U n i ve rs i t y o f M a u r i t i u s

CSE 2247– Network Computing

Semester 2 – Year 2010-2011

Lecture 1 – Introduction to Networks

What is a Computer Network?

A computer network is a system for communicating

between two or more computers and associated devices.
It is an interconnection of computers for the purposes of
sharing information and resources.

A popular example of a computer network is the internet,
which allows millions of users to share information.

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Example of a network

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Uses of Computer Network

Resource sharing and communication, are two principal
reasons of building and using Computer Network.
Examples of resources shared:

Printer, File sharing, Internet Connection, etc.

Some of most popular network applications include:

E-mail, Web-browsing, Digital libraries,Video-on-demand

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Types of Computer Network

Class 1: Function-Based Classification

Data

Voice

Multimedia

Class 2: Location-and-Distance-based Classification

PAN (Personal Area Network)

LAN (Local Area Network)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

WAN (Wide Area Network)

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Types of Computer Network (cont..)

Class 3: Forwarding-based Classification

Switched Network

Circuit-switching Network

Packet-switching Network

Shared Network

Class 4: Ownership-based Classification

Public Networks

Private Networks

Virtual Private Networks

Leased Networks

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Terminology

Bit Rate

Number of bits per second

Given in bps

Bandwidth

Maximum frequency supported by the medium.

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Exercise
An image is 1024 × 768 pixels with 3 bytes/pixel.
a. How long will it take to transmit it over a 56 kbps
modem channel?
b. Over a 1-Mbps cable modem?
c. Over a 10-Mbps cable?
d. Over 100-Mbps cable?

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Transmission Medium

Guided Transmission Media

Coaxial Cable

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Transmission Medium (cont..)

Twisted Pair

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Transmission Medium (cont..)

Fibre-Optics

Monomode Fibre-optics cable

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Transmission Medium (Cont..)

Multimode Fibre-optics cable

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Transmission Medium (Cont..)

Unguided Transmission Media

Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Transmission Medium (Cont..)

Radiowave Transmission

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Transmission Medium (Cont..)

Microwave Transmission

Transmission path between

Microwave towers

Microwave Tower

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Transmission Medium (Cont..)

Communication Satellite

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Transmission Medium (Cont..)

Infrared

Bluetooth

Piconet

Scatternet

Wifi

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Reference Models

• The OSI Reference Model

• The TCP/IP Reference Model
• A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP

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Protocol Hierarchies

Protocol are used for communication between computers in different
computer networks. Protocol achieves:

What is communicated between computers?

How it is communicated?

When it is communicated?

What conformance (bit sequence) between computers?

Key elements of a protocol are:

SYNTAC: Data format and signal levels

SEMANTICS: Control information for coordination and error handling

TIMING: Synchronization, speed matching, and sequencing

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Protocol Hierarchies
Location A Location B

I like J'aime
Message Philosopher
rabbits bien les
lapins
3 3

Information
L: Dutch for the remote Translator L: Dutch
Ik vind translator Ik vind
konijnen konijnen
2 2
leuk leuk

Information
Fax #--- for the remote Fax #---
L: Dutch secretary Secretary L: Dutch
Ik vind Ik vind
1 1
konijnen konijnen
leuk leuk

• The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.

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Open System Interconnection

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OSI Reference Model

• Layered model:
7. Application
6. Presentation
5. Session
4. Transport
3. Network
2. Data Link
1. Physical

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The Physical Layer

• Responsibility:
– transmission of raw bits over a communication
channel.
• Issues:
– mechanical and electrical interfaces
– time per bit
– distances

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The Data Link Layer - Data Link Control

Responsibility:

provide an error-free communication link

Issues:

framing (dividing data into chunks)

header & trailer bits

Addressing (Mac Address)

10110110101 01100010011 10110000001

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The Network Layer

Responsibilities:

path selection between end-systems (routing).

subnet flow control.

fragmentation & reassembly

translation between different network types.

Issues:

packet headers

virtual circuits

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The Transport Layer

Responsibilities:

provides virtual end-to-end links between peer processes.

end-to-end flow control

Issues:

headers

error detection

reliable communication

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The Session Layer

Responsibilities:

establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between
applications.

service location lookup

Many protocol suites do not include a session layer.

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The Presentation Layer

Responsibilities:

data encryption

data compression

data conversion

Many protocol suites do not include a Presentation Layer.

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The Application Layer

Responsibilities:

anything not provided by any of the other layers

Issues:

application level protocols

appropriate selection of “type of service”

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 Summary of OSI RM

CORRESPONDING
LAYERS FUNCTIONS
PROCOTÏLS
Application Provide services to applications HTTP, SMTP, FTP, NFS, Telnet,
SMB
Formatting, Compression,
Presentation Encryption
JPEG, MIDI, MPEG etc etc

Data transfer, class of service, Network File System (NFS),

Session control data exchange SQL, RPC
Quality and reliability,
Transport ensures data received, segments
TCP, UDP, SPX, NetBEUI

Path selection, IP, IPX, RIP, ICMP, ARP, RARP,

Network logical addressing, routing
OSPF, NetBEUI, DLC, DecNET
Reliable data transfer across media;
Data Link physical addressing HDLC, SLIP, PPP

Physical Transmit data on media NONE

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TCP/IP Reference Model

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Protocols in TCP/IP model

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Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models

Concepts central to the OSI model

- Services
- Interfaces
- Protocols

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A Critique of the OSI Model and
Protocols

Why OSI did not take over the world

• Bad timing
• Bad technology
• Bad implementations
• Bad politics

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Bad Timing
The apocalypse of the two elephants.

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