Sewn Products Machinery

&
Equipment

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Miss. Nanika Kaushal Shalu kumarI
Assistant professor BFT/18/356
Department of fashion technology
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my “SPME-II ”

faculty Miss. Nanika Kaushal for her able guidance and support in this
assignment.

I would also like to thank NIFT Bengaluru for providing me all the
resources that were required.

-Shalu Kumari
 WASHING
Washing is used to remove impurities from the surface of fibres, yarns
and fabrics. Rinsing and washing are the operations carried out most
frequently during a complete textile finishing cycle. They are almost
always connected to key treatments and aimed at removing from the
fabric insoluble matters, matters already in solution or an emulsion of
other impurities. Washing includes a chemical-physical process, which
removes the dirt from the substrate, and a series of physical operations
aiming at improving the "feedback action". A washable textile product
means that it can bewashed without appreciable shrinking, fading,loss of
strength or change in other property
Types of Washing
Washing can be performed on fabrics either in open-width or in rope
form. Rope washing is more effective than open-width washing thanks
to a stronger mechanic action, which favors the cleansing, and the
relaxation of the fabric structure; for delicate fabrics an open-width
washing must be preferred to avoid marks and creases. Open-width
washing is also the best choice for processing huge lots.
Rope washing
Substantially, batch piece washing machines are made up of a couple of
squeezing cylinders, which make the fabric swell (the fabric is
previously sewn on top and bottom and takes the shape of a continuous
ring); these cylinders are assembled inside a vessel, whose lower part
contains the detergent liquor. It is possible to wash a fabric inside this
vessel, by feeding it into restricted area without laying it stretched out.

Open-Width Washing
An open-width washing machine is usually a system featuring a vertical
path washing with driven cycle of multiple action baths, with a resulting
30/40% water and steam saving. This operating unit is manufactured in
several versions (10-15-30 meters) and can be used for every kind of
preparation and finishing treatment. Four different washing actions
alternate inside this machine:

• Washing on rising paths;

• Washing on sloping-down paths, carried out by means of spray
nozzles, which atomise on both face and back of fabrics,
performing a strong penetration action;
• "Vibraplus" effect washing, which removes from the fabric the
threadlike elements (fibrils) that do not dissolve in water;
• Extraction washing by means of vessel intermediate squeezing.
Effects of Washing

• Physical effects of water, temperature & agitation

• Chemical effects of individual ingredients of washing
product
• Physiochemical effects of wash process and
• Washing product ingredients

Working Principle

The working principle of a washing machine is centrifugation.

Centrifugation is a separation process which uses the action of
centrifugal force to promote accelerated settling of particles in a solid-
liquid mixture.
The washing machine consists of centrifuge for this purpose. A
centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a
fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis of spin that can be
very strong.
 Operation of the machine
• Formation of the detergent liquor (transfer of matter + energy by
mixing);
• Reaching of the process temperature and wetting (transfer of the
liquor to the material).
• Separation of impurities and emulsification (transfer of matter
from one step to the other).
• Removal of the liquor from the fibre (transfer of macroscopic
matter);
Drying (interstage transfer of heat and matter).

Often these steps occur simultaneously. The use of surfactants

(detergents) during the washing stage is extremely important to speed up
the wetting of the textile material, to facilitate the removal of dirt from
the substrate, thus keeping the emulsion inside the liquor and preventing
the particles laying down again on the fibre.

Crucial factors are water (which must be quite soft to avoid precipitation
of Ca and Mg salts which could give a rough and coarse hand to the
textile) and chemical products to be used (emulsifying agents.
 Importance of the process
This could therefore be considered a crucial treatment in the whole
textile process, because of the frequent use and strong economic impact.
the washing stage is necessary to complete the dyeing process itself or to
eliminate the dyestuff which has not been fixed;
during the printing stage, washing performs a finishing action.
When using vat dyes or disperse dyes, the washing process aims at
removing insoluble pigment substances from the fibre surface by means
of wetting dissolving agents.
 Comparison

Front loading machine

• In front-loading, the basket is placed in the horizontal

direction with no use of agitator.
• There are paddles at the side of the basket.
• In front-loading paddles gently pick up the clothes and drop
thems in soapy water.
• It has more capacity compared to top loading.
• Available with complete stainless steel inner & outer drum
Front door.
• Long lasting rust free operation.
• Auto timed, auto reverse, auto temperature control.
• Auto Water Level Control
• Electrically operated water & steam valves.
• Separate motors for wash & extract.
• Ideally suited for laundry wash & stone wash.
• Easy loading & unloading through large toughened glass
door
Top-loading Machine

• The top –loading machine has basket placed at the vertical

position.
• There is one agitator placed in the centre at the vertical axis.
• The agitator in top-loading grabs and thrashes the clothes.
• Less capacity compared to front-loading machine.
• There is a cover at the top that helps loading and unloading of
clothes in the round vessel that perform the function of the washer
as well as the rinser and drier in the fully automatic washing
machine.
Side-loading Machine

• Electrically & mechanically interlocked, S.S.Loading &

unloading doors
• Drive : Heavy duty motor co-ordinates with gear box, Pully
V belt drive
• Electrical Control : Well protected for performance auto
timed, auto reverse & auto digital temperature control
• Protective device against single phasing, reverse phasing and
motor overload
• Gauge glass cork pair for water level indication.
• Front display of controls through pilot lamps, push buttons,
water level indication etc.
• Electric, Steam or thermal fluid heated
• Automatic features like auto timed, auto reverse, auto
temperature controller with inching devise.
• Side Loading, open pocket, single & Double door, ideal for
larger laundries
• Performs all Type of wash with soap, detergent, bleaching,
acid, stone or any chemical wash including dying
• Ideally suited for Denim stone washing, enzyme washing
Garment Dying & Bleaching, Softening, Milling Operation
(for woolens)
• Interlocking system for main door opening for extra safety
 DRYING
Drying is done after de-watering of fabric. In textile finishing unit; dryer
uses for dry the knit, woven fabrics and dyed yarn. But the drying
process and drying mechanism of yarn and fabrics is different from one
to another. The main functions of a textile dryer is to dry the textile
fabrics. Drying is defined as a process where the liquid portion of the
solution is evaporated from the fabric.
Drying can be applied to the following textile materials (BAT for the
Textiles Industry, July 2003):

• loose fibre
• hanks
• yarn packages
• fabric

Working principle of the Machine

.
Considering points for selecting a dryer:

Following points should consider during buy a dryer.

• Heating methods: The textile fabrics may be heated by gas burner
or steam.
• Chamber: Number of chamber.
• Burner: Number of burner

After de-watering then the fabric through the dryer. The main function
of the dryer is given below,
• To dry the fabric.
• To control the overfeed system.
• To control the vibration which increase the G.S.M.
 This machine contains two chambers. Two mesh endless
conveyors are placed lengthwise to the chamber named conveyor
net and filter net, each chamber contain a burner, which supply hot
air .This hot air is guided through the ducting line by suction fan
.There are nozzles placed in between filter net and conveyor net.
When the fabric pass on the conveyor net, hot air is supplied to the
wet fabric to dry it. There are exhaust fan which such the wet air
and deliver to the atmosphere through the ducting line.
The speed of the dryer depends on the temperature of the m/c &
the G.S.M of the fabric . If the m/c temp. is high then m/c speed also
high and the m/c temp. is low then m/c speed is also low .

.The temp. of different chambers according to the shade of the

fabric:

Shade Chamber-1 Chamber-2

Light 1200c 1300c
Medium 1350c 1400c
Deep 1500c 1700c

Special Feature of Dryer :

1. Steam dryer ( two chambers ) .
2. Vibration occur in heating zone .
3. Process air pressure switch present .
4. Maximum temp. increase up to 1700C .
5. Steam control switch present .
 6. Two burners present .
7. Two conveyor belt is present .

Classification of drying techniques:

Drying techniques depend on packages. Loose fiber can be dried in three
ways:
• Centrifugal extraction
• Mangling
• Evaporative drying
In other way, hanks may be dried by employing a dehumidifying
chamber. Moisture is recovered by condensation, using conventional de-
humidification equipment. In comparison to evaporative dryers, yarn
residence time tends to be longer, but energy consumption is lower.

Yarn packages drying:

The moisture of dyed packages is initially reduced by centrifugal
extraction. Specially designed centrifuges, compatible with the design of
the dyeing vessel and yarn carriers are employed.

Fabric drying:
The drying process for fabric usually involves two steps: the first one is
aimed at removing water which is mechanically bound to fibres, while
the second one is necessary to dry completely the fabric.
• Hydro-extraction by squeezing
• Hydro-extraction by suction
• Centrifugal hydro-extractor
• Stenter process

Drying techniques may be classified as mechanical or thermal.

Mechanical processes are used in general to remove the water which is
mechanically bound to the fibre. This is aimed at improving the
efficiency of the following step. Thermal processes consist in heating the
water and converting it into steam. Heat can be transferred by means of:

• Convection
• Infrared radiation
• direct contact
• Radio-frequency
Objects of Drying Machine:

• To dry the fabric with help of steam

• To control the shrinkage
• To prepare for next subsequent process
• To dry tubular and open width fabric without tension

Fabric path diagram of textile dryer:

 Importance of the Process
• Drying is very essential in textile industry to eliminate or reduce
the water from the fibers, yarns and fabrics following wet
processes.
• Drying happens when liquid is vaporized from a product by the
application of heat. Drying, in particular by water evaporation, is a
high-energy-consuming step although overall consumption may be
reduced if re-use/recycling options are adopted.
• In case of Tensionless dryer, drying of fabric is carried in
relaxed/tensionless state, which is suitable for Knitted Fabric.
• This process is important to control the shrinkage of the fabric.
• For making the fabric more Relaxed: Two mesh conveyors are
placed length wise to the chamber named upper & bottom
conveyor and they are endless and made of taflon,under the bottom
conveyor there is a vibrator which makes the fabric more relaxed.
• To prepare for next subsequent process.
Three Pass Home Textile Tensionless Dryer

Technical Process:
Fabric Feeding System → Padder → Control Bridge → Pinning &
uncurler device → Drying Chambers → Fabric exit
Machine Specification:
Application: Home Textile Fabric
Fabric material: Cotton, Polyester, Nylon, Lycra etc
Chambers: 4-6 chambers
Heating system: Thermal Oil Or Natural Gas Or Steam
Machine speed: 5-80m/min
Machine color: Blue & White / Light grey
Control system: Touch Screen Control System
Features:
• Air relax dryer are combined with padder and pinning system for
fabric tentering fuction.
• Jumbo capacity with high efficiency blower motors, which can
help to achieve large quantity air into chambers for fabric drying
finishing.
• Touch screen control can equipped with online monitor system,
with the help of this system, manger can monitor this machine at
anytime all over the world.
Santashrink standard

Machine Specifications:
• Working width: 60 – 420 cm in steps of 20 cm, others on request
• Total width: Working width plus 200 cm
• Length of drying chamber: 2 m
• Total machine length: Number of chambers plus approx. 5.5 m
including the vibration section
• Evaporation capacity: 200 kg per drying chamber
• Fabric overfeed: 0 – 50% infinitely variable
• Fabric guidance: One or more parallel strands according to
requirement
• Heating system: Steam, natural or liquid gas or thermal oil
Features:
• Easy operation
• High water evaporation power
• Very economical energy consumption
• Extremely uniform temperature distribution in the drying zone
• Highly effective thermal insulation
• Finely adjustable drive system for individual functional ranges,
independently controlled
• between upper and lower nozzles adjustable
• Intensive steam and vibration field to achieve a particularly
advantageous residual shrinkage and fabric volume
Preshrunk Tensionless Dryer

Machine Specifications:
• Nominal Breadth: 1800mm
• Machine Speed: Max. 50m/min
• Super Feeding: 10~100%
• Radiator: extruding shell-and-tube fin type
• Drying Room Temperature: steam heating 140℃, heating oil
carrying heating 170℃
• Steam working pressure: 3.5~4kg/cm2。
• Evaporation: above 100kg/h per box
• Capability: 100KW (drying room is 6 byte)
• Outside Dimension: 16500×3200×3300mm（L×W×H）
Feature
• Single layer、super broad conveying mesh, can operating single or
multi-breadth fabric with high efficiency;
• Clothing Rack Equipment: multi cylinder knitting fabric opening
ring and multi-head screw opening roller;
• Machine Control: adopting PLC programmable control, frequency
conversion speed governing;
• Carrying out automatic control or cycle fan frequency conversion
control to the temperature of each drying room according to the
customers’ requirement;
• Mesh automatically tighten, correct error, fault alarm, and error
correcting adopts pneumatic control, stable operation;
• 6. Radiator: high heat efficiency, strong evaporation ability;
• Hot Wind Pipe: special design of up-down two-level offset jet, the
running of fabric is wavelike;
• After preshrunk and drying treatment, the fabric can get perfect
residual shrinkage, keeping the stability of its dimension and good
hand feeling.
 Refrence

1.http://wiki.zero-
emissions.at/index.php?title=Washing/Rinsing_in_textile_industry#:~:text=Washing%20is%20u
sed%20to%20remove,of%20fibres%2C%20yarns%20and%20fabrics.&text=Washing%20is%20
a%20finishing%20process,Textiles%20Industry%2C%20July%202003).
2.https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/03/textile-washing-treatment-sequence-of.html
3.https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/03/textile-washing-treatment-sequence-of.html
4.http://wiki.zero-emissions.at/index.php?title=Drying_in_textile_industry
5.https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/02/textile-dryer-working-principle-of.html
6.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#Washing
Thank you