ
(c) ĵ (d) 3kˆ .
Vector Addition and Subtraction
67. The sum of magnitudes of two forces acting at a
point is 16 N. If the resultant force is 8 N and its
direction is perpendicular to smaller force, then the
forces are :
(a) 6 N and 10 N (b) 8 N and 8 N
(c) 4 N and 12 N (d) 2 N and 14 N
71. There are two force vectors, one of 5 N and other of
12 N at what angle the two vectors be added to get
resultant vector of 17 N, 7 N and 13 N respectively.
(a) 0°, 180° and 90° (b) 0°, 90° and 180°
(c) 0°, 90° and 90° (d) 180°, 0° and 90°
72. A particle has displacement of 12 m towards east
and 5 m towards north then 6 m vertically upward.
The sum of these displacements is:
(a) 12 m (b) 10.04 m
(c) 14.31 m (d) 23 m
73. 12 coplanar non collinear forces (all of equal
magnitude) maintain a body in equilibrium, then the
angle between any two adjacent forces is
(a) 15° (b) 30°
(c) 45° (d) 60°
  
74. Given that P = Q = R. If P + Q =R then the angle
     
between P and R is θ1. If P + Q + R = 0 then the
 
angle between P and R is θ2. The relation between
θ1 and θ2 is:
q2
(a) θ1 = θ2 (b) θ1 =
2
(c) θ1 = 2θ2 (d) None of the above
 Mathematics for Physics 1.47
75. At what angle must the two forces (x + y) and (x – y)   
82. The resultant of the three vectors OA, OB and OC
act so that the resultant may be ( x2 + y 2 ) : shown in figure is
- ( x2 + y 2 ) - 2( x 2 - y 2 ) A
(a) cos–1 (b) cos –1
2( x 2 - y 2 ) x2 + y 2
B
r 45°
r
- ( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 - y 2 ) 45°
(c) cos–1 (d) cos –1 C
x2 - y 2 x2 + y 2 O r

76. Three concurrent forces of the same magnitude are

in equilibrium. What is the angle between the force? (a) r (b) 2r
Also name the triangle formed by the force as sides:
(c) r (1 + 2) (d) r ( 2 - 1) .
(a) 60° equilateral triangle
83. In an equilateral triangle ABC, AL, BM and CN are
(b) 120° equilateral triangle
the medians. Which of the following would correctly
(c) 120°, 30°, 30° an isosceles triangle
represent the resultant of two forces represented by
(d) 120° an obtuse angled triangle BC and BA?
77. Three forces P, Q and R are acting at a point in the (a) AC (b) 2 AL
plane. The angle between P and Q and Q and R are (c) 2 BM (d) 2 CN.
150° and 120° respectively, then for equilibrium
84. If P = i + 2j + 6k, its direction cosines are
(i.e. net force = 0), forces P, Q and R are in the ratio
1 2 6
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 2 : 3 (a) . and
41 41 41
(c) 3 : 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 2 : 1 1 2 6
78. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then (b) . and
41 41 41
magnitude of difference is:
3 8 7
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) . and
41 41 41
(c) 1/ 2 (d)  
5 (d) 1, 2 and 6
79. The two vectors A and B are drawn from a common 85. Two forces P and 2P are acting at an angle q. If the
     square of the resultant of them is equal to half of the
point and C= A + B then angle between A and B is sum of the squares of their magnitudes then q is
(a) 90° if C2 ≠ A2 + B2
-1  5  -1  5 
(b) Greater than 90° if C2 < A2 + B2 (a) sin   (b) cos  - 
8  8
(c) Greater than 90° if C2 > A2 + B2
-1  8 
(d) None of these (c) cos   (d) 0°
5
80. Forces proportional to AB, BC and 2CA act along
the sides of triangle ABC in order. Their resultant 86. If A + B =
C and A+B =
C then the angle
represented in magnitude and direction as between A and B is
(a) CA (b) AC (a) 45° (b) 60°
(c) BC (d) CB (c) 90° (d) 0°
 
81. The resultant of two vectors A and B is 87. Two forces F1 and F2 are acting at a point, having

perpendicular to A . The magnitude of the resultant resultant as F. If F2 is doubled F is also doubled. If
 F2 is reversed then also F is doubled. If F= 6 N
is equal to half of the magnitude of B . The angle
  then find F1 and F2 (in N)
between A and B is
(a) 0º (b) 60º (a) 19, 6 (b) 3, 3
(c) 150º (d) 180º. (c) 6, 3 (d) 6, 3
1.48 Physics
88. If ‘P’ is in equilibrium then T1/T2is
T1 T2
60°
30°
900 N
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 / 3 (d) 1/2
Components of Vector
89. A displacement vector, at an angle of 30° with
y-axis, has an x-component of 10 units. Then the
magnitude of the vector is
(a) 5.0 (b) 10
(c) 11.5 (d) 20
90. X-component of a is twice of its Y-component. If
the magnitude of the vector is 5 2 and it makes an
angle of 135° with z-axis then the components of
vector is:
(a) 2 3 , 3 , –3 (b) 2 6 , 6 , –6
(c) 2 5 , 5 , –5 (d) None of these

91. If a vector A makes angles 45° and 60° with x and
y axis respectively then the angle made by it with
z axis is
(a) 30° (b) 60°
(c) 90° (d) 45°
92. The rectangular components of a vector lying in xy
plane are 1 and p + 1. If co-ordinate system is turned
by 30°, They are p and 4 respectively the value of ‘p’ is
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 3.5 (d) 7
93. If a, b and g are the angles made by a vector with X,
Y and Z-axes then sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 g is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
94. If A =2i – 3j + 4k, its components in yz plane and zx
plane are respectively
(a) 13 and 5 (b) 5 and 2 5
(c) 2 5 and 13 (d) 13 and 23
Vector-Scalar Product
=
95. Let A iAˆ cos q + ˆjA sin q , be any vector. Another
vector B which is normal to A is :
(a) iB ˆ cos q + ˆjB sin q (b) iBˆ sin q + ˆjB cos q
(c) iB ˆ sin q - ˆjB cos q (d) iA
ˆ cos q - ˆjA sin q
96. The projection of a vector, r = 3iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ , on the
x – y plane has magnitude
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 14 (d) 10
97. Let a , b , c be vectors of length 3, 4, 5 respectively.
Let a be perpendicular to b + c , b to c + a and c
    
to a + b . Then a + b + c is :
(a) 2 5 (b) 2 2
(c) 10  5 (d) 5 2
98. Let a , b , c are three unit vectors such that a + b + c
is also a unit vector. If pairwise angles between
  
a , b , c are θ1, θ2 and θ3 respectively then cos θ1
+ cos θ2 + cos θ3 equals
(a) 3 (b) – 3
(c) 1 (d) – 1
99. The magnitude of scalar product of two vectors is 8
and of vector product is 8 3 . The angle between
them is :
(a) 30° (b) 60°
(c) 90° (d) 150°
100. Force acting on a particle is (2iˆ + 3 ˆj ) N . Work done
by this force is zero, when the particle is moved on
the line 3y + kx = 5. Here value of k is (Work done
W = F$d )
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8
   
101. The vector (a + 3b ) is perpendicular to (7 a - 5b )
and (a - 4b ) is perpendicular to (7 a - 2b ) . The
angle between a and b is :
(a) 30° (b) 45°
(c) 60° (d) None of these
102. If a, b, c are three non–zero vectors such that
a +b +c = 0 the value of a.b + b .c + c .a is
(a) Less than zero (b) equal to zero
(c) greater than zero (d) 3.
 Mathematics for Physics 1.49
103. A unit vector in xy–plane that makes an angle of 45° 1   1  
(a) e1 + e2 (b) e1 - e2
with the vector iˆ + ˆj and an angle of 60° with the 2 2
vector 3iˆ - 4 ˆj is    
e1 . e2 e1 × e2
(c) (d)  
iˆ + ˆj 2 2 e1 e2
(a) iˆ (b)
2
ˆi - ˆj 111. In a clockwise system :
(c) (d) None of these.
2 (a) kˆ × ˆj = iˆ (b) iˆ .iˆ = 0
 (c) ˆj × ˆj =iˆ (d) kˆ . ˆj = 1
104. | b | can be written as
    112. The linear velocity of a rotating body is given by
(a) b ⋅ b (b) b ⋅b     
  2   v = ω× r , where ω is the angular velocity and r is
(c) (b ⋅ b ) (d) (b ⋅ b )3/2 . the radius vector. The angular velocity of a body is
  
105. The resolved part of the force F =+ i 2 j - 4k in the ω = iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2kˆ and the radius vector =
r 4 ˆj - 3kˆ ,
 
direction of a = 2i + 4 j - 4 k is then | v | is
13 13 (a) 29 units (b) 31 units
(a) ( -i + 2 j - 2k ) (b) ( i + 2 j - 2k )
9 9
(c) 37 units (d) 41 units
13
(c) ( -i - 2 j - 2k ) (d) None of these 113. Which of the following expressions are not
9 meaningful ?
    
Vector-Cross Product (a) u.( v × w ) (b) ( u.v ) .w
      
106. A vector A points vertically upward and B points (c) ( u.v ) w (d) u × ( v × w)
  
114. If the vectors a , b , c form the sides BC, CA and AB
towards north. The vector product A × B is :
respectively of a triangle ABC, then
(a) Null vector (b) Along west
        
(c) Along east (d) Vertically downward (a) a.b + b .c + c .a =
0 (b) a × b = b × c = c × a
               
107. If | A × B |=3 A.B , then the value of A + B is : (c) a=
.b b= .c c .a (d) a × b + b × c + c × a = 0
1/2  
 2 2 AB  115. If A is parallel to B , then
(a)  A + B + 
 3
   2
(b) A + B (a) A ⋅ ( A + B) = A + AB
  
(c) (A2 + B2 + 3 AB)1/2 (b) A × ( A + B) = AB
(d) (A2 + B2 + AB)1/2  
    (c) A ⋅ B = 0
108. The value of ( A + B).( A × B) is :   
(a) 0 (b) A2 – B2 (d) A × ( A × B) = 9
(c) A2 + B2 + 2AB (d) None of these   
116. If a =2i + 3 j - k , b =-i + 2 j - 4k and c =i + j + k ,
109. Select incorrect statement
     
(a) for any two vectors A ⋅ B ≤ AB then (a × b ).(a × c ) is
  (a) 60 (b) 68
(b) for any two vectors A × B ≤ AB
(c) –60 (d) –74
(c) A vector is not changed if it is slid parallel to
itself.
117. Area of the triangle whose base is given by A = i + j
(d) A vector is necessarily changed if it is rotated
through an angle. + k and one of the two sides by =B 4 j + 3k is
  26
110. If e1 and e2 are two unit vectors and θ is the angle (a) 26 (b)
2
q 5
between them , then sin   is : (c) (d) 5
2 2
1.50 Physics
118. If A × B = B × C then (c) 6 (d) 14
(a) C = A (b) C = - A 120. Vertices of a triangle are given by i + 3 j + 2k ,
(c) C =- B (d) A = B 2i - j + k and -i + 2 j + 3k , then area of triangle
119. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are represented
is(in units)
by the vectors P =5i + 4 j + 3k and Q =3i + 2 j + k ,
(a) 107 / 2 (b) 107 / 6
then the area of parallelogram in square units is
5 107
(a) 12 (b) (c) (d) 207 / 3
2 2

Answer Key
Exercise 1
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (d)
51. (d) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (d) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (c) 63. (c) 64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (d) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (a)
71. (b) 72. (c) 73. (c) 74. (c) 75. (c) 76. (b) 77. (a) 78. (c) 79. (d) 80. (a)
81. (b) 82. (c) 83. (d) 84. (b) 85. (b) 86. (c) 87. (a) 88. (c) 89. (b) 90. (d)
91. (d) 92. (b) 93. (c) 94. (a) 95. (b) 96. (d) 97. (a) 98. (d) 99. (a) 100. (a)
101. (a) 102. (a) 103. (b) 104. (a) 105. (a) 106. (d) 107. (b) 108. (a) 109. (c) 110. (b)
111. (a) 112. (a) 113. (d) 114. (d) 115. (d) 116. (a) 117. (a) 118. (b) 119. (c) 120. (a)
121. (a) 122. (b) 123. (a) 124. (a)
Exercise 2
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (c) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (b)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (d) 78. (b) 79. (b) 80. (a)
81. (c) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (b) 85. (b) 86. (d) 87. (d) 88. (c) 89. (d) 90. (c)
91. (b) 92. (d) 93. (b) 94. (b) 95. (c) 96. (d) 97. (d) 98. (d) 99. (b) 100. (a)
101. (c) 102. (a) 103. (d) 104. (a) 105. (b) 106. (b) 107. (d) 108. (a) 109. (d) 110. (b)
111. (a) 112. (a) 113. (b) 114. (b) 115. (a) 116. (d) 117. (b) 118. (b) 119. (c) 120. (a)