Alexandria University

Faculty of Engineering
Dept. of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering

PRESENTED BY/ BASEM ELSAYED TAWFEEK

SUPERVISED BY/ PROF. HEBA W. LEHETA

 PREFACE
This report was written specifically about the modeling of a jack-up hull
in Autoship & importing this hull to Autohydro to perform the stability
calculations.

It was divided into 3 main parts:

The 1st is about Autoship; it includes an introduction to modeling, a
description of Autoship’s user interface, objects & tools & finally a
tutorial for the modeling of a jack-up hull.
The 2nd was about Autohydro; it includes an introduction of intact &
damage stability, description about the program user interface, file
hierarchy, job flow, menus & commands & a tutorial about stability
calculations in Autohydro.
The 3rd part is the stability criteria according to IMO rules.

I tried to make the report simple & Concentrated by providing it with

figures & examples so as to be helpful for any beginner in Autoship &
Autohydro.
 CONTENTS

I. Modeling using Autoship

1. Introduction
1.1 What is Autoship?..............................................................................1
1.2 Basic definitions & fundamentals ……………………….........…1
1.2.1 Polygonal modelers.........................................................................2
1.2.2 Spline modelers ………………………………………………..…2
1.2.3 NURBS (non-uniform rational B-splines) …………………….....2
1.2.4 Control Points ……………………….…………………………...3
1.2.5 Edit Points ……………………………………………………..…4
1.2.6 The Relation between edit points & control points ……………...5
1.2.7 Control Points and Surfaces ……………………………………...5
1.2.8 Knuckles ………………………………………………………....6
1.2.9 Chins ……………………………………………………………..6
1.2.10 Degree of Curves …………………………………………….....6
1.2.11 Variable Degree Curves ………………………………………...7
1.2.12 the Degree of Surfaces ………………………………………….8
1.2.13 Curve Direction ………………………………………………....8
1.2.14 Surface Direction ………………………………………….……8
1.2.15 Tools of Controlling Shape and Fairness ………………….……9
1.2.15.1 Porcupine Plot ……………………………………….…..9
1.2.15.2 Mean curvature ……………………………………….…9
1.2.15.3 Gaussian curvature ……………………………………....9
2. Navigating through Autoship
2.1 Autoship user interface ………………………………………..…10
2.1.1 Menu Bar ……………………………………………………….10
2.1.2 Display Windows ……………………………………………….10
2.1.2.1 The View Buttons …………………………………………….11
2.1.3 Display Tool Bar ………………………………………………..11
2.1.4 Mode Buttons …………………………………………………...11
2.2 Autoship modes …………………………………………………..12
2.2.1 Select Mode …………………………………………………….12
2.2.2 Edit Mode ...………………………………………………….....12
2.2.3 Create Mode ………………………………………………….....12
2.3 Autoship objects.……………………………………...………...…12
2.3.1 Points.……………………………………………………….…..13
2.3.2 Curves.………………………………………...………………...13
2.3.3 Surfaces ………………………………………………………....16
2.3.4 Poly Objects ………………………………………………….…19
2.3.5 Groups …………………………………………………….…….20
2.3.6 Base Points ……………………………………………………...21
2.3.7 Attachments ……………………………………………….……21
2.3.8 Clones ……………………………………………………….….22
2.4 Surface tools ……………………………………………….............22
2.4.1 Trim surfaces …………………………………………………...22
2.4.2 surf-surf intersection …………………………………….……...23
 2.5 The Attributes dialog box...……………………………..........….23
3. Modeling tutorial for a jack-up hull
3.1 Extracting points from the table of offset..................................26
3.2 Creating new project.......................................................................26
3.3 Creating the bottom curve.............................................................26
3.3 Creating the deck curve..................................................................27
3.4 creating the Deck & Bottom surfaces.........................................28
3.5 creating the sides..............................................................................29
3.6 creating the fore well curves.........................................................30
3.7 creating the well surfaces...............................................................33
3.8 creating the side well.......................................................................35
3.9 The final step.....................................................................................35
II. Stability calculations using Autohydro
1.
Introduction................................................................................................36
1.1 Intact stability....................................................................................36
1.1.1 Initial stability...............................................................................36
1.1.2 Stability at large angles of heel.....................................................38
1.1.2.1 The major differences between Initial & large angles
stability...........................................................................................38
1.1.2.2 GZ formula........................................................................38
1.1.2.3 The point S.........................................................................39
1.1.3 Static stability curve......................................................................39
1.1.4 Cross curves of stability................................................................40
1.1.5 Dynamic Stability.........................................................................41
1.1.6 Free surface effect.........................................................................41
1.2 Weight Additions, Removals and Shifts....................................42
1.2.1 Weight Addition...........................................................................42
1.2.2 Weight Removal...........................................................................43
1.2.3 Weight Shift..................................................................................43
1.2.4 General Vertical Weight Shift, Addition and Removal
Equation.................................................................................................44
1.3 Trim.....................................................................................................44
1.4 Damage stability...............................................................................46
1.4.1 Lost Buoyancy Method.................................................................47
1.4.2 The Added Weight Method..........................................................47
2. Navigating through Autohydro
2.1 Autohydro Main features...............................................................48
2.1.1 Autohydro Key Features...............................................................48
2.1.2 Automatic Report Generation Features........................................48
2.2 Program modules.............................................................................48
2.3 Geometry Files.................................................................................49
2.4 File Types...........................................................................................49
2.4.1 Modelmaker..................................................................................49
2.4.2 Autohydro.....................................................................................49
2.5 Commands.........................................................................................49
 2.5.1 Commands in Modelmaker...........................................................49
2.5.2 Commands in Autohydro..............................................................50
2.6 Typical job flow...............................................................................50
2.7 Quick tour inside Modelmaker.....................................................51
2.7.1 Data Hierarchy..............................................................................51
2.7.1.1 Part.....................................................................................51
2.7.1.2 Component.........................................................................52
2.7.1.3 Shape..................................................................................52
2.7.2 Units..............................................................................................52
2.7.3 User interface................................................................................53
2.7.3.1 The main tool bar...............................................................53
2.7.3.2 Shape Editor Box...............................................................54
2.7.3.3 Viewing screen..................................................................55
2.7.4 Mouse driven operations...............................................................55
2.7.5 Creation & editing of parts & components...................................56
2.7.5.1 Creating parts.....................................................................56
2.7.5.2 Creating components.........................................................58
2.7.5.2.1 Create a box....................................................................59
2.7.5.2.2 Create cylinder/cone.......................................................59
2.7.6 Fitting objects...............................................................................60
2.7.7 Joining objects..............................................................................61
2.7.8 Deducting......................................................................................62
2.7.9 Sounding tube...............................................................................63
2.8 Getting inside Autohydro...............................................................64
2.8.1 User interface................................................................................64
2.8.1.1 Ship's Views.......................................................................65
2.8.1.2 Hydrostatics Values...........................................................65
2.8.1.3 Status Bar...........................................................................65
2.8.1.4 The main tool bar...............................................................65
2.8.2 Weights.........................................................................................66
2.8.2.1 Weight categories..............................................................66
2.8.2.2 Fixed Weights dialog.........................................................67
2.8.3 Conditions of equilibrium.............................................................67
2.8.4 Drafts Dialog.................................................................................68
2.8.5 Fluids Dialog.................................................................................68
2.8.6 Hazards Dialog.............................................................................69
2.8.7 Tank Information Dialog..............................................................69
2.8.7.1 Tank Categories.................................................................70
2.8.7.2 Editing Tank Information..................................................70
2.8.7.3 Tank Types........................................................................71
2.8.8 Calculate Menu.............................................................................72
2.8.9 Autohydro Commands..................................................................72
2.8.9.1Command Syntax and Conventions....................................72
2.8.9.2 Command job Flow...........................................................75
2.8.9.3 Command Classification....................................................75
3- Brief Autohydro tutorial
3.1 Creating the GF file in Autoship..................................................78
3.2 Opening the file in Modelmaker..........................................78
3.3.1 Create a part.......................................................................78
 3.3.2 Create a component...........................................................78
3.4 Start Autohydro and find lightship displacement.................79
3.5 Add cargo and find resultant drafts......................................79
3.6 Loading tanks.......................................................................79
3.7 Create report.........................................................................79
3.8 Create a stability book..........................................................79
III. Stability criteria for Offshore Self elevating units
according to IMO rules
1.1 Righting moment and heeling moment curves.........................81
1.2 Intact stability criteria.....................................................................83
1.3. Subdivision and damage stability...............................................85
1.4 Extent of damage..............................................................................86
IV References.........................................................................................87
FIRST OF ALL
THANKS TO GOD
 Part I

MODELING OF A
JACK-UP HULL USING
AUTOSHIP

Chapter 1. Introduction

Chapter 2. Navigating through Autoship

Chapter 3. Jack-up Hull modeling tutorial

 1. Introduction
1.1 What is Autoship?

Autoship is a powerful 3D modeling program running under Microsoft

Windows®. It's allows you to create accurate, high resolution models that
can be exported to other CAD/CAM programs on the PC and workstation
platforms.
With Autoship, you can model a dinghy, a super tanker, or almost any
object in between. The models you create can be used for weight and
hydrostatic calculations, production, 3D renderings, and animation.

1.2 Basic definitions & fundamentals:

• Modeling: The process of creating objects and assigning lights

and a Viewpoint to the scene.
• Rendering: The process of converting the scene to a 2D image
drawn on the screen.
• Solid modeling: the process of creating solid objects.
• Surface modeling: the process of creating surfaces.

Autoship is a surface modeler.

The difference between solid & surface modeling can readily be seen
in the objects they create, Figure 1-1 shows a hemisphere modeled
with a surface modeler (left) and a solid modeler (right).

Figure 1-1: Surface model (left) and solid model (right)

• Advantage of surface modelers over solid modelers:

The surface modeler deals with the surface of an object, but not it's
interior. The surface is infinitesimally thin. When an object like a
sphere is modeled, it is created as an empty shell.
Modeling the surface of the object rather than its volume is less
calculation intensive.
Note:
Even though Autoship is not a solid modeler, it does provide for
surface closure, and it allows you to assign a thickness and specific
gravity to the surface. This means that Autoship can yield some of the
information (such as the object volume and weight) normally found
only with solid models. This is important in engineering and scientific
applications, where the physical properties of objects need to be
studied. It is also useful information for designers who need to know
such factors as the cost of materials for making an object.

1.2.1 Polygonal modelers:

Represent the surface of objects as meshes of three- and four-sided
polygons. These polygons are made up of straight lines connected by
vertices. Because polygonal modelers uses simple geometric entities
(straight lines and points), they can calculate and display surfaces very
quickly. However, it is difficult to easily model free-form surfaces,
such as parts of a ship. The more curved the surfaces on a polygonal
model, the more polygons that must be used to approximate the object.

1.2.2 Spline modelers:

Use an entirely different method for generating curved surfaces. The
object is defined by polynomials and controlled by mathematical
entities called control points. This results in a much more accurate
representation of surfaces and smaller data files. However, creating
and displaying spline models is much more calculation intensive,
which slows down the program.
Considering the absolute necessity for accurate, smooth surfaces in
ship design, spline modelers have long been the mainstay of ship
builders.

1.2.3 NURBS (non-uniform rational B-splines):

A mathematical system used to describe complex, free-form curves.
B-splines are constructed of polynomial pieces joined end-to-end. In
Autoship, the pieces can have degree 1 to 5. The joins between pieces
are called knots.

• NURBS Features:
NURBS curves are made up of continuous, end-to-end segments,
joined at knots.
Although a B-spline curve can have many control points, the shape
of any part of the curve is dependent on just a few control points.
 This is called local control. Local control means that moving a
control point affects only a small part of the curve. Figure 1-2
shows the effect of moving a control point from position 1, to
position 2, and position 3.

Figure 1-2 moving a control point

Notice that the entire curve is not affected, just the area of the curve
under the influence of the control point that was moved.

1.2.4 Control Points:

The knots that divide Autoship’s B-spline curves into segments can
not be directly manipulated by the user. The manipulation of the shape
of curves is made through control points. Figure 1-3 shows how
Autoship control points are represented on the screen.

Figure 1-3 Control points along a curve

Control points are shown as small circles and are connected by

straight lines. Control points can be moved, deleted, added, and
manipulated. Autoship bends the curve towards a control point but
does not make the curve coincide with a control point. Figure 1-4
shows the effect of moving the two control points which govern the
curve.
 Figure 1-4 moving a control point

The curve is not drawn through the control points except at the ends;
rather it is attracted to the new positions of the control point. This
allows the curve to be smoothly deformed. Further, when you move a
control point, the other control points of the entity do not move.

1.2.5 Edit Points:

Autoship also provides edit points for shaping curves. Figure 1-4
shows how they are represented on the screen.

Figure 1-4 Edit points on the curve

Edit points are shown as small squares which lie on the curve. If an
edit point is moved, its neighboring edit points also move, and the
curve is redrawn through the new location of the edit points. (See
Figure 1-5)

Figure 1-5 moving an edit point

1.2.6 The Relation between edit points & control points:
Edit points are derived from control points. There is one edit point for
each control point. When an edit point is moved, it is actually the
corresponding control point which is being changed, and since the
curve changes shape, the neighboring edit points change position. You
can edit curves and surfaces by manipulating either edit or control
points. This is a matter of user preference.
Autoship allows you to display either control points or edit points, but
not both at the same time. Figure 1-6 shows the same curve displayed
with control points (left) and edit points (right).

Figure 1-6: Control points (left) and edit points (right) on a curve

1.2.7 Control Points and Surfaces:

The control points of a surface are arranged in rows and columns,
forming a control grid. (See Figure 1-7)

Figure 1-7 the control point grid of a surface

In Figure1-7 there are four rows and five columns of control points in
the mesh. Increasing the number of row and column control points
increases the potential complexity of the surface. Individual control or
edit points cannot be added to a surface. An entire row or column
must be added.
 1.2.8 Knuckles:
It's a sharp discontinuity at some point along a curve, the knuckle
occurs at a control point (see Figure 1-8)

Figure 1-8 a knuckle

1.2.9 Chins:
It's a sharp discontinuity along a complete row or column in a surface,
Corners on surfaces run the length of a row or column. However, this
does not mean the chine is necessarily apparent along its full length.
(See Figure 1-9)

Figure 1-9 Chine along a surface

1.2.10 Degree of Curves:

The degree of a curve is the highest power of the piecewise polynomial
used to evaluate the entity. Degree 1 is linear, degree 2 uses a quadratic
polynomial, and degree 3 uses a cubic polynomial. Autoship permits a
degree of up to 5. The degree of a curve is related to how many control
points it has. There must be at least one control point more than the
degree of the curve. The higher the degree of the curve, the more control
provided over the curve, and the more complex the shape that can be
created. Figures 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-13 can help to show the difference
between the different degrees of freedom.
 Figure 1-10 a degree 1 curve with two control points

Figure 1-11 a degree 2 curve with three control points

Figure 1-12 a degree 3 curve with four control points

Figure 1-13 moving the control point on a degree 3 curve

1.2.11 Variable Degree Curves:

Autoship is based on a novel variation of standard NURBS, allowing
variable degrees within a curve. The degree of a section varies between 1
and whatever was specified as the maximum degree for the curve. The
degree is internally adjusted in response to the insertion and deletion of
control points, and to the making and unmaking of knuckles.
1.2.12 the Degree of Surfaces:
A surface also has degree. The allowable range is from 1 to 5. To
represent a truly free-form surface requires a degree of at least 3 in both
directions. If this is not done, the surface may be hard to fair. Figure 1-14
shows a curved surface with degree 1, 3, and 5 in one direction.

Figure 1-14 a surface specified with degree 1, 3, and 5

Note that when surface degrees are being specified, the number of rows
or columns of control points must exceed the degree by at least 1. For
example, a row degree of 2 must have at least 3 rows of control points.

1.2.13 Curve Direction:

All Autoship curves have a direction, indicated by a small arrowhead at
the beginning of the curve. (See Figure1-15) Autoship allows you to
specify a location along a curve using a variable (parameter) between 0
and 1. Using “0” as the beginning point of a curve and “1” as the end, a
position along the curve is defined by its fractional distance.

Figure 1-15 defining a point on a curve

1.2.14 Surface Direction:

Like curves, surfaces have direction along their rows and columns. In the
case of surfaces, r (row) and c (column) values are used to specify a
position on the surface (see figure 1-16).
 Figure 1-16 Point (marked with an X) specified using the r and c values

1.2.15 Tools of Controlling Shape and Fairness:

1.2.15.1 Porcupine Plot:

A plot consists of -At intervals along the curve- quills drawn
perpendicular to the curve, pointing in the direction of the principle
normal of the curve. The length of the quill is proportional to the
magnitude of the curvature at that point from which the quill extends.

Figure 1-17 Porcupine plot of the curvature

1.2.15.2 Mean curvature:

Generates a rendering of the surface, colored according to the mean
curvature value. Areas of negative mean curvature shade from green to
blue in increasing magnitude, and areas of positive mean curvature shade
from yellow to red in increasing magnitude.

1.2.15.3 Gaussian curvature:

Generates a rendering of the surface, colored according to Gaussian
curvature values: humps are red, hollows are green, and saddle areas are
blue.
 2. Navigating through Autoship

2.1 Autoship user interface

The Autoship main screen provides access to all of Autoship’s tools and
functions and also provides a view of the model under construction. The
important elements of the main screen are shown in Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1 Autoship Main Screen

2.1.1 Menu Bar:

The Menu bar, located across the top of the Autoship main screen, is used
to access various functions, features, and controls.

2.1.2 Display Windows:

Autoship is capable of displaying a top/bottom view, a port/starboard
view, a front/back view, and a 3D view (parallel or camera). The display
window can be set to show all four views simultaneously or to show only
one of the four available views. The three non-3D views are orthogonal
and are aligned to the L, T, and V axes of the model. The 3D view can be
rotated in two directions by moving the slide bars at the right side and
bottom of the view.
2.1.2.1 The View Buttons:
The view buttons at the bottom of the screen are used to set which view
or views will appear on the screen. (See Figure 2-2).

Figure 2-2: The view buttons

The first four buttons can be used to toggle to a view from the opposite
side by holding down the Shift key while clicking on the button.

2.1.3 Display Tool Bar:

Use the Display toolbar to select how objects appear in the display
windows. (See Figure 2-3.)

Figure 2-3: Display toolbar

2.1.4 Mode Buttons:

The Mode Buttons, located at the left of the drawing area, are used to
switch among Autoship’s three operation modes: Select, Edit, and Create.
(See Figure 2-4)

Figure 2-4: The Select, Edit, and Create mode buttons (left to right).

Switching from one mode to another causes the tools unique to that mode
to be displayed below the mode selection buttons. (See Figure 2-5.)

Figure 2-5: The tool groups for each mode

2.2 Autoship modes:

Autoship has 3 modes of operation; each mode has its individual tools.

2.2.1 Select Mode:

Use this mode to select objects and to perform basic transformations to
objects, such as move, copy, scale, rotate, trim surfaces & surf-surf
intersection. The action of some Select Mode tools depends on whether
they are clicked with the left or right mouse button, and whether or not
the shift key is depressed. There must be an object in the project before
the Select mode tool group is activated.
Select mode is entered when Create or Edit mode is exited.

2.2.2 Edit Mode:

Use this mode to edit points, curves, and surfaces. Different tools are
displayed depending on which type of object is selected.

Notes:
• Except for certain attributes, edit mode does not apply to polygonal
objects, since they do not have control points.
• Edit mode does not apply to groups, since only the control points
on a single object (point, curve, or surface) can be edited.
• A point can only be moved or deleted. When a point is selected, the
Edit mode the tools on the tool group disappear.
• Autoship's tool groups are context-sensitive. Only the tools
applicable to the currently selected object will be available to you.

2.2.3 Create Mode:

Use this mode to create points, curves, surfaces, lights and some poly
objects.

2.3 Autoship objects:

Autoship models are constructed from objects:
• Points
• · Curves
• · Surfaces
• · Poly Objects (polygonal objects, including 3D text objects)
• · Groups (grouped points, curves, surfaces and poly objects)
Using these objects, you create the various surfaces that make up a
model, such as the outside shell of a ship (the hull, deck, superstructures,
and so on).
2.3.1 Points:
Points should not be confused with control points or edit points. Points
are used as references in the creation of curves and surfaces, or to
establish relationships among them. One of the chief uses of points in
Autoship is to provide attachment points for curves.
There are three types of points:
• Free: occupy absolute positions in 3D space and are defined by
their L, T, V coordinates, useful for defining and "anchoring" the
basic shapes of objects or models in 3D space.
• Embedded in a curve: projected points exist on curves & defined
in parameter space, 0 to 1, along the curve, allow complex
relationships between parts of models to be created.
• Embedded in a surface: projected points exist on Surfaces &
defined in r (row) and c (column) parameter space, 0 to 1, on the
surface, allow complex relationships between parts of models to be
created.

2.3.2 Curves:
Many different types of curves can be created. The main distinction
between curve types is whether the curve is free or embedded. An
embedded curve can be embedded on another curve or on a surface, and it
is constrained to the shape and boundaries of that host.

Free Curve: a curve between two user-specified end points (see figure 2-
6).

Figure 2-6 free curve

Embedded Curve: an embedded curve on a host curve or surface, There

is no gap between the embedded curve and its host. When the host is
moved, the embedded curve moves with it. The embedded curve cannot
be moved off the host, but it can be moved within the host (see figure 2-
7).

Figure 2-7 embedded curve

Projected Curve: projected on the host surface from a source curve. It
exists only on the host surface, similar to an embedded curve. It is edited
by editing the source curve or the host surface (see figure 2-8).

Figure 2-8 projected curve

Transform Curve: A transform curve is derived from a source curve by

applying geometric transformations. It has three control points. The
transformations are internally calculated when the control points are
moved. Moving an end control point rotates the curve about the other end
and scales the curve to fit between the end point locations. Moving the
middle control point rotates the curve about the line joining its end points.
Changing the shape of the source curve makes the same changes to the
transform curve. The source curve may be free, embedded, or projected
(see figure 2-9).

Figure 2-9 transform curve

Camber Curve: Camber refers to the amount of curvature across objects

like the deck of a ship or an airplane wing (see figure 2-10).

Figure 2-10 Full camber curve (left) half camber curve (right)

Use the Camber option to create a parabolic camber curve oriented

perpendicular to one of the L, T, or V axes. If you want a different type
(non-parabolic) of camber curve, create a free curve and manipulate it.
Foil Curve: creates a half or full foil curve (see figure 2-11)

Figure 2-11 Foil Curve

When this option is selected, Autoship displays a list of pre-defined

NACA foil sections. These are standard foils used in the aircraft and
shipbuilding industries.

Lofted Curve: created from a series of user-specified points in 3D

coordinate (L, T, V) space. The shape of the curve is influenced by the
location of the points and the maximum degree assigned to the curve. A
degree of 1 will create straight-line segments between the points.
The lofted parameters include options for creating a list of points, and for
editing that list.

Arc Curve: arcs, ellipses, and circles.

Spiral Curve: A spiral curve is useful for creating the outline curve of
such helical objects as coil springs (see figure 2-12).

Figure 2-12 Spiral Curve

Rectangle Curve: a square or rectangular curve.

Surf Row/Col: a free curve that exactly matches the shape of a row or
column in a surface (see figure 2-13).

Figure 2-13 Surf Row/Col

Match Curve: a free space match of an existing curve. When a model
contains an embedded, projected curve, it is often necessary to create a
free curve which is very close in shape to it. Usually it is not possible for
the match to be exact. Making a match to a free curve creates an exact
copy of the original (see figure 2-14).

Figure 2-14 match curve

2.3.3 Surfaces:
Many different types of curves can be created but all surfaces are free.
Some of these types are:

Dimensions Surface: a curved or flat surface. The surface is generated in

the following manner. An imaginary box is created with the dimensions
specified. The surface is created inside this box. The surface is flat in the
L direction and curved in the other directions. If one dimension is set to
zero, the surface is flat (see figure 2-15).

Figure 2-15 Dimensions surface

This method of surface generation is useful as a starting point for creating

a free-form surface. Once it is created, it can be shaped using its control
points. The Dimensions parameters permit specifying the dimensions of a
curved surface, including its size and the density of its mesh.

Extrude Surface: The curve is extruded along a specified vector. This

option is used to create shapes that are linear along an axis (see figure 2-
16).
 Figure 2-16 extrude surface

Rotate surface: a surface created by rotating a curve about an axis.

Rotation creates surfaces that have radial symmetry. A curve representing
the profile of the surface is rotated around an axis to produce the surface
(see figure 2-17).

Figure 2-17 rotate surface

Ruled Surface: A ruled surfaces spans the distance between two curves.
It is equivalent to closely spaced straight lines joining points at the same
parameter values on the two curves (see figure 2-18).

Figure 2-18 ruled surface

Developable Surface: A developable surface is a special kind of ruled

surface. A developable surface is one which can be constructed from flat
sheet material (such as sheet metal) without stretching or shrinking. It can
have creases and can be quite complex in shape (see figure 2-19).

Figure 2-19 developable surface

Offset Surface: a surface offset a specified distance from a source
surface.
Offset surfaces are useful for creating surfaces inside or outside other
surfaces. An example is the outer and inner surfaces of a hull (see figure
2-20).

Figure 2-20 offset surface

Loft Surface: a surface created by skinning over two or more curves.

Autoship creates a list of available curves in the project. Curves are
selected from the available curves to create a loft curve list. The second
list can be edited and re-ordered. The type of loft and the surface
parameters (rows and degrees) can be specified (see figure 2-21).

Figure 2-21 loft surface

Sweep Surface: created by sweeping a pattern curve along a guide

curve(s) (See figure 2-22).

Figure 2-22 Sweep Surface

Sweeping allows you to create objects by defining their profiles with
curves. It is not necessary for the pattern and guide curves to share a
common end point. Before sweeping, Autoship effectively moves the first
control point on the pattern curve to the first control point on the guide
curve.
A swept surface may be created using one or two pattern curves. If two
are selected, the surface changes smoothly from the first curve, to the
second curve along the sweep. How the surface is influenced by the two
pattern curves depends on the blend value assigned to the sweep. Blend
determines how the surface changes from being entirely determined by
the first pattern curve at the sweep start, to being entirely determined by
the second pattern curve at the sweep end.

Two guide curves can also be used. The first guide curve is the curve
followed by the sweep. The second guide curve scales and changes the
orientation of the sweep. There is no blend value for two guide curves.

Tube Sweep Surface: Tube sweep automates the process of creating

tubular shapes, like pipes. A curve is used as the path. A built-in circle
shape is swept along this path. The radius of the tube can be specified.

Surface Match:
The purpose of Surface Match (or “Surfmatch”) is to generate a set of
curves from tabular input data and then loft a surface through them. This
is done in a way which introduces as few control points as possible into
the resulting surface. The set of curves may be fully 3D, although it is
more common for them to be planar and representative of stations and
bow/stern curves.

2.3.4 Poly Objects:

Autoship also includes as building blocks poly objects (including text

objects).
Poly objects can come from three different sources: a 3D DXF object can
be imported from a polygonal modeler; a poly object can be generated as
a primitive; the trim-surface operation produces poly objects.
A polygonal object is a curve or surface consisting of vertices (points in
space) connected by straight lines.
In the case of a surface these form the boundaries of closed polygons or
faces. The faces are arranged edge to edge to make the surface.
Polygonal objects are useful for modeling objects with planar surfaces,
such as a table.
Types of Polygon Objects:

• Planar polygon objects: triangle, square, circle.

• 3D polygon objects: Tetrahedron (i.e. a pyramid), cube, sphere,
Polyhedron, cylinder.
2.3.5 Groups:
Groups are collections of objects. A group can include points, curves,
surfaces, poly objects, and other groups. When a geometrical
transformation (move, rotate, scale, shear horizontal, shear vertical, flip
horizontal, flip vertical) is applied to a group, it will be applied to all
components of the group, including other groups within the given group.
The Group option allows the relationships between objects to be
maintained until broken by the ungroup command.
Group Editor:
The Group Editor is called from the Attributes dialog box and is used to
manage the editing of objects that belong to a group.
The Group Editor is used to add and delete objects from groups, rename
groups, and to specify the attributes of objects in a group (see figure 2-
23). It has the following parameters:

• Group Name: Give the Group a descriptive name.

• Objects: The Objects section of the Group Editor is used to add

and delete objects from the group.

• Object type buttons: Select the type of object to add or delete

from the group.

• Object drop-down list: Select an object to add to the group.

• Group List: Lists the objects of the selected type. New objects
added to the group appear here.

• Add button: Click here to add the object selected from the object
drop-down list to the group.

• Del button: To delete an object from a group, click on its name in

the group list and then click on the Del (delete) button.
 Figure 2-23 Group editor dialog box

• Properties: Click on the name of a surface or poly object in the

group list to activate the Front Finish and Back Finish buttons. A
finish is applied to an object in a group applies within the group,
but does not alter the finish of the ungrouped object.
• Material: Click on the name of the surface or poly object in the
group list to activate the Edit Material button. A material assigned
to an object in a group applies within the group but does not alter
the material of the ungrouped object.

• Stbd+Port: Select Stbd+Port to create an instance of a group

mirrored about the center plane at T=0. For example create only
the starboard of a ship and Autoship will reflect it to make the port
side, or vise versa.

2.3.6 Base Points:

In Autoship, each object has an associated base point. The base point is
used as the point about which the object will be scaled, rotated, moved or
transformed in other ways, independent of the global coordinate system.
By default, the base point is created at the origin, but it can be moved at
any later time.

2.3.7 Attachments:
Autoship allows curves and surfaces to be attached.
There are two types of attachments:
 • The end of a curve can be attached to a point. Attaching a curve
guarantees there will never be a gap between it and the point.
• The edge of a surface can be attached to a free curve or to a curve
embedded on another surface or to another surface. Attaching
guarantees that there will never be a gap between the surface edge
and the attachment host. For a surface attached to another surface,
the angle of attachment can be specified.

2.3.8 Clones:
One of Autoship’s powerful modeling tools is the Clone tool in the Select
mode tool group. This tool creates a clone of the current object. A clone
is derived from a source object by geometrical transformation.
The clone allows those parts of the model that are repetitive to be
duplicated from a master object. For example, the blades of a propeller
can be cloned from a master blade. It is not a copy but rather, is derived
from the original each time it is displayed or otherwise used. It remains
linked to the original object and changes when the original is changed. A
clone can be transformed independently of the original object. For
example, scaling a clone does not scale the original object. However,
changing the original changes all its clones.
A clone is also a group. Cloning an object is the only way to create a
group containing only one object. Also the Array tool is another way to
clone objects.
What makes the Clone tool particularly valuable is that only the geometry
of the original master object is stored. This saves valuable memory and
data storage space.

2.4 Surface tools:

These are 2 powerful tools found in the select mode menu; they are
discussed separately because of their vital importance.
The Trim Surface function is used in conjunction with the Surface-to-
Surface Intersection tool to create holes in surfaces.

2.4.1 Trim surfaces:

A curve embedded on a surface or projected onto a surface may be used
to trim that surface.
Trimming a surface generates two or more poly objects (trim1 & trim2 of
surface) & each poly object is formed from a part of the original surface.

Notes:
• To use the tool, first select the surface to be trimmed.
 • The curve which is used to trim the surface must be either closed or
each end must be on an edge of the surface. If more than one curve
is used, the curves must not cross.
• The boundaries of the poly object created are the surface
boundaries and the trim curves.
• The original surface still exists but is set to not visible by the trim
operation.
An example of the trim surface tool is shown in figure 2-24

Fig 2-24-a A surface with an embedded curve

Fig 2-24-b the surface after trimming & deleting the inner poly object

2.4.2 surf-surf intersection:

This tool is used to create curves where two surfaces intersect; these
curves may then be used to cut holes in the surfaces.
Autoship produces one or more pairs of curves for each intersection
between the two surfaces, one embedded on each surface.

Notes:
• Two intersecting surfaces are required for this tool.
• The tool's button becomes active when two surfaces are selected.
 • Autoship automatically assigns names to these curves. The curves
on the first surface contain the second surface's name, and vice
versa.
For example:
If the surfaces names are side & bottom then the curve on bottom
will be side int 1 & the curve on side will be bottom int 1.

2.5 The Attributes dialog box:

The Attributes dialog box is used to manage complex models, set
individual attributes of objects, toggle objects from visible to invisible,
and to select and de-select them.
It can be called form the edit menu or by lift clicking the attributes button
in the select mode tool group (see figure 2-25).

Fig 2-25 the attributes dialog box

The dialog maintains a list of all the objects in the environment however
it only displays one type of object at a time. You chose the type of object
you want displayed by toggling on one of the object buttons on the top of
the box.

2.6 The Properties Dialog Box:

The Properties dialog is used to change the finish and surface material of
objects see figure 2-26.
 Fig 2-26 the Properties Dialog Box

It can either be called up from the Attributes dialog box, or by selecting

the object and right clicking on the Attributes button in the Select mode
tool group.
The surfaces of objects can be assigned finishes, such as chrome, bronze,
and plastic, and then rendered.
Rendering assigns color and reflective properties to the model, providing
a preview of the object's final appearance. Autoship uses Gouraud
shading as a fast rendering algorithm.
You can also give the surface weight and thickness by using the Material
dialog box called from the Material section of the Properties dialog box.
This can be used by designers who need to know the cost of constructing
the models they create. Autoship can calculate the weight and volume of
shells or solid objects (see figure 2-27).

Fig 2-27 Material dialog box

 3. Modeling tutorial for a jack-up hull

Given the table offset & the dimensions of the legs & the spud cans it can
be possible to model the hull of the jack-up by drawing the Deck &
Bottom curves & creating a ruled surface between them then creating the
legs & wells using trim & surf-surf intersection tools.

3.1 Extracting points from the table of offset:

The table of offset gives us the points in the intersection of the hull &
several vertical sections along the length, from these points choose those
in the bottom to create the bottom curve.
The deck curve will be created as a copy of the bottom curve.

3.2 Creating new project:

-Select File-New.
- Select Settings-Units. Pick Meters and Tonnes, and click
OK.
- Select Settings-Preferences.
- Click the Coordinate System button.
- Click the Naval /Aircraft (US) radio button. This orients the Coordinate
system so that aft, starboard, and up are positive directions while forward,
port, and down are negative directions.
- Click OK in the Coordinate System dialog box and click OK again in
the Preferences dialog box.

3.3 Creating the bottom curve:

- Make sure you are in the top view.

- In create mode choose create curve .

- In the create curve dialog choose Lofted.
- In the Name field type Bottom crv.
- Enter the coordinates of the points you have been extracted from the
table of offset, if needed click Add point to add more points.
The order of the points is important, since Autoship will proceed from the
first point on the list to the second point and so on.
- In the Deg field type 1 then Press OK.
The curve should look like that in figure 3-1.
 Fig 3-1 the bottom curve

- Using the same method draw a curve connecting the 1st & last points in
the bottom curve & name it Lline; this line will be used to create the
bottom surface.
See figure 3-2

Fig 3-2 the bottom curve closed

3.3 Creating the deck curve:

- In the select mode select the bottom crv.
- Click the clone button while pressing shift in the keyboard to make a
copy of the bottom curve, in the copy dialog box name it the Deck crv.
- The copy is copied to the exact same position and orientation of the
original, so it will not be distinguishable on the screen. To select the
copy, repeatedly press on the space bar until the name of the copy
appears in the Object Name Display window on the far right of the
Display toolbar.
Alternately enter the Attributes dialog box and click on the Sel. toggle
beside its name.
- Repeat the last step for Lline & name the copy Uline

- Select the Deck crv then right click on the move button , in the
dialog box that will appear enter the height of the hull in the V field.
- Do the same with Uline.
The result will look like that in figure 3-3

Figure 3-3 Deck & Bottom curves

3.4 creating the Deck & Bottom surfaces:

- In create mode click the Create surface button .

- In create surface dialog choose Rule, in the name field type Bottom
surf, in the curves field choose Bottom crv & Lline then press OK.
- To see the results of your work, click the Para view button & press
Ctrl+R Buttons with the Bottom surface selected to render the surface
(see figure 3-4).
 Figure 3-4 rendered view of the Bottom surface

- With the same method using Deck crv & Uline create a ruled surface &
name it Deck surf or copy the bottom surf & move it.

3.5 creating the sides:

- In create mode click the Create surface button .
- Choose rule then name the surface Sides, in the curves field choose
Uline & Lline & click OK.
- To see the results of your work, click the Para view button & press
Ctrl+R Buttons to render the surface (see figure 3-5).
Note: You may have to change the sides color to have a more clear view,
to that fro the attributes dialog box choose properties, change the front &
back color & click ok.

Figure 3-5 rendered view of the hull

3.6 creating the fore well curves:
- In create mode Click the create curve button & choose Arc.
- In plane field select Top, Specify the center of the circle in Center,
choose Circular to create a circle, enter the desired radius, name the curve
Lspud crv, in Angles type 0,180 to create half circle & click OK.
- Repeat the last step to create the upper spud curve, name the curve
Uspud crv (See figure 3-6).

Figure 3-6 Lower & upper spud curves

- Move Lspud crv & Uspud crv vertically to their final position (see
figure 3-7).

Figure 3-7 side view of the spud curves

- In create mode click create curve & choose Projected.

- Name the curve Lspud pro, select Top in projection field, the Source
Curve is Lspud crv, the host surface is Bottom surf, type 0.09 in tolerance
& click OK.
You should have the view in figure 3-8
 Figure 3-8 Lspud pro

- Do the same with the source is Uspud crv, the host is Deck surf, name it
Uspud pro& click OK (See figure 3-9).

Figure 3-9 Uspud pro

- In select mode select the Bottom surf & click the trim surface

button .
- In Trim Surface Dialog Box chooses Lspud pro & clicks OK.
This will result in 2 poly objects (trim1 of bottom surf & trim2 of bottom
surf), (See figure 3-10).
- Repeat the last step with Deck surf, choose Uspud pro (See figure 3-11).
- Choose trim2 of Bottom surf & press Delete in the keyboard to delete it.
- To see the results of your work, click the Para view button & press
Ctrl+R Buttons to render the surface (see figure 3-12).
 Figure 3-10 Trim 2 of Bottom surf

Figure 3-11 Trim2 of Deck surf

Figure 3-12 Trim1 of Bottom surf

- Choose trim2 of Deck surf & press Delete in the keyboard to delete it.
3.7 creating the well surfaces:
- In create mode click the Create surface button & choose Extrude.
- Name the new surface Lspud surf, select Lspud crv or Lspud pro in the
curve field, in vector field type the distance between the 2 curves & click
OK.
The result is the surface shown in figure 3-13.

Figure 3-13 Lspud surf

- Create an extruded surface again using the curves Uspud crv or Uspud
pro & name it Uspud surf (See figure 3-14).

Figure 3-14 Uspud surf

- Create a ruled surface between Lspud crv & Uspud crv & name it Spud
surf (See figure 3-15).
 Figure 3-15 Spud surf

The final result of the well is shown in figure 3-16.

Figure 3-16-a side view of the well

Figure 3-16-b Rendered & zoomed view of the well

3.8 creating the side well:
- Using the previous method. Create the other surfaces except that you
will create the entire surface not just a half.
The hull will look like that in figure 3-17.

Figure 3-17 Well surfaces

3.9 The final step:
- From Edit Menu click Select All Visible to select the entire hull.
- Select Group from the Arrange menu, The New Group dialog is
called.
Enter the Name of the group & click ok.
- In the Attributes dialog box select the group & click properties.
- In group editor Select Stbd+Port to create an instance of a group
mirrored about the center plane.
- To see the final result of your work, click the Para view button & press
Ctrl+R Buttons to render the surface (see figure 3-18).

Figure 3-18 the jack-up hull rendered

 Part II

STBILITY
CALCULATIONS USING
AUTOHYDRO

Chapter 1. Introduction

Chapter 2. Navigating through Autohydro

Chapter 3. Brief Autohydro tutorial

 1. Introduction
Before entering in the details of Autohydro it would be useful to have an
overview of some of the basic principles of hydrostatics & stability.

1.1 Intact stability:

1.1.1 Initial stability:
Using the example of a surface ship (see figure 1-1):

Figure 1-1 stable ship

•in equilibrium: W = FB = ∆ (where FB = buoyancy force, w = weight,

∆ = ship's displacement)
•when upright, W and FB are in-line.
•given a small angular disturbance, new buoyancy force line through B1
intersects initial vertical line through B at M.
• M is the meta-center and GM is the meta-centric height.
• GM is a measure of the initial stability of a floating body or the ability
to resist initial heeling from the upright position.
• After inclining by small angle (φ) W and FB are no longer in the same
vertical line, they now form a couple referred to as the Righting Moment
(RM):
RM = ∆. GZ = ∆. GM sin φ ≈ ∆. GM. φ (φ ≤ 10°)

GZ is the righting arm

• M above G, KM > KG, GM+, +RM stable (Positive stability)

• M below G, KM < KG, GM-, - RM unstable (Negative stability)

• M coincides with G, KM=KG, GM=0 neutral (Neutral stability)
See figure 1-2.

Figure 1-2 stability conditions

•GM = KM - KG = (KB + BM) – KG
Where: KG is a physical quantity, M and KB are geometrical quantities,
BM = metacentric radius
I
BM = x
T
I = moment of inertia of waterplan area about the x-axis.
x

1.1.2 Stability at large angles of heel:

1.1.2.1 The major differences between Initial & large angles stability:

At small angles of heel, say φ < 10°:

(a) Upright and inclined WL’s intersect on centerline.
(b) Metacenter M remains fixed.
(c) Initial stability is measured by GM (righting arm GZ=GM sin φ).

At large heel angles:

(a) Righting and inclined WL’s do not intersect on the Centerline.
(b) Metacenter M is no longer a fixed point.
(c) Stability is measured in terms of the righting arm GZ.

1.1.2.2 GZ formula:

Fig 1-3 Stability at large angles

GZ1=BR – BG sin φ
From figure 1-3, Since BB1 || b1b2, BR || h1h2 || GZ1
vw = immersed wedge Volume = emerged wedge volume (since is
constant)
δ = buoyancy force of immersed wedge
b1, b2 = centroids of volume of merged and immersed wedges
h1, h2 = feet of perpendiculars from b1, b2 on to W1L1
Consequently, ∆BR = δ h1h2
So righting moment on ship is:

Atwood’s formula

1.1.2.3 The point S:

• G depends on ship loading which is not fixed; it's convenient to think of
a fixed point, S, and its perpendicular distance from line of action of
buoyancy force.
• S depends only on ship geometry and can be determined for various
angles of heel and for various displacements independent of loading
condition.
• S is known when G is determined for a given ship loading, therefore:

GZ1 = SZ + SG sinφ

1.1.3 Static stability curve:

You can have a complete picture of vessel stability from a plot of righting
moments versus angles of inclinations for several displacements (see
figure 1-4).

Figure 1-4 Static stability curve

For a given displacement & center of gravity you can determine:
(1) Righting arm at any inclination,
(2) Angle of max righting Moment.
(3) Range of stability.
(4) Dynamic stability.

1.1.4 Cross curves of stability:

The cross curves of stability are a series of curves on a single set of axes.
The X-axis is the displacement of the ship in Tons. The Y-axis is the
righting arm of the ship in feet. Each curve is for one angle of heel.
Typically angles of heel are taken each 5 or 10 degrees (See Figure 1.5).

Figure 1-5a Cross curves of stability

Figure 1-5b curves of statical stability and cross curves of stability

1.1.5 Dynamic Stability:
It's the energy available, by the ship righting moments, to resist any
external heeling energy from the position of equilibrium to any inclined
position. Mathematically, this work is,
∆∫GZ dφ
This is the product of the ship’s displacement with the area under the
curve of intact statical stability. The dynamic stability can’t be shown
directly on the curve of intact statical stability but the area under the
curve can be shown.

1.1.6 Free surface effect:

A free surface is fluid that is allowed to move freely, such as water in a

partially filled tank. As the ship lists, the fluid in the tank moves. The
fluid movement acts like a weight shift, causing the center of gravity of
the fluid to move which causes the ship's center of gravity to shift in both
the vertical and horizontal directions. The effect of the vertical shift is
negligible at small angles (φ < 5 to 7) and is discounted, but the
horizontal (transverse) shift of the center of gravity causes a decrease in
the righting arm (GZ).
It is shown graphically in Figure 1-6 that a vertical rise in the center of
gravity also causes a shortened righting arm.

Figure 1-6 free surface correction

The distance the center of gravity would have to rise to cause a reduction
in the righting arm equivalent to that caused by the actual transverse shift
is called the Free Surface Correction (FSC). The position of this new
center of gravity is called the "virtual" center of gravity (Gv). The
distance from the virtual center of gravity to the Metacenter is called the
Effective Metacentric Height (GMeff).
The free surface correction (FSC) created by a tank within a ship is given
by the following equation:
ρi
Fsc = t t
ρ s∇ s
Where:
ρ t is the density of the fluid in the tank.
ρ s is the density of the water the ship is floating.
∇ s is the underwater volume of the ship.
it is the transverse second moment of area of the tank's free surface area.
The free surface correction is applied to the original metacentric height to
find the effective metacentric height:

GMeff = GM – Fsc = KM – KG – Fsc

1.2 Weight Additions, Removals and Shifts:

Shifting, adding or removing weight on a ship changes the location of G

on a ship. It is important for you to qualitatively understand which
direction the center of gravity will move when weight is shifted, added or
removed from a ship.

1.2.1 Weight Addition:

When weight is added to a ship the average location of the weight of the
ship must move towards the location of the weight addition.
Consequently, the Center of Gravity of the ship (G) will move in a
straight line from its current position toward the center of gravity of the
weight (g) being added. An example of this is shown in Figure 1-7.

Figure 1-7 the Effect of a Weight Addition upon the Center of Gravity of a Ship
1.2.2 Weight Removal:
When weight is removed from a ship the average location of the weight
of the ship must move away from the location of the removal.
Consequently, the Center of Gravity of the ship (G) will move in a
straight line from its current position away from the center of gravity of
the weight (g) being removed. See Figure 1-9.

Figure 1-8 the Effect of a weight Removal upon the Center of Gravity of a Ship.

1.2.3 Weight Shift:

When a small weight is shifted onboard a ship the Center of Gravity of
the ship (G) will move in a direction parallel to the shift but through a
much smaller distance. G will not move as far as the weight being shifted
because the weight is only a small fraction of the total weight of the ship.
An example of this is shown in Figure 1-9.

Figure 1-9 the Effects of a Weight Shift on the Center of Gravity of a Ship
1.2.4 General Vertical Weight Shift, Addition and Removal
Equation:
At this point we are ready to write the most general equation to quantify
all combinations of vertical shifts, additions, and removals of weight. We
should use a plus sign when weight is added and a minus sign when
weight is removed. The summation should have as many plus terms as
there are weights added and as many minus terms as there are weights
removed. The equation is shown below:

In applying this equation always write out the summation terms fully
showing each individual term used. This is necessary so that another
engineer can see the specific terms you are using and to check your work.

1.3 Trim:

Consider a ship floating on an even keel that is no list or trim, When a

weight, w, is added, it causes a change in draft (see figure 1- 10).
The ship will pivot about the center of flotation, F.

Figure 1-10-a Even keel ship

Fig 1-10-b the effect of longitudinal weight shift

 The change in draft will be evident in a change of draft forward and aft.

Figure 1-10-c Trim aft & fore

Graphically, it looks like this in figure 1-11:

Figure 1-11 graphical representation of trim

There are two aspects of draft to consider when finding the change in
draft:
1. Change due to the parallel sinkage of the vessel due to the added
weight, “w”:

TPC, Tons Per Centimeter Immersion is a geometric function of the

vessel at a given draft and is taken from the Curves of Form
• The added weight, w, will cause the vessel to “sink” a small
distance for the length of the entire vessel
• We assume that the weight is applied at F! This assures that the
sinkage is uniform over the length of the ship
2. Change in draft due to the moment created by the added weight at a
distance from F:
MT1C, or the Moment to Trim 1C, is also from the Curves of Form
• The weight, w, at a distance, l, from the center of flotation, F,
creates a moment that causes the ship to rotate about F.
• This rotation causes one end to sink and the other end to rise.
• The degree of rise or fall depends on the location of F with regard
to the entire length of the ship as given by Lpp.

The total change in trim fore and aft:

MT1C, or the Moment to Trim 1C, is also from the Curves of Form
• The weight, w, at a distance, l, from the center of flotation, F,
creates a moment that causes the ship to rotate about F.
• This rotation causes one end to sink and the other end to rise.
• The degree of rise or fall depends on the location of F with regard
to the entire length of the ship as given by Lpp.

1.4 Damage stability:

When a vessel is damaged, creating a gap or hole in the hull, water
will breech the ship. This results in:
• Increase in draft
• Change in trim
• Permanent angle of list
See figure 1-12

Figure 1-12 Change in draft due to hull damage

The result of this flooding can be determined two ways:
1.4.1 Lost Buoyancy Method:
In the lost buoyancy method we analyze changes in buoyancy rather
than the center of gravity or displacement. Simply stated, the center of
gravity remains the same (the ship weight, metal etc is constant) and
any changes due to damage effect the distribution of the buoyancy
volume. The total buoyant volume must remain constant since the
weight of the ship is not changing. The draft will increase and the ship
will list and trim until the lost buoyant volume is regained.
The lost buoyancy method allows a damaged ship to be modeled
mathematically so that the final drafts, list, and trim can be determined
from assessed damage. The engineer can analyze every conceivable
damage scenario and produce a damage stability handbook that may
be used by the crew in the event of flooding. Using the lost buoyancy
method allows “a prior” knowledge of the resulting stability condition
of the ship so that appropriate procedures can be written and followed
in the event of a breach in the ship’s hull.

1.4.2 The Added Weight Method:

As the name suggests, in this technique, the ship is assumed
undamaged, but part of it is filled with the water the ship is floating in.
This is equivalent to a weight addition and can be modeled using the
techniques for shifts in the center of gravity of the ship.
Provided the volume of the damaged compartment, its average
location from the centerline, Keel, midship and the water density is
known, the shift in G can be predicted along with the consequences of
this shift upon the draft, trim and list of the ship.

• Permeability
An added complication to the analysis of a damaged ship is the
space available in a damaged compartment for the water to fill.
When a compartment is flooded, it is rare for the total volume of
this compartment to be completely filled with water. This is
because the compartment will already contain certain equipment or
stores depending upon its use. The ratio of the volume that can be
occupied by water to the total gross volume is called the
“permeability”.
 2. Navigating through Autohydro

Autohydro is a complete hydrostatics and stability calculations program

for naval architects, ship designers and marine engineers.
It's a true 'floating simulator', Autohydro reports the reaction of the model
to various conditions, such as a loading configuration, a damage situation,
conditions involving outside forces, wind or high speed turning
momentum or some combination of these.
Autohydro can also be used to obtain hull form characteristics and
capacities. Vessel attitude is displayed graphically and in text on the
screen. Report information, text and graphs, can be shown on the screen,
edited, printed, saved or exported to other Windows applications.

2.1 Autohydro Main features:

2.1.1 Autohydro Key Features:

• Extensive model building capabilities
• Display of current attitude in three views
• Interactive user interface
• Command line or run file operation
• User-defined stability criteria, macros and menu structures
• Generation of fully editable report with graphs

2.1.2 Automatic Report Generation Features:

• Hydrostatics, crosscurves and righting arms
• Longitudinal strength calculations
• Floodable length calculations
• Tank capacities, sounding/ullage tables
• IMO probabilistic damage calculations
• Resolution 14 damage calculations
• Sounding/ullage correction table
• Condition summary report

2.2 Program modules:

The Autohydro program is composed of three modules:
• Modelmaker
• Autohydro
• GF Print
The 2 Main modules are Modelmaker & Autohydro, you can deal with
them as 2 separated programs; each program module has its own sets
screens, functions & commands.
Modelmaker is used to create and edit the vessel models.
Autohydro uses the model produced in Modelmaker to calculate the
hydrostatic characteristics of the vessel.
In both Modelmaker and Autohydro you can work using pull-down
menus and/or commands.

2.3 Geometry Files:

A vessel model or Geometry File (GF) is merely a collection of groups of
2D cross sections, and their associated attributes, which define the entire
model & contains all the information about the geometry of the vessel,
represented in detail appropriate for hydrostatic calculations. It describes
the volumes of the hull and various compartments, their permeability and
the contents and specific gravity they hold, or displace.
Modelmaker and Autohydro will read any GF, including those produced
by Autoship.

2.4 File Types:

In addition to Geometry files, each program uses other special file
formats:

2.4.1 Modelmaker
• CMD (Command): used to create and edit the vessel model.

2.4.2 Autohydro
• CD (Condition): information for a vessel loading condition.
• CRI (Criterion): stability criteria to be used for stability
assessment.
• LIB (Library): of user-defined macro commands.
• RUN (Run): a set of commands that Autohydro uses to set
conditions and perform calculations.
• SAV (Save): geometry file and information to reconstruct the
loading, criteria, and settings currently in effect.

2.5 Commands:

Both Modelmaker and Autohydro can be controlled either by using pull

down menus or by commands (instructions) issued by the user.

2.5.1 Commands in Modelmaker:

In Modelmaker, commands are grouped together using the program’s text
editor and saved as a “COMMAND” (.CMD) file.
The command file is then run as a batch file and used to the create vessel
model.
-The advantage of modeling by commands:
Using commands is a convenient technique for modeling vessels because:

• You can easily change the configuration of the model or correct

mistakes just by editing the command file and re-running it instead
of re-creating the model detail by detail as in the interactive mode.
• You can use a command file to repeat tasks, for example, when
you have to model similar tanks. One tank (or any other part)
definition can be copied and pasted to create others.
Often the best approach to create a model uses a mixture of pull down
menus & commands.

2.5.2 Commands in Autohydro:

In Autohydro, you can either group commands as a RUN file using the
program’s text editor, or type individual commands on the command line
on the main screen. When run, the RUN file simply instructs Autohydro
to perform a certain set of calculations upon the currently loaded vessel
model.
Often a mixture of single commands and running a .RUN file is the best
approach to accomplish a given task.

2.6 Typical job flow:

An Autohydro project usually proceeds through three steps:

1. Create a hull using one, or a combination, of these methods:

• Modelmaker menus
• a Modelmaker command file
• digitizing offsets in Modelmaker
• an Autoship GF
2. Create internals such as tanks and sounding tubes using Modelmaker.
3. Create appendages such as derricks etc. using Model maker.
4. Perform analyses of the model's hydrostatic characteristics using
Autohydro.
2.7 Quick tour inside Modelmaker:

Modelmaker is used to create and edit the vessel model. Various tools
allow you to create and edit the parts and components which define the
model.
A model is created by defining parts and their constituent components.

2.7.1 Data Hierarchy:

The GF uses a hierarchical data structure which is broken down into:
I. Parts
II. Components
III. Shapes
Each part is made up of one or more components and each component is
made up of a shape. For instance, the hull normally consists of one part
having several components, such as the hull, keel, appendages and
superstructure.
There are two special considerations regarding GFs:
1. Every model has to have a part called HULL.
2. Every component must be attached to a part.

2.7.1.1 Part:
A part is only a name tag with attributes and it must reference one or
more components to comprise a volume.
Each part is identified by a name that is unique within the model.

Part attributes:
• The name & its side designator:
.C for centerline, .P for port or .S for starboard.
• Part Contents:
This has a name and a specific gravity, i.e., Salt Water, 1.025.
• Class designation:
Displacers: displace the fluid “contents”
Containers: contain the fluid “contents”
Sail part: only produces an area for Wind heeling moments - it does
not displace or contain a fluid.
• Reference Point:
A location that may be used as a reference when loading the tank.

While Modelmaker can deal with parts, components and shapes,

Autohydro can only access the model at the part level. Therefore, it is
important that you define all the volumes you wish to work with, and to
group them in a logical fashion.
2.7.1.2 Component:
Each component is identified by:
• Name and side designator that must be unique within the
referencing part.
• “effectiveness” - i.e. permeability:
By default, displacers are assigned 1, containers are assigned .985.
Components that are deducted from other parts/components have a
negative effectiveness.
The component refers to one shape by name and gives the shape a
specific location on the vessel by means of the shift vector, which by
default is 0,0,0.

2.7.1.3 Shape
The shape represents a volume in space by a series of 2-dimensional cross
sections. Each section is defined by a longitudinal position and a series of
transverse and vertical co-ordinates.
It is identified by a name, which is unique within the model.
It has a definite size and orientation but its location is subject to
modification by the referencing component.
Normally, you do not have to deal with shapes because they are treated
by the program as the characteristics of a component.

2.7.2 Units:

Lengths must be supplied either in decimal feet or meters.

Switching from one set of units to another automatically converts the
values in the model.
The standard units of measurement used in Modelmaker and Autohydro
are:

Measurement Metric units Imperial units

Length m ft
Weight/Displacement MT LT
Volume m3 ft3

Weight and displacement can also be expressed in Kilograms (KG), Short

Tons (ST) and Kilopounds (KP).
2.7.3 User interface:

Model maker Main Screen consists of a Menu Bar, a Tool Bar, Shape
Editor Box & a large Viewing Screen (see figure 2-1).

Figure 2-1 Autohydro main screen

The main screen displays the model graphically and also shows the
coordinates of the vertices that make up the model.

2.7.3.1 The main tool bar:

• Zoom button Zoom in on specific areas of the current view.

• No Zoom Button Restore the current view to its full extent.

• Redraw Button Redraw view area.

• Save Button Save the current GF file to disk.

• Undo Button Undo changes to shape up to 10 steps.

2.7.3.2 Shape Editor Box:
• Edit points: use edit points to select, insert & delete points, you
can also control the snap value in the snap field.

Figure 2-2-a edit points

• Select station: you can use it to move from station to other or to
insert or delete stations; while Station Location/Number shows
the Longitudinal coordinate of current station, station number of
current station, and total number of stations for current component.

Figure 2-2-b select station

• Clean points on: it's used to clean extra points within a given
tolerance; you can clean points within a section or within the whole
component.

Figure 2-2-c clean points

 When you click select the program will find out extra points basing on
tolerance and mark them red in the view area (see figure 2-3). After the
points are marked, the button's caption will be changed to Clean. Clicking
on it again will delete all the points marked as to be removed.

Figure 2-3 clean points on components

2.7.3.3 Viewing screen:

Displays the model graphically & provided by 2 scroll bars, the
horizontal scroll bar to rotate the vessel respect to Z axis, the vertical
scroll bar to tilt the vessel respect to Y axis.

2.7.4 Mouse driven operations:

The following chart shows how to use mouse to ease your model making
work. Make sure the Display Points option under View menu is checked
if you will edit points with mouse.

Task Mouse Operation

Select Point Click on the point you want to select

Delete Point Double Click on the point you want to delete

Insert Point Ctrl+Double Click on the point after which a

New point is to be inserted.
Relocate Point Drag the point and Drop it to new location

Select Section Shift+Click on the section you want to select

Clean Extra Points 1.Click on Select button or pressing F2 key on

current section to mark points to be deleted
or component 2.Double Click on point or press F9 to toggle
color, if required
3. Click on Clean button or press F2 to delete
marked points

2.7.5 Creation & editing of parts & components:

2.7.5.1 Creating parts:

When the hull envelope has been finalized, then we create tanks,
compartments, appendages, and deductions in order to create a complete
vessel model.
Recall that there are two kinds of parts: displacer and container. The hull
is a displacer part, whereas all tanks & compartments are container parts.
The part level of a geometry file contains very little information about
actual geometry. It provides a means of grouping related components and
gives information about the contents and position of these components.
To create or edit a part select the EDIT pull down menu at the top of the
screen, and click the PART EDIT menu option. Upon selection of this
option, a form will appear which contains the following input boxes or
selectable options (see figure 2-4).

Figure 2-4 Create part form

Select Part-list box:
The select part list box contains a list of all parts currently defined in a
geometry file. The box is scrollable and a part can be picked with a
mouse. No editing is done within this box. A part can be renamed within
the part name input box.
Part Name-input box:
The part name can be entered into the box and the select part list box will
be updated with the new name.
Part names may not contain spaces or commas.
There are 2 methods of changing the side designation. Either the
extension can be added to the part name in the part name input box or the
appropriate side option can be select from the side option box on the
Create/edit Part form. The part name and side option boxes are linked so
that a change in the side designation of one will update the side
designation in the other.

Part Description-input box:

A description of the part can be entered into this box which is used only
as a reminder for the user.
Side-option box:
The options for the side factor are:
• Starboard (no change): creates a starboard part.
• Port (negated): will cause all transverse (Y) offsets to be multiplied
by -1 (Makes a Port side Component).
• Centered (mirrored): will cause the component to be mirrored
about Y=0 (A symmetrical centerline component).
There are 2 methods of changing the side designation. Either the
extension can be added to the part name in the part name input box or the
appropriate side option can be select from the side option box.
Class-option box:
The class specification will determine how a part will function in
Autohydro.
• The displacement option is for the hull, appendages or any buoyant
part.
• The container option is used for tanks or compartments and can be
set for containment or parts which will later be flooded.
• The sail option is used to specify a part which is included in the
geometry file for use in wind heel calculations.
Fluid Name-input box:
The fluid name is specified with a part to describe either the name of the
fluid contained in a containment part or displaced in a displacement part.
Fluid Specific Gravity-input box:
The fluid specific gravity is specified with a part to provide either the
specific gravity of the fluid contained in a containment part or displaced
in a displacement part.
The fluid specific gravity input box is not linked to the fluid name input
box.
Add Button:
The add button will add a part to the list of parts which may later be
edited. The default part name is "NEWPART1".
The default fluid is "Sea Water" with a specific gravity of 1.025.
Remove Button:
The remove button will eliminate a part from the geometry file.
The part which is currently identified in the select part list and input
boxes will be lost.

2.7.5.2 Creating components:

To create a component select the EDIT pull down menu at the top of the
screen, and click the COMPONENT CREATE menu option (see figure 2-
5).

Figure 2-5 create component dialog

Model Maker supports different modeling tool for component, such box,
cylinder, extrusion, sphere, surface of rotation & digitizing sections.

2.7.5.2.1 Create a box:

First we would select the part which we want the component we are
creating to be related to.
After we have established the part name, click the "BOX SHAPE" radio
button and then click the OK command button. This will cause a second
dialogue box to pop up (see figure2-6).

Figure2-6 create box dialog

Within this dialogue box, we would specify the component name, ends of
the tank (FWD X, and AFT X), section spacing, side factor, and tank
effectiveness).
Sloping:
Modelmaker allows you to specify a sloped top, bottom, inboard or
outboard face for a “box” shape.
When you check any of the sloping boxes this will open up three
additional input boxes, this allows you to specify 2 points on the
component longitudinal direction which defines the slop.

2.7.5.2.2 Create cylinder/cone:

This shape is most commonly used for creating bow thrusters, and
thruster tunnels and deducted from the hull and compartment through
which it passes. Cylinders may also be used to create masts and booms
and fitted externally to the hull to add windage when simulating wind
heel in Autohydro.
Click the CYLINDER/CONE radio button in the create component pop
up dialogue box, and then click the OK command button. This will cause
the CREATE CYLINDER dialogue box to pop up (see figure 2-7).

Figure 2-7 Create cylinder dialog

A cone or a cylinder is created by specifying the diameters between 2

points, if the diameters are identical then the created shape will be a
cylinder; if they are not the shape will be a cone.

2.7.6 Fitting objects:

Fitting is trimming one object (part or component) to the other, to keep
inside or outside portion by external or internal specification.
To fit an object to another select the EDIT pull down menu at the top of
the screen, and click the FIT TO menu option this will open the fit
component dialog box (see figure 2-8).

Figure 2-8 fit to component dialog box

There are 2 input boxes which will identify the fit component and the
component to be fit to.
An option box specifies whether an internal or external fit is to be
performed.
An EXTERNAL fit is most commonly used to fit components such as a
deckhouse, superstructure, etc. to the outside of the hull, and eliminates
any overlaps.

2.7.7 Joining objects:

When you join one component to the other, the component to join will
lose it's identity in the process of join, hence the result of joining C1 to
C2 is C2.
Rather than fitting components, sometimes we may wish to join one
component to another to create one component with a complex shape.
When we join one component to another, the component being joined to
the other disappears.
Joining should be used with CAUTION, as each join causes additional
stations to be interpolated and may result in a geometry file which is
excessively large.
To join one component to the other, pull down the EDIT menu at the top
of the screen, and click the JOIN TO menu option. The dialogue box
illustrated in figure 2-9.

Figure 2-9 join dialog box

The operation of this function is very simple. List boxes allow for the
selection of the 2 join components and an option box specifies whether an
internal or external join is to be performed.
2.7.8 Deducting:

Deduct a component from the other component, as long as two

components intersect, the deduction will take off whatever is overlapping.
If two components are not intersecting at all, no deduction will be
performed.
Frequently, we may want to deduct components from a previously
defined part/component, for example a settling tank built inside a fuel oil
tank, or a tank within a compartment, thruster tunnel, stern ramp, etc.
Deductions are necessary to avoid "redundant" tank loads occupying the
same space.
For example, let's say that we have created a fuel oil tank located within
the engine room, and we are interested in running damaged conditions
later in Autohydro, specifically to assess the vessel when the engine room
has been flooded. If we assign a whole or partial load to the fuel oil tank,
and then flood the engine room, the program will not account for the
reduction in volume of the engine room due to the fuel oil tank, unless we
tell it to.
The deduct component should have previously been created as a
component of the part/component to deduct from.

To assign a "negative volume" (deduction) to any part/component, click

the edit pull down menu at the top of the screen, and select the DEDUCT
FROM menu option. The dialogue box in figure 2-10 will appear.

Figure 2-10 deduct dialog box

2.7.9 Sounding tube:

Often, we may wish to generate tank information based on tank

soundings, as opposed to fractional load information. This requires the
definition of sounding tubes. Sounding tubes may be defined by a series
of X,Y,Z coordinates along the path of the sounding tube.
The simplest case would be a straight tube defined by two sets of X,Y,Z
points, one set at the tank top and the other at the striker plate. However,
some complex tanks will require a more elaborate definition if, for
example, the sounding tube traces a path along the side shell etc.

To create a sounding tube select the EDIT pull down menu at the top of
the screen, and click the SOUNDING TUBE menu option.
The dialogue box below will appear which contains the following input
selections (see figure 2-11).

Figure 2-11 sounding tube definition input box

Sounding Tube Definition - input boxes:

2 points appear as a default with 3-D offsets of zero.
If you wish to use more or fewer points to define the sounding tube, use
the insert and delete buttons.
A maximum of 18 points are allowed and the points must proceed from
bottom to top.

Part Name - list box:

A sounding tube must have an associated part. The part under which the
sounding tube is identified may be selected by picking with the mouse.

Note: make sure to click on the record button after you finish to apply the
tube definition.
2.8 Getting inside Autohydro:
Using the model created in Modelmaker, Autohydro calculates various
hydrostatic values for given conditions.
You can analyze the model in three distinct ways:
Given You can find
A. draft, trim, heel weight, center of gravity
B. weight(s) draft, trim, heel
C. waterlines vessel characteristics
Putting together the appropriate sets of instructions allows you to analyze
the model in several different conditions.
Various reports describing the characteristics or stability of the vessel are
available by using the appropriate pull down menu or command. By
assembling the reports in the right order, you can produce a stability
book.
2.8.1 User interface:

Figure 2-12 Autohydro user interface

2.8.1.1 Ship's Views:
Autohydro can display any or all of a ship's body, plan, and profile views.
You van display these views from Window Menu. To view ship's
coordinates, check the settings in the Setup Menu.
2.8.1.2 Hydrostatics Values:
Autohydro can display a user-selectable list of hydrostatics parameters.
The list can be changed from the Setup Menu (see figure 2-13).

Figure 2-13 Hydrostatics Values

2.8.1.3 Status Bar:
The status bar displays useful information in separate panels (see figure
2-14).

Figure 2-14 status bar

From left to right these panels are:
Status Text, Progress Meter, Busy/Ready Indicator, Output to Report,
Editor Status, Current Date & Current Time.

2.8.1.4 The main tool bar:

Figure 2-15 the main tool bar

• Solve Button :
When lit (red in color), indicates the model is not in equilibrium.
Clicking on this button executes the Solve command.
• Stop Button :
Signals Autohydro to stop the current operation and return control to
the user. There may be a delay before processing can stop.
• Righting Arm Button :
Executes an RA command, evaluating any limits you may have
defined.
 • Fixed Weights Button :
Displays the Fixed Weights dialog.

• Tank Information Button :

Displays the Tank Information dialog.

• Fluids Button :
Displays the Fluids dialog.

• Hazards Button :
Displays the Hazards dialog where the wind speed and direction can
be specified.
• Drafts :
Displays the draft dialog.

• Editor Button :
Displays the built-in editor. This is the same as selecting Editor from
the Window Menu.
• Report Button :
Displays the current report. This is the same as selecting Report from
the Window Menu.
• Macro Library Button :
If any macros are registered, displays the Macro Library Dialog.
• Command Line Input:
This is where commands are typed directly into Autohydro command
interpreter. To see all the commands previously executed, click on the
down-arrow.

2.8.2 Weights:

2.8.2.1 Weight categories:

Autohydro maintains two separate weight categories. One has further
sub-categories:
1. Fixed Weight:
I) Lightship Weight
Can be set:
• With the WEIGHT command, or
• By specifying drafts or depth and using the SOLVE WEIGHT
command.
II) Added Weights
Can be input:
• With the ADD command, or
• In a dialog box accessed from the Fixed Weight button.
2. Tank Loads:
Can be specified:
• With the LOAD command, or
• In a dialog box accessed from the Tank Loads button.

2.8.2.2 Fixed Weights dialog:

The Fixed Weights dialog allows interactive editing of the point weights
in Autohydro. Selecting a weight from the list displays its parameters in
the upper editing area. This area can be edited, although changes aren't
recorded until the Ok is clicked (see figure 2-16).
The addition & removal of weights is possible by clicking Add or Delete
buttons, for every added weight you must specify its LCG, TCG & VCG.

Figure 2-16 fixed weight dialog

2.8.3 Conditions of equilibrium:

To Autohydro, the vessel is in equilibrium when three conditions are met:
1. The displacement = the total of all weights (lightship + added weights
+ tank loads)
2. The LCB = trimmed LCG (longitudinal righting arm = 0)
3. The TCB = heeled TCG (transverse righting arm = 0)
To get Autohydro to calculate a new equilibrium, click on the Solve
button. After the calculation, the Solve button will turn grey, the graphics
window showing the model will be updated and the Hydrostatics Values
window will show new values.
2.8.4 Drafts Dialog:
This dialog Allows interactive editing of the vessel's draft.

Figure 2-17 draft dialog box

The Fwd and Aft inputs assume draft sensors located along the centerline
at the fwd and aft perpendiculars respectively.

If "Use drafts to set lightship" is checked, then the drafts will be used to
set the lightship weight and LCG. If the box is not checked, then a fixed
weight named "PAYLOAD" is created. This weight can be edited in the
Fixed Weights Dialog.
2.8.5 Fluids Dialog:
This dialog is used to edit a fluid's properties. On the left is a list of all the
fluids defined in the current geometry file as well as a number of
predefined fluids. Selecting a fluid from this list displays its current
specific gravity, abbreviation, color, and pattern see (figure2-18).

Figure 2-18 fluid dialog box

To change the specific gravity or abbreviation, simply type over the

existing text.
Note that abbreviations are limited to three characters.
To select a different color, left-click in the colored area. Choose a color in
the color dialog and click OK.
To select a different pattern, right-click in the colored area repeatedly.
Note that Changes to a fluid's specific gravity or abbreviation are not
permanent and will be reset the next time a model is loaded while the
Changes to a fluid's color and pattern are permanent.

2.8.6 Hazards Dialog:

The hazards dialog is used to set the current Wind condition.

Clicking anywhere (or dragging the mouse) on the graphic display of the
vessel results in setting the current wind speed and direction (see figure 2-
19).

Figure 2-19 wind setting dialog box

2.8.7 Tank Information Dialog:

The tank dialog box is implemented with a spreadsheet like interface

which allows user easily update and review tank information. Most of its
functionality is activated by pop-up menus which are enabled by right
clicking on the related area in spreadsheet. Other functionality is driven
by command buttons located at bottom area of the dialog box.
Just click on the tank name and the selected tank will be automatically
highlighted in Views in Autohydro, if they are displayed.
 Figure 2-20 tank information dialog
2.8.7.1 Tank Categories:
Different tank categories are displayed on different tabs which caption are
the abbreviations of the corresponding categories. All tab displays all
tanks in all categories. Just click on the corresponding tab to get the
required category displayed. Being displayed in Autohydro, the Views
are automatically redrawn to display the current selected category.

2.8.7.2 Editing Tank Information:

- Edit Information for a Single Tank:

Select the cell to be edited, type into new data and press Enter or go to
another cell. Use Esc key to ignore the current typing and retrieve the
previous data.

-Edit Information for multiple Tanks:

1). Select cells in the same column that need to be changed by left
clicking on the cells while holding Ctrl key;
2). Right click anywhere on the spreadsheet to enable pop-up menu;
3). Select Input sub menu and type into the new data;
4). Click OK to accept the new data or Cancel to omit the entry.
(Note: Status and Connection field don't allow multiple editing.)

-Copy Data from One Tank to Other Tanks:

1). Select the cell to copy data from;

2). Right click on spreadsheet to get pop-up menu and select Copy from
the menu;
4). Highlight the cells to copy data to
5). Right click on spreadsheet and select Paste from the pop-up menu to
copy the data or Cancel to discard the process.
(This operation doesn't apply to Status and Connection column)

-Move Tank(s) to another Category:

1). Select the tank that needs to be moved by clicking on its Name (for
multiple selecting, holding Ctrl key while clicking)
2). Right click on the Name column to get the pop-up menu
3). Select Cut from the pop-up menu
4). Click on the category tab which the selected tank(s) will be moved to
5). Right click on the Name column to enable the pop-up menu
6). Select Paste to put the selected tank(s) into the current category or
Cancel to discard the operation.

-Report Tank Information:

By clicking on Report button, user can send current displayed spreadsheet

to the report engine in Autohydro and the information becomes part of the
Autohydro report.

-show column:

User can put more columns to the spreadsheet

1). Select the column in front of which a new column will be inserted;
2). Right click on the heading of the selected column to enable pop-up
menu
3). Go to Show sub menu and then select the desired column or select All
to show all available columns.

2.8.7.3 Tank Types:

• Intact:
This tank is nonspilling and not frozen, the volume is determined by
the current load parameter within the tank

• Frozen:
The current surface of the liquid in tank to remains fixed at the present
heel and trim. Changing the load within a frozen tank causes the
surface to change to the heel and trim in effect at the time the load is
changed. Changing the contents (density) does not cause the frozen
surface to change. Frozen tanks are useful for modeling solid cargo in
holds.
 • Spilling:
The tank's reference point is treated as a spilling point - any contents
above the reference point height (z coordinate) are removed from the
load. A spilling tank always contains its specified load unless its
surface would be higher than the reference point. Spilling tanks are
useful for modeling open hoppers and water on deck.

• Flooded:
The tank is treated as a damaged space: the tank liquid level is made
the same as the water level (including waves) outside the vessel. The
density of the liquid is not changed to that of the outside water level (a
contents command must be issued).

2.8.8 Calculate Menu:

From calculate menu you can calculate Cross Curves, Hull Data,
Hydrostatics, Longitudinal Strength, MaxVcg, Righting Arm, Sounding
Table, Tank Capacity.
The last two entries are enabled only if the Currently Selected Tank
contains a sounding tube.
The results of the calculations will appear in the Report editor.

2.8.9 Autohydro Commands:

In addition to the menus and functions available in the user interface

Autohyro’s operation can also be controlled by commands.
Commands are instructions to Autohydro to have it perform some
procedure or calculation. Commands can be input and executed one at a
time from the command line, or a file of commands can be created and
run as a batch of instructions. A file of Autohydro commands is referred
to as a Run file, Autohydro has a built-in text editor for creating & editing
Run files.

2.8.9.1Command Syntax and Conventions:

Command Names:
Each command has a name, such as Add, Contents, Status etc. In many
cases the name can be abbreviated by using the first few letters. For
example, Con is an abbreviation of Contents.
Command Syntax:
The following convention is used in the command descriptions:

Convention Description
Angles Command Names are represented in
boldface with an upper case first letter.

Command Parameters are represented in a

WeiahtName single-spaced font. Spaces or commas are
used to separate multiple parameters.
Square parenthesis indicates that the
[lcg, tcg, vcg] enclosed parameters are optional. The
order is important; if the second parameter
is input, then the first must also be input.
Items inside curly braces and a vertical bar
indicate a mandatory choice between two
{unit|intervals} or more items. You must choose one of the
items unless all of the items are enclosed by
square brackets.

ADD. RUN, ENTER Words in all upper, case letters indicate a

filenames, key names, or key sequences.

Parameters:

Number Parameters:
Number parameters can contain numbers, a negative sign "-", or a
decimal point. Numbers must not contain commas. The following
suffixes (letters attached to the end of the number) are recognized.

• % - indicates that the value is to be divided by 100.

• F, A, S or P - F means forward of origin, A means aft of origin, S

for starboard side and P for port side. In the right hand coordinate
system used, F or P indicates that the number is negative. For
example, Heel = 30P sets the heel 30 degrees to the port side. This
is the same as saying Heel = -30. Only one suffix can be used on a
number at a time.

String Parameters
String parameters should always be enclosed in quotation marks.
For example, BOOM "Weight on boom"
Keyword Parameters:
Keyword parameters are specific words that have a definite meaning in
the context of the command. Keyword parameters, like command names
have acceptable abbreviations. For example, in
STATUS DRAFT
Where STATUS is a command name and DRAFT is a keyword
parameter ST DR is an acceptable abbreviation.

Slash Parameters:
Slash parameters are a special type of keyword parameter and consist of a
slash followed by a keyword. An example is:
STATUS TANKS /FSM
Where STATUS is the command name, TANK is a regular parameter and
/FSM is a slash parameter.

Sub Parameters:
A parameter can be a mini command in the sense that it can introduce one
or more additional parameters called sub parameters. For example:
STATUS USERFSM: 123.4
Where, STATUS is the command name and /USERFSM is a slash
parameter which introduces the fsm numerical sub parameter, 123.4.

Parenthetical Parameters
Some parameters must be enclosed in parentheses. These are called
parenthetical parameters and are always optional. For example:
LOAD (TK5) 60%
Where TK5 is the name of the tank.

Compound Parameters:
Compound parameters refer to number and string parameters that can
consist of more than one number or string. A series of numerical
parameters of equal intervals can be abbreviated by using an ellipsis (...).
For example:
TC 5% 10°o ... 30%
Is the same as:
TC 5%, 10°%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%

Order of Parameters:
Generally, there is no particular order required for parameters. However,
the following restrictions do apply:
• Slash parameters must come after regular parameters, i.e.:
TC/TS where /TS is a slash parameter that follows TC.
 • Parenthetical parameters must follow the command or keyword
with which they are associated, i.e.: LOAD (TK5) 30%

Remarks:
Remarks are reminder notes used as explanations to readers or for future
reference. The accent (`) character is used at the beginning of the remark
phrase to indicate its use. For example:
TMMT OFF 'turns off all trimming moments.

2.8.9.2 Command job Flow:

The general sequence of procedures to work in Autohydro by using
commands is:
1. READ in the Geometry File,
2. Set up any operational and/or output settings necessary for the task;
i.e.: UNITS, AXIS, LIMITS, etc.
3. Set up the condition i.e.: DRAFT. WEIGHTS. LOADS etc.
4. SOLVE for the given condition.
5. Report the results with STATUS, if it is acceptable, then print or save
it. Otherwise start at step 2 again.

2.8.9.3 Command Classification:

In the next few pages, the Autohydro commands are arranged according
to the following function groups:

CONTROL GROUP

EXIT QUIT
IF..THEN..ELSE RUN
INPUT WAIT

DOWNFLOODING GROUP

CRTPT LIMIT
FL SET
FLDPT TRIM
HEEL VARIABLES

GEOMETRY FILE GROUP

CLEAR VIEW
READ WRITE
HYDROSTATICS/STABILITY GROUP

AXIS MAXVCG
CROSSCURVES RA
GRAIN STATUS
GHS TCG
DAMSTAB TC
LCG VCG
LIMIT LS

INPUT/OUTPUT GROUP

DISK RUN
END SAVE
INPUT WAIT
PLOT WRITE
PRINTER

MACROS GROUP

MACRO EXIT
CLEAR LOOP
EXECUTE LIST

MODEL GROUP

HULL LWL
TANKS TCG
TONNAGE VCG
PARTS LCG
REFPT LBP
UNITS SPGR

OPERATIONAL SETTINGS GROUP

UNITS SET
DIVISION SPGR
FRAME ANGLES
BHD LIMIT
SMOD WATER
VARIABLES
REPORTING GROUP

STATUS COMMENTS
PAGE NOTE
SUBTITLE TITLE

TANKS GROUP

LOAD TYPE
REFPT CONTENTS
TANKS

WATERPLANE SETUP GROUP

SOLVE LBP
LWL STATUS
ADD WEIGHT
WIND ROLL
WAVE DEPTH
DRAFT FIX
VARY HEEL
TRIM HMMT
TMMT

WEIGHT SETUP GROUP

ADD BOOM
DELETE GMTMMT
LCG TCG
WEIGHT VCG

USER VARIABLES GROUP

VARIABLES SET
INPUT
 3- Brief Autohydro tutorial
In this tutorial you will learn how to create a GF file using Autoship,
creating tanks in Modelmaker, opening the file in Autohydro, assigning
drafts, calculating LCG & some other operations in Autohydro.
This tutorial is not a detailed one however it’s useful for beginners in
Autohydro & it gives a reasonable image about the job flow in
Autohydro.

3.1 Creating the GF file in Autoship:

- In Autoship from File menu open the previously created Jack-up hull
file.
- Click Export from File menu & choose Autohydro.
- Click save in the save box after choosing the file location.
- In the Autoship dialog that appears click yes for user defined sections.
- Another box will appear prompting you for the name for the GF1 part,
click ok to accept the default one “Hull”.

3.2 Opening the file in Modelmaker:

- In Modelmaker from File menu click open, choose the geometry file &
click Ok.
- From Options menu choose meters.
- From View menu choose Iso to have the best view of the hull.

3.3 Creating tanks:

3.3.1 Create a part:

- From Edit menu choose Part create/Edit.
- In the part create dialog box click Add to create new part, in the part
name field give it a descriptive name.
- In the Class field choose container, in the fluid name choose the fluid
the tank will use & click Ok.

3.3.2 Create a component:

- From Edit menu choose Component create.
- In the create component dialog box choose box & click Input.
- In the create box dialog enter the dimensions of your file & the station
spacing & choose the Side factor, specify any sloping in the box & click
Ok.
- In the create component dialog box click Done.
- From Edit menu choose Fit to.. to fit the tank to the hull.

- Repeat the last steps to create all the other tanks.

- From File menu click Save to save your current work.

3.4 Start Autohydro and find lightship displacement:

- Click on File - Open, select the GF you just created and click on OK.
- Click the Draft button to define the lightship drafts.
- In the Draft input dialog box type the lightship drafts, check the Use
drafts to set lightship check box & click ok.
- In the hydrostatic values window notice that the draft status has been
changed & the LCG Value has been appeared.

3.5 Add cargo and find resultant drafts:

- Click the weight button, in the dialog that will appear click Add.
- enter the name of the cargo & its LCG, TCG, VCG & weight & click
Ok.
- Autohydro will automatically find the new drafts, LCG & VCG.

3.6 Loading tanks:

- From the tank contents window choose the desired tank & in the Fill%
column type the desired loading condition & press Enter.
- notice that the solve button turns to red, click the Solve button to
calculate equilibrium.
- The hydrostatic values window will show the new drafts & center of
gravity.

3.7 Create report:

- From Condition menu click Status to make a report of the results.

- From Calculate menu choose Righting Arm to calculate the righting arm
for this loading condition.

3.8 Create a stability book:

- repeat the steps 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 for a different loading condition.
- Click the report button to view the stability book, click save to save it
(you can save it in Word format & then export it to Excel).
- You can also calculate the cross curves, longitudinal strength & Hull
data from the Calculate menu.
 Part III

STABILITY CRITERIA
FOR OFFSHORE SELF
ELVATING UNITS
ACCORDING TO IMO
RULES
1.1 Righting moment and heeling moment curves:

1.1.1 Curves of righting moments and of wind heeling moments similar

to figure 3-1 with supporting calculations should be prepared covering the
full range of operating draughts, including those in transit conditions.
Taking into account the maximum deck cargo and equipment in the most
unfavorable position applicable. The righting moment curves and wind
heeling moment curves should be related to the most critical axes.
Account should be taken of the free surface of liquids in tanks.

1.1.2 Where equipment is of such a nature that it can be lowered and

stowed, additional wind heeling moment tunes may be required and such
data should clearly indicate the position of such equipment.

1.1.3 The curves of wind heeling moments should be drawn for wind
forces calculated by the following formula:
F = ().5CsCH ρV2A
Where:
F = the wind force (newtons)
Cs = the shape coefficient depending on the shape of the structural
member exposed to the wind (see table 1-1)
CH = the height coefficient depending on the height above sea level of the
structural member exposed to wind (see table 1-2)
ρ = the air mass density (1.222 kg/m3)
V = the wind velocity (metres per second)
A = the projected area of all exposed surfaces in either the upright or
the heeled condition (square metres)

1.1.4 Wind forces should be considered from any direction relative to the
unit and the value of the wind velocity should be as follows:

1. In general a minimum wind velocity of 36 m/s (70 knots) for

offshore service should be used for normal operating conditions
and a minimum \wind velocity of 51.5 m/s (100 knots) should be
used for the severe storm conditions.
2. Where a unit is to be limited in operation to sheltered locations
(protected inland waters such as lakes, bays, swamps, rivers, etc.)
consideration should be given to a reduced wind velocity of not
less than 25.8 m/s (50 knots) for normal operating conditions.

1.1.5 In calculating the projected areas to the vertical plane, the area of
surfaces exposed to wind due to heel or trim, such as tinder-deck
surfaces, etc., should be included using the appropriate shape factor.
Open truss work may be approximated by taking 30% of the projected
block area of both the front and back section, i.e. 60% of the projected
area of one side.

1.1.6 In calculating the wind heeling moments, the lever of the wind
overturning force should be taken vertically from the centre of pressure of
all surfaces exposed to the wind to the centre of lateral resistance of the
underwater body of the unit. The unit is to be assumed floating free of
mooring restraint.

1.1.7 The wind heeling moment curve should be calculated for a

sufficient number of heel angles to define the curve? For ship-shaped
hulls the curve may be assumed to vary as the cosine function of vessel
heel.

1.1.8 Wind heeling moments derived from wind tunnel tests on a

representative model of the unit may be considered as alternative to the
method given in 1.3 to 1.7. Such heeling moment determination should
include lift and drag effects at various applicable heel angles.

shape Cs
Spherical 0.4
Cylindrical 0.5
Large flat surface (hull, deckhouse, smooth under-deck
1.0
areas)
Drilling derrick 1.25
wires 1.2
Exposed beams and girders under deck 1.3
Small parts 1.4
Isolated shapes (crane, beam, etc.) 1.5
Clustered deckhouses or similar structures 1.1

Table 1-1 Values of the coefficient Cs

Height above sea level (meters) CH

0-15.3 1.00
15.3-30.5 1.10
30.5-46.0 1.20
46.0-61.0 1.30
61.0-76.0 1.37
76.0-91.5 1.43
 91.5-106.5 1.48
106.5-122.0 1.52
122.0-137.0 1.56
137.0-152.5 1.60
152.5-167.5 1.63
167.5-183.0 1.67
183.0-198.0 1.70
198.0-213.5 1.72
213.5-228.5 1.75
228.5-244.0 1.77
244.0-256.0 1.79
Above 256 1.80

Table 1-2 Values of the coefficient CH

1.2 Intact stability criteria:

Figure1-1 righting moment and heeling moment curves

1.2.1 The stability of a unit in each mode of operation should meet the
following criteria (see also figure 1-1):
1. For surface and self-elevating units the area under the righting
moment curve to the second intercept or downflooding angle,
whichever is less, should be not less than 40% in excess of the
area under the wind heeling moment curve to the same limiting
angle.
2. The righting moment curve should be positive over the entire
range of angles from upright to the second intercept.
1.2.2 Each unit should be capable of attaining a severe storm condition in
a period of time consistent with the meteorological conditions. The
procedures recommended and the approximate length of time required,
considering both operating conditions and transit conditions, should be
contained in the operating manual. It should be possible to achieve the
severe storm condition without the removal or relocation of solid
consumables or other variable load. However, the Administration may
permit loading a unit past the point at which solid consumables would
have to be removed or relocated to go to severe storm condition under the
following conditions, provided the allowable KG requirement is not
exceeded:
1. in a geographic location where weather conditions annually or
seasonally do not become sufficiently severe to require a unit to go
to severe storm condition, or
2. Where a unit is required to support extra deck load for a short
period of time that falls well within a period for which the weather
forecast is favorable.
The geographic locations, weather conditions and loading conditions in
which this is permitted should be identified in the operating manual.

1.2.3 Alternative stability criteria may be considered by the

Administration, provided an equivalent level of safety is maintained and
it they are demonstrated to afford adequate positive initial stability. In
determining the acceptability of such criteria, the Administration should
consider at least the following and take into account as appropriate:

1. environmental conditions representing realistic winds (uk aiding

gusts) and waves appropriate for world-wide service in various
modes of operation;
2. Dynamic response of a unit. Analysis should include the results of
wind tunnel tests, wave tank model tests, and non-linear
simulation, where appropriate Any wind and wave spectra used
should cover sufficient frequency ranges to ensure that critical
motion responses are obtained;
3. potential for flooding taking into account dynamic responses in a
seaway;
4. susceptibility to capsizing considering the unit's restoration energy
and the static inclination due to the mean wind, speed and the
maximum dynamic response;
5. An adequate safety margin to account for uncertainties.
1.3. Subdivision and damage stability:

1.3.1 The unit should have sufficient freeboard and be subdivided by

means of watertight decks and bulkheads to provide sufficient buoyancy
and stability to withstand in general the flooding of any one compartment
in any operating or transit condition consistent with the damage
assumptions set out in 1.4.

1.3.2 The unit should have sufficient reserve stability in a damaged

condition to withstand the wind heeling moment based on a wind velocity
of 25.8 m/s (50 knots) superimposed from any direction. In this condition
the final waterline, after flooding, should be below the lower edge of any
downflooding opening.

1.3.3 The unit should provide sufficient buoyancy & stability in any
operating or transit condition to withstand the flooding of any watertight
compartment wholly or partially below the waterline in question, which is
a pump-room, a room containing machinery with a salt water cooling
system or a compartment adjacent to the sea, taking the following
consideration-, into account:
1. the angle of inclination after flooding should not be greater than
25˚;
2. Any opening below the final waterline should be made watertight;
3. A range of positive stability should be provided. Beyond the
calculated angle of inclination in these conditions, of at least 7˚

1.3.4 Compliance with the requirements of 1.3.1 to 1.3.3 should be

determined by calculations which take into consideration the proportions
and design characteristics of the unit and the arrangements and
configuration of the damaged compartments. In making these
calculations, it should be assumed that the unit is in the worst anticipated
service condition -regards stability and is floating free of mooring
restraints.

1.3.5 The ability to reduce angles of inclination by pumping out or

ballasting compartments or application of mooring forces, etc., should not
be considered as justifying any relaxation of the requirements.

1.3.6 Alternative subdivision and damage stability criteria may be

considered for approval by the Administration provided an equivalent
level of safety is maintained. In determining the acceptability of such
criteria the Administration should consider at least the following and take
into account:
 1. extent of damage as set out in 1.4;
2. on column-stabilized units, the flooding of any one compartment as
set out in 1.3.3;
3. The provision of an adequate margin against capsizing.

1.4 Extent of damage:

1.4.1 In assessing the damage stability of self-elevating units, the

following extent of damage should be assumed to occur between effective
watertight bulkheads:
1. horizontal penetration of 1.5 m; and
2. Vertical extent: from the base line upwards without limit.

1.4.2 The distance between effective watertight bulkheads or their nearest

stepped portions which are positioned within the assumed extent of
horizontal penetration should be not less than 3.0 in; where there is a
lesser distance, one or more of the adjacent bulkheads should be
disregarded.

1.4.3 Where damage of a lesser extent than in 1.4.1 results in a more

severe condition, such lesser extent should be assumed.

1.4.4 Where a mat is fitted, the above extent of damage should be applied
to both the platform and the mat but not simultaneously, unless deemed
necessary by the Administration due to their close proximity to each
other.

1.4.5 All piping, ventilation systems, trunks, etc., within the extent of
damage referred to in 3.5.5 should be assumed to be damaged. Positive
means of closure should be provided at watertight boundaries to preclude
the progressive flooding of other spaces which are intended to be intact.
IV References:
1- Autoship User’s Manual Release 0.7.

2- Autoship 0.7 help.

3- Autoship 0.8 help.

4- Autohydro User’s Manual Release 0.5.

5- Autohydro Reference Manual Release 4.5.

6- Autohydro 5.1 help

7-
http://cadcam.autoship.com/cadproductsservices/autohydro/autohyd
ro.htm

8-
http://poisson.me.dal.ca/site2/courses/mech4440/lecture5_1slideperpa
ge.pdf.

9- http://poisson.me.dal.ca/site2/courses/mech4440/lecture7.pdf.

10- http://www.usna.edu/NAOE/courses/en200/ch03.pdf.

11- http://www.usna.edu/NAOE/courses/en200/ch04.pdf.

12- http://www.usna.edu/NAOE/courses/en200/vroman_slides/3.3.ppt.

13- IMO MUDO rules 2001.