CHAPTER 1: DATA REPRESENTATION

REGISTER

 is a small piece of memory where values can be held.

 Not part of primary or secondary storage
 Small in in capacity but have extremely fast read and write rate
 Different types of register: processor and hardware registers
 Processor register, e.g. program counter (PC), accumulator and memory address register
(MAR) are used to process data
 Fast speed access makes registers very suitable where small amount of data needs to be
accessed quickly like performing calculation
 Hardware register: specific to different type of hardware and are used to convey signal.

HEXADECIMAL NUMBER

 Not processed by computer but converted into binary

 Easier to use for human, much shorter way to represent a byte or bytes, easier to debug
 Debug is finding and fixing of problems in programs
 Used for colors in HTML, MAC address, display error messages, machine codes

DATA STORAGE

1. Musical instrument digital interface (MIDI)

 Communication protocol that allows electronic musical instruments to interact
with each other
 It uses 8 bits serial transmission
 Consist of list of commands instructing devices how to produce particular sounds
or musical notes. Each MIDI commands has specific sequence of bytes
 1st byte is status byte- to inform MIDI device what function to perform, encoded
in status byte is MIDI channel, MIDI operates on 16 different channels numbered
0-15. 2 additional bytes required- pitch bytes telling MIDI which note to play and
velocity bytes telling the loudness to play note.
MIDI also includes note on/off- indicating that a key stop producing notes, key
pressure- indicates how hard key was pressed (indicate loudness of note)
2. MPEG-3
  Mp3 use audio compression for conversion of music and other sound and
decreases the size of normal music by about 90%. E.g. 80mb music CD reduced
to 8mb
 Cd files converted using FILE COMPRESSION software. The music quality will
never match ‘full’ version in CDs
 Music file can be reduced to 90% whilst retaining most music quality by using
PERCEPTUAL MUSIC SHAPING; removes sound that human ear can’t hear
properly. E.g.2 sound playing at same time, only louder one can be heard so the
softer one is eliminated.
 Mp3 file uses LOSSY FORMAT since part of original file is lost meaning that
original file can’t be put back together again
Quality of pm3 file can be different depending on bit rate
3. MPEG-4
 This format allows storage of multimedia files rather than just sound
 Music, videos, photos and animation can all be stored
4. JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERTS GROUP (JPEG)
 when photographic file undergoes file compression where size is reduced. The
reduced file reduces quality of image
 this is an example of LOSSY COMPRESSION.
 Once image is subjected to jpeg compression, new file is formed and original can
no longer be constructed. Jpeg will reduce RAW BITMAP by factor of 5 and 15
depending on quality of original.
 2048 pixels wide and 1536 pixels high= 2048x1536.
 The 3 mains colors are red, green, blue
 TIFF and BMP are high image quality as they are not in a compressed format.
 Jpeg relies on some properties of human eye and then a certain amount of
compression cab take place without real loss of quality.
5. TEXT AND NUMBER FILE FORMATE
 Text are usually store in an ASCII format
 It is an example of lossless compression since important info is not lost.

LOSSY AND LOSSLESS COMPRESSION

 With lossless compression, all data form original file is reconstructed when the file is
again uncompressed. It is important for files where there is no loss of data.
 With lossy compression unnecessary bits of data is eliminated as seen in mp3 and Jpeg.
CHAPTER 2: COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET
TECHNOLOGY

DATA TRANSMISSION

 is transfer of data through cables or radio waves, data is transferred as steam of bits.
 SERIAL TRANSMISSION uses a single wire to transfer data (send 1 bit at a time)
 Single wire is cheap to build and transmit over long distance, slower transmission of data,
safer transmission as it is accurately the bits together.
 Use of serial transmission is in USB
 PARALLEL TRANSMISSION multiples wires to transfer data (8 bits at a time)
 Used over short distances, more expensive, quicker transmission, less safe as bits are sent
simultaneously.
 Use of parallel transmission is in INTEGRATED CIRCUIT, BUSSES.
 Interference is disturbances that can occur in signal when sending data that may corrupt
it.
 SIMPLEX TRANSMISSION data is sent in one direction only. For e.g. data being
transmitted form a computer to printer
 HALF DUPLEX TRANSMISSION data is sent in both direction but 1 direction at a
time. For e.g. a walkie talkie: both persons can talk but on person at a time.
 FULL DUPLEX TRANSMISSION data is sent in both direction at the same time. For
e.g. a telephone conversation where both people can speak at the same time.
 ERROR DETECTION ND CORRECTION: checksum- the number of bits
transmitted is counted up and this numeric count is transmitted with data receiver can see
if the same number was sent. If count match then transmission is correct
 Parity check- uses a parity bit to make sure data was transmitted accurately.in parity
check, first 7 bits are data itself, last bit is parity bit. Parity check can use odd or even
parity all bits are added together and depending whether odd or even parity is used a 1 or
0 will be added as finally parity bit.
 Check digit- used on identification of numbers like barcodes, ISBNs and bank account
number. Calculation is performed using the digits in the identification number and a
check digit added to end of number as result computer performs same calculation to
compare result to check digit. If it matches, number is correct.
 Automatic repeat request- when device receiving data detects errors a request is sent to
device transmitting data to resend the packet. The request will be send repeatedly until
the packet is error free.