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1. Machinery
Power generator
Although the generated current is alternating current, it can be rectified to obtain a direct
current. The diagram attached shows the induced current in a single single-phase generator.
Most AC generators are three phases.
The reverse process would be that performed by an electric motor, which transforms electrical
energy into mechanics
Pelton Turbine
A Pelton turbine is one of the most efficient types of hydraulic turbine. It is a motor, tangential
flow (transverse) turbo machine, partial intake and action. It consists of a wheel (rodete or
rotor) equipped with spoons on its periphery, which are specially made to convert the energy of
a jet of water that influences the spoons.
Pelton turbines are designed to exploit large low-flow hydraulic jumps. Hydroelectric plants
equipped with this type of turbine have, for the most part, a long pipe called a pressure gallery
to transport the fluid from high altitudes, sometimes up to more than 1500 meters. At the end
of the pressure gallery, water is supplied to the turbine by one or more needle valves, also
called nozzles, which are nozzle-shaped to increase the flow rate on the spoons.
Operation
La tobera o inyector lanza directamente el chorro de agua contra la serie de paletas en forma
de cuchara montadas alrededor del borde de una rueda; el doble de la distancia entre el eje
de la rueda y el centro del chorro de agua se denomina diámetro Pelton. El agua acciona
sobre las cucharas intercambiando energía con la rueda en virtud de su cambio de cantidad
de movimiento, que es casi de 180°. Podemos observar en la figura anexa un corte de una
pala en el diámetro Pelton; el chorro de agua impacta sobre la pala en el medio, es dividido en
dos, los cuales salen de la pala en sentido casi opuesto al que entraron, pero jamás puede
salir el chorro de agua en dirección de 180° ya que si fuese así el chorro golpearía a la pala
sucesiva y habría un efecto frenante. La sección de entrada del fluido a la cuchara se
denomina 11, así como 12 a la sección de salida.
Engine control center
An Engine Control Center (ECC) is by definition a board that feeds, controls and protects
circuits whose load essentially consists of motors and which it uses starters (contactors and
relays) as main components of Control. It consists of an arrangement or combination of
several grouped starters in a cabinet or general board, of a self-supporting type, to protect a
certain group of engines, which also allows you to achieve through your internal wiring the
automation to perform a certain process.
Functions:
Check the engine.
Ensure the safety of the staff.
Protect the assembly from electrical failure.
Oil coolers
This makes oil measurements of the generators and turbine, for maintenance.
The function of an oil indicator is to give you a visual reading of the oil pressure inside the
engine. It has an indicator needle and a reading scale. The numerical scale (usually in PSI)
usually has a green zone and in some areas it is red. A pressure sensor inside the motor
sends information to the oil meter and the needle moves accordingly.
The oil meter is an important part of an engine diagnostic system in general. All engines need
oil to function properly. The internal oil pump accumulates pressure and circulates oil through
internal ducts to critical components such as bearings and bar connection. Without this, the
components overheat and the final effect is that the engine self-destructs. The oil indicator
gives the driver a visual indication of the health of the lubrication system by visualizing the
engine oil pressure.
Needle valves or injectors
It is a nozzle designed to reduce the desired values the flow, and with them the loss of load in
the driving. Loss of cargo occurs with the friction of the fluid with the pipe surface with the
forced conduction.
This device contains a closing needle whose movement increases or decreases the opening of
the nozzle and also the flow rate.
This is a very important communication device, because they are in every section of the
machine house, these phones are used when the control center needs to communicate some
urgency, because when something does not work they come to it, and it is possible to listen
even with the noise that exists in the machine house.
Spiral chamber or snail
To get water into the rode from the distributor crown there is a spiral chamber or snail that
takes care of the proper dosing at each point of entry of the water.
Its function is to evenly distribute the fluid at the inlet of the laud. The spiral or snail shape is
due to the average speed of the fluid must remain constant at each point of the fluid. The cross
section of the same can be rectangular or circular, the latter being the most used.
Voltage Meter
Transformer
It is a device that converts the alternating electrical energy of a certain voltage level into
alternating energy of another voltage level, based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic
induction. It consists of two coils of conductive material, wound on a closed core of
ferromagnetic material, but electrically isolated from each other.
Electric Transformer
It is called transformer or trafo (abbreviation), an electrical device that converts the alternating
electric energy of a certain voltage level, into alternating energy of another voltage level, by
means of the action of a magnetic field. The Power that enters the equipment, in the case of
an ideal transformer (that is, without losses), is equal to that obtained at the output. Real
machines have a small percentage of losses, depending on their design, size, etc. It consists
of two or more coils of conductive material, electrically isolated from each other usually
wrapped around the same core of ferromagnetic material. The only connection between the
coils is the common magnetic flux that is established in the core.
Oil Meter
They are the instruments used to record sources of temperature, humidity and process signals.
The more traditional temperature recorders record data on paper. The paper is passed under a
pen and it is deflected depending on the signal. The result is a graph or data table.
2. Power Production
Fortuna hydroplant belongs to the company Enel Green Power Panama which is one of the
largest service companies in the world. It is the largest power company in Italy, Spain and
Slovakia. It is also the main operator in Latin America. Recently they have been in charge of
the construction of the Sarigua solar plant, the first and only in the Panamanian territory.
We learned this in the video that we were put in the control house, In it is an operator in charge
of monitoring the most important hydroelectric generator in the country, responsible for
generating more than 20% of the energy consumed in Panama.
The operator of the system must be in constant communication with the National Dispatch
Center (CND) which is responsible for managing the production and consumption of energy in
Panama. The Fortuna generator works depending on the cnd's addresses. As energy
consumption varies, whether increasing or declining, the CND decides whether it will require
more or less power from the generator. It all depends on the demand.
1) The water from the reservoir is driven to the Machine House located at a lower level,
through tunnel and reinforced pipe with the purpose of transforming that energy into
potential water pressure energy that is controlled by spherical valves and injectors.
2) This potential water pressure energy when opening the injectors and when the water
collides with the pelton lap, is transformed into mechanical energy by rotating the
generator rotor.
3) Finally the mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy in the generator and
transported to the transmission lines. Water passing through the turbine is evicted from
the Machine House through the Unload tunnel.
3. Daily use tools
During the tour we were finding posters stuck on the wall which indicated the mandatory use of
the tools, which have to be used daily for worker protection. Among these tools we can
mention:
In the same way, during the tour we could find a sign in the halls which indicated the use of
some security tools, which will be useful in case of emergency
4. Safety Tools
Emergency stretcher
Boots
It is a type of footwear that aims to protect the worker from
the dangers of his trade such as falling objects, knocks on
the foot, low, medium and high voltage, in addition to cold
and heat, spillage of aggressive liquids or molten metals.
Reflective vest
It is an clothing used by people who walk on places where cars
circulate to improve their safety when they are illuminated by the
headlight. Reflective vests are normally in neon color and equipped
with reflective bands.
Extinguisher
5. Plant Infrastructure
The Fortuna hydroelectric plant is a hydroelectric with a reservoir
and is located in the province of Chiriquí was inaugurated in March
1984, with an installed capacity of 300 MW (3 units or Pelton
turbines of 100 MW each) taking advantage of the flowing waters of
the Chiriquí River diverted by a dam of enrocado with screen of
concrete of about 100 meters of height. It has a 6.0 km long
pressure tunnel, an 8.0 km long discharge tunnel and a 1.6 km long
machine house access tunnel; The machine house is underground
(430 meters deep). The normal level of operation is the 1050 meters
level above the average sea level, pouring the turbine water at a
height of 242 meters above the average sea level, its maximum
turbine flow is 45 m3/s. Fortuna hydroelectric is one the main
suppliers of the Republic of Panamá an its current owner is ENEL
Fortuna.
The hydroelectric plant is located approximately 22 kilometers northeast of the city David, very
close to the town of Gualaca, it started operating in November 2003. This plant has two units
for a total installed capacity of 120 MW.
It uses the turbulent waters or discharges of the Fortuna hydroelectric with the addition of the
Chiriquí waters and diverted flows of the Caldera Rivers, Barrigón stream. The power station
consists of two dams, one concrete on the Chiriquí River and the other on the Barrigón gorge,
a canal approximately 5.7 km long to the machine house, with landfill in the Estí River. Its
current owner is AES Panamá.
The operation of the ENEL Fortuna plant is based on the use of the potential energy of the
water located in the reservoir, which can store a water volume of 172.3 million cubic meters.
1. Water from the reservoir is taken to the machine house located at a lower level (765m),
through a tunnel and reinforced pipe with the purpose of transforming that energy into potential
water pressure energy that is controlled by means of spherical valves and injectors.
2. This potential energy of water pressure when opening the
injectors and when the water collides with the Pelton impeller, is
transformed into mechanical energy by rotating the generator rotor.
3. Finally, the mechanical energy is transformed into electrical
energy in the generator and is transported to the transmission lines.
The water that passes through the turbine is discharged from the
machine house through the discharge tunnel.
The ENEL Fortuna plant has three generators of 100 MW each,
which together produce an average hydrology year of 1,450 GWH,
which is approximately 23% of Panama´s electricity needs.
6. Environment Policy
The General Law on the Environment creates the Environmental Impact Assessment Process,
as "Environmental Management Instrument", in article 23, as part of a set of technical tools of
the same name in Title IV. These instruments will become Mi Ambiente form of management
of the country's sustainable development.
AGRICUTURAL CROPS
FOREST
THICKETS
GRASS
It also has civil engineers; who are in charge of studying the structures from the
dam to the machine house and that the visitors do not run dangers due to lack of
maintenance of structures or by detachment of rocks from earthquakes.
Mechanical engineers are an important part of the operation of the hydroelectric
plant since they maintain constant monitoring in the engine house, so that none of
the three generators is affected by lack of maintenance and can fulfill their
functions of electricity generation.
The electrical and electromechanical engineers are responsible for the energy
produced, be distributed in the same amount in high voltage cables and there is no
overload in which it affects users and also maintain a monitoring of the coverage of
the electricity nationwide. And finally, we have the systems engineers who are the
ones in the control tower monitoring everything that happens in the hydroelectric
power plant, thanks to the sensors established in each zone, and at the national
level they keep monitoring so that the electricity does not missing.
8. Other details
environmental evaluation:
highlighted by the benefits they brought during construction and have had during
the operation of the hydroelectric plant. On the other hand, it is also important to
note that with the construction of the Edwin Fábrega hydroelectric plant, a historic
step was taken when the first environmental assessment was carried out for a
development project in Panama. However, the Terms of Reference (ToR) for that
study are far from what is required at this time for a similar project. But even so, the
impact studies some twenty years later. The environmental and social studies for
the Fortuna project were commissioned by the IRHE and the World Bank to the
scientists and professionals from the Gorgas Laboratory itself, the University of
institutions of the United States participated in the study; It lasted nine (9) months
generators.
Temperature:
main facilities, but when talking about the exterminator in the command room a
cool temperature was found and in the Fortuna dam a cooler temperature.
Earthquakes:
effects, but Edwin Fabrega hydroelectric has indispensable manuals for these life
hydropower over the years has proven to be a civil work with a high level of
construction.
How to work?
Edwin Fabrega hydropower provided information
civil, electrical
and mechanical, these being the first steps to have a stable job and with
the income, comforts that are expected to be in such a large company.
Enel Green power has a total of 1216 plants around the world, from
hydroelectric to geothermal.
The company is also found on continents such as Europe, Asia, Oceania, America,
Africa