Jan Rym Felix P. Pestaño BSECE – 5 2. What are repeaters?

Why are they needed

ECECC4 – W1 BRING HOME QUIZ in long-haul terrestrial microwave systems?
Topic: Terrestrial Microwave Communication * Repeaters are a combinational circuit of
Systems transmitter and receiver that performs the
Title of the Book: Electronic Communication signal amplification followed by signal
Systems retransmission. Generally, the microwave
Author: Roy Blake systems require the relays ay intervals of 40
Edition: Second km. Due to this advantage these systems are
Copyright: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd. installed in long-haul difficult terrain, like
mountainous areas very easily. These
QUESTIONS terrestrial microwave systems use either
1. Briefly compare microwave and fiber-optic single link (one hop) or multi links (more
link, in terms of bandwidth, cost, and need for hops) for signal transmission.
right-of-way. 3. Approximately how does the line-of-sight
* In microwave link, it is used for distance for radio wave propagation differ
communication purpose but it transmits from that for visible light?
information in the form of radio waves. It is * Line of sight propagation is achieved when
wireless network and requires point there can be direct radiation from the
connectivity. While in fiber optic link, it is also transmitting (source) antenna to the
used for communication purpose as it helps receiving (destination) antenna. However,
in transmitting information over a distance. It when radio wave propagates from source to
is mainly used where wired line connectivity destination then it undergoes reflection,
and higher data carrying capacity is required. refraction, diffraction, and absorption from
The comparison between microwave and the various obstacles present nearby. As
fiber optic links: compare to visible light, radio waves have
Microwave Fiber Optic the longest wavelength in the
Bandwidt Has less Has electromagnetic spectrum, due to which they
h than the fiber bandwidth suffer more loss from the medium which they
optic link. It more than pass. Whereas visible light is the light which
has microwave is visible to our eyes and it can be used by
bandwidth up link. It has the transmitter and receiver efficiently, when
to several bandwidth of they are in the line of sight.
Giga bits per about 11 THz
4. What type of feedline is typically used for
second
microwave systems? Why?
Cost It depends It depends
upon per link. upon per * Transmission line which connects radio
However, meter. So as transmitter or receiver to the antenna is
microwave the distance known as feedline. It basically helps in
links are increases, feeding the Radio Frequency (that is RF
comparativel cost for current) energy from the transmitter to the
y cost setting up antenna. Antenna then radiates this RF
effective as fiber optic link energy in the form of radio waves, and then
compare to also these radio waves are received by the
the fiber optic increases. receiving antenna which induces the RF
link. Link for voltage in the antenna. So, in receiving side,
long distance the feedline basically helps in transferring,
and terrains
the small RF voltage to the receiver.
the
5. Describe 4/3 earth graph paper and
microwave
systems are explain its use.
cost efficient. * The term earth graph paper represents a
Need for It requires a It needs right- special graph paper that illustrates the
right-of- frequency of-way and earth’s curvature by the curved horizontal
way spectrum infrastructure lines that are drawn. Radio waves usually
regulation s, so that fiber travels a distance one third more than an
and requires optic link can actual line of sight propagation path hence
line of sight be set up the name 4/3 earth graph paper.
between two properly. 6. What is a Fresnel zone? What is its
points. importance in microwave communication
systems?
* The term Fresnel zone means the region It is calculated in:
that is closer to an object and the effects of
diffraction in this region are very important
consideration. In the microwave
communication systems, the diffraction
effects are decreased by making the path
between transmitting and receiving
antennas. This clears an obstacle by
minimum 60% of a distance called as first
Fresnel zone. The direct and refracted
signals are summed up, but the path length
difference of these two makes the
interference either constructive or
destructive. The constructive interference
10. What causes fading in microwave radio
regions are termed as Fresnel zones.
systems?
Interference tends to low, when the diffracted
* The term fading is a parameter considered
signal strength is reduced. This reduction
while calculating system gain in microwave
occurs due to more distance between the
radio systems. The signal strength
refracting object and direct path.
decreases below its original level due to
7. Why is it advisable in a terrestrial
fading. This variation in the signal strength
microwave system to keep the antenna gain
occurs with respect to time as the
under about 40 dB?
propagation conditions changes.
* Terrestrial microwave systems uses
11. Name two types of diversity, and
microwaves for communication purpose.
describe how and why they are used.
These microwave systems use high gain
* The term diversity means using more than
parabolic or dish antenna with low power
one transmission path or frequency, to
transmitters. These antennas have high
achieve more reliability of the system by
directivity and they direct the transmitter
reducing effect of fading. Fading is more
power into narrow beam. Because of which
often and it is frequency selective in nature,
these antennas increase the effective power
thus frequency adjustment can avoid this
and has capability to lessen the interference
problem. Fading results when the direct and
to and from other systems.
reflected paths lengths are differ by 180˚
8. Why is the term carrier-to-noise level,
phase. There are two types of diversity that
rather than signal-to-noise level, used for
are mainly used frequency diversity and
path calculations with FM microwave
space diversity.
systems?
12. Which type of the diversity is preferred
* Carrier to noise (C/N) ratio or level is
when spectrum space is at a premium?
defined as the ratio of power received from
Why?
the modulated carrier signal (C) to the total
* Multipath fading is prevented by using two
received noise power (N). Carrier to noise is
diversities the frequency diversity and space
similar to signal to noise ratio (S/N) except
diversity. To get constructive interference
that the carrier to noise ratio is measured
one can adjust the path between the
before the signal is demodulated, that is, it is
transmitting and receiving antennas or in
measured when the carrier signal is still
another way the multipath fading can
present. When signal received has high C/N
eliminated by change of frequency, as it
value then the received signal has better
effects the wavelength change. So that the
quality, accuracy and reliability in using FM
difference of phase between reflected and
microwave system.
direct path signals is not more than 180˚.
9. What is the equivalent to carrier-to-noise
This process is termed as frequency
level for a digital microwave radio system?
diversity. To prevent effect of fading on every
How is it calculated?
moment, frequency diversity needs two
* Carrier to noise (C/N) level helps in knowing
transmitter as well as two receivers with
the satisfactory performance of the system.
separate frequencies. Ideally 5% and
In digital microwave radio systems, carrier to
practically 2% of separation is limited by the
noise level is equivalent to the ratio (in
spectrum. Usage of double transmitter and
decibels) of energy per received bit to the
receivers provides hot stand by protection
noise density.
(means one transmitter or receiver fails, then
uninterrupted communication is obtained by
other).
13. What is a hot standby system? Why is it
a desirable feature of a communication
system?
* Hot standby system is usually observed
with frequency diversity technique. This
system uses dual transmitter and receiver to
provide hot standby protection. That means,
if one receiver or transmitter fails, remaining
transmitter or receiver takes the
responsibility of uninterrupting
communication.
14. What range of power output levels is
typical for the transmitter in a point-to-point
microwave link?
* Microwave transmission generally use point
microwave communication link because
microwaves have small wavelength. Now
since wavelength of microwaves is small, so
they use conventional size antennas. These
antennas are capable of narrow beams
which can be directed towards the receiving
antenna. These microwaves have very huge
information carrying capacity due to its high
frequency. The only requirement of these
microwaves is that, it requires line of sight
propagation.
15. Why did microwave receivers lack an RF
amplifier stage until recently?
* Microwave receiver consists of receiving
antenna which receives the signal
transmitted by the transmitter. The devices
present in the microwave receiver helps in
amplifying and demodulating the signal
received by the antenna. A typical microwave
receiver consists of an antenna, RF amplifier,
mixer, local oscillator, IF amplifier, FM
detector, and de-emphasis.
16. How can digital data be communicated
using analog microwave systems?
* Frequency modulation (FM) and Single
sideband suppressed carrier amplitude
modulation (SSBSC), both are analog
modulation schemes that are used in
microwave systems. The transmission of
digital data can also be possible by using FM
system. For which, it requires the external
modems. A logical technique is adapted in
analog system to allow the translation of
digital signals. Most of the cases the new
systems that are designed for these digital
signals prefer the digital modulation
schemes.
17. What advantage does SSB have over FM
for microwave systems?
* Frequency modulation (FM) and Single
sideband (SSB) both are analog modulation
schemes that are used in microwave
systems. When available bandwidth is less
than analog microwave systems prefer SSB
over FM. The SSB transmission requires a
bandwidth that is equal to the baseband
bandwidth. But for FM, the bandwidth
required is more than twice the bandwidth.
This limited bandwidth of SSB allows a
suitable rise in traffic handling capacity over
the busy routes. A 6 GHz band can carry
1800 or 2400 voice channels with 29.95 MHz
of bandwidth by using FM and SSB can carry
6000 voice channels with the same
bandwidth.
18. What advantages does digital
transmission have over analog for
microwave systems?
* The digital transmission has following
advantages when compared to analog
microwave systems. At every repeater, the
signal regeneration eliminates the noise that
is accumulated with the signal while it passes
via many links. This needs signal
demodulation, data encoding, and recording
and then on a new carrier the demodulation
is done. When every link has a high signal to
noise ratio (S/N) then it is easy to avoid
errors. And also one can observe that there
is no rise in error rates as the signal passes
via the system. In analog systems, the error
rates are multiplied where in digital systems
the error rates are added even though zero
rate is not practically possible.
19. How do repeaters for digital systems
differ from those used in analog systems?
* Repeater is electronic equipment, which
can receive the signal in one direction and
can retransmit it in the different direction. The
frequency used while receiving and
transmitting signals are different, so that
there can be no feedback, due to leakage of
signals from the transmitting to the receiving
antenna. Repeaters are used in microwave
systems so that long distance
communication can be possible, that is,
beyond the line of sight distance.
20. What modulation schemes are typically
used with digital microwave radio?
* The digital microwave radio system use
mainly two modulation schemes. The
modulation schemes are Phase Shift Keying
(PSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM), the second technique generates both
amplitude and phase shifts. Telephone
modems are works based on these two
modulation schemes. Compared to
telephone modems much higher bandwidth,
data rates, and carrier frequencies are
employed by the microwave systems. And 2. A transmitter site is on a hill 40 m above
most of the recent systems need more bits average terrain and uses a tower 20 m in
per symbol, when the state is changed by the height. How far above average terrain would
transmitter then a symbol is generated. the receiving antenna have to be for reliable
Based on the amplitude and phase, the state communication over a distance of 45 km?
is changed. The number of bits per symbol is Solution:
determined by taking the logarithmic function 𝑑 = √17ℎ 𝑇 + √17ℎ𝑅
of the number of possible states. And the 45 = √17(40 𝑚 + 20 𝑚) + √17ℎ𝑅
baud rate is calculated by taking the number
ℎ𝑅 = 10.04 𝑚
of symbols per second.
3. Suppose there is an obstacle midway
21. What advantages does the use of a
between the transmitter and receiver in the
frequency of about 28 GHz give to LMDS
previous question. By how much must the
systems compared to earlier microwave
path between the towers clear the obstacle
distribution systems?
in order to avoid diffraction at a frequency of
* LMDS stands for Local Multipoint
11 GHz?
Distribution System. This system basically
Solution:
helps in offering various services from local
antenna to home and businesses, using 𝑑1 𝑑2
𝑅 = 10.4√
terrestrial microwave transmission. This 𝑓(𝑑1 + 𝑑2 )
LMDS system provides services like
telephony, high speed internet access and (45𝑘𝑚/2)(45𝑘𝑚/2)
𝑅 = 10.4√
broadcast television. In fact cost of installing 11𝐺𝐻𝑧[(45/2) + (45/2)]
LMDS systems are cheaper, as compare to 𝑅 = 10.5 𝑚
install optical fiber cable for communication
purpose. These systems are bidirectional 4. How many repeaters would be required in
and allow internet access without using a system spanning 2000 km if the tower are
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). on average 40 km apart?
22. How does the data rate achieved with
Solution:
LMDS compare with other high-speed 𝑑𝑆
Internet access systems such as ADSL and 𝑛=
𝑑𝑇
cable modems? 2000 𝑘𝑚
* ADSL is very high speed data 𝑛=
40 𝑘𝑚
communication technology over existing 𝑛 = 50
copper telephone lines. Now since it uses 5. How many repeaters could be eliminated
telephone lines for communication purpose, from the system in the previous question if
so there is always dedicated point to point the repeater spacing could be increased to
connection for a customer. This point to point 45 km?
connection offers guaranteed and secure Solution:
performance to customers, as compare to 𝑑𝑆
wireless technologies. Here each customer 𝑛=
𝑑𝑇
has individual copper telephone line, so the 2000 𝑘𝑚
customers which are near to an exchange 𝑛=
45 𝑘𝑚
can have data rate up to 8Mb/s, as compare 𝑛 ≅ 45
to customer which is farther from exchange.
𝑛 = 50 − 45
However, ADSL using twisted pair telephone
𝑛=5
wiring can offer data rate up to Mb/s.
6. Suppose the transmitter in Problem 2 has
an output power of 2 W. Its feedline has a
PROBLEMS
loss of 1 dB, and the antenna gain is 28 dBi.
1. How far from the transmitter could a signal
Calculate the power density at the receiving
be received if the transmitting and s receiving
antenna.
antenna were 40 m and 20 m, respectively,
Solution:
above level terrain?
𝑃𝑅 (𝑑𝐵) = 𝑃𝑇 (𝑑𝐵) + 𝐺(𝑑𝐵𝑖) − 𝑓𝑓𝑙 (𝑑𝐵)
Solution:
𝑃𝑅 (𝑑𝐵) = 10 log(2) + 28 − 1
𝑑 = √17ℎ 𝑇 + √17ℎ𝑅
𝑃𝑅 (𝑑𝐵) = 30
𝑑 = √17(20𝑚) + √17(40𝑚) 30
𝑑 = 44.5 𝑘𝑚 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
10
𝑃𝑅 = 1000 𝑊
7. The antenna in the previous problem 𝐶
= 48.94 𝑑𝐵
works with a receiving installation having an 𝑁
antenna gain of 32 dBi, a feedline loss of 1.5 8. What effect would each of the following
dB, and a receiver noise figure of 2.5 dB. The changes have on the carrier-to-noise ratio at
bandwidth is 20 MHz at a carrier frequency the receiver in Problem 7?
of 6 GHz. (a) doubling the transmitting power
(a) What is power at the receiver input, in (b) reducing the required bandwidth by 50%
dBm? (c) improving the receiver noise figure by 0.5
(b) Calculate the antenna noise temperature, dB
referred to the receiver input, assuming a sky (d) increasing the gain of the antenna by 3
temperature of 130 K. dB each
(c) Calculate the receiver noise temperature. Solution:
(d) Calculate the system noise temperature, a.
referred to the receiver input. 𝐶 4𝑊
= {[10 log ( ) − 83.56] − (−99.5)}
(e) Calculate the noise power, referred to the 𝑁 1𝑚𝑊
receiver input. 𝐶
= 51.94 𝑑𝐵𝑚
(f) What is the carrier-to-noise ratio at the 𝑁
receiver, in decibels? b.
𝐶
Solution:
a. 𝑁
𝑃𝑅 = {−50.6
= 𝐺𝑇 + 𝐺𝑅 − 32.44 − 20 log 𝑑 − 20 log 𝑓
𝑃𝑇
− 𝑓𝐹𝑇 − 𝑓𝐹𝑅 1.38 × 10−23 (403)(10𝑀𝐻𝑧)
− 10 log [ ]}
𝑃𝑅 1𝑚𝑊
= 28 + 32 − 32.44 − 20 log 45 𝐶
𝑃𝑇
= 51.95 𝑑𝐵𝑚
− 20 log 6000 − 1.5 − 1 𝑁
𝑃𝑅 c.
= −83.57 𝑑𝐵 𝐶
𝑃𝑇
2𝑊 𝑁
𝑃𝑅 = −83.57 + 10 log
1𝑚𝑊
𝑃𝑅 = −50.56 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = {−50.6
b.
2.5+05
(𝐿 − 1)290 + 𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 1.38 × 10−23 [177 + 290 (10 10 − 1)] (10𝑀𝐻𝑧)
𝑇𝑎 =
𝐿 − 10 log [ ]}
1.5 1𝑚𝑊
(10 10 − 1) 290 + 130
𝑇𝑎 = 𝐶
1.5 = 48.3 𝑑𝐵𝑚
10 10 𝑁
𝑇𝑎 = 176.73 𝐾 d.
c. 𝑃𝑅
= 𝐺𝑇 + 𝐺𝑅 − 32.44 − 20 log 𝑑 − 20 log 𝑓
𝑇𝑒𝑞 = (𝑁𝐹 − 1)290 𝑃𝑇
2.5 − 𝑓𝐹𝑇 − 𝑓𝐹𝑅
𝑇𝑒𝑞 = (10 10 − 1) 290 𝑃𝑅
= 31 + 35 − 32.44 − 20 log 45
𝑇𝑒𝑞 = 225.7 𝐾 𝑃𝑇
d. − 20 log 6000 − 1.5 − 1
𝑇𝑁 = 𝑇𝑒𝑞 + 𝑇𝑎 𝑃𝑅
= −77.56 𝑑𝐵
𝑇𝑁 = 225.7 + 176.73 𝑃𝑇
𝑇𝑁 = 402.43 𝐾 𝐶 2𝑊
= {[10 log ( ) − 77.56] − (−99.5)}
e. 𝑁 1𝑚𝑊
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑘𝑇𝑁 𝐵 𝐶
= 54.9 𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝑃𝑛 = 1.38𝑥10−23 (402.43𝐾)(20𝑀𝐻𝑧) 𝑁
9. What is the noise density at the receiver in
𝑃𝑛 = 111 𝑓𝑊
Problem 5?
f.
𝐶 Solution:
= 𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑛 𝑁𝑜 = 𝑘𝑇
𝑁
𝐶 111𝑓𝑊 𝑁𝑜 = 1.38𝑥10−23 (402)
= −50.56 − (10 log ) 𝑁𝑜 = 5.55𝑥10−21 𝑊/𝐻𝑧
𝑁 1𝑚𝑊
10. If the system in Problem 7, is digital, Solution:
operating at 100 Mb/s, calculate: 𝐶 𝐶
𝐹𝑚 = ( ) (𝑅𝑥) − ( ) (𝑚𝑖𝑛)
(a) the energy per bit at the receiver 𝑁 𝑁
(b) the energy per bit per noise density ratio 𝐹𝑚 = 48.94 − 30
at the receiver in decibels 𝐹𝑚 = 18.94 𝑑𝐵
Solution: 13. By how much should two antennas be
a. separated for frequency diversity in the 11
𝑃𝑅 GHz band?
𝐸𝑏 =
𝑓𝑏 Solution:
−50.56 𝑐
10( 10 ) 𝑚𝑊 𝜆=
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑓
100𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 3 × 10−8 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸𝑏 = 8.79𝑥10−17 𝐽 𝜆=
11𝐺𝐻𝑧
b. 𝜆 = 0.027 𝑚
𝐸𝑏 8.79𝑥10−17 𝐽
= 10 log
𝑁𝑜 1.38𝑥10−23 (402.43) 𝑑 = 200 𝜆
𝐸𝑏 𝑑 = 200(0.027𝑚)
= 42 𝑑𝐵
𝑁𝑜 𝑑 = 5.5 𝑚
11. Calculate the effect on the energy per bit 14. If a voice channel occupies a 4 kHz, how
per noise density ratio for the system in the many channels could be transmitted using
previous problem if SSB in a bandwidth of 29.65 MHz? Compare
(a) the bit rate is doubled with no change in your result with the data in the text and
transmitted bandwidth suggest reasons for the difference.
(b) the bit rate is doubled but the modulation Solution:
scheme remains unchanged 𝐵𝑠𝑝
𝑛=
(c) the transmitted power is doubled 𝐵𝑐ℎ
Solution: 29.65𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑛=
a. 4𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏2 𝐸𝑏1 𝑛 = 7412.5 ≅ 7412
=( )−( )
𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜2 𝑁𝑜1 ∴ 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
8.7𝑛𝑊 𝑖𝑠 7412. 𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 6000; 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜
𝐸𝑏 200𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑.
= 10 log ( ) − 42𝑑𝐵
𝑁𝑜 10−21 𝑊 15. Suppose a digital modulation scheme
5.56 × 𝐻𝑧
uses thirty-two different amplitudes and
𝐸𝑏
= −3𝑑𝐵 thirty-two phase angles.
𝑁𝑜 (a) What would this scheme be called?
b. (b) How many total possibilities would there
𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏2 𝐸𝑏1 be for each symbol?
= 2 [( )−( )]
𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜2 𝑁𝑜1 (c) How many bits per symbol would be
8.7𝑛𝑊 transmitted?
𝐸𝑏 200𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
= 2 [10 log ( ) − 42𝑑𝐵] Solution:
𝑁𝑜 10−21 𝑊 a.
5.56 ×
𝐻𝑧
𝐸𝑏 32 × 32 = 1024
= −6𝑑𝐵 ∴ 1024 − 𝑄𝐴𝑀
𝑁𝑜
b.
c.
𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏1 𝐸𝑏2 1024 = 210
=( )−( ) c.
𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜1 𝑁𝑜2
8.7𝑛𝑊 log 2 1024 = 10
𝐸𝑏 200𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 16. Suppose a signal with a bit rate of 100
= [42𝑑𝐵 − 10 log ( )] Mb/s is transmitted. What would be the baud
𝑁𝑜 10−21 𝑊
5.56 × 𝐻𝑧 rate with
𝐸𝑏 (a)16-QAM
= 3𝑑𝐵 (b)64-QAM
𝑁𝑜
12. What is the fade margin for the system in (c) the system described in the previous
Problem 7, if the minimum required carrier- problem
to-noise ratio for satisfactory operation is 30 Solution:
dB? a.
 100𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 have to be to communicate over a distance
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = 25𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑
log 2 16 of 40 km?
b. a. 23.5 m *
100𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 b. 25 m
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = 16.7𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 c. 200 m
log 2 64
c. d. 25.3 m
100𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 Solution:
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = 10𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑
log 2 1024 𝑑 = √17ℎ 𝑇 + √17ℎ𝑅
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ℎ 𝑇 = ℎ𝑅 , 𝑑 = 40𝑘𝑚
17. A microwave digital radio system 𝑑 = 2√17ℎ
requires Eb/No ratio of 12 dB for a 𝑑2
satisfactorily low error rate. If it operates at ℎ=
17 × 22
90.524 Mb/s using a bandwidth of 30 MHz, (40)2
what transmitter power will be required for a ℎ=
68
communication range of 35 km? The ℎ = 23.5 𝑘𝑚
antenna at each of the path have 20 dB gain, 5. In analog microwave systems, additional
and a noise temperature is 120 K. Ignore repeaters increase the ____.
losses in the feedlines. The carrier frequency a. Reliability
is 6.5 GHz. b. Noise level *
Solution: c. Jitter
𝑃𝑅 d. None of the above
𝑃𝑇 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 𝑃𝑅 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) − (𝑑𝐵)
𝑃𝑇 6. LOS stands for
a. Loss of skip
𝑃𝑅 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) b. Line of sight *
12
90.524𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠{1010 [1.38 × 10−23 (120 + 65)]} c. Loss of signal
= 10 log d. Line of signal
1𝑚𝑊
𝑃𝑅 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) = −84.36𝑑𝐵𝑚 7. Too much antenna gain causes
a. A very narrow beam *
𝑃𝑅 b. excessive noise
= 20 + 20 − 32.44 − 20 log 35 c. A very wide microwave beam
𝑃𝑇
− 20 log 6500 = −99.57𝑑𝐵 d. jitter
8. The microwave signal path should clear
𝑃𝑇 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) = −84.36 − (−99.57) obstacles by at least
𝑃𝑇 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 15.21 𝑑𝐵𝑚 a. 60% of the Faraday zone
b. 60% of the height of the antenna
tower *
MULTIPLE CHOICE c. 60% of the Fresnel zone
1. Another term for a single microwave link is d. 60% of the highest obstacle height
a ____. 9. A line of sight radio link operating at a
a. Section frequency of 6 GHz has a separation of 40
b. Hop * km between antennas. By how much must
c. Skip the beam clear the obstacle?
d. Jump a. 19.3 m
2. Microwave systems use b. 80.6 m
a. FM c. 11.6 m *
b. SSB d. 89.3 m
c. QAM Solution:
d. All of the above * 𝑑1 𝑑2
3. The typical microwave system uses a 𝑅 = 10.4√
𝑓(𝑑1 + 𝑑2 )
transmitted power of about ____.
a. 90% 10(40 − 10)
𝑅 = 10.4√
b. 99% 11[10 + (40 − 10)]
c. 99.9%
𝑅 = 11.6 𝑚
d. 99.99% *
10. In digital microwave systems, additional
4. Suppose that the transmitter and receiver
repeaters increase the ____.
towers have equal height. How would they
a. Reliability
 b. Noise level c. 182 K *
c. Jitter * d. 192 K
d. All of the above Solution:
11. Satisfactory performance of digital 2
𝐿 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 1.58
microwave system requires a 10
a. Low level of transmitted power (𝐿 − 1)290 + 𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦
𝑇𝑎 =
b. High level of ERP 𝐿
c. Good energy per bit per transmitted (1.58 − 1)290 + 120
𝑇𝑎 =
power watt ratio 1.58
d. Good energy per bit per noise density 𝑇𝑎 = 182 𝐾
ratio * 17. Satisfactory performance of an analog
12. A transmitter and a receiver operating ay microwave system is defined as
6 GHz are separated by 40 km. how much a. A carrier to noise ratio that exceeds a
power (in dBm) is delivered to the receiver if given value *
the transmitter has an output power of 2 W, b. An ERP level that exceeds a given
the transmitting antenna has a gain of 20 dBi, value
and the receiving antenna has a gain of 25 c. An energy per hertz level that
dBi? exceeds a given value
a. -65 dBm d. None of the above
b. -64 dBm 18. A typical microwave system has about
c. -62 dBm * one hour per _____ or less of downtime.
d. -61 dBm a. Day
Solution: b. Month
𝑃𝑅 c. Year *
(𝑑𝐵) = 𝐺𝑇 (𝑑𝐵𝑖) + 𝐺𝑅 (𝑑𝐵𝑖) − (32.2 d. Hour
𝑃𝑇
+ 20 log 𝑑 + 20 log 𝑓) 19. A receiver has a noise figure of 2 dB.
𝑃𝑅 Calculate the equivalent noise temperature.
(𝑑𝐵) = 20 + 25 − (32.2 + 20 log 40 a. 178 K
𝑃𝑇
+ 20 log 6000) b. 168 K *
𝑃𝑅 c. 186 K
(𝑑𝐵) = −95 𝑑𝐵 d. 187 K
𝑃𝑇
2𝑊 Solution:
𝑃𝑇 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 10 log = 33𝑑𝐵𝑚 2
1 𝑚𝑊 𝑁𝐹 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 1.58
𝑃𝑅 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 33𝑑𝐵𝑚 − 95𝑑𝐵𝑚 = −62𝑑𝐵𝑚 10
13. Fading is caused by _____. 𝑇𝑒𝑞 = 29(𝑁𝐹 − 1)
a. Multipath reception 𝑇𝑒𝑞 = 29(1.58 − 1)
b. Attenuation due to weather 𝑇𝑒𝑞 = 168 𝐾
c. Ducting 20. Local Multipoint Distribution System is
d. All of the above * designed to be _____.
14. The effects of fading due to multipath a. Unidirectional
reception are often reduced using b. Undirectional
a. Diversity * c. Multidirectional
b. High-gain antennas d. Bidirectional *
c. Power
d. All of the above
15. Repeaters are used in a microwave
system
a. Always
b. When distance exceeds line of sight*
c. Above 10 GHz
d. Below 10 GHz
16. In microwave system, the antenna sees
a sky temperature of 120 K, and the antenna
feedline has a loss of 2 dB. Calculate the
noise temperature of the antenna/feedline
system, referenced to the receiver input.
a. 162 K
b. 122 K