مؤشرات اعتمادية الانظمة الكهربائية وخدمة المشتركين - د.كاميليا يوسف - Electrical engineering community PDF

‫ﻳﺘﻘﺪم ﻣﺠﻠﺲ إدارة‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ و ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ و ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺁﺳﻤﻰ ﺁﻳﺎت اﻟﺸﻜﺮ و اﻟﻌﺮﻓﺎن‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪآﺘﻮرة ‪ /‬آﺎﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ – ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ اﷲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ إهﺪاﺋﻬﺎ هﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت و ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب‬
‫و ﻧﺪﻋﻮ اﷲ أن ﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ و اﻟﻌﺎﻓﻴﺔ و أن ﻳﺠﻌﻞ هﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻴﺰان‬
‫ﺣﺴﻨﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻳﻮم ﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﻣﺎل و ﻻ ﺑﻨﻮن‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻹدارة‬
‫م ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻌﺪ‬
‫‪ http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
Electric Power Reliability Indices

and Customer Services
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SAIFI =System average interruption frequency index
== f'Ui:W eUti.t1' . J~..h".jd.i .jJs,:,..
CAIDI=Customer average interruption duration index
II: 6!J~ f,1.W.a1' i,;i~.jl. .;J..;.-
SAIDI=System average interruption duration index
== ,.UilU elW..a1' i.fA.La.w,jW ~.;...
. u... ~ L. i~ ~ J ~J i.;i ~ ~J~1' c:d'~,).t ~
:~J~'i' c:d\~';" ~f t»
1995 f'~ ~ ~ 1,1;; ~1.S ~..Jo'I~' i~ ~~'l~ ,.4JtS.1' Ji'~ . 1
:~~lS 4:tJ~'i' c:d'.jJ.,j4.t IEEE,U~
SAIFI=1.26 inLIy
SAIDI=117 min.1y
CAIDI=88 min.
(pacific Gas & Electric Company) ,.LJJtS.1' 4.s,;JJ • 2
4;<JiJ ...l:!' j\i.S' J
~J'~ .)~~, ~ ~~ rS) 1994-2003 iJii.U ~J~'i' &:.!'~,j..t ~ uts.

:~~lS ( major events i~
~.;u, ~
• LJ~~'~'
.. • .)'Jl..JA .. JSS ~ 4;J~"i1 "::"..>J.,;..- W1
(blJJ:l & Ji.i& ~~)
SAIDI SAIFI SAIDI SAIFI
139.2 1.400 155.4 1.540 1944
150.3 1.384 170.2 1.537 1995
167.1 1.632 178.1 1.709 1996
148.4 1.507 161.8 1.639 1997
157.3 1.493 180.0 1.659 1998
144.8 1.321 . 156.7. ... ,
~
1.477 1999
151.8 1.290 167.9 1.410 2000
192.5 1.316 211.8 1.439 2001
129.7 1.030 139.7 1.114 . 2002
173.8 1.190 193.0 1.308 2003
SAIDI in min.
-v-
~t:..JtS.11 ~~l A.:J~! ~1~.J.4
~~ (Consolidated Edison) &!1.J.j--J~ tl:~ ;~~\ ~J\ ~~ .3

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CAIDI SAIFI
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min/into int.ly
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90 0.3:1.3
(simple radial)
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65 0.4:0.7
(primary auto-loop)
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(underground residential)
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180 0.1:0.5
(primary selection)
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180 0.1:0.5
(secondary selection)
rU;..iJ\ 4.JJ~'~' .·
. . YJ'l.JA
SAIDI CAIDI SAIFI 4.3.JJJ\
(mm.zy.cust) (min/int) (int/v.cust)
46 48 0.95 ~
.- 21 70 0.31 'J,jJ~
56 -- 1.22 ~.)
88 99 0.88 o~~
44 78 0.56 .1J~
70 80 3.0 \.ill'.J:
480 240 2.0 \JjS
58 -- 0.14 \.;J1..J\
107 49 2.19 \JIDi
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Definitions
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: UJjiJ'i' ~,~ ~ l!.l1ls IEEE 493 & IEEE 1366 & IEEE 100
''''
1- Component:
A piece of equipment, a line or circuit, or a section of a line or
circuit, or a group of items which is viewed as an entity for purposes
of reliability evaluation.
:6~'
~j,J J~ b~ 6A 4&.~ ,J\ ,i.;1JJI J\ .b.iJ\ ~ ,.J:!.. Ji ,ojUJ ,Ji ~ ,J' O~ ,JA
.tJJ~'J\
.. &..Ui:i (,)o'1..JL}
• ~ •.•
2- System:
A group of components connected or associated in a fixed
configuration to perform a specified function of distributing power
: r't..1Ul\
LLJa
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~J-.i.I
• u.....s~t.<.~.-:
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• J-l ..:r""'1 ~ ~ ~~
t:Jw·<·t\. "b.
.;-
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3- Minimal cut-set:
A set of components which, if removed from the system, results in
Joss of continuity to the load point being investigated and which does
not contain as a subset any set of components which is itself a cut-set
of the system.
-'\-
4.:J4~1 4",J~,i~1 ~J~l ~\,y1j.c
: J.wd ~~~Ji
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~~ r.s i u--- 4,) ~~ ~ IS~ ~ ~J ~,~ ~ ~ ~.,.J
·f~ ~ J.wd ~~ ~ ~.J ~U,jSA
4.. Failure:
The termination of the ability of an item to perform a required
function.
: ~ /.;"HJ}
,,~~, ~,J3t ~'J'l UJSAJt ijJ1A ,lfJ!.,.
5- Exposure time:
The time during which a component is performing its intended
function and is subject to failure.
: ~,;a:u' ()6j
.J~"'i' ~ &JtJ ~~ 4J..J ~ ~Jb ,~ .JA: "jn u.-J3t .,.
6- Failure rate (forced outage rate):
The mean number of failures of a component per unit exposure
time. Usually exposure time is expressed in years and failure rate is
given in failures per year.
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,~t~ '-""~ ~J (.P ~ iJ~ .~JU3' ()4j ~ cj~ J1Jas=.t JJC. ,b......JM
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7- Repair time:
The repair time of a failed component or the duration of a failure is
the clock time from the occurrence of the failure to the time when
the component is restored to service, either by repair of the failed
component or by substitution of a spare component for the failed
component. It is not the time required to restore service to a load by
putting alternate circuits into operation. It includes time for
diagnosing the trouble, locating the failed component, waiting for
parts, repairing or replacing, testing and restoring the component to
service.
: c.~'i\ UAJ
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8- Expected interruption duration:
The expected, or average, duration of a single load interruption
event.
: W,JlGJ\ eLbL"'i\ o,;a

e
.(SJb\ ~ UW} ~»J ,~j&.JI J\ ,Wji.Jt ojiin c.sA
9- Interruption:
The loss of electric power supply to one or more loads.
-,,-
4s4~1 ~~I ~J~! ~'yJ.';"
: eLbL'i\
.ys\ .j\ ~ ~ ~4~ 4.:~ .)~ e~ .JA
10- Interruption:
The loss of service to one or more customers. Note: It is the result of
one or more component outages, depending on system configuration.
: E.U=:L~\
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.
11- Interruption frequency:
The expected (average) number of power interruptions to a load per
unit time, usually expressed as interruptions per year.
:eUJL";\ .)\~
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12- Outage:
The state of a component or system when it is not available to
properly perform its intended function.
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13-0utages
Non availability of electric power to the customer
uliijil'
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14... Outage:
The state of a component when it is not available to perform its
intended function due to some event directly associated with that
component. Notes: 1- An outage mayor may not cause an
interruption of service to customers, depending on system
configuration. 2- This definition derives from transmission and
distribution applications and does not apply to generation outages.
: UiJlt'
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15-0utageCosts:
Economic costs resulting from interruptions of power supply. They
include, besides direct costs, the indirect costs of actions taken to
avoid anticipated outages.
-H'-
~l:~1 ~~l ~J~! ~'~.J.4
16- Scheduled outage:

An outage that results when a component is deliberately taken out of
service at a selected time, usually for purposes of construction,
maintenance, or repair.
: ~~, UijU'
a-Jj W~J ' J~ DAJ ~ ~ (p .t.A3\ D-- ,,~ ~.(F ~un &.li,Jlt\ .,.
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17-Forced Outage
Removal of a unit from service due to component failure, improper
operation or human error. Forced outages require immediate
removal of the unit.
18- Scheduled outage duration:

The period from the initiation of a scheduled outage until
construction, preventive maintenance, or repair work is completed
and the affected component is made available to perform its
intended function.
: e--~' ~jU' o}li
~\~~'i' J\ ~~ Jt C~¥' J.4t- ~~} ~J ~~ ..Ajll\ .ll.o t~ o..)JJ t/-
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19- Switching time:

The period from the time a switching operation is required due to a
component failure until that switching operation is completed.
Switching operations include such operations as: throwover to an
alternate circuit, opening or closing a seetionalizing switch or circuit
breaker, reclosing a circuit breaker following a trip out due to a
temporary fault.
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, ... t..~AtI CUW\
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20- Loss of service:

The loss of electrical power, a complete loss of voltage, to one or
more customers or meters. This does not include any of the power
quality issues (sags, swells, impulses, or harmonics).
\~ .u\.~\J.lt.3\ i.P J' .)St J\ ~ c:P ,~ J.;ts e.~ ,4.:JL:~ o.)JiJI e.~ ~
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21- Duration interruption:

The period (measured in seconds, or minutes, or hours, or days)
from the initiation of an interruption to a customer or other facility
until service has been .restored to that customer or facility. An
interruption may require step-restoration tracking to provide
reliable index calculation. It may be desirable to record the duration
of each interruption.
-'0 -
~L:. >f.s.n ~~\ .4.:J~! ~\~.J.4
:e1.1ii..t~) i~
~ e.L..,kL~\ ~ ~,~ (rti:l\
.j\ bJ~U J\ J.at!JJ\ J\ ~,~ ~tLoJ\) OJJJJ\ ~
u\ ~ . .bL..JJJ\ J\ ~~ ~ ~~ &J~l ~J .,p.\ Jal.Jjj i:P' J\ ~~
!..:I~ u.JS..t..." .~J~~' ~,;.. ":J~ t.itAJiT OJ~~' ~\J04~.) et..bL~\ E~
.eUaL)'\ JS ip ~
22- Forced interruption:
An interruption caused by a forced outage
23.. Interruption device:

A device capable of being reclosed whose purpose is to interrupt
faults and restore service or disconnect loads. These devices can be
manual, automatic or motor-operated. Example may include
transmission breakers, feeder breakers, line reclosures and motor ..
operated switches.
: t UdJ~' oJIA
~~ eb.. " , tI L .... ~'
~.J LJ~
~\L, tA t, "': tt -:tt . I.. - ..-:tt
... ....- ~""""" u-'J ~.:J""d'
OJl,c.\• b i JLJl L. t
e.r-..) ,...
oJLo
• aJ~ JW.~\ J\
e;Uj ~t u.o . ~~ ~ UA ~ Ji t:l\ ,J\ ~J:! l.t} ~,~ b~ u"s:; u1~
• ~t.s~ ~ ~t.i.oJ ' J:W1 ~ Sj~} e;:.uLloJ ~ylt.cJ) ~'jiJ ' Ji,ln ~\.,,!
24- Interruption device event:
The operation associated with the interruption device for cases
'where a reclosing device operates but does not lockout and where a
switch is opened only temporarily
-" -
~l:J+S.11 ~'.ll ~J~} ~\y1jA
:tlb.L~t i..\t..A ~~
~~ ~ {.)SJ,J ~ sJu:'} i~ J.W lA~ ~'7Jl:JJ E.lbL~' ;~ ¥~ ~ JA

e .b1i U!.).a Cl'lLJl ~ lta~.J U~!
25- Major event:

A catastrophic event that exceeds design limits of the electric power
system and that is characterized by the following ( as defined by the
utility) :
a) Extensive damage to the electric power system
b) More than a specified percentage of customers
simultaneously out of service.
c) Service restoration times longer than specified.
Some examples are extreme weather, such as a one in five
year event, or earthquakes.
: ~'~J:Jt
~~ Do- (J.jS.JJ ~\s~ is.JiJ' ,All ~ J.J.1:l.. I,$~ I,$ln ~ ~~ .JA
: (JiyJt ~'-'J u~ L..s) ~~I
tyL. .A(tl AU
.. ..,}ff-' is.:JA'l' r--' JL-I' .,J J-:::e-.
At:.~t U.:UW1 \,;""- O. -I
I.A;"it·'
OJ~ U.o
J:St DP~ u-o ~ £c:.ti.,Jo1\ ~ uA,~J.iJt ~ ~ -f.:J
JJ:l..AJ1 u-o J:!5t 4.AJU &JLu.w,l CJ.oj DJ1J - ~
.,Jt ~,~ ~ JS i..".. ~~ iSln ~W &..0 &J:.1JiJ\ ~ ~';lb: tillj 4.t..; U..o
JJij31
26- Momentary interruption:

Single operation of an interruption device that results in a voltage
zero. For example, .two breaker or recloser operations equals two
momentary interruptions.
-\v-
tuL .A('I ~)tl t.J~1
.. •~ ~I ••
...~,JA
:~, e~'i'
~ : ~ • ~ t.$,J~ ~ 4l~ ~ F..J e.t.JdJ11 i~ i~',J i,;-eJ ~ ~
• ~ el.WJl2 J$. LS.J~ ~~ OJ1J:.1 ~Ui.e .,; J~ ~li
27- Momentary event interruption:

An interruption of duration limited to the period required to restore
service by an interrupting device. Note: such switching operations
must be completed in a specified time not to exceed 5 min. This
definition includes all reelosing operations that occur within 5 min of
the first interruption. For example, if a recloser or breaker operates
two, three or four times, and then holds, the event shall be
considered one momentary interruption event.
: ~ O~ ~ et.1iL~'
.e.lb'i.;'i' 6JL4 J.'...):a,;p ~~ 6..)JJ1 t.~ iJta::w.'i iJ,JJ::...4 i,JaJ el1U.a"'i' .,.
u.....JLlD ,~ ~ .U;iJ 5 LSJI1j 'I J~ UA~ Jz;,~.j JS J.a~ t't..:i! ~ : a.,.pJ..
: ~ ·e1..bL"'i' ~,J.} UA J3l!J 5 Jj.i. ~~ ~J ~jlS\ iJ~} J;..J&:i~!

,~ «"'til; rJ' t.::.t'JA ~) J; ~ J; ~.)A ~jm iJ~! Ct=a.. J; ~ ~} ti!
.
~'J ~ tUW! ~.b.S ~Ja.1I ~ jJ~
-'I, -
~4JfoSJI ~~I ~J~} ~,~.:;.
29- Sustained interruption:

Any interruption not classified as a momentary event. Any
interruption longer than 5 min.
: ~elW,j}
J3lij 5 DA ~ ~ tUWl tS' .JA.j .~ ~~ ~ ~ e.tbiJ} f.5 i
30- Scheduled interruption:
A loss of electric power that results when a component is
deliberately taken out of service at selected time, usually for the
purposes of construction, preventative maintenance , or repair .
Notes: 1- This derives from transmission and distribution
applications and does not apply to generation interruptions.
2- The key test to determine if an interruption should be classified
as a forced or scheduled interruption is as follows. If it is possible to
defer the interruption when such deferment is desirable, the
interruption is a scheduled interruption: otherwise, the interruption
is a forced interruption. Deferring may be desirable, for example, to
prevent overload of facilities or interruption of service to customers
:~~, eUd.t'i'
D-tJ ~ ~ (.F t.~ Uoo UJSA ~ CP ~1JJ\.J 434~ 0J.1U e~.JA
: ~~ ·c~l .J; 4t!.J L~ J; ~'~l.Jaj) ~'~l u4~ oj~ ~j u,J1J..j JUi....
J.IJ .0:1\
.. ~, ~1J::,UiL~• f ~.. ':lJ~'.J~'
JLJ ~ .0:1\ . ~ ':tt ~t.L.s.b:i.t
... .•0:1\'~
~..~, r~.. -1
J; ~..»' e1..b111-S ~ eLbi...'i' u~ l.o ,jl J:~ J=lJ3\ J~':l ~\t, ~-2
jJ~ ''-:J.,t:..)A J::..U JS U~J elW.,,'i' ~t:; ~ "'" ulS ,j} ·~)~1
u.P:! u; ~ ·tSJ~! ~ elW.,,~' ull a.tj lo» L.;i ·fA..»' eUiL'J' u.P:!
"" teo ~ ! o~ u
~~• t.r""..J .1\
-J OJL· te. ~,~ ,u~t.
~",,-. . ...;-.)A ~
a .. .. b.n
• U:S~ ~ 4...J.iJ\
-'CI\ -
434~' ~'J' ~JtAc.! t:'.Il~';"
31-Scheduled Outage:
Removal of a unit from service to perform work on specific
component that is scheduled in advance and has a predetermined
duration
32- Total number of customers served:

The total number of customers served on the last day of the report
period. If a different customer total is used, it must be clearly
defined within the report
: ~~4 6:S~ ~\ JJ.tJ\
~ J~ f~f '.il ..>t~ o..AJJ J:i t'~.Pol u.i to~ DP~ ~ JJaj\ Y.
.>t~ ~ C~~ J:!~ ~, ~ U:?~
33- Mean time between failure (MTBF):

A mean of evaluating equipment failures related to operating time
:J1'W\ ~~~ ~ DAJ1\~,JM
t.:. .~.~tt
~I
• • ~ <.::J\Ja.A3\ ,. U::ai.,; r=--
(JAJ: _..'6':' ~
'" J.:r
d
\
34- Mean time between failure (MTBF):

The mean exposure time between consecutive failures of a
component. It can be estimated by dividing the exposure time by the
number of failures in that period, provided that a sufficient number
of failures have occurred in that period.
-y. -
4iL:JfS.1\ t.Jau'i\ ~J~! ~\~)4
35-Mean time between failures (MTBF)

MTBF is a measure of how reliable a product is. MTBF is usually
given in units of hours, the higher the MTBF, the more reliable the
product is.
J~~' D:: DAJ3' ~~

~~, ~~L...wll i.b.~ ~ ;J~ ~ .J' ~ ~j~! ~JiJ(t {j'I~'"
.~ ~~t ~J~i't ~ ~.).tJ\ t~ ~'it
36- Mean - time to failure (MTTF):

The average time an equipment or part of the system works without
failing
:Jla!\ ~~.b. ~ ().4j!\ ..b..wa.JlG
.~ UJ.1i t'~ c)4,.~.J~ i~ ~ ~ ($.i3t (jAJ!l~,Jl4.,.
37-Meam Time-to Failure (MTTF)

Average interval of time that a component will operate before
failing.
38-Mean Time to Repair (MTTR):

Average amount of time needed to repair a component, recover a
system, or otherwise restore service after a failure.
-v, -
~~Jf5J1 ~~I ~J~} ~I~.).t
:C~1' ()lj ......jW

e~~1 ..Pal ~ Jl , rU\ll\ iJ\alw.1 Jl , ~ t~'i rj)U\ u.-j!\ A...;w .JA
.~~t.~
39- Mean time to repair (MTTR):

The mean time to repair a failed component. It can be estimated by
dividing the summation of repair times by the number of repairs, as
it is, therefore practically the average repair time.
:C~'i' Dot..) ~Jl4
c.~'i' tl.cajl e~ ~ ~~ J~ CSlnJ .J.blsJt ~ c.~l c.JAj.1:wa.Jle.JA
c.~.L.-.,jlJ\ v-J!' UP:! ~ is l1\.J t~'i' Q~ J$. ~
40 - Mean time to repair (MTTR):

The time interval (hours) that may be expected to return failed
equipment to proper operation
:C~'i' &oj.L.w,jl.6
.~~ ~ cA ~tA.n o.a.J\ OJ\&.'i ~,Jd..cJt ( ~\&.lwJ4) ~j3I ijii.n .,.
41- Availability:
This term may apply either to the performance of individual
components or to that of a system. Availability is defined to be the
long-term average fraction of time that a component or system is in
service satisfactorily performing its intended function. An
alternative and equivalent definition for availability is the steady-
state probability that a component or system is in service.
-Vy -
~4JfS31 ~~\ a;J~! ..:s1~';"
:~~I
.. .
4\31' U.]U ·rU;.ln ~'J~ .j\ ~ ~u~ ~IJt ~ ttilJ.U L.},~ ,~ r~
<.J.4 .~~ ftAl .jt w~ LA~'J; Ji, i) ~J J::.~' J,J~ ()4jl\ t.J.t "..R- kjM If.s~
.~..1.i.J4. fUtu J; W~ )~,/l ~ 4.:J~! t.,..i} ~l:i?U 4J:~.J ~JI.;.oJ\ t::d~
42-Availability
This term is the probability that a system is available when needed.
Typical, it is measured by AvaiiabiJity= MTT~~~TTR
~13i'
.. . II;
:4JJ\a.oJJ Lu:i
• l.,)JlW J ,~l.t.A~l Cj-.
~... ~ r ~ .t:..,lj'• -tl • ~"'l ur
. ...A
43-Availability:
The ability of an item to be in a state to perform a required function
under given conditions at a given instant of time or over a time
interval, assuming that resources are provided.
:~l1¥'
.. II;
~ J;L....bt..a uJ'): Jlc:. ~~ ~,J!\ ~IJt ~ ~ ""s; wt; ~ o.)J1.4 ~

.iJf+.a .)J~ wt ~.>iJ .~j ijli ~ Jt cLbu ~j ~
-'1'r -
~l:.)fSl1 ~)'l ~JW&.} ~1~.J4
44-Avallability:
The Probability that a system is operational when required.
:4p.~,
~L:rJ' J.1s:, \All, L_. ., tt •".:..., . ..i.
• fA~" U--, u-
45- Unavailability:
The long - term average fraction of time that a component or system
is out of service due to failures or scheduled outages. An alternative
definition is the steady-state probability that a component or system
is out of service.
Mathematically, unavailability = (I-availability)
:~~, rJe.
A.,.oj; ~~ [J~ uJS.: f'\J:W\ Ji u~ o~ ~'.i' J-t..",12 ()4j3\ ()4 ,. ~ .b.ujW ~
J\ u~ ) . p;.....A}ll U:. ~Jt.4i£;l 4.S) J=~ UJ..fi\ uJS.a..J .~J:"4 Ui~ Jl ~l
.~~ [J~ f'tAl
{(~l1i'- I) = ~13i' f'$. } : ulA' ~ltJ

46-Maintainability:
The ability of an item under given conditions of use, to be restored
to a state in which it can perform its intended function, when
maintenance is performed under given conditions and using stated
procedures and resources.
~~\ ~,Jf-wa
~jJ ,~
.. J .. 4Jb. &JLU...u~,&~
LJU • .t:. c.:.aa:i f',~
U J-J- ...... ~,. &•..\La
...r--" ~
.-A
(,Jr
.;J~ u''''~! J JJ~ f"~1 J &U::aa... uJ)a ~ L~ "'~1-i
-"t -
~4JfoSlI ~~, ~J~] ~''p.)4
47-Maintainability
The probability that the item is successfully restored after failure
ta~.t3~
J1aS' ~ C~ ~ OJUtlw.} ~l ~
48-Reliability:
Reliability is the probability of a device or system performing its
function adequately for the period of time intended, under the
operating conditions intended.
:4.JJ~~'
. .
~.J' ~..;.o.n ~jll oJ.J.ill ~ ;.)~ 4.iJ~~ j~ .Jt r tAln F-tJt ~} ~
~ tt. • ti _t.:. .~.-: ti • . t:.
.~"""'--' ~I U,J..)Iiil
• a
49-Reliability:
The reliability of an electric supply system can be defined as the
degree of assurance in providing the customers with continuous
service of satisfactory quality (voltage and frequency within
prescribed bounds)
:LJ~~'
. .
L...~ OJ~ U:fS~ J.J (JLo~' 4.)03 ~~ ~JP3' J~ rtAi ~o3~l u.;a.1
(~,J~ JlkUt ~ JJy ,J ~) ~jQ o~
50-Reliability:
The probability that an item can perform a required function under
given conditions for a given time interval.
Note: It is assumed that the item is in a state to perform this
required func,ti9n at the beginning of the time interval.
-To - .
4st.:.)f5.n ~~I ~J~l ul~}a
: .LJ~'i'
. .
.b~ ~
.. ..) 0.",.,.-
.t:. ~ ta
....-:at &~ I..JJ..;- .tt... £t\ .u.Ja
."'--' at\
.. '.,3'I'"'t
0 .e
u.:r-
O " ( A L ..
~
0 .~
c.J
tL~ , . .A
(.J 4r"
.~j31 &jliJ\ ~,~ ~ ~~ ~J-1l ~'Jl ~ ~ w"w CJ; u;a~ :~~
51-Reliability
The ability of an item to perform a required function under stated
conditions for a stated time period.
:A...aJL.t:ic.~, . .
.OJ~ ~J ojii1 J OJ~ u.JJ= ~ ~~ ~~ "'J~ CJ."s..J\ oJJiA ~
52-Retiability
Extent to 'which electric supply is available to customers within
accepted standards of voltage and frequency.
Reliability is measured by the continuity of the service and voltage
and frequency stability about nominal values.
:~J~'i'
oa'L..i:i. JJji.U .J ~ 4J~ ~~ ~ UJS~ "~Jf5J' ..)~ J'J.A) ~U) ~
·~tt' ~ J,p. JJjU1 .J ~ .;1~1 .J toJ.iJ1 ~\~ha ~J~'i'
-y,,\ -
4l:JtSJ\ UJ'J\ ~J~! u,~,;..

'.
~J~~' ~'.;Ja.j.4 ~ 0.).;...1' c.:d'~'

Variable Affecting Reliability Indices
: ~ [2]~J~'i' u1,JoJ.,)A ~ ;';.;.!1 u'~ ,..' v-

~t;, uus s ~ 4.t ~JW L.e •
~1i.:U1 J~ ~ ~ •
tuLa . ~" L1i.:U1
_.~' A
.. ~ •
• ... .t~ . . . t. U
•..>J'-1-4 va ~,JJ "'" .. .J
-t1 --~, 'JUS . J

u....... ~'AJ
. · ..
~~ 1.4 (1)
(Circuit Exposure and Load Density)
~ ~ ~ 4Ji ~ ., • ;st u~t.l21i} ~ ~ ~~~ J31J..\J1 ~p
u......"LS ,J-J .s ~ ' ~JlaJI (radial circuits) ~l.a.Ji'i' J31.,.l1! u~t..bL"'i' &)5
.,t ,(recloser) (I) ~jiJt iJUl i~t ~ 4:19J J3Lw,.J: OJJjA b~
.,; , (extra switching points) ~~l ~ ~1,JA .,t , (fuses) u1~
~j.. u-i ~~ u1~ ~i ui ~ s (automation) ~Lo~Jt f'W
JL.J, ~,J:! , .>1'.,.\ll J~; ~ 'J~t Jit uJS= CAIDI ~,j.A W:: SAIFI
~~) ~l...JJfoSJ' t!i'JA ~t u~ SAIFI ~,)A ~ ..65J\ J~ ~b (3-1)
.(4s-t.JAt;, &~ ut;~~ y.J:.
-yv-
~4.Jf5J' ~~, ~J~) u,~.;..
1l~ Jt .;.n~JJ\ J\~\ (J'i ~j J' (JW &:J~ ~J~'i' ~.;.. ~ ~

.JJ~ &:J~ ~) ~~, 4.:J~'i' ~tj bDjl3\ ~ w\ ~ ~ , ~\ w~
o~J~\ JiSf ~ (~~
~-""~, ~Lll.,3\ ~ ~ ~ ~~ U~ ~b (3-2) ~ ~J:
~ Ulis ~Jl ~ ~,j..J\ ,~ ~ ~ J SAIFI ~}o ~
otJijA ~ (UJS~ tillS)
(supply configuration) J~\ ~ ~ (2)

o~ Ji:. t.o~ ~ ~ ~ , .t;J~'i' ~ 'JHS '~b ~~ ~ ):,d
~ -
r 1:. ~ ~ ... LJ~~' .t..J.i. ~
. -.i O~ fIJ .•
a(": l.Al.u , 4.L. t. ~ls..J.' .l2 •t..:.
.0.
~."
_. , ~ 04
• L:LU\ ~
III
L.:J~'i' u,~}o ~ ~.)\1.0 (3-1) JJ~ ~~. (grid network) ~
w\ JJ~' ,~ Do- ~ J ° ~ u~ ~ e'~ ~

teo
(.r'"
..0:..... " L.Aat'" J ° I......
L"'~, 0
..-:~ ~ .~~, • J.Jt.a CAmI
~,,(J.
'"
•· ~~·
.)4M.JA (I)
o·tI._~,
u- ~ ~ ~ ~\.S
",,J,,,'.) •
(Voltage) ~ (3)
J~ ~~ wi ~\j. ~ 4;JWc.'i' e.:uts l.A1S 4;.1\~'i' J.,H+U c.:aJ\j t..o.SS
~ ~ J ~4JfoSJ\ Ji'J'O u~ Jli. (3-3) Js.Ji ~.fj • lla~ ~ ~
o~t c.:a~1J:W'i o'=JUj ~~, J~ ~# w\ ~
---,
MAIFI CAIDI SAIFI ~I~
(mom. Int./y) (mln.zint.) (int.ly)
(~I/~e~!) (elbii} / ~J) (Wlf elliij!)
90 ~~~!
5:10 0.3:1.3
(simple radial)
t.YLA ., J tuloWl ~ .tw
--
.. -..JJ.J .. .... •
10:15 65 0.4:0.7
(primary auto-loop)
~~~)~l.S
4:8 60 0.4:0.7 (Underground
residential)
4:8 180 0.1:0.5 .... .

. .t,y1XU1 .)J~
tul..wl
(Primary selective)
to.-J,JJ.~ t.ul.ilil
.. • .)JL.t:a.A
2:4 180 0.1:0.5
(Secondary selective)
~.J.).a ~
0:1 180 0.02 :0.1
(Spot network)
0 135 0.005:0.02 ~
(Grid network)
-,.~-
4s4~1 UJ'i1 ~J~! ul~"",
-
&.tl
-;-,;
0
...;
~
lJ)
d
0
d
o 20 40 60 80 100 120
J¥.I JU:.c.)\l ~~I J:..;JI J.,b
,.~.)fSJ1 ~..JJ:i ~p 1l~ J:;,.'J SAIFI P,j.4 ~ ~l ~ ~b (3-1) ~
II
••
3
2.5
• 2
•• • 1.5
• J
J------~.,...-:~__::___r ::-r-_r_::___ll,...,..",_....------I 0.5
3
2.5
2 • II
1.5
1 II •
0.5 '------r------,.-----,------,------I II
-r.-
~4~1 ~~l ~J~! ~'P';"
I I I I I I t I I I I I I t I I • I • I I • I t I I I tIL
... -\ ...
L.
I
h· . .
15kV ~
-
, -L. -+J _ .., ~..,
; I, ..
, I! - .. _ 25kV
,
, !
i' 't
-to
I.
... -....,..
I,!
f
"",
,- . .... ., ... - .....
'- 1 - - - - - - - - - - ..
, 5 kV - - - - - - - - - - - - ..._-
0, II.i""lllllllllllllllllllr
OJ) C.S 1.0 i.s 2.0 2.5 3.0
(~" UW!) SAIFI e
JWJ SAIFI ~,;..J\ ~ ijS\JJ\ Jf+ ~l:i (3-3) ~
( 4--~ Ji:. ~~l.bL'i' Jdi ..)~'i' ~ tli.l)
-,.,,,-
~'4~1 ~~l ~J~! ~1~,j.4
~')\ '":i4l\
~JjU' ~
Distribution System
J ' ~~ ~ t:JU~ .J ~ J ~~ ~ ~J~~\ ~\~.;... t:J1..J~ ~

~.J,J:iJi ~ y4Jl \.iA c,} ~~ tit
:~ o~~.) ~f ~ v'l ~..»ill ~ ~
Distribution substation ~.;ill ~...1J.'UI ~~ -
Primary distribution system t.r'.Jl:~\ ~....1J:lli ~ -
Secondary distribution system f.$.jJ1ln ~.J,,:ul ~ ...
•• E..JJ• (Jd
"teo . . . t.
~.JJ t.r=
U'"
~ jilt ~j~ ~~ : 'J.Jl
J-.,.iJ.l2~ .j' ~.l2~ ()4 ~~ o.;JiJ\ ~.,>i31 ~..JjiJi ~~ ~
oJ.1'i31 ~1J=..J\ o.iA ~ ~f •.l2,J1=Jl o~ JitLJ\ ~ (J~ ~ ~)
JS-Ju..J 4.;i3t.d h, ·n ().4 f~ (Jl1\J ;Sf Ji ~.Jji (Jji". u-ll ~l.JJfoSJI
~~ 4.),1\.d h,·n ()4 ~la.J,1 ~~~ ~f ~ .~\~¥\ ~I
.~~\
: ~ d;"'J1J c..iJU2J~) ~.;i!1 ~.J.,:ul ~~
(Voltage Transformation) ~'J;~-1
(J~ y.... ~ (.Jd ;Bi t ,4.).11 ~~ o.;Ji.11 ~'i~ r~ OJ1&.
~I~Y\ ~.JJlII ~ (Jji....w,A ~l (High Voltage level) ~I .1f+U

~...lJ:l11 J.jf+ ul;~ ~i ().4 • (primary distribution voltage level)
: ~1~1\
3.3 KV & 6.6 KV & 11 KV & 22 KV & 33 KV
(Switching and protection) ~ti,J3'.J J.a~'-2

~~ ~ji (Switchgear) &'1.i.. ~~ Vo ~J iJ~ e\,JJ; ~,Jd
~ i~l ~ ~ r\s:. ~"&"t.i..J\ ~~" ~~.,J .~.;iJ\
i.;J.....iJ\ ~..J.J:i ~ ~ t.,;; 'uA,u '';~J ~\ u~~J ~li,J3\J Jp.J,lUJ
~\J~..;lU -p-'J\J ~i+J\ ~.)~ ~jm ~~t ~~ ~ ~J ,~~\

·tF~
: ~j ~t u--
(Switches) ~1.i...3\ -t
(.;fA ,,~, ~ .)~) ~Jf-SJ\ .)~\ ~ Jt ~~ o\Jt ~ C~
~...J .~JfS jS\JJ Jt ojU~\ Uot "..Ra Jt ojUJ CF (normal load current
•.dJ(J~ ~..H Jl YJJ: ~
(circuit breakers) CBs.)t;:l3\ ~1~~
~ ~~Jf5 o.;J1J ~ Jl.<J\ iftJf5J\ J~\ ~J J e:.biJ ~~.JA CBJ~ ~li

. (short circuit) i.)\~\ ~ ~ ~ W ~o2wt ..>:p Jt 4;021£3\ ~\ uJ~
i~~\ ~ 4Jw ~lw=..~\ ~ ~ cs:"]\J (relay) ~ J~\ ~t:i ¥.>.:
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(4-2) ~ ~ W (potential transformers)
(Reclosers) ~..,:u\ Oo2\&.} iJf+; -~

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Sectionalizer ~l..biJ'-J
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· .. ·
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Reliability Indices
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~~I ~ uA 4!0<,6;411 .L~J ,;.31.J.l11 4.:J~~ ~UI ~...Jt.:iJ1 ~-4
~~IJ~1
La >A(tl·~ ...t:.~-: "I A ... ~w..b.:i.4
9'"~ t;rJA r:--"'..)~ •
.~-5
~
~ c.S~ JS.t D:!S~ ~J.i. OJ~ ~WI ~\J~I bJ\.j~ o)J~1 J:J.}j-6
~'jJJl ~..)'J kt ~~t i~~1 o~~IJ 4.J~' ~l~l Jt ~l~~' ~~!-7

(b:J\.j~\J w~)
- to. -
~1:~1 ~'JI ~J~} ..:.tl~).4
~.J~ (~ ..lIJJ) ~ OA.J JsJ ~J~?U ~, ~ ~ J~ ..9

~.J 4..a~I,J ~ t.....,..H vi
~~ ~'~'.»:t:... ,.WJ} ~~lw&t ~-10
..;t..,I:J J~ Jt t:JU:.tJ:,.L~, J~ ) ~~~'i' ~~~] (F- 4.;J~~' ~'~,j.4 ..)!JU
.j' ~, ~,.~ u;' 'john DP~\ (.i# (e~)" iJii JjJ= J\ et.1iiJ"1'
.j\ (individual) 41 <t"ii .. o~J L41 ~~, u.JS:! u' ~ UA . JS.S ~
~..... ~ ,.4J60S3' .t.J5l. lS~ ~,J (organization) ~ .,,\ (firm) 4.s.;J.
D--A .)sf ()4 ~~ t..l5J' uJA ':'} .~4JfS1\ ,uU23\ .1J..J~ . . ~ ()4 J.b..4
• ~~ ~.J-4 JS ~ w\ ~ 11~ ~.J-4
: ~'J' ~ ~J~~\ ~\~.).4 ~~
, ~ ~ & dSti ~ : Ji,A ~l ~~ ~ 44JfSJ\ ~l ~ -
~
-r:"
..
cs ~ .te
v- ~~, t,
:..~...
~..,,-.
~ 1..Ae.~L
i.J ~
~
"'T':"J
~
~
.. ~
,..-:-
cs )J} J\ ~ : Ji,4 ~~ cJ)J~' JS:f.U \1:l1 ~~..)foS.11 ~, ~ J\ -

~ JsJ ~'~,jJJ' ~i.J ~ jS.)04 .,,\ ~ J\ ~~ J'
.~\ ~~ JSJ ~,~~, ~ ~ JSJ -
. ~..j4\ - ~..)jJ~ NIMO "L:JfS~..)A ~ J\l4 (5-1) Js.J,~.J:!
"L:~~..)A ~ o..)~ (Niagara Mohawk Power Corp) NIMO J!.)A
r---s. 62160 ~l~) ~.)A J;.4 240004.:a.~ ~ t!J~ u~ 1.5 r~ jWlJ
• (~.)A
~ L..a1; U.: jih;Q ~l NIMO ~.>" ~ ~ AUt (5-1) JS..J. t.J4 ~..J
c.::.,~J.lfJl J' ,,;:,a'J'J~' ()--4 J~ ~ cJ~ ~ JS • ~.;..J' ~ 4.;3~
~~.;.Jl ~J ~ JsJJ o..;lJ] JsJ 4.:J~'i'~\~}.o ":d~ ~ ~ (}AJ
· r~
rUilJ1
(System)
SAIF/=O.847 CAIDI=2.03
V.,JAJI~I
(Central Region)
SA/FJ=O.847 CA/DI=2.00
c)iJI~1
(Area One) I 4i11l1~1
(Area Two)
SA/FI=O.773 CAIDI=2./2 SAIFI=1.23 CAll)[=1.6.i
I I
C bJIJ! ,,1t....,.1lA,
A b)~l ,,\ 4......1l4
C (District A)
SA/FI=0.378 CAIDI=2.08
~ljS.)A~
'""
(District C)
SAIFI=2.59 CAIDI=2.24
D b.)I.I) ",I .t....~

(District D)
Crew Center North SA/F/=1.08 CAIDI=1.54
~#ljS.)A~ E b.)IJ! ",\ .t...~

Crew Center South (District E)
SAIFI=3.05 CAJDl=1.64
B bJt~} ,,\ t....~ I-

(District B)
SAIFI=O.652 CAIDI=2.69
4.;J~'i' ~'~.J.4 y~ ~.)..: NIMO ~l:~ ~ ~ ~ (5-1) ~

;J\.~l JS ~'Jf rJ..~J
SAIFI =System average interruption frequency index

= r\JQ.;.1j t..\kAi~1 JtpLro r.to
CAIDI=Customer average interruption duration index
= :.\.rW t 1.b.4;~1 0.r! l1..,.,.p ~.to
"W'Vt'W. tdwo rld .corn"
- 0\ -
~JLUc.~\ ~\~j.4 ~~ ~ J r~ ~I ~I ~ ~~ JS ~i Jtl.J1 I~ uA

L-a~ . ~\ ftAlll lA..)~} J JSS ~AI Ji ~I ~\~.jA ":J~ ~ ~.4J
~~ cWt::. iJ.:: ~I u.i ~J:!. ~i ~ (Load Point) ~I ~.J-4 ~
J~ Ji (feeder) (.$~ LA} ~ ~JA w~ wi ~. 4.;j~~1 ..:.al~~
~ ~~ ~ wi ~ •. , OJJ:t..A ~\~ ~ Ji U:S~I <:J.4 ~~ ($~
~ 4\t1 4.:J~~1 ~\Pj..o ~~ ~..J ~~, ~\~ ~ 4J:,~ ~! ~I
... ~~"'""
~I / J.1=U1 )..,)S.j ul~~ (average failure rate) A ~I J~ J:w,~ -
(int/y) ~ / ~ .J\ (fly)

~P.s;,~ b:.ll~~ (average restoration time) r oJ~~1 UAJ ~~ -
(hit)
ul~.J; (average loss of energy) U 4u)p1 r~ ~~I ~jl4l1
U= lr 4JJ1.&AJ1 ~ ~ ~.J (h/y) ~1/4.c.Lw.
u'J# Ul.b.~ (average loss of energy) LOE iJ~1 4lLbJI ~~
(Kwh/y) ~1/4.c.~
~ 4<: lt~ 4' ,Atie uU,jS..J ~J~~I ul~J.43 J\io(5-1) JJ~~..H
;j~~I. 1974-1973 ~ '+~ i~ ~ ~ u-a ~1.W - ~~
.IEEE 493-97 ()4
Jl..a~' ~~ 4.;J~~1 u'~.).4 •

~".J (r) & (A) ~L.u'i' L.:JWc.~' ulp}4 utL~ (5-2) JJ~ ~J:f
~~,
- or -
rtJ:llU LJ~
.. ~\~,
. ~.JA a.• •
t\ ,.1AW .t.J~
: l.F; .. • &:.a' ~JA
"i\ a.• ~
i~ &:.a~1.W..l1' u'~.;..-\
'-,
D:S~ ~La1;.J ~ ~ u,~.;. -I

~~, ~La\H ~ ~ u,~". -":'I
~, t:.l~UaL1' u'~,j.t-y
rU:lll3 ~JWc.~\ ~'~,j..o E.'.J-l~ ~ (5-2) Js.J.~.J:

.,.u:m ~J~~' t:.l'jJI,j..o ~~ (5-5)& (5-4) & (5-3) J.J'~ ~
1974-1973 JjJ.. ~~ o~ ~ ~ ~1:U3 J1l.o(5-1)JJ~

Ar r A ~,
(h/y) (h/fail) (fail/y)
~ti."l'
.. ;.~i
0.001 5.0 0.0002
Protective relays
~(r~ 10000) o.,~ ~ts
0.1624 26.5 0.00613 kw,ji.4
Power cables
~~ Jf+ - ~1SJ\ ~t;~
0.0075 25 0.0003
Cable terminals
.. ~ti
.Ju:i
0.0108 4.0 0.0027
Circuit breakers
0.022 ~&ti.o
3.6 0.0061
Disconnected switches
~jji ~li~
1.026 342 0.003
Transformers
L...J0t,C. ~ .. JJJoA
, •..>J
32.4 7.2 4.5
Gas turbine generator
IEEE 493-1997
- of-
t..L..fil ~,j.4J'
.J ~'~~I c.dWjlll ~,J~ J~ ~ A,

Permanent forced outage rate
~ "J .J ~ J-.by ~ ~I of the component
~.. ~l.l~I Lli:i,U t.o~
..... ..
e.b~\ JAI flt 0.1\ i.S .;\~'i\ U-..ijl3\ J~ I
J-bWI u~I JI~} J\ ~ ~ ~
J ~\~~, ~WJ131 ~JJ:). J~ ~ iv'
Transient forced outage rate of
~ J u~I J-.by 'J ~ ~I component
'..ui ~1.:Jt5.31 ~li:iJI ~J.i. el::-~! "JS.4.1l..,HWI L$)~'il Wl~I JJa..o
J'~! J\ ~J' ~ ~~I ()4j.1I Y. r
Average outage time
DJS..JI
c...iijl3\ D4J J:w,~
- ot -
~L:.Je.s.n ~)tl ~J~l ~\y..t)A
~ J.;J~'11 ~I~.;..a
(System Reliability Indices)
I
•
i~1 ~~I.bA.I"11 ~I~~
I
~I ~~\JaLa'l1 ~I~.J.- -t£ !
(Sustained interruption indices) (momentary interruption indices) I
•
II
I
II f+-G MAIFJ
UiSjW'w.l1 ~'"'\H ~ .w:&i ~I~';" -\ ~'il ~Lj~ ~ ~ ~l~':"'-"r!
.-~~
(Customer based indices) (Load based indices)
. 0 MAIFJE 7j
~ 0SAIFJ 1-
~®ASIFI. ~0CEMSMln I
Q
.....
,..:I'
~
Q
~
G)SAIDI 4--@ASIDI I
[+. CD CAIDI
~ 0CTAID )
~ 0 CAIFI :J'
~ 0 ASAI
o
t
CEMln
G) ASUI
G)AENS
flL1a.i.U .taJ~"l'~'
.. • :.. ~
..)t4M.jA .. (5-2) ~
fUUU ~J~~' t::.a'~,j..o t..L~ (5-3) JJ~

D:fS~' ~l.l~ ~ i~1 - o~1 ~lJ:.~~' ~,~.;... -t
A-,.,ji-t t:.tLa\H ~ J~ ~.J.4!l ,~ ~

~ ~~ JSJ o~ b1tc:.I.W..J~l ..A)S:J SAIFI
System Average Interruption
JJ..J;. e~ ~ ""''4 u.J*-'...J • liTt- tiJb4 Frequency Index
~l J.\L!t ~! t.~ ~ e"w..Jl U:fS~ ",\JAm ult:.\W.a"i1 .;I.;S:d ~J14 ~..;..
• U:!S~
~ e.L..l::aiJ'ii o~ ~ ,r-J.,;.JI I~ ~
J~ ~,J t::.Itc:.u ,Jf J.t1.!JJ4 ~.,;WWI SAIDI
c.P t.~1 e.~! ()4J.lw,jM (,P uLa1:H ~ System Average Interruption
Duration Index
&.:IIJ-li e~ 4--J 4.J~ uJU.J • ~jlJ..cJ1
r UUll eUd.t"i1 ifi~..,lo ~.;..
~I J.1....aJ1 u-3! up~1 (p ut&.\W.a'i1
D:!S~
l.:'~ v-J-JI .lw,.Jlt ~ ~.;..J\ ,~ ~
.~ e~! JSJ ~~ Lilli OJ~1 CAIDI
Customer Average Interruption
uL.l:.lbiJl ul..>-'li e~ ~ -4.a~ UJI-I..J Duration Index
e~1 U;SjW&.J\ J$. e~ ~ ~~ ~ji.JwJJ e~"'il ojli.lw,..,lo ~"..
LAjI~
Il...A w\-i t ~ l:.ld ~jLWl D:!S~

c:w..lI.;#- v-J3\ ~jM~! ~~,;.JI
~ .JoI"p1 oJ,JJ ~ ~4Jf5 LA ~
CTAIDI
CTAIDI ~jA,J CAIDI ~".. D:H c.1Ji31 Customer Total Average
Interruption Duration Index
eU:W! Jfil.J1 ~~I ~ ~ ~ ~
~~ e~"il ulJii J:w,..,lo ~I ~,;..
~ ~~ U..)LJ..J ..wi oAI,J 0.)4 ~ LAjl
J.1....llJ\ u-3! U;S~I d.~.\hi.j! t::.IIJ&! ~~
e
~ LbL1 ~pl ~.;:w:...n ~
J.1-&-~! OJ~I .J!:. All.bJl c.m ~I ~ AENS
Average Energy Not Supplied
.U:S~
oJJ,JAJ1 ..>#- Ut.bJ1 Ja-jl.e ~,;..
- 0"\ -
rtAm ~J~'i' ~1.;.J,j.4 ~..,;a.j (5-3) JJ~ ~l:d

U=S,;.JwJI ~L1.:H ~ i~' - i~I ~~~'il ~1..,>J.';"- l
.1 ~I
, • .e, e LW.,,":ll t .(-: J:w, . . " ..,•. 'I I~ ..

...,..- (",. • .J..r- ~ /J'; ...)4Jl.."..... ~
.~~ ~~t..b1.t)' ~.JU..0.31 (HS~I
u~ oJ.-al,J OJ' ~~ JS ~ ~t..H CAIFI

Customer Average Interruption
i.J.Jj ~ e.L.....b1J)'I ul.J---6 J$. ~ ~I Frequency Index
e~ ~ 4\.a~. p,JAn I~ u~...J ..H.J:UI U:S~ etbL":lt )~ J:w,jlo ~,j4
",.aSi uJ} t..»..n ~ e~1 ~~I "'$
~ eUai.s)' ~.JLlc.31 U:S~ ~I

JIJ..ot, 'A.&" -:'1 i .-:1'1 ~
~~~ ..r-
.. ,.£'1
• J'w"l..,-. I~ ~
'f: ••
~ ,Jt ~ ~ ~~I .ti\.bl4 ~~ ASAI

Average Service AvaiJability
4.:--i "-a~ ~.J.&3\ I~ U~,J •..Hji:J1 iJ,JJ Index
~} UP~ toJiJI ~Ji:jJ ~U411 ~l$.UI t..~ ~t:il ~~ yJ,,jA
UP~ t..1iJ1 ~.1ij ~l$.Lw, J$
~~LW.,,":l1 (joG n J$ oW) ~,jAlt ,~ ~
~.;-iJt ~-J. J~ ~~ i~
.tlJSL...J... Up ~ ~I iJ.l~,J i$.L... CEMIn

Customers Experiencing
t't.tU.-ut ~):a ~ ~jlLA ~ ($~I,J Multiple Interruptions
~ "-ai.: .,>J.,jAlt I~ U~...J .utl=.wrjWl D:S~I )~ J.1t.4~,jA
ut....c-l.WJ)' ~jU.caJt D:!S~I "'$ ~I e

.;.;S:w tbL)' ~.JLlcJ1
~I JJ.....tJ1 ~l ij-A n V- .;st i~
U:S~
~\.jl ~.Jlo .;J..).o (.)4 iJ:..jJ1 C): ~U ~ Asm
Average Service Unavailability
.~J.iJ1
Index
LJ.iJ1 ~Ljl
o' • r jC..b..".," to,
.JJA ..,)AJJ.JA
- flV -
;-::Jl:~l ~),I ~J~! ~'.;J..J.4

ftAU3 ~J~~' u\P.).ta t-L~ (5-4) J~~

~'J\ uu\H ~ c~ - i~ t::.lts:,UiL)1\ bt\~,jA - ":-'
~J~~i '":J~ ~,jAn ,~ r~

~ tb~ ~~, btU~ ~ LA~ "
~U4 ~~...,
~ .o •• (.j '~f J\ ~L...J1..Y
~.
ASIFI
,·.... te~\ J C»J,.,J
~
.. ~ • .•..(.-: .~.• n
u::-..;-- Average System Interruption
\l-A ~iI l-AlA ,,·• . t\ \~ ~
~
Frequency Index
.;:..;JI ..P..r-
\l-A u,JUJ .SAIFI ~}4 ~.J.43\

; .) J......i3\ e ~
~.. 4d~.. J*M-r-
..•... t\
b.)J1U ~1 u-31 ~~\ (KVA)
.. ~~\(KVA)~
WSJJ SAIDI ~~ ~}.4J\ \~ ~
u~..J ~~, b1LJ~ f"~ht ~ ASIDI
Average System Interruption
~~\
4. ....r-.
O...& ~ 4d;"
. y-u..r-
..... t\ \~
Duration Index
0.1-13\
..) tt
I.r~. A .... '
u-. (KVA) i ..)JiJ\
'\
e
~jl4 rLWJ \.bL~\ &~ ~,j.4
~~I(KVA)~
"'.,R.\ ~1 ~\ ~ ~ ~ iJ;f~.n \~ D~ II~~ r\J:U II ~ ~l l ..

LJ~~I"'''.
.. •
'At~II~W~.t:.LIl
t,;",l p.JA '"e"".... or-
\''.1 ..... ,\". "I A .tt"'_ i.1J:u
~ is u--~.Ja4 ~ '" ..
.~~, ~L\H ~ 'J~l
- 0/\ -
~'u ··<'1 ~~\ ~J~\ ~\ ...

.. ...;e- .....)444.,..
~UllU 4.;J~'J\ ~\~~ ~~ (5-5) JJ~

~\ ~~U:2L'i\ ~'~}A - [
SAIFI ~.)4 ~.j.tJ1 I~ ~
.;I.,r-S:.i A.-~ f~ 4...-lSJ,j

MAIFI
Iw u..J-1ld..J. ~I u~UiL~I Momentary Average Interruption
Frequency Index
J~ e~ ~ &U"4 ~.J.oJ'
~I el.hL~1 .;I.~ ~jM ~.J.o
L~I~e~I~~1
6P~1 J~ ~1 ~j ~
SAIFI ~.J.4 ~~I I~ ~

~I~t .;I.J!:J ~jl.a f~ .usJ.j MAIFIE
Momentary Average Interruption
lu u~..J .~\ u1.t;.\.bL~1 Event Frequency Index
~1.)4 J$. ~1 ~ ~~ ~.J431 el..bll)'1 ~~ e.:.tlJ04 jI.)S:j ~jl4 ~.J.4
u-lJ 6P~ iP ~I etJiid)'I ~I
U:SJW&.oJI J~ ~!
( 0 ) J$.~.s:.:l1
.. .. °a a tl I~
.)IJI.r- r~..
e.:"u,UU"i1' u--- J-S ~J~ OJA
~~~ JJ:,""'Ji~ CEMSMIn
Customers Experiencing Multiple
~.;1= iPJ ·UJS~ Do- iJJ.b..G
Sustained Interruptions and
JSL...Ji...n aA,jLA ~ ~.J43' 11\ Momentary Interruptions Events
~ .t.. ,.~ lAJ..-IJ:a.:i ~ -:t\ u\.c.tJ=:ibU
o
I·~ •• O:·atl .•.•e .00,Ltl JJ.C.
~...JA- U::-~
..
0
.)AJJ.JA
"'", ....".-v-- .. • .. ~'
4U~ ~,jAS' ,~ UjI-J..J ~Ua.w.~1 iJ~I~IJi~1
~~J~~!~
, 0 v-..e .,>.&Sf t::.a\.c.l.1=:iJ)' ~~
~~J~~!ulJ
- o~ -
~ iJ~! ~ ~,J04 4:J~! ~'~,jA J ,.UllU ~J~! ~,~.;. ~

(4J.... ~ OJ\&. ~ J ) ~W~ ~ ;.;J ~ ~ll.&!\ Y1d~
~'i, ~',J04 4.;J~! t:a'~.).4 ~~ -I

J~ 4~ ~~, ~'.JA ~J~! ~\.;J.,j..4 w'lJta..A •
•D:fS~
0(5-6) JJ~ ui l.4S
~~, ~w\H ~~ ~'i' ~'.J-4 4.;J~! ~'~,j.4 u';l J1.t..4 •
.(5-7) JJ~ u.i t..s
w~' J$. 4-~ ~~, ~'.J04 4.;Jt....k,! ~1~,j..t ~'lJta... •
.u':l~' J$. .,t ~.)3\

.(5-8) JJ~ ~ l.4S
f'Uil31 ~J~! t::.I'.."Jr.).4 "':'~-~

rJ:SJi ·tuJ1 ~l....J\!.: ~~ rtAl11 ~J~! ~'~,j.G ~'l Ju..... •
(5-9) JJ~ c,) l.4S
~~, ..:.tw1r-J 4~ ,.~lU ~J~! ~'~,j.4 ~"lJl.u •
(5-10) JJ~ c,) l.4S

4 ;1; ."m uL.......,c.~ rUill' ~J~! u'~,j.4 ~'lJu..... •
(5-11) JJ~ c,) l.4S
rtAl11 4.:J~! u'~.)4.J ~'il ~'''''' ~J~! ~'~,j.4 ();.: ~-~
~ o~(5-12) J.J~~,J; •
- '\. -
~~, j$, ~~ ~~, ~\.".J ~j~'i' ~\~.;.. ~'Jj\a..e(5-6) J-J~
~J~\ OA.j!\ (~) ~l:W\ ~U~\

~;
A. = LNi Ni= number of customers in the i tb group of customers interrupted "1,
(intly) ";j
Ns = i~ U4 ~~, ~ e~' ~,;.JwJ' J$.
(min/int) 1~
r = LN-I *t-I .,,\ ,.I ....
.- ,.J'
:ENi Ns= total number of customers supplied
(h/int)
I ~~
=J ~~U;S~J~~'
... I/fII _,
,j
(min/y)
U = LN-I *t-I
Ns
.j\ tj=duration of the interruption for the customers in the jth group ~
J-
(hly) =i ~\ ()4 ~~ eUia.l"i' i~ ,"J'
(KVA &~~) ~\ ~~ ~~\ ~\~ ~J~"I\ ~\~jA ~'lJl&4 (5-7) JJ~
.6J~~\ S~.".t\ (~) ~llJ\ ~Y~
A. = IJi I i= installed (or declared) KVA in the i th group of customers

Ls (intly) interrupted .1,
>= i 4JaJ\ c)4 ~JJJ\ ~ e~\ U:S~ KVA ~~~~\ Ji) ~~\ ~\
.~
~
(min/tnt)
r = :EI·*t·
I I .J\ Ls--total installed (or declared) KVA at a date specified by the I
l'
'll
LXi :: ,.J'
,
(hI int) organization I .?i
=~~\ .u~ J~\ ~..J\:J\ JJ.c. KVA o~.J: (~\ 03\ ) ~,>J\ ~\ ~\ j
tb
U= ri' * t·i
1
(minty) ti= duration of interruption for the customers in the i group ~.
Ls J\ == i ~\ ~ ~~ e~'i\ o.)A ,:J'

= "'or (h/y) U=average annual interruption time
=t~'i\ (,)4; ($~ ~jl4J\
~')f~ J-'C Ji ~.,>iJ' w~, J$. ~~ ~~, ~,,JAt t:J~'i' ~'~j.4 ~'JJ~ (5-8)JJ~
~Ju.....n o..\a,,,D (~) t:a..UAn ~La1;.:1'
At = ~Si Si= Number of substations ( or transformers) supplying the ith group of

Ss (int/y) customers interrupted
= i W ~ ~~\ ~ e~\ ~~ ~~\ (~~.,,:wJ1 .Ji) ~.;iJ\ ~~I JJC.
(min/int) .~~~
r=
rS-*t-
I I
~
rSj
.J\
(hi int)
Ss= total number of substations ( or transformere) at a date specified by
the organization I
1-
"'1i
,
=~.)411~..M JJa..JI C!-a...;UJI JS. (~~~ )) ~,;iJi ~lb:wJI JJC.~!
~
a- ,...J'
~
I
U = r8-I * t-I (min/y) ' '0

ti= duration of interruption for the customers in the itb group
Ss .Ji
== i ;.w\ Ve .a~ e~"'il &j'ai J-
=Ar (h1y)
.J'
~tam ~~~'i\ ~'~j. ~"iJl:A..A (5-9) JJ~

~~, ~u~ ~ o~ - ;~ ~~~1' ~'~)A-\
~..l\.a..J\ i~jl\ (~) ~llJ\ uu~\
SAIFI = :ENi
Ni= number of interrupted customers for each
NT interruption event during reporting period
t.aJ.iJ\ ~ e~\ 6#-~' J~ e~ (int/y.eust) = e~! ~ JS1 L.~ ~ e~\ U;S~\ JJ&:,
=>
jI...;a:J\ o.)JJ ~
U=S~ l)SJ\ J.-.l\
SAIDI = L riNi (minly.cust)
,,;
NT :ENi = total number of customer interruptions "~
~
DJS~\ ~\&.~} ~'..rJ e.JaG+A .J' =L.~' ~ e~' ~~\ ..\$0 e~
==
~~ {)SJ\ J.-J\
(h/y.cust)
I
1"
.....
,
-; ,oJ'
CAIDI = L I1 Ni = SAIDI N,.== total number of customer served for the I .s
~Ni area being indexed
SAIFI
U:fSjW...J\ u\&.l.bi.l} u\.;i e.~ = 'JJ.2l.4 ~ ~ ~~\ ~ (lJiAU U:S~ ~\ J.al\
j
==
[h/lnt)
:tAJ.iJ\ ~ e~ U;S~ J$. e~ ri=restoration time for each interruption event J'
,~,
= eUW) ~ JS1 OJ\a:i.w.~\ ()Iaj

flUill1 ~J~"il ~l~.j.4 ~'iJl.a..4 (5-9) J",~ ~l:i

r...J':"A~
,0 . . ( '~'~'6'\ ~U\.u \....- o~\
... t..r'"
. ·~··~'l ~~Uii.a~\
- 0~ ~\ :.. -i
.~.JrA
.4JJla...Jl o~"sl (~) ~LWl ~u1;.:3\

.~
..~
CTAIDI = :LriNi CN- total number of customers who have experienced a 7j
CN sustained interruption during period
U:tS~1 ~k.~~t,;li e~
(minly)
.Ji I
1"
<rJ
Q ,.:}'
"'" (h1y) = .,>J.;i:U\ o.).JJ ~ ~ e.U::&i.&~ ~~, W:!S~I ~I JJI.1\ u-
~,;alJ1 up~ ~I J~I
~t pl.bi.bU
I
l
\
CAIFI
CN
= I;Ni ~
J'
]\
t.a~, ~ e~' UJS~I e~
I
i ::
J$.
(intly) \"'q
t~'.l ~~, up.;w..Jl ~, J~'

~
f'lalU ~J~'i' ~'jJ.~ ~'lJ\a.r. (5-9) JJ~ ~U

~~ ~La~ ~ i~' - i~ ~t..l.bla'l' ~'~j..-i
(~) ~u..n ~La'=+"
~J\a..,qJ' o~.j1'
ASAI _ NT(No,ofh/Y)-~IiNi CNK>n= total number of customers who have

NT(No,ofh/y) experienced more than n sustained
U:fSjW;..Jl t.AJI (':!Ji:U t,.u.J\ ~l&.U interruptions during the reporting period
p.n ..;
Q
= ,;si o~ c.::..\&.\.l,.L'i ~,JLl.J' U:S~, .1$0 ~! "'\
~~ ~Ja.11 (':!J.i:i ~\&.lwa JJ&:,
J:!.J:UI o.),JJ ~ 0..)4 n ~ ~
I
j"
....
CEMI = CNk>n ~ ~.J~
n NT I
wll;lW.a1 ~~I ().!SjWW\ J~ ~!
i.)<A n l:J4;Si o~
(intly) j
U:tS~ /.,JsJ1 J~'
~
J'
,~\
ASUI = 1 - ASAI p.u
iJ,;".JI .>p 4.i1J:aJ1
AENS= Kwh/cust.y
U=SJW'..JI JJ&:,
~uam ~J~~\ u\,JJajd ~~jl.La (5-10) JJ~

JLa~\ ~u~ ~ o~\ - i~\ ~~~'1\ ~\~~-y
~j\a...J\ ;~J.l\ (~) ~UA.1\ ~ut::l\

/
ASIFI = }:Lj Lj=connected KVA load interrupted for each .~

LT interruption level ..\
";j
~~ (KVA) oJ~' e~ = eUW! JS '-P ~U11 ~~\ (KVA) 0J.w\ .;\J1A
(int/y.cust)
= LrTotal connected KVA load served I ]"
=~
• • ~\ ~\
.. ~\ ~
(KVA)& J . ;: .r
~ ~I ~ O.)~,~! fj=restoration time for each interruption event
I ?:
..
ASIDI = I:fjLj = e\J;iQ.i~ JSJ ~~I o~'i ~\ u.-aj3\

j
LT
oj.\i31 eUW! i;Ai
(min/y.cust)
.J\ i=an interruption event
)
,~,
= (h/y.cust) =e~!~~
~~, ~l iJ~1 ~l
f"UllU ~.1~'1\ u\.;.Ja}.t u'j.1lAA (5-11) JJ~

~\ u"'=-~1\ u\.;.J.}4-~
i
tt~la...J\ o~,J1\ (~) t:.\.l.Q.\\ uu~\
MAIFI = 1: IDi N i
NT (int/y)
~J;>l ~~, ~ e~' UPJW'wJ' JJS. e~ .;
"'\
~
U!S~ JJS.u34l
MAIFIE =:EIDENi
NT
I J.
:: ,.J'
~~, t.F ~I tl..W..a1' ~'..)4 JJS.u-14l (intly) I -
.~
j
1.:>:SJW...Jl JJS.J4'
CEMSMI = CNTk>n ~
..J'
n NT ,~,
0.)4 n 6.11 .):lSi w\G.Uai.i',/ ~.;alJ\ u:sJW..JJ JJj;.~~
=
(intly)
~~JJj;.~1
4JJla..cJ\ ~~
LAN SAIFI
I:N (int.ly.cust)
I; UN SAIDI
I:N (hr/y.cust)
N(8760) - I;Ar ASAI
N(8760)
..
N=number of customers
~~IJ~
Reliability Performance Indices ~J~'i' ~Ut.i ~'~.j.4

.J ~ ;i\t\ ~ .J ~~I ~L...J~ t'\~~ ~JW£:.'i1 4.:3La.A b.t'P.J.o "':J~ ~
(5-3)~~~~
PH =Period hours
= ~I oJJJ ut.e:.Lw,
AH =8ystem available hours
= f'W3\ ~U} ut.e:.t-
8H = System operating service hours
= f'u=JJ1 ~ ut.e:.t-
RSH=Reserve standby hours
=i.,p.J.J1 ~~)'I utc.LwJI
SOH=Scheduled outage hours
= ~~ UijUl ut.e:.t.w.
FOH=Forced outage hours
"'" (,$I)~)'I Ui.jl11 utc.k
l)W ~~ 4:.I'JJL..:it.A .J ~JL4lc:.)'\ ~ ~1~.J.4 ~,.yW (5-13) J.J~ C~.J:! .J
.. I ~ '• • t\
.1...11~"""""
- "\'\ -
~~~I ~~I ~J~J ul~,j.4
Period Hours (PH)

~\ i JjJ ~\.c.Lw,
...
System Available System Down For
Hours (All) Maintenance
flUll1\ ~Ul ~ts=.1..M tt~U'i~\ ....
'" I ()AJ
"' ,. ..... ,"' ,..... -,

System Operating Reserve Scheduled Forced
Service Hours(SH) Standby Hours Outage Hours Outage Hours
(RSH) (SOH) (FOH)
~ l:.t\.c.\.w,
pu=.l1\ ~~'it l:.t\.c.LwJ\ t.Jijj3\ ~\s;.~ U'i~\ U\s;.\.w,
i~.\41\ t...4~\ cS..;\~'i'
- v. -
~~~'1' ~ ~,.;Jt.J.4 ( 5-13) JJ~

tiJl&..J1 ~ ~~
POD=RH-RSH-SOH (~1s;.u\ ii~..H) ~~ u.-J1' y.~ (POD)~i~
Period of demand
AF = (Pij - SOH - FOH) * 100 (...... JJ~P':4l..1 ~i) i~J1l i~ y.4i-- (AF,%) ~\3'I' J..1s;.
PH ~~ ~~ u.- ~ jA~ "ll\ ,J J,.aJ\ ~
(~ ~ i~..H) ~~ ~,J Availability Factor
~ J..l"..n ~ Uijm u.-,j y.. ,.Jlr. y.~ (FOR,%) ",J.)a.Q,/' Uijm 13...
FOR = (SHF'?:OH) * 100 Forced outage rate .3,
·lfJ~
"J,
SOF'= SOH * 100 ~1s;.1.-.J ~~ 4.-~ ~~ u.-,j ~ (SOF,%) ~.)10'1\ Ui.,,:al J..a1s;. ~
PH ~i..),JJ
o.JJ-' ~1s;.\-1 ~~ t'Ui.AJ\ ~ ~1s;.\.w ~

Scheduled outage factor
(SF,·/.)~~ I
1·
.....
SF= SH * 100 ;: •.J'
PH ~ Service Factor I
MTBFO=SH
NF
~'):a.-.Q'il ~W.,,:ut U:H ~~I u.-J1' y.~ (MTBFO) ~l.)a.Q,/i ~1s;.Uai.a'i1 U:H u.-;rl.sa....~ j
4..~~..J:!i;. Mean time between forced outages
MDT = ~OH + FOR ~~i ~ iA,J1! UijAS ~'11 ijii1\ ~ (MDT) l-ii.,t:W\ y..,j ...".... ~
.J'
NF+NP Mean down time ~~.
~~
NF=Number of forced outages

= ta...)I~1' ~W.,,:i3' J~
Nfl'.;.:Number of plant outages
=~I~W~J$.
1 Jli.
(t) JJ~ ~ ~.,.J\ .J 1994 rte. ~ ~t&.~"i\ CJu~ ~ 1 r!J ~~

:f'~ /)..)4lc~ 1 ~~ ~\t, 4.;J\..o:lc:.'i' u\yJi,jA ~}
SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI
CATAlDI, CAlFI, ASAI, ASIFI
CEMEIs ,MAlFI ,MAIFIE,CEMSMIs
N
t~'i\ oft. tt~';JJ13' ·un
. e.\.b:L'i\ e~ (min) (KVA)
6:!S~ JJS:.
~J
~J.iJ'~~'
~ 8.17 800 200 7/3
u.!b.S 0.5 1600 400 15/4
~ 71.3 1800 600 5/5
~ 30.3 75 25 12/6
~ - 400 2000 6/7
~ 267.2 500 90 20/8
~ 120 2100 700 31/8
~ 10 3000 1500 3/9
~ 40 200 100 27110
V"(
i.~\.:~1 ~~\ ~J~} ~'~)4

NT .... U!S~ J#- ~!

= 2000 cost.
CN - ~e.1.b1.a)' ~~ ~~~ J.a31
=1800 cost.
L T -~~~(KVA)o
•• '" n,.....'
.,JJiJ\ IJ"'''''''''''':''.
=4000 KVA
ID, == ~ iJf.l.' ~ ~'j4 J$.
IDE - ~~l.1::t.i.a)" ~'.)oA JJS:.
CNk>n =0.)4 n ()4 .;s' o~ «.:l\c,tW.,,)' ~JU.4.U DJS~1 J~ ~1=350

CNTk>n - o~ ~~Ua:iJ! JJlU ~.;a:wl UJS~ ~l JJaJl=750
eUW!n UA..):'Sf ~ oJ
n =s
C.B=Jt;:i31 ~ti Reel. =J:.w:2jlll OJ\£:.} j~
- Vf-
~~~I ~)tl 2..:J~l ~'~)A

:~,
([) JJ~ ~ J i~' ~l,c;.~ E Lr& LL& LNr& :EN ~~ ~
ii~~ i~' ~\s;.UiL1\ t:Ju\ht ( [) JJ~

N
L r
J~
o.;JiJ\ Nr iJli
Lr U:S~ ~..JU11
te.~ (~J) eU:iL1'
~~
(KVA) (~J)
~J5J\
6536 800 1634 8.17 200 7/3

128340 1800 42780 71.3 600 5/5
2272.5 75 757.5 30.3 25 12/6
133600 500 24048 267.7 90 20/8
252000 2100 84000 120 700 31/8
30000 3000 15000 10 1500 3/9
8000 200 4000 40 100 27110
1: Lr=560748.5 I:L=8475 :ENr=172219.5 :EN=3215 ~'il
W:!S~\ ~L~ ~ ;~, -i~l ~~~"'i\ ~\~.J.- : 'iJ'
SAIFI = L N = 3215 = 1.6075 inti y.cust .

NT 2000
SAIDI = L Nr = 172219 .S = 86.11 minI y.eust .

NT 2000
CAIDI = SAIDI = 86.11 = 53.567 minI int .
SAIFI 1.6075
CTAIDI = L Nr = 172219.5 = 95.677 'minI y
CN 1800
CAIFI = L N = 3215 = 1.786 inti y

CN 1800
NT(No.of b Iy) -
ASAI = -------==---
Nr L
N T(No.of b I y)
= 2000 .. 8760 - (172219.5/60) = 0.999836
2000 .. 8760
CEMI 5 = CN k>n = 350 = 0.175 intI y
NT 2000
- Vi -
~LJ .~(t\ ~~\ ~j~\
.. ...J'tt"*" u\ ••
,,~...J4M..JA
ASIFI = I:L
LT
8475 int/y.cust
= 4000 = 2.119
:ELr
ASIDI=--
LT
= 560748.5 = 140.187 h/y.cust,
4000
~, u1J:,~)" c.:a'~,j.o :titCi
·e~! 4Jb JS,t ~ ~'jA J~ J~' iJf+' ("':1) JJ~ ~~

:ui~,..>.!
~J~ J U:!S~ ~ ue- 4.;~ ~ (C.B) .)t¥J, ~li ~l ~ .,
2000
~ 4..;~ ~ (Recloser) ~~, OJLc.! j~ ~! ~ •
~~750
wi ~ (y) JJ~ ()4
IDi=~ o~i ~ u'J04 J$.
ID[=~\&..\.JiL)" ~1..)04 JJ£:,
w\-i reel. ~llli u-i •
l\1AIFI = LIDjN = 8*2000+12*750 =12 5 int/y

NT 2000 .
l\1AIFIE = LIDEN = 5*2000+6*750 =7 25 int/y
NT 2000 .
CEl\iSMIS = ;;:0 = 0.375 int/y
- Vo-
C.B=circuit breaker- ..)~, ~t:i

R =recloser =~jll' bJt&.l jlf+
S =sectionalizer =~~
F =fault =(~) ~
MAIFIE&MAIFI&SAIFI ~1~,j..J' ~l
:~,
Ni=~ t1,1,.iJ"'i ~~, UP~' J~=250
=~ el1ai.l)' ~~, UP~' J~=750

Nr=2000
ID i=2
IDE=l
SAIFI= Nj = 250 =0125 int./y.cust
NT 2000 .
l\1AIFI= IDjNj 2 * 750 0.75 intJy

NT 2000
MAIFIE = IDENj = 1 *750 =0.375 int./y
NT 2000
- v, -
~L .~ <'1 ~)tll tJJt..w:.t~,
.. ...h""'" .....)IwN.JA...
:(3) Jtica
~,~~ J ~~, ~,~ ~'~}4 : ~l (5-4) ~ ~~ ~I ~~
~~, ~~ ~Lt\H (I) J.J~ ~-':! .J - F3 ,,!.; .s~ r~1
IlKV
F3~ 28
LP14
3~ 30
LP15
J
r 32
LP16
331 34.
~P17
- vv-
L.ill
~ .~
.• <'\ ~),I ~J~l
. . . . Ju!
- . J•.A
( 3 ) ~.) JliJl ~~\ ~\~ ~\,;.J.j.t (1) JJ~

.b.w.~
Ecost Kwh/yr U=A ..r r A- N ~\,J04
~\ UN AN
($/y) (kw)(h/y) (h/y) (h/int) (int/y) U:!S~\ jJC. ~'.l\
KW .3,
7362 271.7 469.7 5.3 2.275 0.58 2.54 0.2275 10 LP14 "~
9990 1369.1 1639.1 0.84 0.2372 0.84 3.52 0.2372 1 LP15 ~
6505
13607
909.3
534.3
902.5
469.7
1.01
11.4
0.2405
2.275
1.01
1.14
4.19
5.00
0.2405
0.2275
1
10
LP:l6
LP17 I
1"
~.
< '"If
> -
37464 3084.4 19.05 5.0277 3.57 3.83 0.9327 22 ~"i\ I ./.::
j
~..J'
.~.
J:tJI
( 3) ,.!..; ~ ('\lUll bd\~.).4 (y)JJ~
t1J~1
~,\jAJl ~'" ~.jAJ1
LAN SAIFI
0.2285
LN (int/y.cust)
:EUN SAIDI
0.8659 :EN (h/y.cust)
SAIDI CAIDI
3.7895 SAIFI (h/int)
3084.4 I:Kwh/y Kwh/y
Lkwh/y AENS
140.2
N (kwh/y .cust)
N(8760)- LAr
0.9998 N(8760) ASAI
Ecost
37464 :EEcost ($/y)
- vo. -
~4..>S-SJ1 ~~I ~J~l ~l~jA
:(4) ~
~ J (MY) ~~ ~ .J (HV) ~ ~ ~ ~ (5-5) ~ ~-':!
J~I {;J~ (j.4 f.$~ OJ~ ~i .J ' (LV) ~
~ ~~~, c.:'JL1.:+l' {i} J.J~ ~~
:(5-5) JS.J, ~ ~,~ ~~I J ~')tl ~'il ~J.b. ~~
~1~1~~~Fl
~~I ~I ~ u.k. Jtk,t F4&F3 &F2
~1~~~~F5
:4~1 ~'JWI ~ ~ U & r & A ~J~'i' ~'~.J-o ~l
~I .J ~I ~I ~i ~.JJ.:ta. J.lt:, ~I ~I ~~ ~'~}.4 :'J.j'
~~I
.. ~~':Ltl \8 .... tl ~ t~ tL... ~ ~ ~ .. ~~:'Ltl ", ...tl . _( ...
~ ""\M"'" • c"r- ~.j ~ ~ c.r~
6::1' ..)4Jd.,jA
,.. :l.s.t"U
..
~ .J ~I ~I Jt.bc.t ~,JJ:. J.ic, .b.w,,Jl.JI ~I u5~ ~'~.J.4 :\ilU

~jl.431
~,Jl.JI ~I ,J ~I ~I ~t ~.JJ:.t. ~ D:S~I ~ ~'~).4 :~,..)

~I ~I ~ ~ Jkc. ~,J~ ~ U;S~I·~ ~\~.).4 :~1.5,.
~ .J ~I ~ JUu:.i ~.JJ:.t. ~ 6P~I ~ 4sJI ~'~.j..J1 :Lw,J\.,..,
.~I~I.J~~I
:~I ~ ~l.:~n ~ wi ~
U:!S~I J$. ~~ •
~~,~W~~~ •
~t>J~ J$. ,Ji ~~\ ~~I J$. ~~ •
w.F~1 J~ i..;..\iJi ~~l~'".

~'J~ JjS.
~IJ KVA (D#~I)
1 1 BV 1000 >'HVIMVI
1 -- 6000 HV/MV2
1 1 HV 5000 HV/MV3
1 1 MY 400 81
1 30 LV 250 82
1 25 LV 200 83
1 1 MV 250 84
1 20 LV 150 85
1 10 LV 50 86
1 10 LV 50 87
1 15 LV 250 88
1 10 LV 50 89
1 10 LV 50 810
BV: high voltage
l\1V: medium voltage
LV: Low voltage
- A\ -
L.,iL
... ~.Act\ ~)tl ~J~I bit ••
...~.JA
s:~? 4,$J.N JU"\ ~'J" MV

Fl
~J.f':'
~:~ ? 4,$.liu JU"\ ~'J"
o Ja.....P~
:C.B
Js- ~ ~J.N U S6&S9
.k....p,¥,
LV cm~ ~;
MV I 82 ys ~ 810 ~
-S 1 + I I \,jJJ"'- ~y T
1_..
89 JCJ4 r i ,J\
lj
< -
MV I ,
...).
84 I ~LV .~.
CB
--l _
MV
LV (4) ~ tw:aW\ ~\ ( 5-5 ) ~

:~l
wi ~ ( 5-5) ~ ~l ~l.)..\:l
~ L..As ~ ~ ~."..Jl ~l~ ~ ~l l+J ~~ ~l J~.bc~l
" ('-:J)JJ~
tAJ:!ul't J ~~l ~J (~) Jj~
..»t~ ~!
.J ~jl,J1 ~l ~; ~ ~ t;~\ ~
:~l BV Fl .
81,82,83,84,85,86,87,S8,89,810
:~~) c.F 4.;~1 ~ ~ J CB2 ~Wl ~
MV F2
83,84,85,86,87,S8,89,810
:~'.l, ~ ~~, ~ ~ J CBr ~Wl ~
MV F3
86,S7
:~~, c.P t;~1 ~ ~ J CB4 ~Wl ~
MV F4
88,89,810
82 C,P ~jj;U) ~ LV F5
WP~' J~ ~~ ~J~'i' ~\~jA '"r'~-1

.J~' ~l ~l ~J.1:l. .1lc ~I ~I f..:;!.~ 4..;J~! ~'~).o :"JJ;
~I
Fl&F2&F3&F4 Jlhc~l ($; ~~l

e.:,,'~}4J1 o.iA t.:J~ .J e.:"l~ (J) & (~) ~J.i;tJ1 C~~
- At' -
~1.:'~i ~~I ~J~l 4;:A~)A

(5-6 JJ~ ~1 e~)\ ) U:S~, J~ ~~ ~\ ~\ uS~ t:J~'i\ ~,~~ "':l~ (~)JJ~

F4&F3&F2&Fl ~~, u.- ~U\I
F4 F3 F2 Fl ~\"..
JJ£;.
J~i
ti ti ti ti up~
Nitq Niti Niti Niti ~,
(in 11) (in 11) (in h) (in h) Ni
~I
--- --- --- --- --- --- 12 0.4 30 82

.;
--- --- --- --- 22.5 0.9 10 0.4 25 83 "~
';]
--- --- --- --- 18.0 0.9 8 0.4 20 85
--- --- 10 1..0 9.0 0.9 4 0.4 10 86
1"
4")
.l. ,.J'
--- --- 25 2.5 30 3.0 4 0.4 10 87
<
I .s
j
15 1.0 --- --- 30 2.0 6 0.4 15 88 \,.
~~
25 I 2.5 --- --- 20 2.0 4 0.4 10 89 J.
,~,
\ 25 \ 2.5 --- --- 40 4.0 4 0.4 10 810

LNi =35 I :ENj =20 LNj = 100 LNj =130 130
L N i t i = 65 :ENitj = 35 L N iti = 169.5 :LNitj = 52
I I
(..3) J,J~
52 130 Fl
169.5
-
100 F2
35 -20
- F3
----"-
65 35 F4
321.5 " 285 E.~i
wlA ~~~, ~
Ns =..)~\t ~ ~~I J~ ~l
= 130
l: N i = 285
L Nitj = 321.5
J D::S~\ J~ ~~ ~I ~I u5~ 4.;J~'i1 ~lp}.4 ":l~ .J
:6~ F4&F3&F2&Fl Jl.kc)u '~JU 6;ll!\
/\,= J,btJ\ JlJS.d
LNj _ 285 = 2.19 int/y ~ (1)

=~-130
r= e. ~)" o.;i
L:Njtj _ 321.5 = 1.12 h/int ~(2)
= 2:Nj - 285
U= ..J~\ ~~! raJ&:,
L:Nitj _ 321.5 = 2.47 h/y ~(3)
= N s - 130
- Ao -
j~l.!
... ~.A(t\ ~'J\ ~J~l b:.l\ s «
.....J"""<.JA
~~ JJac. ~.J.b.. J.le. <.);,i; iaJ\ ~\ ~~ ~\~.jA : ~~
(F5 JJ=cJ\ ~.J~ ($') ""Ai; ;An ~

.bU 82 ~, ~.J-4 c.F ~1U1' ~ F5 ~, (J~ ("':') J.J~ ~
Ni=30 & tj= 2 h & Ns=130
:. L:Nitj == 60
: ~ 82 ~"...n ~~ ~J~'i' ~,~.;.. {J~ ~ s
j LN
30
",=--=-=0.23 inti y ~ (4)
Ns 130
L Njtj 60
r = l: N = 30 = 2.0
j
h lint ~ (5)
~ N·t·
U =.L.J J J = _60 = 0.46 h/y ~ (6)
Ns 130
" '4:" ~J~ 4 ,;;; (.)"0; ;4]\ ~ ~~ 4.:J~l ~\~,jA •
~~\
D:S~ 4.:J~'i' c:.a\~.)A ~ ~ ~t:i&'iJf J~I c:.a\~.J.4 ·eJl:U &0
~
,-,4i;; Q!\ J ~~ J ~ ~ JLb.c,f ~J~ A,.:;; ~\ ~,
:~'JlS
(....A) JJ~
LNjtj :ENj JbaJ'

321.5 285 F1,F2,F3,F4
60 30 F5
381.5 315 e~\
- ,,'\ -
4.:J4~1 ~"i, ~J~} ~'~.J.4
j
'l_~= "Y N __
315 _ 2 .42
inti y ~ (7)
A -
Ns 130
L Njti _ 381.5 =: 1.21 ~ (8)

r = L Nj - 315
h/mt
~ Nit i - 381
L-t - -.5_
_ 2.93
U h/y ~ (9)
=:
Ns - 130
~J~~' ~'~.J.4:CUl:i
~, J\.l$i ~J~ J$, ~jl4J' ~, u5~
~jl4J' .J~'
~ (y) JJ~ c)4 J 84&81 t.sA ~.§M31 ~l ~f ~IJooG u\A (I) JJ~ "'"
:cJ
84&81 ~l ~~!Fl J6J1 tS J}: •
84 ~I ~ u-l! F2 ~I r.s Jj.J @
(..9) JJ~
F2 Fl JJ.C. ~~~
tj tj DP~I ~l
Niti (in h)
Njtj
(in h) Ni ~.jlJ1
0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 1 81

0.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 1 84
LNj =1 LNj k: 2
LNjtj =0.9 L:Njtj = 0.8
((,jJl) JJ~
LNjtj LNj J.b.tJ1

0.8 2 Fl
0.9 1 F4
1.7 3 E.~I
- AV -
4l:~1 ~~I ~J~} ul~)4

w\A lillj ~ J
LNj =3
2:Njtj = 107
",": _ tI ~ A ~ ti . ~ .. t>. J~
N S=2= ~~I~'~~
L
0'\
LN·1 =-=1.5
=__ 3 . I
Inic.y -f (10)
•• J\. N 2
s
r ::::: I:Niti = 1.7 = 0.57 h zint, ~ (11)
:LNj 3
U = LNjti
-_. = 1.7
2 ::::: 0.85 h/y ~ (12)
s
,J ~, ~, ~i ~.J~ ~ 6P~' ~ c.:.a\~.J.4 : ~\.)

~~,
~ ~~, ~ u'~.)4 ~~ J ~,~ (~)& (u.a) ~J~' ~J:!

.(FI,F2,F3,F4) ~~, ~ J ~ ~\ ~i ~J~
- AA-
4l:~1 ~)rl ~J~! ~1~).4

F4,F3,F2,Fl ~~, (.F ~U3' t ~~, JJ.S, ~~ U:S~, ~ ~J~'i' ~\~j.A ~~ (W&1)J-.9J+
F4 F3 F2 Fl J~
~''''''
ti t, ti ti ~~I ~~;l\
Niti Niti Niti Nit i
(in b) (in h) (in h) (in h) Ni (6-iS~')
.~
--- --- --- --- --- --- 0.4 0.4 1 81 ..~
--- - .. -- --- --- --- --- 12 0.4 30 82 1
--- --- --- --- 22.5 0.9 10 0.4 25 83 1-
--- --- --- --- 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 1 S4 I
.,..
1,
,-q-
--- --- --- --- 8 20 < -

18.0 0.9 0.4 SS I -~
--- --- 10 1.0 9.0 0.9 4 0.4 10 86 j
--- ---
15 1.0
25
---
2.5
---
30
30
3.0
2.0
4
6
0.4
0.4
10
15
87
88
~ J'
,:)'
2S 2.5 --- --- 20 2.0 4 0.4 10 S9
25 2.5 --- --- 40 4.0 4 0.4 10 S10
I
I:Nj =35 I:Ni = 20 I:Nj = 101 I:Ni = 132 132
I:Niti = 65 LNjtj =35 LN itl = 170.4 :I:Niti = 52.8

(~) JJ~
~,
1:Niti 1:Nj
52.8 132 Fl
170.4 101 F2
35 20 F3
65 35 F4
323.2 288 e.~'
D\i~~~J
Ns =132
}:Nj = 288
LNitj = 323 2 e
~, ~, ~'i '~.JU 6:!lU' ~~, ~ ~j~'i' c.:t'~}4 "':I~ J

:~ ~ J:w,~' ~, J
_ 288 =2.18
'1
A = LNj
N · -132
s
int.ly -+ (13)
2: Ni t j _ 323.2 =1.12 h/Int. -+ (14)

r = L:Nj - 288
:LNiti _ 323.2 = 2.45 h/y -+ (15)
U = N
s- 132
- ~, -
~\I~I ~ nb..l)'1 ~J~} ul~j..4
~ ~ ~.J~ ~ 6P~' ~ 4.:J~'i' u'~)4 :~li.

(F5 Jl:W\ ~.J~ ~ (Ji) u4 95 ;4.1\ ~, ~
: wi f.S i , ~ 82 ~\ ~.J-G DC 4,;.ii:iJ\ ~ F5 Jl=t.J' u!-! (I..:J) JJ~ ()4
Ni=30 &tj=2h &Ns=132 &1:Njtj=60

uJS.'i 82 ~\ ~.,.J ~J~"i' ~'~.j.4 u~ ~ J
'1 LNj _ 30 =0.23 int.ly ~(16)
"'=~-132
LNjtj _ 60 =2 hlint. ~(17)
r= LNj - 30
u= LNiti
N
s
_ 60 = 0.45
-132 h/y ~(18)
~'i, ~ ~.J~ 4,;;; 6P~\ ~ ~J~'i' u'~.JA •

Il •
C:-=-.. • U,,..
A"" , .taJ~~' ..)4M"" t.r"',~ ~
t. ~- ~ ~l.5. lLt\ J ..~.tt ?tJU1"
,J.,,)~'.)IJd,JA\:;""" (.JeQ
u, ,.
:~~LS Fl,F2,F3,F4,F5 ~~, ~J~ t'Jji ~~,
(e) JJ~
LNjtj LNj Jj:W1
323.2 288 F1,F2,F3,F4
60 30 F5
383.2 318 e~
Ns =132
A - LNi = 318 = 2.41 int./y ~ (19)
- Ns 132
LNjtj _ 383.2 = 1.21 hlint. ~(20)
r = LNj - 318
LNjtj _ 383.2 = 2.9 ~
U= N - 132 h/y (21)
s
- '" -
'. .1 ... ell ':l t· ~J\ :i. 1 .. , .. , " ..
~~""!..h"'*' ~il· "",=J~. U..)IWJ..JA
~~, J~ ~~ ~.\~'/' ~\~.j4 ~~ ~~ (.)~ (e )JJ~

·- ~~
• ..>:J :.u uJuu\ ~\ ~l ~b .u:..n
J~~\ ~ .J:J"l:i ." '0
~\~, ~JM1' .J
iJ r 'A U r A- U r A
·~'uS~ ~;
2J~.3 1.21 2.42 0.46 2 0.23 2.47 1.12 2.19 4~
~,
~
- 1~
I--- I--- --- - --- 0.85 0.57 1.5

J+::J' uS~ ! ....
~.J\
,
I --- 10-
.6.w,ji.J\
~,
fill'
~Z::
- I
j
-
2.9 L21 2.41 0.45 2 0.23 2.45 1.12 2.18 U:S~'~
A in lnt/y ...J'
~~\
r in h/int
Din Wy
~~\r;'l {~'lr~ \~~ It>i<'r\~

-"L~ -
\~ S.tl
I!{r' ~M !:1i<' '4)~ t'.i~£.tIWti1S'I.i M (' ~6"'r (r ) ~ ~M!:1~
~r ~ VftJ . 1~~'r;:'1 ~. ~ ~rM? :
y
~
~M
vf'~
• or \"='
~ ..
'J'~\'~
~
,·.. V\ 5
--r-::rJ ~
...
\\"';,':.' ) " .
f'
~ f;"
~ n
\~~'h·/l
~~~D'~!~:
~~\ ~lJ~ ~~ U:S~\ ~ 4.:J~'1\ ~',;.J.j. ~~ ( J) JJ~

F4 F3 F2 Fl
~:~n ~'.J04
Iiti
I
! t·1
(in h)
Ijti ti
(in 11)
Iiti
ti
(in h)
Iiti
ti
(in h)
Ii ~'J'
(KVA)
(c.J:S~')
,.--'
--- --- --- --- --- --- 160 0.4 400 81

-
--- --- --- --- --- --- 100 0.4 250 82 _3)
4~
--- ---- --- --- 180 0.9 80 0.4 200 83
~
--- --- -_.,.. --- 225 0.9 100 0.4 250 84 1-
~ --- --- --- --- 135 0.9 60 0.4 150 85 ...I
.,...
"'1
,,J'
,~
I ---- --- SO 1.0 4S 0.9 20 0.4 50 86 I
j
---- --- 125 2,,5 150 3.0 20 0.4 50 87
,...-..-
~
100 1.0 --- --- 200 2.0 40 0.4 100 S8 .
..J'
...:~
../'
125 2.5 --- --- 100 2.0 20 0.4 50 89
[ 125 2.5 --- --- 200 4.0 20 0.4 50 S10
Lli = 200 IIi = 100 :Eli = 900 :LIi = 1550 1550
I IIiti = 350 ~Iiti = 175 IIiti = 1235 :LIiti = 620
(~ )JJ~
LIjtj Eli J1a3t

620 1550 Fl
1235 900 F2
175 100 F3
350 200 F4
2380 2750 e~t
L s = 1550
I:Ij = 2750
LIjtj = 2380
J ~ ~ ~t; 1~~ D;ll!\ D.P~ ~ t;J~~t ut~}4 UJS:i J

:~ ~jlJ\ J.f+1\
'l LIj _ 2750 = 1.77 int..ly --+ (22)
A = Ls -1550
I;Ijtj _ 2380 = 0.87 h/int. --+ (23)
r = I;Ij - 2750
I;Ijtj _ 2380 =1.54 ~ (24)
U = L s -1550 h/y
- ~o -
~~~I ~"i\ ~J~! u\~.)4
~ ~J~ ~ ~..>:i~.4..n ~ ~JLU£;~' t:J\~j.A '"':J~ •

(F5) Wa 6; ; 03\ ~, ~ ~
..wi 82 ~ ~.JA ~ ~liltl ~ F5 JJ=JI uli (~) JJ~ ~

Ii ::: 250 tj ::: 2h L s ::: 1550 L1itj ::: 500
(,);,9;.. ; All ~ JktJ '~.;Li D;:illl W:S~I ~ .t;J~)" ..:.t\~,j.4 cJJS.d .J

:~F5
'1 I:lj _ 250 = 0.16 ioL/y -7 (25)
I\, = L - 1550
S
:Lljtj _ 500 = 2.0 h/Int, -7 (26)

r= Eli - 250
:Lljtj _ 500 = 0.32 h/y -7 (27)

U = L s -1550
Ie ... ..
,~ ~8~ ~~
•••
~
,(~; ·~ltJ' ~...
e u , t tJJ~~' ~,..,,-..,,--
~·IA •
•
:~\t,
( r ) JJ~ ~ ~ ~LwJI ~u~' u.s

(r) JJ~
:Lljtj :Llj JbtJI
2380 2750 Fl,F2,F3,F4
500 250 FS
2880 3000 e~
- C\ '\ -
~\t~1 ~ Qt:~1 ~J~l ~'~)4

L s = 1550
A- LIj - 3000 = 1.94 joLly ~ (28)
- L s - 1550
LIitj _ 2880 = 0.96 b /Int , ~(29)
r = l:Ij - 3000
:LIjtj _ 2880 =1.86 h/y ~(30)
U= r., -1550
~'l~t J$. ~~ ~J~'it ~'~}4 b.lt:~ -3

:~4JW~~
II Jl..6s,'i\ ~ ~,JJ.:.. A?Jii ~~, ~ 4.;J~1' ":"1~}-ci ";J~"
:~~ ~ ~ ~'.;.Ji}4t\ ~~ ~ J~
~w y~ ~ (u) JJ~ ui lAS F1,F2,F3,F4 JLkc'i\ ~l:i y~ , Jil\

.F5 J1W\
- l\V-
~\I~I ~)'I ~J~l ulyoty

~"J~' J$. ~Lt\H.a.:..~ U:S,;JwJ' ~ 4.;J~'i' ~',;.J.}4 ~~ (u) c..U~

F4 F3 F2 Fl J,,),C:,
~'''''
ti ti ti ti ~~~ ~~\
Sit! (in It)
Sitl
(in h)
Siti (in h)
Siti
(in h)
8i (U:fS,;JwJ\)
--- --- --- --- --- --- 0.4 0.4 1 81
--- --- --- --- --- --- 0.4 0.4 1 82
.3,
--- --- --- --- 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 1 83 ~l,
";j
--- --- --- --- 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 1 84
--- --- --- --- 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 1 85 I
1"l,
< \-.t
--- --- I 1 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 1 86

vr
I
-
.~
j
--- --- 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 0.4 0.4 1 87
1 1 --- --- 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.4 1 88 )
."J'
2.5 2.5 --- --- 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.4 1 S9
2.5 2.5 --- --- 4.0 4.0 0.4 0.4 1 S10
10
( U )JJ~
I:S·t·
J I LSi ~
4 10 Fl
14..6 8 ,F2
3.5 2 F3
6- 3 F4
28.1 23 e~
Ss =10
LSi =23
:ESiti =28.1
~ .\f+D ~t:l1~JU D;!lln up~1 ~ ~J~'il ~'~,J.a ~ .J

:~ ~~ Jf+.U .J
~ LSi _ 23 = 2.3 int./y -+ (31)

.A=-S
s -10
I:Sjtj _ 28.1 = 1.22 h/int. -+ (32)
r= LSi - 23
U LSjti - 28.1 =2.81 h/y -+ (33)

= Ss - 10
J.-,bt. ~.J.b.. J.k- U=S~, ~ ~J~'i' u'~.J.o y~ •

.(F5) w;,i:.; en ~, ~ ~
•.liii S2 ~~".. CP ~~I ~ FS J.b-JI ~~ (~) JJ~ V-

Sj =1 tj =2h s, =10 :ESjtj =2
- 1\1\ -
4!4~\ ~~l ~J~l ,,::."..~,;..

U 4';; i en ~ J1wJ 1~..JU &JlUl ~~ ~ 4.;J~)p' u\P.j-ta w.jSj.J

:~:F5
'l LSi ~.1... == 0.. 1 Int .. /y -? (34)

I\, =S;--lO
:ESjtj _ 2 = 2.0 h/int .. --+ (35)

r == LSi - 1
~S·t·
U == £.J 2 =.
11 _ _ 02 h/y -7 (36)
s, -10
JLl,.r;.'i, ~ ~J.b. 41';;; 6P~' ~ 4.:J~'i' ~''p)A •

(J ) JJ~ ~ ~ 41:L.Jt. u1.a~ ()4
(J) JJ~
LSitj LSi ~
28.. 1 23 Fl,F2,F3,F4
2 1 F5
30.1 24 e~
Ss =10
, :ES. i _ 24 =. 2.4 int./y --+ (37)
A=S;--10
:E8jtj _ 30.1 = 1.25 h/int. --+ (38)

r == :ESi - 24
~Sjti _ 30.1 == 3.01 h/y -7 (39)
U = Ss - 10
- ,.. -
41t:JfSJI w:..:~, .t:J~l ~1~)6
- \ .-
\
('$J it1~ ,~r)

Aftl 6°Z 98°1 10°£
n
(~! ,~~~)
JU!flI Izor 96'0 SZel
.I
(~f Ir=rf')
AnU! 16°, 176°1 teZ
"(
'~sfO R;.'1r:" '!-:~ ~f..r::t

rl~\r:" If~!
~~~r ~~ ~~~r
'fl "i.'1~ ,~~ 'B~r I~~':'

*rff' (er) '11("n- ~~I'=' ,~~r~ Im..~ ri:' 're"1
Ft ~~ ere ~sf('
~ l~sfQ I~ro ~~, ~ '1,~.

rf~J .q.0f' (er)~rrr m; mr~ '~M ~ I~ ( ' 'eb'l I~~ (' 'J)~("
.-(~t"=' {~r~ 'F,.~ ~&\~

_ ~ 0 \ _
,-""JUt "':J41'
~J~~' ..:.at.;Ja.;.J ~, y~'
Computation of Quantitative Reliability Indices
(Minimal cut-sets method ) ~ ~~ ~Jl ~~
t....djlA.1\ o.;-:aJ\ .J , (frequency) ';\j--S.:iJl : ":l~ 'i.,i ~ , ~~ ~~ ~

tl......wJt ~ (expected down time) ~ji.A3ll..lijl!l c)4j ,J (expected duration)
'":J~ ~b u.JS.: ~ ~ ~jl4J\ Ui.,,:;.n c.JAj c;i ~ .J. ~ ~~ ~Jt Jtt
.td~ i,jliJl CP ~ fa U! .~jiAJ\ ojli3\ ~ (~ ~ ~..bJ\ CaP ,~) . J;tiJ\
~ ~ ~ JS.t ~,~ u"s; ~,JloJ\ ~~ ()4J i~.J D!-! ' ~,~
,J ~
• 0 -:tlt ._6 ~ ~ IF0J'.t,..,w
~ "'-' v---
.. .tJ~, .J, ~'!JAJ"'
0" fA Ulln ~.Ja2... ...,a, .. ~tI U4.IIUlt
0 0
()4j (,p ~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ijiiJ\ CP ~ ()t ~~ .;&il uJ ~.LAJ~
. (hr/y) ~ ~ ~lJ:.L.J4 Uijl!l
~\'bJ W~ ojW\ J.;\JS.'l1\ JJLG ~ J~ ~~ ~"iJlt..A r'Jll...u! ~l.ltl ()4

.J ~}ll ~j1!l D-o ~ ~~ ~J4 ~\,JLt..a.n o~ uyU .J lc ~ .;&il t::Jt&.L6i..a~l
fA';-: ',u (first, second and third - order minimal cut-sets) ~ .J ~"WI
.t,~ ~~ ~l+J~ J ~.;\~'il t::JU1..~ y~ ~\'Jl:c...cJ\ o~

:~~J~ 6~ ~l..&,l ~ e~,JA3\ ~Lw,\tl ~.J,;iJl ~ ~ lA:i
(Component LJJ:at...n uU~.J (repair events) t;.l! '4i'l l..':J~ ~ ..l
.~~! ~failure)
,
- .,., -
4;4..>f5J\ ~)tl ~J~! ul~}A
uU~ ~ ,jl ($ji.; ~, ($'1 .J\ L~ ~S1 ~ t:JU~ ~ ~ ~ -2

~~ ~ ~\1i\ wu~ tS.A;kMa} ~ ~.J~ ~ USJ J , l:';\~J ($Ji.'
.Ji.\ u~
~L....4W ~--J••..A)S.j uu~ ~ ~~\ ~~ ~jjjln ~ ~ ~ uUj5..J\ DJS:i ..3
~ji ~; ~ ~ ~ oJ.tLJ\ (.$j\.,:;J\ ~jj ~ u~ ($~ w~ D' ~
.~ ~.,n r:.P (Overload) ~; (.$; OJ~ f'~ ol,e.\j4 CA ' ($j'jU\
(Component failure modes) uU.jS.4J\ J~' ~~\ -1

J~; u~b.3 ,.)~ ~\ji oJ u~~ J J:t~ ~ , ~.,:i3\ w~ ~u~ ~fi
.~ 4.:.3lAc-} ~\J\ ~ ~ u\~b l+3 , lA~ u=m J , iJ~
:~ ~ u~ ~U~ wi u.J~ UA
(non switching devices) ~.Jl!I J ~ fJI;, ~\~ -i
.)JJA Ie ;iJ!;.J ~ J iJ~ u'i~ J ~j;l\ ~lSJl J~,jfJ\..b~ ~
•~ Jt.::iJ\ ~J
,,~ (short-circuit ijS\J ~ ~J~ J\ ) uUJS.oJ\o~ OA is; Jbe. ~
.t;U,j3\ o~; ~...;J= ue- JbWl u~ J~ r:l: ~ ~ u\.)~ ~ ~
:~ A&A\u~~ r\~~ r\A.U\ ~J~l Co;J~ ~ J
A.=The permanent forced outage rate of component
= "jS..tJl rJ'J3\ is)~'i\ uii~ J.1t.A
~~ .i3l .J J1:aUtJ\ ~ ($.;\.~'i' c...njU\ ~.J~ J~ ~ A CJ; lS')
($.
.( \
~ .
Ai ~JiJJ ~JLt:i.ws,
- ,. t -
~lj.Jf-SJ\ ~~\ ~J~l U\,;JI';'"

(switching devices) ~jUl .J ~ ~,~ -y

~ U~~l: '+: .)~ ~ .J JJjA If-iJU2.J ()A ~ .J .JYlt\ ~\ii : ~
~ o.)~ ~jU\ oJ ~ u\~ DJS.: ~ LA~.JLb.c:.~\ E.\jJ\ ~ 4.:~~\
~ ..)-=Ai J-,..to , ~~'i' ~.J "\J~ i.;~ ,.JS:, C~.J:' ~ ~ r~ ~\Jl
UJ..;j ~ ~ .J , .1=.ii ~~ ~~'i' w~ \...aJ.le. ,(tripping open) (I) J~)"
.~l+i-r'i' J .;\~'i' J\,JJ
(Continuous functions) .J\~'i' J\JJ ~
~~'i' ~1l.,n o~i J)li. c)4 4Jy:. ~ .J o~\j ~ w#\ ~~ -1

CJ.JS: ,.~ y...\.;41' w!A 4JW\ o~ ~ • (protective devices)
A=Tbe rate of occurrence of such short circuit events
== ~ .;J1,J.3 ~ u'lb ~,J~ JJ&A
(proper command) ~l.l4..)At UJJ.: ~jl1l J ~ ~'Ja..4 ~-2
:uJS.; F~ JM'.;41I u!-9 ttw1 I>~ uA
AFT=the rate of occurrence of such events given that the device is
closed.
=: ~ ~1.S o~ wi ~~ ~~ J~
UowIt..l.
•
_t.:.~.~
u::--..)A
J.(,JJjJt.:.".-:ttt._~tt
• ~J J ~J e.::.t'Ju~t;'--3
e.,:,- e,
(J.JS.: F~' ,;.o'J4J1 w~ 4JW\ li~ ~

AFc=the rate of occurrence of such events given that the device is
open.
=: ~.;a.c. ..::.u1.S oJL4J! (J ~.;i: ~~ JA4
~.jt Jbc. ~.j~ ~ ~UiAJJf-S~...;b: ~I (s~ Ji ~'4J45.1lli.;3I.131 cbli c~ :J~} (1)
J:i.Ji:in uJ'); u!
- ,.0 -
434Jf-SJ\ ~)t' ~J~l u'~,jA
(Response functions) ~~)" J\.JJ e
.)Ai J~.J &o~,;3\ ~ C..liJ\ ~ ,.,~] ~ ~jU\ J ~ 6:l1~ JJJ-l

.~
=u.A! f'~ .jiA'.;'+!' w!! ttbJ\ ~~ ~

Ps=the probability that the device will not open on command
=: ~ .)At J~.J ~ ;~ ~ f'J&. ~]
.)o4t J~", ~ ~Ji ~ J3iJ' ~ ,.,~] ~ ~jiJI J ~ u\~ JJJ-2
.~
=DJS.: f~ ji.a\.;l:J\ u~ ~ 6~ ~
Pc=the probability that the device will not close on command
=: ~ .)At J..R-,J ~ o~ ~ rJS;, ~]
.Ltl·~ . u. ~ J ~.J ~
.. ..:;-' ~ ~J ... ..~, rUll1 l.6"""
Ltl·" ~ L.liJl t. ...n __ 3.·
~"li,
:~ r~ Ji.o'J4S\ D!-! .tn.:J\ o~ ~

Po=the probability of an incorrect trip, given a fault outside the
protection zone.
=: ~tl.,g.tl ~ ~.;t.i. ~ ~,J~ ~.As ' &bW\ ~ ~]
~l ,J ~~ ,J ~ u1J.t.41 ~t ..¢J' Jl.bcc.i' u~b. (6-1) J,J~~.J:!

r.1~,lw&..J\ Jl.41.;43\ ,J ~ e.,J ,J ~ uLc.~ 4..: l.W,JA J=~ ,J ~\i,J3\
- ,., -
.t.uLJ .... <t\
_ .~' ~~, LJLU=.\ u\ ..#~
."....,J4:M...,---
J:a~' .J 4.;l!,J3\ ~ .J ~jlJ' .J J,wai.t\ ~'JL41 Jba,n 4Jb. Jl4'.J4 e',Joii ~ (6-1) JJ~
~e~ ~\~ ~ ~..\l\

~,~W,
~ .J.
Type Cut-Set Function
l,== ~ O~'J Jt.- ~ ~JA J,a.. J:Q. (jA ,. ~ / J». -
,3,
Typel ..l~~t.i- ..~
~Cw...- ";j
A Fr- ~ ~, d u4~ (Cw...D .Ji) ~ ~ ~.JA "'.... Type 2
H~li- ..l'~"i' J.JJ
I
l'....
,
~Cua..-
A Fe· c~ ~\ ut dA.J.# (CUW\ Ji) ~W4 ~ ~~ "'&.

Type 3
.H~\.i- -j
::.
I
~.J'
~Cua..-
p s• ~ ,J4i J~J ~ ~W, ~ ~ J...Wa.! Type 4 .H~\i-

...J.
Pc"" ~ .J"'i J~J ~ ~W, ~ ('~ J,.w.;a.! TypeS .H~\.i- ~~'i' J,JJ ~'J'
Po== ~\i,Jl1 ~ ~..lt.a. ~ ~.JJ:k. dA.;i# t z.,Ja1.:J\ ~\ ~! Type 6 ~\i,Jl' i Jf+i -
.;l:ll' ~~ uU~ ~\~~, ~W,Jl1\ 18>1

(Forced outages of current - carrying components)
:(cut - set) ~ ~~ Jii Ui.ol ~

~.J~' 4.;JJ\ """ ~ ~.JA+A ..1
(•• ••••• .)~ eJ=t.:i .jf ~LS ,J\ ~ ~ ) J:i.\J u~ - i
( LSJ\.Jl1' ~ ~ ~~ ~ ) ($j\~ ~ 0J-i,JS.4 -~
~1in 4.)~ (.).4 ~ ~~ ..2
~f!tlf!tt"
'""""''-WI
.t1t._6"
~";~I ()4 ~ 4J=. ~ ..
3
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t ·1..';'11 t.Ai.:J-' ·t..· 4'Jl ..:,lii.,-'
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tS.;\~~l biijlJ\ 4.Jb ~
~laJ\ (.$.;\~~'
f es = Ai ~iJI ~.;JJ\
f CS =A\ res = rnin( r i, t) First- order
res =t
=t J\ fi Jif minimal cut-set
f cs = AJ~'\rj f cs =Aj Aj(rj+l"j) ¥Iln 4.;J.S\

res =min(rj rj/(ri+l"j),t) Second - order
res =t
minimal cut-set
f es =Aj Aj Ak(rjrj +rjJ.l\: +rjIK) ~14.).1tI

-- Third-order
res = miner i rjIK I(r jrj +r ilK + r jIK), t)
minimal cut-set
fes =frequency of cut - set event :~
= J.w::d31 ~~ ~..\=J JbaJ1 .J,I:J

res= expected duration of cut set event
= ~I ~~ ~ ~.,:wl ijiill
~ = permanent forced outage rate of jth component.
= j UJS..-11 (J.J~'i1 Ui.,,:iJ1 41a..
rj =expected repair or replacement time of jthcomponent
= j u."s...31 Ul~!
u.-J oJ; ~,,:w31 ~I v-J
t=the time to perform an appropriate switching operation
= J.t~ ~u...n ~ "IJf u.-J
~ =Transient forced outage rate of the ith component
= i ~ .;:Wl (JJ'~'i1 Ui~ 41&4
- '" -
~~.Jf.S.t\ ~~l ~J~! u\~}4
,.:L-; Wjjc, , ~ ~~ ~~i JSJ.4.d.,w u\JliJl J ..AJSl!' ~'J ~ I.::J~ J~
~ ~~ ) I>J~ ~ cS~ ~ ~~ ~ rUlln 4.:J~! b.a\~.jA y~

:~~LS c.!Uj ~ J ( L.ulJ~
r, = Lfcsi
~~ud"\i
~
fS = Lfcsi fcsi u,
4.c.~ ~Jt
~
~
f s =system interruption frequency
= rUlllt elW.a'J\ J\.;S'J
r, = system expected interruption duration
= f'~ eLbL'J WjW\ ijliJl
fsrs=tota}interruption time per time period
~j ift JS3 ~I eUiL'J1 &4J
~fi.J\ U!~ ()4J J\
(1) Jti4
(series) ~ji.1\ ~ U;JJ5.A t1b. ~ rs & f s' ~'J~l£..o y:iS\ (\) (6-1) ~ ~
:J:Jl
fS =Al +A2
fsrs =All1+A212
AIrJ. +A2J2
rs Al+A2
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~L .A (ft ~'J\ LJl.Alc:.\
.. • ...J"(f-*" ....)NU,JA~\ So•
(2) Jli.
(parallel) tSJ\.JlS' ~ ~.JS.4 4.b. ~ fp & f p u~J1£.o ~i (~) (6 ml)
JS.Ji ~
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r rt r2
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rt+rZ
14~.bii f'~ cr'
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fs =Lfes
ri =Lfesres Ifs
OJSA
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J~
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fesfes f es u-lJ' 4JJ ~~~.~J'

fes
Jwd~~ Minimal cut-set
ta..J'~'i' di.'i,,:U'
~ij' 4JJJl 1~
Alll II Al .;
"'J,
f 3 r% ~ .. JJl 1
A3A2r3 f2 (r3 +f2) 13"-2 (r3 + r2) .. 4+J 3~/2~
~~ -:.I.i.iJlU J /~'~'J' ~JU' a

1"
.....
: .r
r\r2
l\ A2f\ 3
3 3 \
-!
I
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3 ~
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A\A2r~ + A2\l3f~
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\
fesfes Ires
r\r3
+A3 A2 \ri :2 ,'J'
r~ +f3
Lfcsrcs Lfes ~~~,
~ti~\ ~,
J\ ~.Jl1\ ~ ~\ u\J.Lt J~i 1-2
(Failures of switching devices or protection systems)
~ ij-J\J JbU ~~ .ue. ~jj.n J ~ ~,~ JW i.fJ J ).fij ~

~~ J .)lfi.U J..o~ ,,~ ttl.:. ~ to~ u'iJ~ J y~ 4.L....."b ~
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NC J--.1iJ\ ~J ~ ~JllI s~ SJuJ (,$.31£3\ ~ ~J ulS ,jl t ~
J AFT ~ J~ (false trip) ~~ ~ ~t:iJ w# (normally closed)
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u~~ u--o 'J:\ ~ ~ 'J ~ti.,J\ Uil j\ ~~ J ~ ~,~ J,bJJ

,(first - order cut-sets) ~}i' 4,;JJ\ o- ~
.~~~\ tnJ: JJJ JS.trcs&fcs u~J1.L4 (6-4) JJ~ ~
Pc&Ps w\ ~, , .)\.fli.~' J L~ J ~ u~ Pc&Ps ~':/, .J.4'..;~ ~~
,~~ [~ cS ln &-o.}3\ ~ ~ JJP J ~U J~:.i' o~ ~
uU~ ~~\
Ui..~.U 1-3
(Scheduled outage of components)
J\ u'~l.Ju"i' ~.;i: ~j J";tli.... u-oJ ~ ".JW! ~ U!.,:uI ~ ~~ USjUI
Jil' ,j ~~ ~.Jl!' J t.S)~"ij Uiji.n cJ:.: J,;iJl 0.J!.: J .~ j\ 4J~
- "" -
~4~ tJ:.t"i\ ~JWc.} u'~.J..t
~~ ~jW ~tU u~ w~ w\ ~ .~b ~ ..Po';, ~ ~t:i ~ 'J

()-.4 ~ ~~ f~ .~1ln 4~ DA.,\ ~.,~, 4.;JJ\ ()4 ~ 4t.~ l.il
~~ .~~ t.l!jU\ ~ t,-"~'i' u~~ Ji\.,1j ~~ 1.4J$. ~"Wl ~..)J.1\
.t1b..n D~ ~ t.~ ~~J~ (6-5) JJ~
~tl~ ~ J ~~ J ~ ~,~ ~\ (6-4) JJ~

':"'lJ~ JlaJ\e.~
f es =A.ps ~ .)04\ J.,RaJ ~ ~ J3' ~ ~ tJ ~
fcs=r or t (Failure to open on command)
f es =A.Pe ~ .>'\ J.,RaJ ()4 ~.;n ~ J1i.l' ~ JJ'dJ\
rcs=r or t (Failure to close on command)
f es ="-Po Ltl.j3\ ~ u ~ ~ z,LLU ~
O'. [.) 'O'
fes=ror t (incorrect trip due to fault outside protection zone)

A=the rate of occurrence of the event requiring a response
~~ [~ ~~ ~.j~ UJL.t
t=the time to perform an appropriate switching operation
.. J,J.."p.:i.U ~\.l.a3l ~I ,,)Jl voJ
r=the expected repair or replacement time of component
UJS..tJ1 J~l DotJ .jt t;iJWt ~I DAJ
- ",-
4Zl:Jf5J\ ~)t' 4.:J~l ~\~.;..
uU~ ~~ &-i!,jll) bJ'J J~ (6

u5)
J.J~
.to~ bJ~J~ ~~~4jJ
f es =A~'1 ~J~'4J~
(first _order cut -set)
res = r."1
f cs = A~ 'A'~r.\' ~.J~' ~JJJ\
1 J 1
(second _order cut -set)
r.'\· (1 ~.)lSi At wi ~~}
rcs = 1 J or t
r
y..
\\
ri +rj
A~\ = scheduled outage rate of the i thcomponent

= i 0JS.4.U e-a,,»cJl UijUt J,&.
r \ = average scheduled outage duration of the i th component
i\
"" i u"s....u~.»&3\ UijlSl i;a Aw,Jle
(4)Jl1e
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: ut~~
~~~...P uli.jS..J\ •
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4.;J~)" ":"l.:~ ~L.,'i, ..:..L"4:Jl (6-6) JJ~ C~,J;
~ Ldjl.oJ\ o.fli.1' J tl.bL'i' J.=.o ~ ~ ~ J ~J~)" ,,'J\ u'yZ.)4 ~\

- Ll.bU\,.~ 0-0 cJ~ ~ lfJ ~A
- "V -
4l.:Jf.SJ\ ~~, 4.;J~l u'~.j..
~j~~' e.:.t~~ ~u~ (6.. 6)J.J~

4.JJ~~' ~LUJ
... 6- ~.
~~~~Ji
A.=O.20 Iyr :12~ ~'.):ai

1"=3 h L l &L2&u eeee u
A.=O.Ol Iyr : ~\J.Jl J ~'JiJ'

AFT=O..OO3 Iyr B l &B2 &B 3 &B 4 &Bs
Ps=O.OOl 81 &82 &83
Po=O.Ol
1"=5 h
ts=O.5 It :J.a~ tMj
tB=1 h ts=normal manual switching time
= ($.J~ J..t~ t.S JUtJ\ "",,J.1'
tB=time to isolate breaker or switch or
to repair non catastrophic failure
= ~ (,)4j .j1 C~ .jt ~WI Jjs. (.)4J
~..)t5 ~ .;#- J.b&:.
- "" -
~~4..>f-SJ\ ~~, 4.:J~l ~'~,j.4
:J:aJ\
:~ Q~b. ~ .tw,\.;JJ ~~
~ uA W,.kiJ\ ~ ~~ .J ~ ;~ r\~i W.J.1J .(1)~ ~\.)J -I

(6-4)
(6-5) ~ c) lAS , .b.iJ\ ,.\~i ~ ~ CUiA r\~!-:·(2) ~ ~'.)J -4.:1
(6-6) JS.JI ~ w , .w..n ,.,~i U:J .;\lJ ~\ji f'\~!-: .(3) 4.3b ~\.;.\- rr
:~~LS J;:tJ\ l.::.(g.b.i. u~ .J
~Jl D.,s:i oJ,~ ~ (~~) ~J!J\ ~ ~ ~ ~~ u-iJ \ J:!~ •

'C Ui.4 J\ .;ljj ~tl ,Jt .bi..n ()4 ".,R. J\ ~ \..o} ~ 4.e ~
(6-1) JJ~ t1:J:a (type 1&type 2& •••••.•.•.) ~ t~ j~ •
(F- t.o.1iJ\ ~ ~ uU.jS.AJ\ i~ :L:fcsi ~Sl' .;\jS:J t~ ~ •

tt..bL~, JAA ($.J~ ~ .J ~
:Efcsi x rcsi ($1 Jla..1l i,;ii x ~~n .;\~ ~~ ~l:t. e~ ~ ..
{:Efcsi x rcsi l1:csi} (J.4 W~ Sjiin ~ •
.4.h ~'..)J JS ~ (6-9)& (6-8)& (6-7) f'ti) J.J'~ ~~
- "'l -
"-:Jl:..>f5..~ ~'J' .4.:J~! u,~.J.a
Bl (' )~ ~\.)J-(
~
<9
j~\
iii SI\ NO
L) I L4
(1) ~ ~'';J (6~4)~
(1) ~ 4.u\JJ ~\.:jj (6"7)J.JJ+
U =/l.>jG (2) (1) ~4J:.~~Ji
= Ait i1 = rcsi = duration A.i = fcsi =frequency
("P .to~\ ~ 4;..-
=(1)* (2) (hzfailure) (failure Iyr)
~I
~jWl U!"Wl &aJ ( Jh.e. / ~L...) ; jii3l (.tl.wJ1 / JJ=c.) .)\fill\
: J:.iJ1 f ~ J.b&.
0.2*3=0.6 rL1=3 AL1=0.2 L1
0.2*3=0.6 ru=3 Au=0.2 L2
: tULr.J~lj Jbt;.
0.01*1=0.01 t»=1 ABl=O.Ol Typel:B 1
0.01*1=0.01 t»=1 AB2=O.01 Typel:Bz
0.01*1=0.01 1:0=1 AS1=O.01 Typel:S1
0.003*1=0.003 tB=! AFTBl=0.OO3 Type2:B 1
-
:l;fcsircsi=:EAilj =1.233 L fcsi =:E Ai = 0.433 .~'i\
~.~.J
... W
t l.b.L)?\ J~ f s = 1:fcsi = L Ai =0.433 inti yr

i i
W~ Sjii3\= rs = I;fcsircsi Ifs = LAili Ifs
i i
=1.233/0.433=2.85 hlint
- ,Y. -
~~~ ~~\ ~J~l uly.:,,jA
~~L2
1 (2) ~~ ~<»lJd\_jJ-~
L S2
8-D
J~I L3
~I
,.} L~~
Sl NO
(2) .tlb. L..,\JJ ~fQ5) JS,Ji

(2) ~ ~\.)J ~Uj (6-8) JJ~
U =Ailj (2) (1) ~~~viJi
=Ajt '1 = rcsi = duration Ai = fcsi = frequency
~~.uJI~~
= (1)* (2) (h/fallure) (failure Iyr)
~l
ci,,:;..J1 Ui,jA31 lJ4j ( J.bl:. / 4t, ~) 0jliJl (4.l..J1 / Jhc) .;Ifll
: J:u.J1 ~~ ~
0.2*3=0.6 rL1=3 AL1=O.2 L1

0.2*3=0.6 1"1.2= Is =0.5 A1.2=0.2 Lz
: r I.:J.Ajr::blj ~
0.01*1=0.01 t B=1 AB1=0.01 Typel:B1
0.01*1=0.01 tB=1 AB2=0.01 Typel:B2
0.01*1=0.01 tB=1 A51=0.01 Typel:S1
0.01*1=0.01 t B =1 A52=0.01 Typel:S z
0.003*1=0.003 tB=1 j"FTBl=0.OO3 Type2:B 1
PS(Au+Au+ As3)*
0.00041*1=0.00041 t B =1 =0.001(0.2+0.2+0.01) Type4:B 2
=0.00041
:£=0.74341 }:=0.44341 ~)'l
...
(6-4) JJ~(6.1)JJ~~} t-R-Joue

e. ~)'\ J~ = 0.44341 int./yr A7ij~n UJS:i .J
W.jl4.!\ ojli!\ -= 0.74341/0.44341 = 1.68 h/im .
. :. ,y, -
~4Jf5J1 ~'JI ~J~l ~\..;.S:.J.4
81 133
II
e L3
BS (3) & ~\J.t-[
B4
(3) ~ ~'.)J (6-6) JS.J,
(3) ~ ~'.)j ~\.lj (6-9) JJ~
U ==Aili (2) (1)
==Ajt Ii == rcsi == duration Ai == fcsi == frequency ~~~~~Jl
== (1)* (2) (h/failure) (failure Iyr) ~ V- 4..oJ.iJ\ ~
~ji.JI Ui~ VaJ ( J1;c. I ~\....,) i~ (~ I Jl$) ,)IP
:~I,.J:!r.~
0.2*3=0.6 rL1=3 "u=O.2 L1

0.2*0.5=0.1 t 5=0.5 Au=0.2 L2
: c~/&alj~
0.01*1=0.01 tB=1 AB1=0.01 Type1:B 1
0.01*1=0.01 tB=1 AB2=0.01 Typel:B2
0.01*1=0.01 tB=l "'B3=0.01 Type1:B 3
0.003*1=0.003 t B=l Arnn=0.003 Type2:B 1
PS(AU+ABS)
0.00021*1=0.00021 t B=l =0.001(0.2+0.01) Type4:B 3
=0.00021
PS(AL3+AM)
0.00021*1=0.00021 tB=1 =0.001(0.2+0.01) Type4:B 2
=0.00021
PO(AU+ABS)
0.0021*1=0.0021 tB=1 =0. 01(0.2+0.01) Type4:B 1
=0.0021
L=0.63552 L=0.23552 ~'il
eUiL'i' J.... ... 0.23552 int./yr A?Jijn ~.J
4.djLJ\ 0JW\ == 0.63552/0.23552 =2.7 hlint.
- ,yy -
~4~ U-s)t\ ~j~l u\~}A

(3)&(2)& (1) ~ ~~\~J ~t:U! ~ (6-10) J.J~ ~.J:!
(t) J~ ~lli ~ (6-10) J.J~

w~ ojli3\ eLbL~\ JJa.A 4JW~'~
rsfh/int.) fs(int,ly r)
2.85 0.433 (')
@ 0.44341 (Y)
2.7
~ (r)
:ut (6-10) JJ~ 6A ~

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(1) t!b 4.ui,;J ~Lli
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Reliability Analysis by Probability Methods
(Basic Probability Theory) :J~'i' ~ u~Lw,l:'iJf
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S - (lU,2U,3U),(10,2U,3U),(1U,2D,3U),
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~'Jl..:Q.~' c.:aLa..):a.i ~ 4..,5.;· ,43\ ~..)\ j"..Jl ~ ~';<7.1) JJ~

j.&)l ·
~ tl. i" .
~ l.U 41Jta.tJl ~ 4Ji JS ~~Ji/ JIi.
'Symbol
u Union Symbol Union AuB=BuA A = 1,2,3
Jl.:a.:ii B = 4,5,6
Au B =1,2,3,4,5,6 ,;
Intersection A = 1,2,3 "~
(') ......Intersect AflB=BflA ";]
Symbol
~w
B = 2,3,4 .j' ,
AflB = 2,3
I Vertical Line ••.such that••• P = (A I B) ~ u' ~ ~'i' J;aJ\ ...~ uJ'
-
csiii~ ....it is true that•••• -
I 'j~
,
.
i~'BU~A~
Product sign Product 1

(B --I ~,J.JJ... A)
~
:J'
n n-
00
1*1*1*1
2 3 4 .......
'":l~ J,waL=. 0=1 0
Belong to belong aE A a = 2,3
E
ul'. ~..... A = 1,2,3,5
~\~~, ~'iw.:.~ .tut.JltJ\ ~~\

(4)
Combinational Properties of Event Probabilities
t,J~~' .t.t_~t ~~
d' • ~ ."
o~
.. ~
.~
~
. .A
.. ~
d' •
(7-1) J.J~ ~ ~~ .J ~~ ~~)\ j.,..J\ ~ UJLA3 'J."t rr~
(Addition) u~l.4A¥' ~ i$.\i (4-1)

U~ rJ \jl (mutually exclusive).)~ ~~ JS,Ji ~ Az&A I ~~ u.JS:
ll~ ~ ~ 'If.! ~ ~~ JS.Ji ~ \~ Az&AI ~~ ulS LilLot .lLo
: ut ~t .la.4
peAl UA2)=P(Al)+P(A2)-P(AlflA2) (2)
:~
peAl v A 2 ) = Probability of At or A 2 or both
= ll.4 U;lt~' .J t Az .J; Al ~.J~ JW:.}

peAl fl A 2 ) = Probability of A} or A 2 happening together
= 1.&.4 Az& Al ~.J~ ~l
: ut ~ ,~ .J , ll.4 U~ USlAf.! ..)~ 4~ JS.,Ji ~ Az&A I uA! Lo~

:(2) 4.JJUt..oJ\ ~ ~j ~ .J peAl fl A 2 ) =0
peAl U A 2 l = P(At) + P(A 2 ) .•.•...•••...•..•••.••..•.••.• (3)
(Multiplication) ~~~¥' f.:I~ ~b 6$.tJ (4-2)

'UJt§i IIbG U.JS.: ~ A2&Al u~ , Az ~J.2Jt ~J~ Al ~J.2Jt ~.J~ ~l .)J'iJ U}
U~ Al ~~ ,1,.,,~ ~'i' ~ J~ : ~ P(At!Az) ~ ~
. A z ~..bJ\ ~JA
- ''(A -
~4Jf53\ ~~, 4.:J~! ~'.;J..J4

6( cs i
peAl r, A 2 ) = P(A 2 ) = peAl I A 2 ) ..........................(4)
:~~LS (Conditional Probability) .b~~ ~~, ~~ L4;\ f \.~;l'tjJ
peAl I A 2 ) = peAl n A 2)/P(A2 ) .•..•..•••.•....•...••.•..... (5)
c.tJ~ t!:.J.J~ Jib: t>;l A2 l!:.l.u.JI ~.J~ 6 t cst ,~ A 2&A 1 ~~ 6J5: La~
:w!A Al
peAl nA 2 ) = P(A})P(A 2 ) ...................................(6)
(Complementation) ~ (4-3)
~~W\ 6A 4c.~ Al ~l ~ e Al ~~ ~ 4..11.: &..;lJ:t?U Al jAyl r'.t'i&!y
~~~ 6!A ,,,tAln Jl.bc.\ ~~b, ~ A 1 b'..YLS ' 031 ,~.Al ~~l ~ OJ~.J4 ~
:~\'LS ~~ l!3Jj c.P .)1£J.J Al --: ~ ..)L1:J rUlltl J~t ~ ~ ~
peAl) = I-P(A I ) .........................................(7)
(Random Variable) ~'#' ~'(5)

~ .~~L4:i:.~1 $.'Jil ~ ~.J,;i.JI ~ t:J,j ~I 4J1.: ~I~ ~ u"p-:!
~,~ 6\ o'=~ ~ ~ ~Jfl r#Jl (discrete) LSJ..;ij1 ~I~ ~
:~.o~ ~ji9 ~ ~l~ ~,~ &~ o~ t;ul~
b)--:"- C~ ~~ ~ &J.: u.ajJl (J.jS.; ~ J~ ~I~ ~ r~1 ~ ~

.. '\ A...k. u.i:i..A
. ~ ~'.;r-- ."..-
,'.e
v-
- ,YC\ -
44~ ~~I ~J~} ~1~.J.4

(Probablllty Distribution Function) 4~~\ ~~ 4J\J(6)

'\~ ..:'-:At
J. i "r..;r--- ~A.~... t\ ":'~At\.-i . .:.~tl~~'A...l·"4JIJ~
.J , X (,$..r- ~ '~..:r-""'" ~, c.r ~.. • \,.,-'!J.JJ
.4JJLt...J\.
• (.)~'J'
4... uus 4J\J cr:t~ .r. -- ~
~ ~ • La..
,XI. r;;-~..r"':
Px (x) = P(X = x) (8)

(probability density function) ~1' U~ UJ ~ Px (x) ~
~1' ~ UJ..-: ~t UJJl oW i.jA .~ J (.$J.;-! ~~ ~
:~~ ~~\ .\+3 ~ J (probability mass function)
(1) Px(x) = 0
(2) 0::; Px (xi) s 1 XO'Xl'X2' .........•.• ~ o~ J::a\ x~~
(3) lPx(x) = 1
i
(cumulative distribution ~'jUl ~.JjU\ 41lJ .jt ~'i' ~.J~ UJ ~

tt~~ l:t:d ~1J.1l o~ u.;tU J , ;~ tS.,p.'1' JJ\J.1l (.)4 function)
Fx(x) = P(X ~ x)
=l:Px (x.) 'xi ~ X ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (9)
~~ ~ [f(x)~ ~ ~.j] fx(x) ~'J, UUS 4..nJ U,;t.d

:t.u~,
. tsJLt..All \"u,j.~
..'
b
Pea ~ x ~ b) = ff(y)dy ..........................................(10)
a
~JUr..4.1\ u~ (time to failure) JhaJ\ ~JJ:l. ~ (.)4j.1l i.;! ~ X 4.':J.J1.S \jl ,~

~.J~ u,., u1-! ~liA14 J • (a,b) iJiill ~ Jl»Jl ~JJ:l. ~l ~ (10)
: . .A" '\~ . .:.-:.t ~~,
t..r ~".r- ~.. .
- ,,.,. -
4J4JfSJ\ ~~, ~J~l &:al~,)4
F(x) ::: PC-co ~ X s x)

x
::: ff(y)dy .....................................................(11)
-00
:uA OJ~ ~ti. ~t.i. f(x) tnJ.U

00
[f (xjdx ::: 1 ...........................................................(12)

-00
(Expectation) ~.Jl1' (7)

UUS UJ J--l..):a ~ ~~ ~ ~'i' ~~ J.,o\5J\ ~..P w~
.J--4 ~.§lD (J~ .J .~t~\ ~ ~ ~J.) ~ J~ , 4Jl&. ~ .J .~~\
:~~LS u.Jt: ($ln .J • ~ b~ ~t
E(X) =LXjPX(X) ($J.)~~~

i
~~~~
00
= fxf(x)dx
-00
YJ ~ J X....J (mean value) ~jl.J\ ~ ~, X c}jj ~ ~\ Jib:

~ ~ t!b. ~ X -J (average value) 4.6fl.J\ ~ t~Li. ~
~, J X-J ~J ,,,') Q11 ~t.un ~ji.Jt ~ J bJJa.lA t::J'~ X ~I~
.~~ ()4 . .1.l,.. ..)Je4
... J~~A~.t1~1j'
.. ~I .. I.JA '-'~~
• ..r--
(Exponential Distribution) ~; c:j~ (8)

UJ~ ~~ J' ~J~'il ~ ~ ~~ JJJJI ~t ().4 ~~, ~j~\ 4.nJ ~
.tJ~)tl
.. . 4.il1S 4J\ J 4JJkA 4.Jl:i.n
..
f(x) =Aexp(-Ax) ..............................................(13)
- ,,.., -
44..;&-SJ\ ~)t' ~J~i t:'.l'jJz~
'~.JA~UA ~
:~l ~.J~ 4J ($11\ J X ~~ ~ ~~ 4l\ ~ tsJ~ C»fJ J
d = lxAe-Axdx
o
= X (14)
:~~, 4JJLwlt ~ ~l ~.J,Jo1 ,uJ
F(x) = jAe-AYdy
o
=I -e- AX ......................................................(15)
w!-J ,~'J' ~JJlU (time between failures) ~~, ~ (jAJ!' ~ \j} ,~
(failure JbU\ J~ ~ A ~ ~ d = XUP:! ~~\ u:: ~~ DAJl'

(Jdi ~'J' ~.Jjilt ~) ~'l' ~~ ~~\ J~ wl ~ ~ .J .w.JS.4.U rate)
.u:U UJS.:
(Probabilistic approach) 4~'i' ~~ :l:i~
(risk) o)a~ wl .;lP.A UJdL..,l ~ ~ J ~ ~'..,i ~ ,~...;W\ o~ ~
(Pre-selected ~ .;~~, JJ~ ~.1L1:i~' ~ ~~ ~~ JSJ (~~~'i')

limits)
- n"Y-
44,;.PJ\ ~'.l\ ~J~} ~\~.J.o
~
~ tl
(J~
t.-t ~
.t.t..i..A J ~ ..... Lt ...e ,
J ('~ (J".,..., J,
_t.~ __ t.t... ~ 1\ ~'J\ '" .t..1:'~
J",-..- ~ c.,r;.. .~..J""" \;.
~ ~Jli:lt\ ~):J\ O~ ,.';,ij J , ~~\ ~st ~ ~ J ,\~ ~\.J ~

. .t,~
"'..
4.L",~f'~IJ
.t.tt ~.t!
(reliability 4.;J~tu V"~ (Probabilistic indices) ~'i' bl\~,jA ~

w~ .~.) ~ lfJ ~l cst ,~~ ~~ (p b.)4s:- ~\~.J.4.1' o~ • measures)
J-a~ ~ Jt (~~'i\ \'JJP;q ~ J ) ~W ~~ O"~t ~ LAl &n o~
(~'i' J..;b ~J) W.jl4J\ ~jt.o.m
:u\.;J.i~ b~ c)4
(Probabilities of failures) ~~, ~l fJ
(frequencies of failures) J~~' .;\ ~ •

(mean durations of failures) ~'i' ~jt ~Jl4 •
.)Jli.J:JP f'W.! ~ ~ Ulbn ~ ~jj~] (expectations) uLt.!.,gl1\ •
[~~
'" .)~ J.I
:J.jJ'" 'e.
cr-
L:J~! ..>.!:Il...L4 '+'~ ~.;J\ J J~ u'J~ J~ cJl3' .J u\y!;..j.4J\ u~\~ uyU
Jt .)L~~ ~ya ~ If.jt Jt (probabilistic reliability criteria) ~'i'
.'J.)t14n
- 'fT' -
434Jf-SJ\ ~~, ~J~] ~1~.J.t
u~~'i' r'~L 4.JJ~~'

6
~':i ': .t.:~
,,~~ SO (jfI
(Reliability Evaluation Methods by Probability Methods)
~ .J; ~ <.!.;h!\ fl\~~. tAl 4.;jW,c,'i' U'J~ ~J~ ~ ~ J~ ~

~ k...!i ~~ ,.~ \oM ,.) .(digital simulation) ~J ilSb..4 ~
:J.;kI\ o~ DA .~
State-space approach ~ ~ 4.L,)a fI
Network reduction ~ ~ •
Cut-set ~ ~~ •
o.>-::PJl ~ ~ l+tS~ ~ ~ .J t.ow\ ~ ()4 "4..n.:tJ\ ~It 4.L..)::t ~
~ ~ ~,) ~ UA 4J~ ~ ~ ~ 1t~..Ja r'';; It ''Ii J :~
~~ ~, ifo "~ ~~ 4.L~ ~; w~, .($J\.jll\ ~ .J/."; ~~
II
• .1W. A-:" t:..I~

lr".-".)""""
. t~ ~t\
_.J (.JoIW=I' .b~
At...:. ~l.:L.J:ii
.. -
.-i
I.T"
:.4.L.t...te ...-:t t.U ....

~V-~"""'t.r= .. ~~
"Minimal Cut Set Approach" It~ ~~ ~J; ~...;b :~J; It
:i s.
~y;::,J
t..~\ -, A ol"! "!
0 . - Ju.4.l J ".0::_
t>~ J
t\ 1.«' *''!t1 ~t_
",,~l ~
. ~ .tt.
..)JJ.j'*l1 •
otet
cJA (",1=-1
~'A •• t..tI
"'WIW~I
~A
t>_ r ~
.:'0: ...-:
out
~
':.-: .~L .A(tI Stl Lt° A:i u~ tJJ~~\
. . . ~I(J~J~J..;r' • .. •
.t.t.... o:t
~
\~ ~t.lA ~
...
IAi.
..~.
'r1b.l3\ ~ uJl ($ J.Jj lAJ~ Jl=.11.4.ue. ~ J ~ c..':JLi.JS.4 c.)4 ~~ ~)=j\
'-"~ ~ .J c..':JUJS.4.U vc ~ll.a~) 4c.~ It~ 4.e.~ It c,;J"i CJ~ ':l J

~
te.. ~t._6
~
4J:, ~ t.rOJ; uU.:;- • ..( ; ~.
.. e , 0,.,.- r\Al3\tt..... ~
__ lAJ..r-:
~
.LutL.-:
va-
t::.l~~ c,;J\ w~ ~ . rUlln ~ ~~~ JbU CJ; ~ ,~ .J ~jiJ\
- ,rt -
~4~ ~~\ ~J~l ~\~)4
.-f~l'=' r~ill!,.~ ~~
-0.1.\-
~~>1~rf':
I' ~ rtF ti" i~ ( ~ ~),.. r:sr,r- ~ \mJ rarr m tr!' ~~ i"1'
• '='"' ~rf' ~~ P1' ""'1'$"J lU
• Frf(" ~ ~nr:" ~~ \t'P'1' r- !;)
• sf' ~ "'"'!.1f'
~ ~ (~ldCflf' ~nr:""=ri"~ \tF1' (!;» d ¥~ f):
• n' \rr\tf'~ I't...,·
• F1"' \rr\tf'! t
• F"1' \rrlr-! I
"!-1"~ 'rSf' (£-LJ ~ ~-s t'Q \~ I' r+t 1rf' ~~ \t'P1'''':
• fC"1' rs«:' t I' ~ £' "'t'
.
• fC"1" ~ I .\r vs":' z .\1' ~ £
"'~ ~ (e-z) !':nJ ~ I' "'" "1rr" ...m'~ F'1\ .,.,:
Mr"1f'mrr \mnJ·
• .\r~ ..",."r- (lflud IUUI!U!W) ~ . ~ Om-'. ~ \~nr:" ~r
\f')
• ~r (ljJtfd) ~ :~~ ") ~m' til r'!t'l!"'" \mnJ

\mnJ•
" 1r~ j~~i"'1'.t'If'H:M r~~t>'nr:" ~~~~
• I riorf'~n'~~...m'~ ~ \~nr;:t it\ ~~ ~ lmnJ
~rnt:' \l'.rfrv:
.
H'~ ~
'"
(
(1-£) ~ rmJ '!3(' ~"! w 3lsAS 33ppg) (' ,\\ \~ ~
~\mnJ·
\trP1"' \til i' ~"t ~ tfJ(' \r.f\r" t!\ fit:' ~ 1$" r\~! (' \~~ t':rl' if'
n".,(" '"
•" \r:" \~rr-r
,.....;r...
\4).~ \p··I1~
- \'.1.\ -
8";)
8
Pc =P(Ct vel uel U"m..... uCm )

- - -
= P(Cl) + P(C2) + """""""",,+ P(Cm ) [~] .>-tk:.~
- [P(CI ("lC2)]+ •• m "
[~]
~Uc. .3~
+ [P(Cj ("lCj)] i;t: j
G •••••••••
................
(-lyn-1P(CI
- -
("lC2 ("l."."
-
("lCm ) [ : ] y.>Uc ~
•..••....•......(16)
~
Cl ("lC2 =Cl intersectC,2
=Thefailure of componentsof both the minimal cut -sets land 2
==2& 1 ~~~~J\~JS~U~~
- --
P( C1 n C.2) =The probability of failure of all components
contained in Ct and C2
== C 2 & Cj -: ~U.;14.1' JS ~ Jl4al
0: P(CI nC2) = n Pid i E (Cl vel)
-\fV-
~~JfSJI ~~, t.f~l ~'~.).4
:~
Pid =Pr obability of component i being in the failed state
= ttbw\ u'JbJl ~ ~ u~ u,*ut ~}

=ri/<dj +lj)
= Ai/<Ai + J1i)
d, = mean time between failure (MTBF) of component i
= i D.,s..JJ JLb=.~' i:.»J DAJ3' ~J14
Aj = failure rate of component i = 1/d,
= i u~ Jb:. JJ1.4
rj = mean time to repair(MTTR) of component i
= i ".JS.4l1 c~'i' voJ.b.uji,4
Ilj = repair rate of component i = 1/Ij
= i ",JS.A.U c~'i' J.a.o
n =product = yyal\ ~h
: ~~LS J1=,n ).;S:A ~ ~.J
fr =P(cl~Vl +p(c2)w2 + +p(Cm)wm

- p(cl n C2 )wl,2 + p(cl () C3 )wl,3 + .....
................ + p(ci () C j )wi,j ,i ¢ j
(-1)
tx: () -C2 rv •.•••••••••• () -)w
m - 1 P\Cl Cm 1,2,..m (17)
- ,r/\ -
~4Jf-SJ\ Ut~, ~J~! c::.al~';"
~
ff =The frequency of failure
~~'.;1~
W·I,J. == 1: J.!k
kECjUCj
(mean failure duration) JbU\ ;jli ~~ ~ ~ J
:~'JLs
df =Pf If c
J; c~'i' ()4J ~jl.t UA ,~ .;:Sf ~U~ J~'.i' c:>.H ~jJl ~j1a w~ 14~
(16) c.:.»
- ltJL.t...cJ\ '-'--! ~ ~.
_ -::..r- .-,( ... 4.J1.9 i..ua"
~ItI e
(.JA ..e ..tI ~U,
Li1'it.::JU~I
w• ...r- ""
.. J
• (J , ~-1"
~
:~ ~JtLJl ~ (17)&
m _m
Pf = LP(Cj)= L Pcsi (18)
i=l i=l
m _ m
ff = I:P(Ci )Wj = I:fcsi (19)
i=l i=l
m m
df = Pf Iff =L Pcsi I :Lfcsi
i=l i=l
m m
= L fcsircsi I I:fcsi (20) ~
i=l i=l
d r =mean system failure duration
== rtJ:m JbUl i ji! b...u~
r csi=mean duration of cut - set event i
== ~ ~~ i ~~ ijiA.b..,jiA
- 'Y'C\ -
44~ ~~l ~J~l ~\jJi~

y4!l ~ ~~.)fSJ\ bS.JiJl ~j~ ~, ~ (20) & (19) w't! Jl1w.n ~~ ~,;Sj
~ L$~ J, ~~ r\Aj ~ ~ ~~ ~J\ ~ uU~ ~'tS \jl (V'lJU)
: ~~LS f csi y~ ~ 4..J1i Ci ~~ ~ i:JjSA n J~
n n
f csi = ;rIPjd.LJlj (21)
J=1 j=1
rcsi =1/.f Jlj (22)

7J=1
: Jli4
a..,sj.J rCSi &fcSi c,;uJUu .;S~\ ° ~U.JS.4 ~ ~ ($~ ~ ~~ e,,\ ~.)\
x, «J..li e,,\ ~.J.i

: J:.Jl
: (22)& (21) UjllJt.a..J\ r\~ht
j=3
pOd -
AOJ
J - (j"j + l1i)
Al
Ptd = Al +111
P -~
2d - A2 +112
P -~
3d - A3 +113
3 AI A2A3
j~1 Pjd - (AI + 111)(A2 + 112)(A3 + 113)
3
1: I1j = (111 + 112 + 113)
j=1
f AIA2A3(111 + 112 + 113)
CSj (AI + 111)(A2 + 112)(A3 + 113)
- 't. -
44Jf-SJ\ tJi3ii\ ~J~l ~\~.J.4
:u~ (.)AIJU y4J' JJ1~ ~ E.~~.J Aj «Jlj ui ~~ J

f csi == AIA2A3 (TIT2 + T2T3 + T3Tl)
_ TIT2 r3
Tes ' -
1 TIT2 + T2 T3 + f3T1
(State Space Approach) .tJw\ ~ -U-t..J= : \.;J1.:i
~t: ...~ ~t t,r;tl .u~'iL

r..r----
u'iL.:.. • • ~ ..:.tu:':;--'
..<..tI U..:s-
• lA~ 4.L .t..tI o~ ~
A(":
~,,.
o~ u1,# C~ .~l£:. 4.i:.;L '+it.: ~ 01\ ~~ .J • C~)" ~ ~ J~l

L4 J (7-4) ~ uA LoS ($J'~ J ~ji uU~ ~ ($~ ~ ~~ ~)=.n
:u\~lJ~~
(Enumerate the possible system states) ~ f'~ e.::.t'ib. J\JI.:i-1

wi J (D) Jba.,n 4..sb ~ J; (U) ~ 4Jb. uA u~ wi L.} uJS.4 JS ,j ~~
t'li) ~l:; u'iWt 01\. t'tAl1t ~\.l.o u'ib. ~-w ~.!! ~ J ' ~ e.::.tuJS.4l'
L....4S 3,2,1 e.::.tU.jS.A.11 e.::.t'ib. ~ 88·~ 81 (j.4 e.::.t'iJ1.a.4.1l ~us ~J 8 c",Jl1 Vta
:~
8 1 = IU~2U,3U ~ ~u rt.1a.i
52 = ID,2U ,3U
53 = IU,2D,3U ~ ~u rU;,j
54 = IU,2U,3D ~ ~u r\.l;.j
55 = ID,2D,3U
56 = IU,2D,3D
57 = ID,2U,3D
Ss = ID,2D,3D
- ,t, -
~l:JfSJl ~~, ~J~l ~'~,J.4
.A.
I ~ ~.
~
4.:~ J
tJj\.iJ ~~ ~ ~~ w~ ~ ($~ ~ (,)4 ~~ (7-4) ~
.J rUll!\ C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .k'ii ~'J 031£.0 ~ ui 41:L.J\ f.:t~ jUt..rJ\ (.)4 ~

~ ~ .J\ 2.,; 3 c.J:i.i~ ~t s J.it·M 4Jb ~ 1 ~ wi ~ \J~l ~j
o~ ~ ~ .(~U J!;.) ~ ~ ~ w~ f'tAll\ ul! .atj \Je. ~ ~ 4..1b
.(7-5) ~ ~ lAS ~1..oin bJ'JJl:r.A.1\
~'JW ~ Jli:i.l'i\ ~'J Jlt.A o3~} ..2

(Determine interstate transition rate)
rL.Jll1l ')J~ ~Jl.JI J~ ~ Sj ~ (i ~~ t.$ i ) Si ()4 Jlill'i\ J~ uJS.:
J-.k \j} 82 ~ 81 w-o r\JQ.ll\ J~ (j\ ~ (5) ~ ~ ~ , Sj ~} s, ~
JL...i:Y'i\ J~ u!A 4ill.i ~ .J • 8 1 ~ r~ J,y..: 1 u,jWI c:~~ J, 1 ~
• J11 ~ 8 1 ~ 82 rjA Jli:U)'\ JJL4 D.JS.= ~ A] ~ 82 ~ 81 ()4
(J.1 =C~~\ J~ & .A = JbJ\ JJM)
- ,t 'i' -
~4~ ~~\ ~J~! ba\~.J.4
(Determine State Probability ) ~';lbJl u'i~l J~l -3

~,~~ u'lbJ\ u'i~! ~ J~ ~ ~1i ' ~ ~U~ d ~) J3t.
~l;J~! ~\~! r~ LA~ J . (6) ,J.; ~Jlt...J\ ~ W y~ ~b &JG:rtA
~.t
~
-~ I.
u...tJl..£.J\ •
Qo4 4&. ~
AA"'- At '?~ It.t~. , ~ ..r.:-"'-'
~
~~...:"U A< Atl ·i
("J
~
...
U~ Lo~ Ub.1t .b......i.i ~~ ~ Le.:i . u'/w u"i~! ~ J~

'A<-:~'i"li
: 0,;-.. • U. , S2 (.$ , , (2)4JbJJ~ , ~UUA(Atl
..,.-'
P2 = Pld P2uP3u·······················(23)
~
Piu=ProbabiIity of component i being up
~ 'Jb. c"i i D,JS.4J\ u"s.: wi ~!
=d i/(di +1j) =J.li/O"j + J!j)
Pid=Probability of component i being failed state
= ~ 4.J1.:. ~ i ~ (J"s.: (Ji ~!
=rj/(dj +lj) = Aj/<Aj +Jj.i)
(Determine reliability measures)~J~tt' ~lL J~1-4
~~ . ):,.. ~1 ~~ ~, .J' JbaJl ('Jt:. .Ji J1a.1\ ~ ~ u'iW ~t.bti
J..Jas':. \j! ('L..12lU ~ ~.b; , ~lS o~ ~ 3&2 ~ u\5 \j! ,(7-4)
u.i ~'.J -" lAS 1 , 2, 3, c.:au.jS..aJ\ ~ .Ji 2& 3 ~.jS.4Jl ..u.\ .J\ 1 ~
: (JJ5:! S ttw\» D~ (7-5) ~
S ={1,2,3,4,S,6,7,8}
:~"'ilS ~ -:t\ .J t1.1=W1 4JW\'
,'usU CS-' .tL-: A
.;p.. (,)-l-'W .t.uJ":"""
..
':- t\ ~ ~,
AA'" Atl
A ={2,S,6,7,8}
~ ~un ~ 4Jb. ~~14~\ ~~ ~
S-A =p,3,4}
- ,t ~ -
~~~ ~~\ ~J~} ~,~.;..
: ~~LS J6Jl & ~ f'~ ( ~i j\ ) ~l:i} rJt:, ~ J~ ~ D~\

Pf = :E Pi (24)
iEA
.A~~~~~oJ~~t:l':iW~D~e~Dt~iEA
~
:w~ (5) ~ uA ~~ JtiJ\ ~ ~j i§;:1,;:
Pf =P2 +PS +P6 +P7 +Pg
, (23) 'JJLt.. ~ S,;.j5W ":J~ ~b. b,»:-t.! r\~~ ~ J~ ~ Pi ~
: ~ 6A ,A~ ~~ 4..c:.~ ).J5:t J:t.i:! t$~ J , ~uun Jke. ) P ":J~ ~
fr = LPj L Aij (25)
iE(S-A) jeA
:~
Aij = transition rate from state i to state j
= j4JW ~ i t1bJ\ CJA Jl.i:Y~\ J~
: ~ ~ (17) tt.~~\ ~ (25) t1Jt£..Jl r'~~
fr =pt Al + P3(AI +A3)+ P4(Al +A2)

:~~LS f r & Pr ()A J6,31 ofi .b....uji.-ta ~ ~J
df =Pf Iff (26)

.. U eW u...... tt ·;-t -.. '1-(,.J~'
"ct\tlt....l·;
te.
w- ".~ .. . w ~ u-...-..>:fl4J
(";,,,J
-.Q.i! &\J\ ~..
(.JWiiiloo" U ~-r
.J LS.;i; ~U~·~ u.t , rU;.jj\ ~ ~ 4,j\ ..)~~, ~ li.~ 4..1; ~.;i toi} ,~~
D.s--W Jb=. ,,\ 1 6.jS..4J\ ~ J~ w'l\ .(7-6) ~ (7-5) ~ J~ loillj ~

.,.Fa.1 J.bs:. ~.J~ ~ c)Sj ,(3) wJS.tJl .J (2)
- ,t t -
44Jf-SJ\ ~'J\ ~J1..4:ic.l ul~.J.a
Sl= lU,2U,3U:tJ..)LWI ~
/' /,L.~I1IJ~
lU;U3U ~3'
Sl J.b..cJIJ~
Al
112
12
V;;
ID 2U 3U IV 2D 3D IU 2U 3D ,,;
4~
S2 83 S4
";j
1J,2
J!.L r."!~ Ua:. 1"J'
A2 Al
~u. Ua:.
-- ,j-
I
I
411 ,
ID 2D 3D IV 2D 3D ID 2U 3D
S'?
S5 S6
J.ll
j
::J'
Al
ID 2D 3D
S8
, , A,2
(7-4) ~ u-' ~.joJ' r-lAlU J~"";) ~~ J;w: (7-5) ~

Sl= 1U,2U,3U:U.,)lc..J\ J:P",'j
/ Jt'/C 'i.,,'111 J~
f.ll I 1U2U3U k f.l3
Sl ~IJ~
f.l2 /
Al ).,2 "-3
,,;
ID2U3U lU2D3U lU2U3D "~'
S2 S3 84 ";j
fJ2 Jll
1"
-----
C:'!"u ...U1u
----- ....I ,.....":I,
J,bu. ...Uu
:I -?:j.
Al "
S5
ID2D3U
S7
ID2U3D j
,~,
(7-5) JS,J. ~ ~~ f~ Jli1a'l' aJla. ~ (7-6) JS,J.

~ ~U.jSA1\ ~ 'i l.A~
(Network Reduction) ~\ ~ :~
" .. -:t\ te.. ~ L.e, .&
J f.r'.:r--' ~ .. J'"
UJ\.(.,)A.,.,.-.'
4J At'.t\ ~ .. ~ ~t.tt-:.ti.J.t..
I> '" • ~
.. '"
"'.."... ~
uU~ ~ J~ J uU~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~..)=.1\ o~ ~ • (Jj\Jl1\

A\ Ao:t\ f'W J
tS..).,-, " ..-:t\
{J""..:J-' f'\Aj.....iJ~.. o»t. W.. .otAltA
(Series system) ~,jln f'~ -I
,/i J-...b:. ~J~ ~ J ~jUl ~ ~ ~U.".w ~ U~~..,:U\ r~ ~
.~ Jl1\ f'lJaj ()A C>J'd ~ ~.J: • J1at.c. ~ f'lAln u!A uJS.4
(Independent Components) ~ uU~ •
J ~ J~ ~ J~j ~ 4.,j~ , ~, utJ~ u\j ~JlIl ftW ~
:~'iLS z)~ u~ c~'i' JJ£.A

n
As = LAi (27)
i=l
I-l = Al(i~/I + AJI-li)-IJ

s (28)
:~
A~, = equivalent failure rate of the system

f'tAm uJlS.A.U ~ JA4
Il s = equivalent repair rate of the system
f'UllU [)t5..tJ\ C~~, JJ£.A
n
n =Pr oduct of values1 through n
1=1
== n~1 ()A ~ ~~ ~L:.
- ,t V -
~~..>fJJ\ ~~, ~J~!.~'~';"

Dl-i (MTBF » MTTR Dl .,Po' ~) Jlj ~,~~; Aj ,) t.ia~

:~ 4JJ~ ~ ~ (28) 4JJ~
1 n
fs =II- = _:LT'A-/A
lIS (29)
1""5 1=1
~ J:F.. ~ D; f'~ ~U.PA ..

(Components involving dependence)
J.ba,1t AJ!ts..eJ\ ~\~ w!A ' ($'p-' ~U~ JbU vt t'~ ~ ~.JJ.:a ~ CJ; ~~
: ~'iLS D.JS:i C~~\ J
n
As = LAj
i=l
n
r.s = :LI-A·/A
_ lIS (30)
1=1
D; ~.;--i ~ a.Jj J ~~ ~i (30) & (29) U;:iJJ~ ~ ~

MTBF»MTTR
(Parallel system) ($j\jUl t'W-'r
~ C'+J ~ ($J): ~; ~ ul-! ($j'jU\~ ~~ ~ ($~ t'UU3\ ~
($~ t'Ull! z)lS..AJt C~~, JJL4 J tri1.S..oJ\ JbU'. JJL4 U=UJl£. ~ lA;i.,.1Jlln
: U;J.JS.4 ~
'\ _ AlAZ(fl + fZ) (31)
/\"p -
1+ Al fl + AZfZ
~=~+~ O~
: ~':lLS ~ (31) 4JJlL4.U u!-9 1 v-,.#..jW; AZ fZ & Alfl e:.u1.S \j}
Ap = A1AZ(fl + fZ) (33)
- 'fA -
44Jf5J\ ~"i, ~J~! ~\,.>Ji';"

c.r43'
(JACU'
~'l' J'.JJ
Failure Functions
~~ ~ ~J ) (time basis) ~j3\ :$.Wl4nJ.: ~~, DC' ~l ~

-: '+l*a oJ.-l4 ~ ~j J ( U-OjU ~ t... ~ ()Mt;i .,t
(cumulative failure function) ~'jltl J.b.tU! 4.nJ-l
(mean value function ) ~! ~,Jl4 tt!J J\
,.
\.,)04
(~
\,;""--.J.jtA J l)4J:iiJte.~ .•tl ~! .",-.,
1J"*'t. ""'" J .. u........ ~,.b.w."
..: tlnt.... tl ".. ':tl
~ (,,1"'. ~ ir: J
u.-JS'
(failure intensity function ) ~~, i.1J. ~J -2
~!,;3! J1=.1! aJlJ u.i ~ JA4 ~ u.:il!.,
(failure rate function) ~:~lt J~ tslJ -3
(hazard rate ) ~~! J~ J\
(rate of occurrence of failure) ~~I ~J~ J..\-..A.4 Jt
~ ~ 'J fl~ ~ ~IJ t u.-J!! ~ ~l ~l J~ u~ ~~J
. t UAjJl ~J.b.
(mean time to failure function) J-J=J! ~ ()4j-J! ~Jlo t...JlJ ..4

(MTTF)
• ~! J1WI ~ o~ ($11IJ ~~I ()4j31 ~ ~I,J
mean time between ~~, UH ()4J!l ~jl.4 ~i.: L~' MTTF u.JY)
• ( MTBF JJ-4..;!4 lfJ jA,J; ~.:iJlJ failures
• tS..Pa~' u-31 rAJ:.l..t u-o ~..,pJJ1 ~..J J\JJJI o~ u.:: ":J.;li:ill ~
c~1' ~j ~j:i.4 ~.J.4 <.J.4J!LJ ~ lfJ ~I tS'p-~1 ~!~,J.431 ()4
c~l ~ ~ ~~ <.J.4j31 ~ ~IJ (mean time to repair) MTTR
- 't ~ -
~4Jf.sJI ~~l ;';J~} ~t~)4
~ ll~ rUUU MTTF & MTTR ~ JS ~~ • Jl=J\ ~ ~ f'~\

: tr~~ ~L1\ ~ J~\
MTTF
Availability = MTfF + MTfR
: cJ (,$\
J.btJ\ ~ (0)3\ ~Jl.o
= ~l1i\
". ~
c~'i\ c)Aj ~~ + ~\ ~ ().4j3\ .b-,~
~J~1l: ~\ J\J~\ ~LL..JUJ e\~i (8-1) JJ~ ~J:!

J~'J\ J\JJJ 4.:J~1\ ~ ~\ w~\ (8-2) JJ~ ~J
~jjiJ\ r\~~ ~~\ e.:.t'~.J.4J 4.:J~'i' ~'JJtA.4 (8-3) JJ~ ~~'J
~'i'
- ,,,, -
.. 'u
·,<'1
~.,JC- ~~I ~J~I ~\J d".J.4
..,..)*
~J~'i4 ~\ J\J~I (8-1) JJ~
jJ\J3\ aJ..\l.aA!\ ~~
F(t) = P(T S t) F(t) =probability density function .3,

=4t~"i\,ulis 4J\J "\
~'~.J~~\..\ t ~
Failure distribution = J f('t)d't T =time to failure
1"
0 =JIa3\ ~ 6-tJ!\ I .....
function ,-
<Ill
,.J'
F(t)& f(t)UH ~\ (8-1) ~ ~~
~
,-
t~O L.~ I
(~l:i.:1' ~\j ,Ji) ~j~~' tUJ ~

R(t) = P(T> t) ..J'
I Reliability function ~J~'i\ 4J\J u.a~ (8-2) ~ ~J:! ,"J'
=l-F(t)
I (Survivor function) J\
(8..1) JJ~ ~U
li ~'J!' 4JJ~ ~~
~ ~~ rJ&. ~ 4.b~ ~'i' •
I pet < T S t + dt IT> t) iJii3' ui ~ ~,JA J t u.-J31 ~
= pet < T S t + dt) t S 1'S +L.\.t
I tLa~,
.J ~':l' <II "
peT> t) uii ·J:.~I· cs1! ~ \~i)1 J:.iJ1 It
Conditional Probability = F(t+At)-F(t) T>t ~ ui ~'i' Ja~ 4J~l&wJi

,;
"~
R(t) :~'J\S ~ J ~
I T>t
I
l'....
A(t) = lim pet < T S t + dt IT> t) :: ,.J'
J1-.U JJ.t.t
6t-.,.0
= lim F(t+dt)-F(t)
-j
I
,~
~
Failure rate .6.t-)O R(t)
f(t)
=- ,~\
R(t)
(8-1) Jj~ ~l:J

~,~, .3Jo3l&.1' ~~
MTTF=E(T)
J1=,n ~ ~j3\ Ja.w.jW 00
= Jtf(t)dt
Mean time to failure 0
.~
(MTTF) 00
4~
=IR(t)dt ~
0
R( IT) = R(T + t)
~1..Wa.J ~ ~ ~ .uaJ~1 ~~'il ~I.;-ta. ~ 1"
t R(T)
d "I. ~ ijii .tJ,a. c~ ~~ ~I ,.1# i.a,Jo1! L ,J'
Q -
~ i.-...1l4:l~!~:ua~ ~'iI4JI.a
tl:aJ~' ~J~~\ ~J :~ ~j ~~ (8-3) ~~.J;f

--
I 'j~
,
•
~
Conditional Reliability t =The durationof the newmission
o~~I~oft
Function OR
T= The durationof the successfully

~;)
,"
..
completedprevious mission
= c:~;~.. ~U,. ~ i.;i
r('rr<"\r;'l {~ri1 \1S-~ \#rlr.-~
- ;0\ -
.-------------- I
X alq-epeA UlOpuea
~~\~
(~)J
t)
j.bJ1 ~l..,:,..1
Probabilit}' efFallure
(Unreliability) c.~1~l....::>-1
Probability ofSuccess
(~"l....:P'i1 i...lP)
(Reliability)
~"L..::s:-)'I
4:J~'i' ,.$. J 4.:J~'i' (8-2) ~

,~
,.~
Mission 1
~I MISSION: Mission 2
v-jJl TIME:" • III •
Time=T Time=t
A7 Ji i1\ RESULT: SUCCESS UNKNOWN
Cl.?i JJj40 y}-
tb.J~ ~J~'i' 4J\J ~~ j~.) (8-3) JS1;,
- '00 -
44~ tJi:'J1 ~J~l ~I~~

~~, J,Jol .J ~~, U:H ~, (8-2) ~
~~ f(t) F(t) R(t) A(t)

Probability density function t
dF(t) dR(t)
~L..'a1' 4iUS ~IJ
f(t)= - dt
---
dt
A(t) exp(- fA(1:)d1:)
0 .."~~
Failure distribution function t t "1
jf(1:)d1: - I-R(t) l-exp(-fA(T)d1:)
~~,~.uJ
F(t)=
0 0 1" ""I
,
Reliability function co t ,J'
R(t)= jf(1:)d1: 1- F(t) - exp(- I A(-r)d't')
-~
~~1'~'J t 0 I .
r"
Q ,
f (t) I
Failure rate dF(t)/dt
~'l, cJJw
ACt)= co
ff('t)d't 1- F(t)
d
--loR(t)
dt
- ..Jo
t ,J'
~~t,. ~.JjiJ\ f\~4 Jl=JI t:.11,p.J..t J 4.;J~'i\ (8-3) JJ..b.
jJ.~ 4JJlt....n
t,J~':l'tnJ
... - R(t) =e- At
Reliability Function
~';l, ~.,:; 4JlJ F(t) = l_e-At
Failure Distribution Function
~~, Ul1s 4.nJ f(t) = Ae- At
Density Function of Failure
Jt.bf;.~'J~ z(t) = f(t) =A
Failure Rate R(t)
J.baJI ~ ()4j3l J=.w,jiA
Mean Time To Failure
MTTF = 7e-Atdt = X
0
n
Rsystem (t) = nRi(t)
i=l
Ui.ln t,J~' =e -Alte-A2t e-A3 t

fA '" -
System Reliability =e -teAl +A2+ A3+....)
=e
(-t.~AiJ
1=1
n
~'jiJI JbUl J.1Lt Asysteln(t) = LIlli
Cumulative Failure Rate i=l
="-1+ A2+ A3+···..··..
- ,ov-
~4~ ~'i\ ;";J~! ~\~j..t
J~~' ')\~,J J~'i' JJ£..4 cS.;.Ji,j.4 &H ~'i\

The difference between failure frequency and failure rate
i1~,J JSJ ~~, JJC, 6\J~ ~~, ..Aj:J,J Jtbc.~, J~ DA JS """..JU ';J~ ~
b~J JS,S JLb.e,~' jjS. j~l ~.;J; ~ UJ~j..J1 C»: ~~\ ~'~...f:! U1'." .()Aj
:u' cs\ ()4j
J; Jii\ J.bYl ) ~~ e:i~ j~ AJ~ ,(t) CJ.4J3' ~ ,r(t) ~ .;\.;S:t u..Jt:J -
(t+1) & (t) DAj!\ C>.H ( r!J ($\ J\ , ~'U1\
(t) c.JAjJ\ ~ JLb&.~ ~~ j~ 4..J~ ,(t) ()Aj3\ ~ , l(t) ~ JJ&.A u,Jt:! -
~ y~yJ\ u~ J\ f'tAll\ ~ "~i ~<'J~ f'jS.1l .;~'i' ~ ,~; (t+1) &
t ()4j3\ ~ ~jJ
..A;-..5::!J ~~, JJ.....£A (.$~JA ~ ~ .JA " ~\ ~J~ f'jS. fl~ "';{»yJ
U~J ·Jii' J.-1=UJ.b....ii ~~, JJlt.,Q ~ ,;J~ ~~ ~~ f'lAW .J\.b:.~\
~ utA \11 t UAJSl ~ "~; ~J~ {'$." Ja~ ~ ~ J1»J\ J..\U V'lL.u\
(conditional failure rate) JaJ~ JbtJ\ J~
iJ~ ($l!\.J) f'UllU ~ ~ ti.;tL ( ~\s;l.wJ4~) i~ UAJ.3' o~J ~\JlA
& (t) UH fllUn ~~ .uaJ~ ~)'4 J.~ J~ UJ': \11 , ( ~,~ uJS:
o t 6-'jI\ ~ "Jl.bc.\ ~J~ ",$." .;~'i\ ~ ,~; (t+1)
('tAUt uaJU ~ \~ . c.~lJ ~\ ~\';JJJ ~ ~1A ,C~ Jrt:i f'~ ut!. \j\
J , Ji:l\ J....W ~J~ ua) ~.J:! (t+1) & (t) UAjI\ u\~J ~ • OJ.alo JlJ=£:.'.i
.c.J.tj ,~." JSJ ~"'F Ji:- ~\ (P o,;4c- Jl=J\ .;\..)Sd u.JS: J , •••.•• ,"'-wt ~
( unconditional failure intensity JaJ~..>#- J.baJ\ iJ.J. 4J\J ~ ~ \.iJ."
~ ~~ ci,JlcJl jjtJ\ ~ ~J. ~ iJ.Ji tnJ ~1A ~ J; function )
(t) & (0) ()4jI\ ~ ~ JJSd ~,j.A AJJta... J..W ()A (t) ()AJl'
- '0/\ -
~4,,*s.n ~~, ~J~! bJ'~.J4

Jt, (hazard rate ) bet) i)2Li...Jl JJ.....a.A~\J.1:lJ~~ J~~ ~t

.(rate) J~ Jt (instantaneous failure probability ) ~ J.tu.,n ~l
JbtJl JJlw Dl! (exponential distribution)~; ~..Jjj fltAllJ JbU\ ~j ~ "~!J
(MTTFF) JJ'il J....,6JJ ()4j..Jl ~jl4 u; ~ ~ '1\,J ,DAJ11 ~ ~~ t:J.JS:
.~ JJL4 ~ uP; (mean time to first failure)
U1ls UJ: (t+1) J (t) DAJ-...!' CJ:!-.J ul.iil·~SU ~,JlcJ\ JJLU f(t) 4Jl~ uJU
~; u~,J (failure probability density function) (pdf) ~'i, ~}
o~J ~'1.S ,j! .(t) (jAj-JI ~ J}il J6,1t ( Q4j iAJ JSJ Jl.k.~' ) )jSlt\ ~~
(t) Q4J.!' ~ JJ'i' J1=tJ' ~, ~~ W=:l 4.nJl\ c...L.-J'U ~ 4J~ ,~ O.;;W (,)oJ.!'
(t+l) ()AjJ}J
u-o (cumulative distribution function) F(t) ~'.;.n Olj.,:iJ\ ttlJ ~J

t :4\"~
F'(t ) = I f(x) dx
o
J.-.1a.1\ ~..Jji UJ ~~ F(t) UJU ~\'W1 ~~,J
F(t) "w ~J~1' ~\..w,'JJ)=J ~J Q4,J (failure distribution function)
L...JtJ ~J~1' ~ ~; ~..J .(unreliability ) ~J~1' "JS:- ~~lS:i
: ~\" 4.JJ~ Ltfi u.,jU ~,J (survival function) R(t) ~~
R(t) =1- F(t)
: ~ 4.JJl.s..J\ UA ~'i' .uUS ~j ~ ~,J
F(t) = h(t) * R(t)
~
f (t) = probability density function =~1'U~ 4JlJ
h(t) = hazard rate = o,;L~ ~
R(t) =failure rate = Jlu.D JJ1..4
- ,,,\ -
~JL:~ ~~I ~J~l ~I~:'"
JL.6c/~' J~) J1d J~ lJ1.p.i ~ AtJ!-i ,~~, J$. ~ ~ JbtJI . J~ u'i.J

,. <-: ~
.).".,........ u.tU f',~,• ~tiI
.t.~At.t, v
,"At .:..J.~'"
- ,4,Y a~_' ~
'-I~. • • J U!13j teo
U--J' (.
OAJ."0 J:li..J (jiW
.tt't
J~) llJ~ ~ ~ i..tJj ~~ J1.>.! lAJJ&. (failure frequency) ~
.(~j O..b..J JS3 ~~,

o.)Jj ~jj •.;--i.\ ~ ,'~ ~ ~ ~ iJAj w~ 'C~ ~Wl ~.J
lAS , (down time) tJ!jUl c)4~ (uptime) ~ (,)Aj UA ~l:U ..:a~b..: o~
UW ($~l ~j4 Jyu.u ~l ~ ~ ,~ ~ rtAU\ ~ ~ .(8-4) ~ ~
OJ--A ~l ~..J 'l.Iji.' OJA fil1:W\ ~ ~ ~~ ~j ~J ~~, ~
.\~.J ($~t
w~ ,(4.-L~ ~ ~jl) 4.:l+Z ~lA ~ 4.~ ~j31J 'C~ JJ\! fi~ DlS Ul
.;:Ji:Ul u! ~ JWl ~ 4.it ~ '~J '~JliA ~ ~ ~ ~J:JijJ\ ~ J'JS:A

..~~
.t,1 A ~l4 tF':
t\. ~"~ Lo~
(J-AJ41 & d#
~~ 1000 tSJ~ (mean uptime) MUT ~ t.J.cj ~~ i)LS ,j\ ,~
u~ ,~L...... 100 lJJ~ (mean downtime) MDT b.ii~ DAJ~.jl4 (.ItsJ
UJf ().oJ.!' ~~ u.P: 4tj ~J .tc.l..uA 1100 JSJ ~'J ~ u~ ~~ ,.b...u~

.MDT & MUT e~ ~J ~1wJ 1100 .sA (MTBF) ~'J'
MTTF JJ=.D ~ u-oJ3' ~~ 4Jl: MDT & MUT ~.ft' u~ ~js
(mean time to repair) C~~' CJ--oJ .b.......wr~J (mean time to failure) ,
.~L........wt J-SJ 1/1100 ~J~ ~JJ\ )~ u.JS..t.u .~jiJ\ ~ MTTR
(steady- )~'J' ~ J.....1=.n )..;S-:A I.:J.,gL.:i.4 ,~t.L.:! MTBF ,L..o~
v(oo) state failure frequency)
(steady-state availability) rt....AllS . J~~' aJb. ~U} ~ A (00) u\ ~~
uli
- ". -
~'4~ ~'.i\ ~.3~1 ~\~}4
MTBF := MTTF + MTTR

MTTF:= A (00) * MTBF
MTTR:= (I-A (00»* MTBF
~ ;~ ~ \.~l4 .J::a.J~ .>#- JbUl o~ 4di.; JbJ\ .;\$J t-L..JiU lir~ .;Sj
~~ f'~ ~ ~ (t+l) & (t) {)4j1\ ~ ~)u ~~ J~ ~ ~1l.J~
.(t) ()4Jl' ~
~ ~ ~4a-~' u!! ,~ !~~, J-'i..4 ,.~W tb.J~ ~~, o~ (J\ ~ ,~ ~

u~ ,U.:a.J~ ~~, ;J.J, u~~ ~ .L"p\ ):Un ~,J ()4 ~ '~.J .':l.j
u!--! ,J,btJl JJLQ u~~ ~J .(t) UAJl' J.ic. ~ (l'Ulln ~ ~ u,j .1:a.JjJ"J\
J-A ~ c!.Uj ~ ,~ .(t) (.)AjJ\ ~ uJ rUlln w\ ~ ~ u,j .12.J.;JJ\
J.1=y
. ! C~ t1:W\ ~~, J~':l' ~ ~.):
0Aj....J\ ~ ~ u~ rum u~ : ~ .11.J~ o~ u\A 'C:~ 4J:W\ UbLt
~ J! (J.JS= u\ ~ lSlnJ) (t) DAJl' ~ ~ ~ rUlln wi ~ "'J ,~ OSJ,J ,(t)
.JJ=jl JA4 ,.~\.Sj ~ ~.J~ J1..bc.~' &J.J, (J~ ,~ o~ ' " ·(~1 ft.J
J.w&.4 ,.~L.S:i tb.j~ ~~, g;~ u!A 'c~ 4.1:W .>J;, ~ ,~j ~J
~
t L_
J..r- w ,f"'~
~. <0: O.
..
...... • ~w ul::. ~ c!.UjJ
....n-
,~t...L~
~' ~ (l'
u.L '~L
I .tLtt
•• J ("JdiiIiW'
.~J~1' rJlJ ·~uA1.1.t ~~ ~~ J.\IJ\ u~J '~'J' .u~ 4J\J ~~l.S: f'U::W\
~
: wt ~~ '~',J UJS.A ~ IS~ f'U=W
A:= failure distribution := 0.001
J.!= repair time distribution := 0.01
~ JJL4 ,.~~ r~ ~ J~ u1! J.:t.'J (J.jS..o ~ ($~ f'Ulln ut ~
: w\ cSt u~
h(t) =).. := 0.001
h(oo):= Iv := 0.001
.~\3i' ~ ~ JJa.A y~ ~b. ~ ()~ ~ ).fij ~ ~,J
- '''' -
4J4~ ~l:~,i)'\ ~j~} 6d\~.J.4
.w~ ~ )fi:i ~~lS: f'tJ:W\ Jbc. )fi:j wU.JlW ,~ ~

-ret) ::: 1 * A (t)
1: (00)::: 1. * A (00)
::: 1 * J! I (l + J.1)
=0.001 * 0.909091
=0,,0009
O.t~ ul-! '~'.J w~ ~ ($~ f'tAlU uf ~-':! ~ ,1\ u!! "mj ~J
0.001 ~t.Jiln Jbe. ~ ($,J~ ~ .~lSM .»,i; ~ ..;\~.J ~tAUl ~ J~
.;,.r-.
•L.s tL ~ ,.<,,:.
~ 0 0009 L:!J~ f'U;.,llJ ~I A<' l.o.lY
J'*' (J~ ... .)
J~'i\ ~ (.)4]3\ ~Jla

(Mean Time between Failures) (MTBF)
b~-Jf c.J~
• e , OJ~ .J t
A _"':. . ~At\
-' LJt...o;ie.\
.. • ~ L10
.... OM.. IAlA n t,... ~I·
..:T'" u~
•~t\
U:H (JA.,j'1 ~.J=lA
..
.ttJ~'
.. •
.t:<J
,J-"
'R"':L.t\ of
t , . - ' (J MTBF .....J ~ ~
... . ...
~ ,t::l~L.JI
: 4UD .t3Jla...cJ\ (J.4 MTBF ~

MTBF =11 (sum of all the part failure rates) = 111
(,.'.»':11 ~i u';lJL4 ~ e~) /1 = Jt.hc.':ll ~ ()4jJ\ bji.4
·~t.
4JJLt..oJ\ (JA ...i
4)--- lS f·(J.J.J..t T (JAj'I
. ~tt ~"L,t\L&.
.. ':a... t t..-'
~
·f~,
~ (J . ..
te..t.~_-:
~ ~.;
R (T)::: exp (..T IMTBF)

:2~
~j wi.; 4J:.L.u 250000 lS';~ MTBF ~~, UJJ ()4jl\.b..u~ u\-! ~ e.llJ
: ~~LS ~'il ~ (~~ 43800 ~') 6J\~ 5 ~
R::: exp (..4 3800/250000) =0.839289
JLbci ($i uJ~ .::.s'~ 5 oJ..41 ~ e.llJ 83.90/0 ~ ~l ~.J:! A\Ji ~ ,~.;
.u,~ 5 ~J.oJ ~ ~ ~ ~ u.i .::.s'~.,g.1\ OA 83.9% ui .;i
- ,'\" -
~~~ ~'il 4.:J~! wl~~ .
:3~
: ~\'LS ~~t.bL)'1 ~L,*, ~ f! ~~

M =Number of outages/moutheat.d
N =System in Service =5611
DT::::Unsch(~duled downtime =4:10 min.zsyst tyear
=10:48 min.zsyst /year
DT ~ ~ ~~\3i1 & MTBF ~
:~
MTBF = Total Hours of Operation

Outage frequency (OF)
~~\t.':t~U
t tb.L)'1 .;1 fl
OF == 12 * M == 12 * 41.4 == 0 0885
N 5611 0
MTBF == 8760 hr - 98983 h

000885 r
==11.3 yr.
~()4j
0) bO)O Up time
A == Aval a Ilty == Tota J time ==
0 t<n J ' y ~ti
~' twr~.J"l/
~ V-y\ =8760hr*60min=525600 min
_ (525600 - DT)
A
- 525600
== (525600 - 4.1) 99 9992 D1.
Al 525600 • -/0
== (525600 -10.8) 999979D1.

A2 525600 0 -/0
- '''\f -
4s4~1 4k~1 ~J~l b!\~.J.4

~
~.J ~~ ~ ~.J ~ blU~ ~ c)4 W~ rUiU ~ (8-5) ~ ~~
blU~ u; ~.J .t:~~' c)4j! ~.J$i.J ~~, ~j! ~.J~ ej,JSA JSJ .A,B,C
;~ rUlln bii.,gj ~-J 'r~ ~ ~ ($J~ ej~ ($; ~ w!-i ~fl\ ~~
'C~'J' ~ ej~ Jbs, ofiJ .tfj~
~
MTTR& MTTF ~JLu ~1 (8-6) JS,JJ
~I
(M:W)
r2
~Lw,) ()4j11
":tt_t~j
o ••
~ ...... e, .jAJ fA\~L~W
0
., ~. O~At~
:.:p
. . . L:'."'.":& Jk.J t:J(S-6) va-
.jJ J ~ .).J ~:J
tlr."'_
:~
:~~LS Ul~ J J#.JiJ 0JJJ f:-t..JU (8-6) ~ ~.J:!

mhm2,ID3,...e e . . . . . . ,mn=random periods of time when unit is in
operation.
= ~ o~"n u~ Lo~~~ u.oJ iJ.JJ
rhrz,r3, ,rn=random periods of time when unit is under
repair
= C~)" ~ o~.".n u~ 14~ ~~ UAJ 0J..9J
1 fil + ID 2 + fi 3 + ..•••••• +IDn
MTTF =1= - . ~
MTTR =.! 11 + 1"2 + f3 + •.••••.• + rn yr

Jl. n
-""d-
~~~\ ~~\ ~J~} t:J\~}4
:~
M'I'TFemean time to failure
= J}:WI ~ ()Qjll !w,~
MT'I'Remean time to repair
= C~¥I ().4j!w,~
A =exp~cted failure rate (failurelyr)
=~~~IJ~
JL =expected repair rate (repair Iyr)
= ~.jl431 C~¥I J~
: ~l1i',J .ti~, 4J~,J ~J~~' 6:H ~,

: CJ' u,J~ ()4
"D~ ~ ,.JS:. ~} ~ (reliability) ~JLrY.c'i'

,.L...Atn ,.\1:} ~ ~\.J:l ~ 4J~ ~ (maintainability) 4..i~ 4J~ -
Cl+i: CJ~ iJ~} ~} ~ Ji ~ aJb ~ D~ Ji

.J,btJ) JJ.:
~ &oj J&. rtl:al11 J\ u~ ~ ~} ~ (availability) ~~\
(~ ~ J~ 4.ii Jt ~ ~ rUlln J\ ~ : wi I$i)
[ ~ ~tl ~ c.
~ ~"" 4J\.J,.
t ~ ~ r~ JI.Al:.\. . n,... .A
I,Jr
~b)t\
.. •
"1.9 ~'"
(J. "
~.J
,,~1~'i
4p.U'/'J 4J~ 4J~.J 4:J~'i' UH ~ (8-4) J.J~~";

~~'.J L~ 4J~.J 4:!J~~1 C»: ~ (8-4) JJ~
.
4.JJ~~1 . ti~.ts..,..., .. .
~~I
Reliability Maintainability availability
- ~~ J,~ J,~
- ~~ t J.l..Jj tJ:jj
r J.l.,.j:i -~~ i~
J,~ -~~ J,~
- '''\0 -
44JPJI ~'Jl ~J~l b:J1..;4':'M

vt,.,."r f""l • '" . ......ar...

•., ~ .. '~"W~ I~~ \p." '1~
- \.\. \ -
II
II
~lln ~41\
c.:J\ J;:J:.cu,·~
t .r, -: J J~S1\ .!=W\
(Failure Modes and Effect Analysis) FMEA
Cillle- ~ ()4 ~'~f ~ ~,..)~ ~ ~ fj."i~~ ~ [4]~ ~~ ~

(9-1) JS.Jj ~ W (laterals) ~~. l1~,J segments)
1 2. 3
I lSI I ISI........~~---
a e
"A
~~I
~l
~4J' .b.".b;J1 a.b,c : ~
.l::"i.J1 0A G-Ij:;a..i 1,2,3
~t!)l w'..\l1I..4B,F,S
~4JfS.t1 ~ ()4 ~ Jl. (9-1) ~
:J;J.:lI.j ~ ~ ~J~'il ~\~}4 y~
(temporary) ~~ J (Permanent) o~l Jl,b£:.'il •

.(switching) J.s~ ~tJ:aj J ~t.i..tl\ rlJ:Y •
(back-up protection) ~ .t;t.i,J3\ ~ ~
~ l:J&5Jl Jje ~ •
~t:i.,,31 bJf+t J..,a.t;.i ~ ~ 0
( sectlonallzer c.rl.hi.n ~) J.t~ ~ ~ 0
- ,'\v -
~4~1 ~~l ~JW&.} uly:u,j.4
~,.Jb ~ ~~ .JJ~ bJ~} •
(UolS iiJ~n ~ 0
(~~ ;;J~l ) J.2~ Jfl 0
: ~~, ~ FMEA 4.L~ ~

. (Failure mode) ~ ~ (segment) ~ ~ ,.~ JS j~l .. l
,. ~ .te :.. ..2
f'~ LJ~\
.. '~.ki.J\'
• ur- ~ J 4 va
tL_
~ .>J.J:!
~ FMEA tL..)a ~\~ w~ ~ .j .. 3
J~~'
,kW JS J.;~ -,
r Ulln ~ ~ ~ JS ~t:; y~ -y
~\.J-&I ~\~~ ~ J~ 1JLcu~' JS ~ ~U1\ ul~W ~ -[

:4~\ (Load point indices) ~~\
~ ~ 4!1~ ~ ~~lbL1' J~ fJ
~ ~ ~~ .;p ~~~1\ uljii Ii)
f'1All\ u\~,j.a y~ ~ ~~\ ~.J-4 ul~}A f"1~~ -J
:u~\~1-4
:~~}4J\ s WJJ\ ~~\ u~ w~ -,

(~j5.~\ ~ lA\..b.} ~ ~) ~ ..
~LJ, J:i;. JJt+d •

~, ~..J~ J6.lt (inter - arrival time) ~\JJ\ J~,J3\ DAJ ~ -~
(exponential distribution)
~; ofl (repair duration) ~ bjiA ~l!
()4j3\ ~ ~~ ~JLbie.~\ uu.JS.4 -J
- '''\A -
~4~ ~'J\ ,~J~} u\~.JA

4.:~ bJL~-5
(system topology) r~ (1) ~~.J:~ -I.
~ ~ ~J+!I ~i J~ -b:!
(Mean Time Between Failures) ~Sn C>.:: ~jIl k~ t>
MTBF
~J~-lr
(Mean Time To Repair) MTTR ~ i).4j31 ~jM e
r UUll 4.:J W&.'i1 ~1.;.Ji~ "="~ ~~ ~L~ c»:~.;!1 (9 D2)

~ ~~ .J
FMEA .tL..Ja ~
-- -I
IF-
. J~~..
~~ I t:»: W.tI
jII ~~
F
~I
/I'
I-
(MTBF) J:W\ {)4

~~.J-:~ "'I
I ..,.,.
rt.lalU tAlll ~'.;.&.)4
- ....... ~ r _I
,.- • ~ ~j31 ~.Jl4 I -
~"..R" '"
.bUt r--
....
II"
(MTTR) -
I!l
4
-I
II
- .....1
- .......
I
4: ..
"lijJ! Lj~'_ ....- ....... I
........ -I
rU;..iJl bJly.t.jA .J.t:~ ~L~ c»:.b:.;J\ ~ (9-2) ~
.l£A lfbt.;YJ} y~i .J ( b~l .J ~l) ~'4~1 ~l ~ ~1.)j:~,J!.J:I~ (1)
- '''\i\ -
~L:~\ ~~\ ~J~l u\~.JA

~,~! fJ r~ ~rr (awn gU!q~l!MS) ~f'~ SOO ""'1~o

ri;"rrt\r::' {~ri1' \ITmJ. F6'~ ~f'r (1=6) R1.i1r::' ,~~\~ rsr ~Q ~ • ~
"~~ {£=6} .er~ vQ ~ i~ 0 ~n ~M v('~'r::' i~rfl ~ f'
rf" \"",! ~ (1)
(1) 4Jb. ~I~jj ~j~)fl 6JU~ (9=1) JJ~

~iJ~ Jlhc~1 J~
r II. w~1
( ~~) (4.kJ1 / Jk.)
.ki.n cJ.4 (1) ~ ~
5 0.1
(segment 1)
~ ()A (2) ~~
5 0.2
(segment 2)
.kiJ1 ~ (3) ~~
5 0.3
(segment 3)
aw~~
3 0.2
(Lateral a)
3 0.4 b ~~.bi.
(Lateral b)
C~~~
3 0.6
(Lateral C)
(A) ~~.JA •
3,2,1 ~i..*'J1 ~ Jl,bc.i ~J~ A ~~ .ue. ~ ~JWs:.'i1 ~1~}4 .;lti
o4J r , A ..)~~I ~ li,j: e.::.t1~.jAJl o~ y~ III ,J (a) w~ ~ ,J
:~'il.S .b~
- 'v, -
44~ ~~I ~J~} ulp.J.4
A~~.JA ~.hAJ
U=A*r r A Failure
(hr/y) (IIr) (fly) mode
0..5 5 0.1 (1).-.~ f.1~YI
1.0 oy'1..U.Jl
5 0.2 (2) .-.~
()A
~tilll
1.5 5 0.,3 (3).-.):Jt ~I
0.6 3 0.2 ()
a w.
·b~
- - - (b) tftJo
0b..bi.
- - - () .b. .bi.
c Wo
3.6 4.5 0.8 ~~,
:~'lLS bJ~~ r:ti

AA = L (A) o- ~ c.J.,..o:.J J A J.-l\ ~J'" .I.ll> J1>a.l\ J.... : ~
=0.1 +0.2 + 0.3 +0.2=0.8
0
4JJ~ ~ ~ c.J.,..o:.J f:;.\
L (A.r) =0.1 *5+0.2*5+0.3*5+0.2*3 =3.6 \!Y
~ c.J.,..o:.J J A J.-l\ ~J"'.I.ll> ~ ~ tUoi.o"'i\ .jl9 Jo...,Jl.o:~ 0

~(A.T) 36 : .t1J1£..oJ\ ()A
TA=L..t =-'-=45
LA0.8 .
:~ A ~ ~~ ~J~~' ~\y.t,jA D~ ~j ~ s
AA = 0.8 fly & TA=4.5 hr
- 'VY -
~4.JfSJ\ ~~I 4.:J~l ulp.J.o
(B)~~~ •
':'U~~l ~ Jlk,i ~.J~ B ~.,.J\ ~ J~~\~J~! Q\~~ ~~
:~~LS Q\~~ f1~ ~~ ~ J (b) w~ ~ .J 3,2,1
B~~.jA A~~J~ JW\~
U=Iv*r r A U=A.*r r x Failure mode

(hr/y) (hr) (fly) (hr/y) (hr) (fly)
0.5 5 0.1 0.5 5 0.1 (1),:...RJ\
1.0 5 0.2 1.0 5 0.2 (2) ,:..»JI
1.5 5 0.3 1.5 5 0.3 (3),:.~
-- -- -- 0.6 3 0.2 (a) w~ Jai.

1.2 3 OA (0) (~~ Jai.
-- -- -- (c) ~~.ki.
4.2 4.2 1.0 3.6 4.5 0.8 ~~,
AB =0.1+0.2+0.3+0.4=1
L (A or) = 0.1 *5+0.2*5 +0.3* 5 + 0.4*3 = 4.2
1]3
L (A.r) =-1-=4.2
= AB
4.2
: ~ B ~ ~,JAJ ~J~¥' ~\.;Ji.jA ,,1-9 ~j~.J
AB = 1 f / y & IB=4.2 hr
- 'Vf -
~l:~ ~':ll ~J~l ul~.)4

(C) ~~.,9A (j
3,2,1 ~,~~, ~ JLbe.i ~J..b..J c ~~ ~ ~ ~J~~' ~'~.)A .)'W

:~'JLS btt).l:'}A3\ o~ y~ ~ J - (C) w~ .b.i.n J
C ~~.Js4 B~~~ A ~\~,JA ~~

U=A*r r A U=A*r r A U=A*r r "- Failure
(hr/y) (hr) (fly) (hr/y) (hr) (fly) (hr/y) (hr) (fly) mode
0.5 5 0.1 0.5 5 0.1 0.5 5 0.1 (1)~J:!Jl
1.0 5 0.2 1.0 5 0.2 1.0 5 0.2 (2) ~~
1.5 5 0.3 1.5 5 0.3 1.5 5 0.3 (3)~~
-- -- -- -- -- -- 0.6 3 0.2 (a) w1+~

-- -- -- 1.2 3 0.4 -- -- -- (b) w1+ J=.i.
1.8 3 0.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- (c) w1+~
4.8 4.0 1.2 4.2 4.2 1.0 3.6 4.5 0.8 ~"i\
l -J l \. ., .J
rc&A.c l"B&AB l"A&AA
-, 1 _______
A, B, C ~:~n ~..tA t:.at~.j.A
Ac=O.l+0.2+0.3+0.6=1.2
LA.r =0.1 *5+0.2*5+0.3*5+0.6*3 = 4.8
=LAr =4.8=4
rc AC 1.2
t.sA C ~ ~~ ~J~~) ~)~,;.. D~ ~j ~ J
AC =1.2 f /y & rc=4.0 hr
- 'Vt -
~I.:~ ~'.J\ ~J~} ':"\~.J.4
~ ~ ~M 1M'~\r:' ~ "~ ~ 3 l' ~(' ~flr:' Ffo-O ~rr

rer~ w:er £'
@ ~ "e!'"1M M~lr:' ~ vf'~ ~ a: f{~ r' uS'3!flr fJ S"O=.J
"",:.reS' ~ ZLg£
t""~'
@) ~ ~M M~\r::t '='!f ll"f'~ ~ V f{~ r' ,~~~:ff lr.J S"O=.l

" ~M ri;~\r::t ,~~rf1 ~,~ '1;~ v'a'3 M;:J ,~r':
$ ~ rrr~~ ~('ir90 ~r
• r~ ~rf' (awn ~n!q3l!M.s) ~f'S'.Iq S"O rif~ ~ tt

fi~\J rrrn MI"jr;" Frr,~ ~ (I) .;J (4)~ r' '1;~r lr.J:
rr,~~ (z)
~l:~ eJlli ~ J,J~ ~.J:
C ~~.J-4 B ~~,J.4 A~~~ JkJ\~

U=A.*r r A U=A*r r A U=A*r r A Failure
(hr/y) (hr) (fly) (hr/y) (hr) (fly) (hr/y) (hr) (fly) mode
0.5 5 0.1 0.5 5 0.1 0.5 5 0.1 (1)~J:!J\
1.0 5 0.2 1.0 5 0.2 0.1 8 0.2 (2) f- j::Jl
1.5 5 0.3 0.15 @ 0.3 0.15 ~

\...J 0.3 (3)f~\
-- -- -- -- -- -- 0.6 3 0.2 (a) w1+~
-- -- -- 1.2 3 0.4 -- -- -- (b) u+t1:z..bi-
1.8 3 0.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- (c) u+'1+ .w.
4.8 4.0 1.2 2.85 2.85 1.0 1.35 1.5 0.8 ~~,
rc rB rA
(post-fault switching) JW "p..4 A: ~~ JJ~ ijt : ~ ,.itt ()4 ~J
($t (Up stream load) 4..;~ .)~ ~ ~ u\t. LbL1' iJii ~w..i! ~ tSJ.J:!
rA < rB < rc ,J
- 'v"\ -
414~ ~~\ ~J~! ~\~.J.4
~W\ 'T4J'
~j~~,~~i
Examples of Reliability Analysis
(.)..-4 ~»J\ .J; 4J~ J; ~~ b:J~ "L:~ ~.J~ ~ ($l..£:i iJ~

wci;; 4 ~ .J; (medium Yoltage)MV ~.,gl4 ~ ~l....£j .)~ ~
~ ~~.JfS.t\ c:=a.J~ ~ &~ Ji\j ~.J~ ~b..,3 ~\~ha.J (low Yoltage)LV

~~ ,J ~4JfSJ\ 0,).1.-13\ ,J oL1w\ ~ ~ Dj~ ~1~ ~ ~ ~ J
.;L1l.oJ\ o~ Ji,\J J~~I JS 4.:lilt ~j ,J .•••• s ~~
~~ ~~ ~JJ:U\ ~~ ~i (10 -5) r!.)~ (10-1) Vo ~~\ ~~
~\~~I t:JUi~ .J~~I ~ ~~ ~lrl\ \1\ ~..b.u~ ~ &~ ~~
~ ~ u\.;.-:an ~ ~~ tJ~ J\~l ~ ~ •.wi (Forced Outages)
(scheduled ~~ ~LJ.i~' ~\Y' J~ J:jij ~ ."L:~ ~ ~ "~'il
~ti!.Jl1l LA ~Ld:al ~ 4\.J1! ,l:uJ~ ulS \:'1 J , etbL)'\ ifl ~jlA .J outages)
.~\~'i\
:y4J\ I~ ~ t.o~ e~)'\ ~~ ~ ~ l4
(cycle) O~\J b,)J.3 ()4';pi &jliJ ~~ ..)~ ~lS e~-1
ul.JjJ 10 ()4 JPi i,;.iJ 4:~ ,)~ ~lS e~-2
.-:iit ts.ii:iJ\
t.r.,.J-1:. 5'c.)4 Jf"'"
..(; i ...r--.. .)~.~ e~
t·LS ~ .. -3
• ~J 2 DA .»Si bjii.1 4.:~ .)~ ~t.s ~ -4 e
o~~' .J ~\~ ~ \)}4 w~ ~~ 5 (.)A';pi ~ft3~.ii.ln .)~ E.~ wi ~\.J:!
·~4~
- ,vv -
~t.:~ ~~\ ~JLo.lc.} U\~,j.a
~~\r:" [~\~' \;~ \1)Yr,~
- VA~ -
(~)
~!r~!
<#("
1 1 1
I
I I
I
S"1
.
It jl~
~
A'l
~¥\r:' {~r~ \~~ ~r\~

- \,A \ -
1 i
I
(~)
""'1!1~1
1 i
I I
1
I
I
I
~ 1\' ~ ~ ~
~~It:' i~ri1' Il).~ _~~!

- \¥\ -
(~)
'W'!! f~
1 i
I I
1I
I
I
9 ~ "''1
~ t
J.O
ON ON
~rfl"]!
13N 1
- - ---
. . .!f'1[S¥~·
~YI'Cl
~-----~
:IN
-l~N
I ON
-
Z
~("I~f-.!
T,
~("IIn!f:!
~~\r:" {~\il \~~ \~r,~

- AV ~ -
J ' " ('5'

~ (S~OI ) !m ' 'ft'"l . ~ mrfF~
1l'f') •
(~)
~f
i i I
I
"1
.La
[ 1 l ~p ~ ~t ~\~\ ~ ~
~ ~~\ f'UUS ~~,~ 4.;J~~' ~ : 1 JIi:.

(Reliability and Availability Analysis of a simple Radial System)
~U ~ ~~ .)~ ~\ ~ , ~ ~~\ f'tJaj ~J (10-6) ~ ~.J-j
Jii. ()AJ • (~l:~ ~.JJ:i ts~ .J\) JiyJt ~l:~ ~ 13..8 KV ~ CRI J~
: ~ ~ u~ ~'.J i~ 4.:~ ~ (Circuit breaker) CB2 ""'~ ~li
~ ~"g:i J~ J (disconnect switch) ~ ~ , f'J! 600 J~ ~) J,:ts
~ ~ji ~.j3 4.::LU ~.,i 480 ~ CB3 ~J .)\.;J ~U ~ , 13..8/0..48KV
.. fA ~ 300 4J~ : .L.u\
LlS.l
At. V . . ) JJ\ ~ o~ ($ ~ CB4 .)..
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(2) 4Jb .twa'.;J

: u\ ~Ji: ~1 ~ ~ ~Jlb,l .J ~~, ~ .;#l:i ~jU
~ ~.J~ ~ ~ ~jJ ~ ~1 ~ ~ JtA; u\ ~ •
( ~ ~.J~) t£~~' ~ C~~, ~ ~liA ~ •
o~ o~ ~ 4.s...~ ~ (11..3) ~~.J:!
~',JAJ 4.:J~~' u'~.)4 "="~ f! (11-5) JJ~ r & A ~ uL~ ~'~!T
(11-6) &(11-5) J~ ~ w ~~,
(2) .ttb ~'.)J - J~Sr' ~,~ ~J~~' u'~,j.4 (11-5) J,J~

U=Ar r it. (J~
(hIyr) (h) (f1yr) ~ ~~,J.G
0.000025 0.001 0.025 L1
0..000075 0.001 0.075 ~
0.00005 0.001 0.05 ~
0.25 10 0.025 L4 LP4
0.00005 0.001 0.05 t,
0025 1.11 0.225 ~~I
0.000025 0.001 0.025 L1
0.000075 0.001 0.075 r,
0.00005 0.001 0.05 L:i
LPs
0.000025 0.001 0.025 L.t
0000005 0.001 0.05 I
Ls
0000023 0.001 0.225 ~C:ll
0.000025 0.001 0.025 L1
0.000075 0.001 0.075 L.z
0000005 0.001 0.05 ~
0.000025 0.001 0.025 L4 LP6
0.00005 0.001 0.05 Ls
0.00023 0.001 0.225 ~'il
- y,v -
~~~I ~'JI ~J~} ~'~}A
e-{~\r:" (~\'~ I~~ !~~

- V ~~ -
r(' TI<t' rmod fr;f"1r!'

~ (£-11) rr\~ ~(z) ~$? ~ ~ \>"'f1~ ~ewrr ~ ~
(11-5) J.J~ CJA ~\t, ~\".J 4.;J~'i\ t:J\~.).4 ~(11-6)J.J~

U=Ar r A ~~~
(h/yr) (h) (f/yr)
0~25 1~11 0..225 LP 4
0.00023 0.001 0.225 LP s
0~00023 0.001 0.225 LP,
:ZU=O.25 :EA.=0.675 ~'i'
(2) 4Jb ~\.)J - f'LlUU ~jlA:le'i' t:J\~.)4 (11-7) J.J~
.
~~w . 4Jj1.LoJ\ .;Ji,j.J)
LAN SAIFI
O~225
LN (int./yr.. cust)
LUN SAIDI
0~08
LN (h/yr.cust)
SAIDI CAIDI
0.37
SAIFI (h/int)
:~ (11-7)&(11-4) ~.J~ ~ ~1ll1\ ~.)tL.:
(P (2) .ttb, ~ U~ i..)~ CAIDI &SAIDI ~J~'i' b:.t\~,j4 ~ ~tw}

.b~ ~..)~ ~j~~' u\y.t,jA ~ ~lA.iJ,Jt rl1\3 f'\~l ~ lSt (1) t1b.n
- Y' 1\ -
~\t~l ~~I4.:Jw£:'! ~1~,j.4

~~\r::" (~rFr ,~~ \~~

- "AA-
i'rfr (8-11) rP {~\'~ ~~ ~ ~ 1'::' "Sf ~r-,'$

~r '~~\'11 ~ ~r,~ ~r D ~#(':ef ',,' "~
w-r~ .e,~ ~rrf1 ('C!U.I0JU g 3 JO AnS.I~ArUill (' 1'9'" '1"""IOOZ: ~
~~r;; ~ i~rf1' \~ \r>¥r,~ [S1]

<.J:.S~' -.4.JfoS ~ ~~, 4...~ ~J~} ~ ~ (11-8) JJ~
~\~'~~' ~U~~~ e--U~'
i~ ~~\~\ ~J~.J ~~ • ~Ua1' 090 \J.S3 ~~, w\.i.wa\~\ lit

~4~\ ~\~\ ,J 4.:1jlAl\
4.1Ual\ &90 us -~
4~
wl.l\l.i ~! ~.jll ~~\ i~1..w.4 • (Energy efficiency) ~
~ .J U\JaS\ ~1 U;.1\.S:a JJa.
4.1Ua1\ ~ i ..;\J} ~ (.)4
;ij~\ ~ i..;\J} •
I
1-1.
-- '''f
~..;a:J\ ~ JifJ i~~ ~\j ~ lib

~I .j~
J~~\ ~ U;S~ ~ ~\ J
w.oj Ji ~, 0atJ11 \i,Ja ~\ .. •
,
UUa.\\ ~ ,uJ'04 J - a.i\J:i.U ~' ~'i'
(Real-time pricing/time -of..use) ~/~~'~ }
~ ~j J as'@;~,
(.$J~"i\
.~'
J~I U;S~\ ~J ~ 4)
(Alternating
-U;.1lS.:U\ ~ ~\J'~ ~4+~~ uQ~\ J...aJ\ I 3J~' J~~\ pricing)
•
(.$~ U:!S~\ J~\ C,;, ~ ~ (interruptible leads/load bidding)
.i~\J~~\
~~\~ {'SIn\~ ,~~ \~r,."1'

-,\~,\-
~ ~
...r-- ·w, uUl'
••
~~, ~ ~~~,
....) ,. (,)Jd..
U .t._ ...~
.J ~
Recording and Measurement of
Interruptions of supply
(Types of interruption)~~UiL~' e'~i

(..b.,~ r.J>: OJ~) WJ <.:Jt&.tbli} •
W J ...;j;. ~ts:. tbli} •
(JJliJ ~ 6A J~t i JiiJ) ~~ E. tbli} 0
(b~'~ ~~ ()4 J:St s cjJ1!J ~ ()4 Jit i.fli.t) ~ etbli} 0
(SA'." ~-u ().a Jit SJW) jJ~ etbli} 0
u\&.Uai..t~,
.. ....
uL.wai I i,;,~j
"
(Classification of interruptions causes)
(force major) ~..A~l ~')Tb. •
.te.laJl ~'.)A!\ ~i •
~ t!:JJ.JS!\ IIIl
~~u~bJ\ III
(external causes) ~.)li. ~~; •

,JUgi"un at
~
.d
~"""J ... c.:a.w..J.. u\.)' ."d\
uti e....t..l.WU !~.
II
-IA~tl ~ ~ ttt-.t
c.J""T'"'" r .. . u - fa
b~~ Jill' ~ UA 4:~ ~ e~ m
- YTf -
~'4~ ~'Jl .t;J~! ~\~.jA

t,5ji.Sn yt:~ Ji\.)-A c.JA~.liln .;~ e~ III
~.,:U\ ~~ ~ ~~ ":J~\ €1
w':l~ J 4.;t·&J\ ":J~~\ ~ L&J .;L.t:! rJ ~ y~~\ ~ III
~\~~\
b1~UiL~'
., JJ~ I
..
i·;~
(Classification of interruptions' origins)

S~~\ Ji.U\ ~I=U @
( 35KV ()A ..,HSi) HV ~ ~ ~ e
~l ($~ J 35KV ~ Jii J lKV ~ ~i) MV ~~ ~\ ~ ~

(~ ~..bi. J~} ~ 'i JbU\ u\.S \jl HVIMV t:!":l~ ~
~'i~~ t~ ~t'" t.5-d~ J lKV Q4V" .tAl) LV ~
0...... ~:.Lt\ ~'
\11"''' ~
0
@
(~~ ~\.ki. ~ ~ ~ ~ uLS \jl MVILV
(Classification of areas) ~UoJ' I @~i~
(~~ .Jk~ ~ uS~)

:~ tiUSJ\ u\j &bU4Jl ~ .J (Urban) uW @
.~ 50000 c.JA .;.si ~ ~\ ~~\ ~ .J
tiUSJ\ ~jl4 J-bu...n ~ oJ (Suburban) ~\~ •

~ 50000 ()4 Jit .J ~. 5000 ~ )iSl ~ ~ .J
Ul1S.n ~ ~u....n ~ .J (Rural) ul:!J~\ •
•~ 5000 ()4 Jii ~ ~ J
[11] ~\..)JJ\ ~ ~~\ .j' ~ ~tiJ\ ! 9;; ....;11 l:i.rb J\
- "Yt -
~~\ ~~\ ~J~} ~\~.J.A
bJ~~ 8- ~
t~\ Ji~utJj
q1~
A1t. ~t\
a,.~ ~~
l.L'~'
(Required devices for automatic recording of
interruptions)
~ J JSJ ~ w ~J#l-t
{§W~Jb~JWI ~~~ ,~j~.l: -~
~~~I ~jiJ ~LWI ci~ ~ ~t:~ Jiy J\~ ~.J~ bJts~ ~ -[

s~~ ~ ,*'; J , t:J'~ ~ JS ~ ~ i~l.;! ~~i ~~ ~.J:)
.( ~JS~~
n t,... '
f.J~ ~
"'. "'''' , ~I
~ q",-" ~le
.. ~a:.~~tI ~I e ~ tiiLA '" i
..,JJJ ~
• [ ~.. ~ -~
~ l.:'~'A .. ~A':'~Att
4j~ ~ \",_tI ~
•• ~ I~' •
uU:.~ .t:~\ ~,
(Required records of interruptions)
:~'~~n uu~ ~ ~4Jf5J1 ~LS..;J! ~ ~ , ~t.£;.\.bL1\ t\~ JSJ
:WJJI ~le.t.bi.itU &
t l.b1d~\ .;~-1
~\r\~~\ ~ ~~-2
(4.¥JJ1 - 4.&. ~ - r~ ) t 1J:i.I"i\ 4.:\ ~- 3

l!J~
.. f> tct "l..bL~\ "::i
U""'" (,.. • OJ"""
• :!L:i..J\ /J'-'
J Q=l..JJ tt... tI u ... " 1(":' i.; ...":
~' r..r'~ ~ J ~
-4
.e.LbL~4 .)J1l.a ~ ~
s~ J ~ JSJ ~)~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ J ~-5
.e.lbL~4 JJ1.la ~~ ~ ~~ JSJ t lbi.i'1\
(loS'>:J11) ~ .te t
~
.» ~ "~::'~AtI
Q=l..J-l ~I
u .... tI . ~ .. :.
~' w~
J~-6
- T '4'0 -
~4~\ ~~\ ~J~l ~\~jA

1- ~ \l'?llJ
( ,~ L)fl? l!f' -(' ~ rilt'P r l~ ~ n.~ '\~! )
• ,l"!9'l'3lr;'t ~! ( ?" Wrl )
r,~"!9'l~)
8- ...a.,..
~vl~
-
'~e-m~. ".. -
..., ( ,..:I:'.}
n~-\l'm
.. , -er ~
~. <t .. 1i'
.etr w~~y~'·
--t"')
~'f
"
t)f'r." ~'3lr;'t eM1l!'f'P'" r.r! ,~~ ~ rsr ~.

L-r.f'! '~~~rsf'~~~sTQ M(""r<:' ~ ~~,
9- '$r ~J'J ..... ,
-e" s : ",.....;..a... --n ~
"v~~y",;,. nrO• ,~,.
,..,., ~ (('5')
!:F
\~"!9'l~ rsr ~lf' ~ ~~ ~ r,l"1'll~'

s- ~ e ~ ~~ ~ ~'""l ~(""rO rsr ~ r r.f!
+tr.-1\J1 vq..rr''1l'.rpfl
-.;J - ~•
t- ~ , ~ ~~ r:tr rtf' ~rQ r r.f! ,~~~ rsf' ~r;'
£- rr,~ '''''1''n~ (FtJ -- ~~ - ,m)
t-~,l~~
1- ~r \k'l"fl ~
( , ~ ~ 1~ -o ~ r!'lrP)
.. '~~'3lr;'t rr'rtl (1" \tt'rl )
r,~Ffll~)
~ ,~J .. , ~ ~ ~ ~ M
8- ...Q.,"
~vl~
•
''''~
(
\&'V - n~-wm ~. 0:" rr' •••• ~-:
~ ~'3\~ ~ ~ F! 'k'1Cfld rsr~'

L- ~! ,t..~& r>f' ~~ ~#r." r::t(""r<:' ~ ~ ~ f
-
~~'r:' (~\f1' \~~ ,~ri~

- Ald, -
M r(' ~r:" ~o M'1r:'

• rTt.11i? \~~rf1
• R;.11r::" G' i\"rS ~sfQ
• "i.'1'=' "fl~ ~ ~f1ri1

~ M..'1r:' '~"'1~. . if':
M'1r::" '~'"1"""1 m~ ~M V{~\i? \~~ri1
r,t.~~)
C"
;:J-
..a.... •
~ il'l \l'.'191
fI
'd(Ff'J - ".,~ - .. , ; ver~
rm • '.. ~rr
. ~ .. tf' ~~
t-~ ~~ ~ rl'~ ~~rO
f-~ ~~ ~ rlf' \M1rM?
z- Fr\i1 '~r'J9'l ~ ( rf'J Jf""l~-fm )
I-~r ,~~';J
( t~ ~ !~ vQ ~"1 r-,~~)
6) ,~~~~ IMK'! ( #' W~ )
r,~~~)
L,- ...e..... • .., (ff'J 4~
:'fI'~ '1\.~~
. . , ~.~ ~
-fm •.. if' ~ ~
•••. "11<fr<'
9- ~r ~~ ~ ~ ~('"rO rsr ~
s-~ ~~'~':.'
~.,S')
:>. IiI~ u·:."
I~~ Irvtl-;~rO
""n e
F..=f'J
'J\' ~ W Fr$"1)
( .
t-~ ~>f' ~ rlf' \r'!l(""rQ

f - rr,~ ,~~ '2 ( fOJ - ""1~ - rf'n)
t- ~ '~fffi ';J
(Network topology data) ~ (1) ~.,s.~.jj b.tU~ -1
4.1' ''J 1j3l ~ iJ~ 6:N S,)~~ J ~~ ~ ~~ 6:JU~ ~ ~

~~ .)J~ e
~'J\ ~\.JA fj
(~LLJl b.tb.:ii ~l~) .4(:':;131 ~yS,tti ~
~tl,J3\ bJ\ JLta e
(Customer and power data) o.)~ Yw\hl .J ~~ b.tU~ -2

:~ t.ayLn bJU~ u!A ~ ~ ~..Y' ~
~~~J~ e
~~ J ~~ J ~ bJ\s.';.L6iJj ~~ J~ ~ ~
t!J~ JSJ ~ ~.)Ji3\ e
~~ .J ~~ J ~ ~l£:,th~H ~~ ;.)~ ~ €j
t!J~ JSJ ~ J!P ~.)JiJ\ e
~~
.. L b.lt\ J..
J:!J. ~ bJ\&'t.bU! ~ ~.)
.. i Jij\ ~
.. e
(Reliability data) ~J~~' bJU~-3

(permanent failure rate) .d...AJ\JJr JLke.~\ J~ $
(Active failure rate) ~ ~:~n J~ fb
(Temporary failure rate) Q~ Jlk.~' J~ e
(Transient failure rate) SJiW\ ~~\ J~ (I
t(t~tli "......."
.~
~,J~'~..>J i!i '}1 cr:":~I L-.~"tl
~""""tI"'~~I 4-\ J j (1)
- 'f 'f" -
44~\ ~~\ ~J~i ~\~~
v{rr<'lr::" r~ri1I~~ ,~Ft.~

- ,,~~ -
o \IF ~
p,- ~
~
(F,~
..Jf)
If- IF,~
or tr'n'1='
.....&:'1
~
(':3f\'" ~Cfl~ I~ lr'!1~g x M~~ ~ ~rsr'!Cf~~)
~r ~-G"J
l~ l~
' f " ~ - U"'/f, 14·~ :"Y"';' - r::}.,rr-rO• =
fil? :
•• .-S'1 r ° ,...,::...Q..,. ................
(~'1.'Ct1':31r:' U~ ~., ~ U ..... /f' ".~ :"Y"';'-
F'J_
, \l1f' r>f' ~ ~ ,~~ (' u)~f tr'n~ I~"f
('Sr\' I~£('''=' A'IlAW Irn:t('~ x M ~~ ~ ~ rsr ~ A'1IAW)

~r ~~ (~ ~ r::ti"""'=
fir.> :
!- 1~~':Sl~ ~ ~rlfl ~ Iri* ~ f ~ ~ ~~
~':fl':' wen:
~
~ ~
WR ~r
~.J"J ~
'1,,)_. \~-n \rti,,£,!e; r" \~
MrD
..
4» r~ {'"*If" ~ l~'ff
• r~ ~rr (amn ~u:!qJl!M.s)
• r~ i~"9~~r lSmF,.. .
• r~,~~J
• ~r~!f'" ~'l
wci;, '; 43\ .J ~jWJ\ ~ ~jWMJ ~\ ~..,)\~'i' ~,~~

(Continuity overall indicators for MV and LV users)
~ ~ln.J (~~ .3~ ~.JjJA) ~~ JSJ u~t.bL~\ j~ ~~ e
: ~~, t:J~bJ!
.• ~1':'~Att ~Il_tl
~I ~' ~~
"' .. g.
J
k~~~tl tl
\Il ..... <: .-:.::-.at
..:r-"~' (J"'''';--
.1
- '~l
~. J t ~l1.ot~t
(,FiW
.2
~ JSJ.J e~.;~ JSJ .3
~J11 .4
~~.J (D:S~ J~ 4.JJjJ-4) ~~ JSj bl\&.~ ~ DjW\ •
:~~, u~bJJ
~~csS~.J~~~~~ .1
-.tAl t ~1.1At~t
~.J v- .2
~ JSJ.J t~.;~ JSJ .3
~JSJ .4
w"i5 ;403\ .J ~jWJ' ~ u-SjWMJ 4j·"ii4J\ ~)~~, ~'~.)A

(Continuity individual indicators for MV and LV users)
~\.J ~~ J1.t ~lt,lW.:"'i' J$. •
~'.J ~~ JSJ eL.bLi! JS 0jii •
[5] ~liA ~~ u~ ~J~} ~ w~~ JUA

(switchgear ~LL ~~ u~ ~J~l ~ D~l (12-1) ~ ~~
:~~\ ~~ bus)
- rr, -
~4~\ ~'YI ~J~! 6l!.;Jd~
(metalclad switchgear bus) ~JLo ~ ~1.Li 4&. ~ •

~JLo c.§J~ ~ f>'~ ~LiA 4&.~ •
(metal enclosed switchgear bus)
.(12-2) & (12-1) ~.JJ+ ~ w~~, {$~
J$.: o~.jJ4 ~ .j (failed unit) 4J.bwt i.b.~ ~L~: ~ (12-2) JJ~ ~

(instrument ~~ u'J~ ~1~ J$. .jt u~ ~ ~~ ..;4l!t ~1~
transformer compartments)
: ~ 4.1bWt e.:.tlob.jJ1 ~L~ {$~
~ ~ ~..u. JS.: ~ ~ll .1
~
.. . .~..i
Lud .. ~..
r..)..,JJ-J ~j tt..~~.i:i.'("Jd
.J ~ . -.i ~.1.lJ:Y
re t.r' ... '" .2
~4tsJ'~L~
6A J.,gS rti) rl~1-: ' t+L...JlU.J , ~~ ~ ~~ J J,bt.n ~ J.:~ .3
~ 4.i~ .J ;J~ WLi
.~
" ..
4..n....Pa
~ ",1,..0 .. -:t\
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~~, J..l~
....rr- ..
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~
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Jtc.,,. ~
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"l£:,LwJL· ~t\ J..l~
. (."Jd..,Jd'.. •
5
D,jS.AJ1 bJ14 ~ ~ ~ ,"i.J\ ~ ~U~ (.$i~.,gj .6
JbUl ~ as.;~ ":'~~, J 4.2' '101 1.)\ ~~~, ~.."p.:i ~ ~

:J,btjJ AJ''1..&3.;3\ y~~'
~~ .1
~ Ji:. t:.t'i.!Jhj .2
~ .>.P JJ1~ .3
~ .)#- U'p. Uu1 .4
~lSJ\ ..;;. t,~
' .5
- V1'" -
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Ll" {'31!l ~r\r;'l ~i""f

91' vc:n re<"'W f
rfF' (tfw<" ~ U>i"'i-s)
sr ~r:f' no/'"~ f trl'~r:" \!,?'5'
tI" ~~ rrer'1
cr re:" r\r V"i.ril f r'1M;r:"
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,..t:i'"
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9" ~ viTl.~ ~ ~ "Ffi:G'

s:
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n;~\r:=' {~r~ \1}~ \t>Y~

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r.f'! l~rf' :~ ~
r"'~ l~~ (f Imer):
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,~ \r::" \~r~ \!,.~ hjl"'I1~
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i f~""',Jn
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(month) L~I 3JJ.l

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Co
Reliability Levels
,J , ~ ~\.~i cS~ ~ ~~\ J~.J\ C:~\.J f'\jiJ} ~.J;! ";l J.JJJ\ ~ ~~ ~

• ii~ ~
~
o .. l4'..;r-
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0
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• o~ ~~.)~ ~
.LO:o.ct
l' ~ wi r~ ~ ~(blls:.~~\) ~~I t:l:lb cSt : ~~ ~~

'f'~ ~t ~ ~ .J • ..»:~ {}~ ~ ~\.jlj ~ b:l\.)~'i4 y4~ Ji\~ f'jlt
.~....~ y~ OJ~ c.S~
,d~J~l tS~ ~ f\~\ y4~ Ji\JA ~ ~~ ti~~\ w~ , ~

.6J.S~\ ~ ~~ ~
~ , utJ;,~~\ b:t\yj J Q~lkL~\ J$ , ~J~)i\ u\~~ cS..>:SJ' J,J.l3\ ~
f:-~ ~ .J .~ J~.".u u~ r;J~ ~ ~.J ~j ~ ~~ j .tL~ b!i~ c.S JA

• b!\.;Ji}.Jl o~ ~\.)J .J ~ ~ ~l uu~ S~1l
.~J~'i\ Q~ ~ u.i JjJJ\ ~ ~.)~ ~4=tI \1'& ~ ~~
[6] 1995 r~ IEEE ~ ~~ (1)

J~ 0 UJ~\ S~WJ ~ ~.J4~\ o~ b:ll;~""4 ~4~1 ~\j'\ ~ ~
wi ~ .J (achieving top-quartile reliability) "~~\ &.;!l: ~J~'1'
&illls ,~\ ~\J~\ r~ Ji:l\ C:'J,;3\ ~ ~\.,n J!p w! J . i~ ~ ~J~! J.9~
~\~ ~~ .J ~}:l\ ~W ~ .J W:i~ ~ 4j~ ~\j J!\~ D~
.~St\ &Yl ~ ~\jt ~ ~ ~1-i ~Jtr;. ~
- vrv -
~1,jl,:,~1 ~'JI4.:J~l t.diy.t~
1995 fl~ IEEE ~ li.g.6 ~j~~1 ~,~~ PJi.aln t~ (13-1) J,J~ ~~

l
;~ ~~~~ ~4~ J!\yJ ~.3~'i' ~,~~ ~jylU ~ (13-1) J-,~

1995- ~.Ji:i'
CAIDI SAIDI SAWI ,;Ji~
(min) (minlyr) (flyr) Ji\yJ\~
25% ~ik~
55 54 0.90
(average of top 25 % )
75%- 50% UA J:w.~
76 90 1.10
(average of 50% ..75%)
~~
88 117 1.26
(average)
50 % - 25 % ()A.b.ujiA
108 138 1.45
(average of 25%-50%)
25 % ~Jt .bw,~
197 423 3.90
(average of bottom 25 %)
[7] IEEE ~ ~ts.n ~lll!\ (1-1)

J-.iJ .J .~.JjU) 4:J~l ~\.;Ji.jAJ ~ ~ ft~~1 ~ n ~ ~~ u.)~J
~ DA ~fl ulS.J .1995 ~ c,r-uJ\ J,.Us\ L.4H 1990 f'lc:. uA J.J~' ~ ~t
1990 f't&. ~ • ~.J4~' o~ ~~~~ ~ JA\.,>otJ ~~ u,~~ J::~
...b:i! J9j4 49 ~ ~~1 ~C;i, o~ t:.Jlj"J.,JL; c.§i.)A 100 J~ ~ ~t~! ~
..wi (ji.)A 64 ~ 4.:rl~1 J!jA 209 J.)AJ ~ ~\..*1 ~ 1995 ,.le. ~ J
- "Y:/\ -
~'4~\ ~'J\ ~J~l ~\~.J.4
~ f" 'i; ~ ~~ ~~I e.:.t'~.J.aJl W\ ~ ~~ ~~i

. "'i'
SAIFI &SAIDI &CAIDI &ASAI
.>-:!~~ ~ ~,~~ ~~ (J!l..rJI) ~ts,;J'J\ ~ (13-1) ~ ~~
~ ~~\ ~ .J 1995 f'W WSJ .J ~u~ ~ (13-2) ~ ~.J: ~ 1995 f'~
&) ~) ~ ~ .J It.~ ~\ 4;J~~' t:.tl~.;.a ~W (13-7) ~ (13-3)
~J ~i ~ Ql~ .J (Ql&Q2&Q3&Q4)
~
:~: l~
100%
_. I
.1 70 %
."3- 60%
, 50%
~40%
f!:. 30%
20%
10%
0%
r;
-<
00
e
-<
00
e s
~ ~
-
-<
tf.)
-e ~ ~
-<
g
-<
~
~
.s
o tf.) tf.)
'l.
~,;..s
1990 rl£:. .)J~ ~ ~\ -:.t\~~ ~J.i.:i-.JI ~t5~ ~ (13-1) Js.J.

(J!j4 100 JJe. 6A y~l iJij4 49)
- Yfl\ -
~\I~\ ~~\ ~J~} ~\~).a

1:~::: 1... Ii" 8788% ~~eT_ 21 I

80.00%
-.70.00%
j60.00%
~ 50.00%
.~40.00%
';!.30.00%
20.()O%
10.00%
0.00%
~ ~U < ~ ~ ~E..c
l=4
§
00 00
~
~ ~ ~ o
~
U
§
U
~yJl
1995 rtJ:. jJ.../iJ, ~ ~ u\~~ ~~ ~ts~ ~ (13-2) ~
't:'"
~ 5
d
... 4.5
CD
t--------------------JI
3.9
.dj
""II cQ. 4- t----------~~-------J I
?J. 0 3.5
~ g. 3 r-------------'
..9 t: 2.5 , - - - - - - - - - - -
_.J i:
CD 2 'I "7'1
J :s
• G;
1.5
1 ~----
~ 0.5
e.=' 0
'I""
c
~
o
C'? "It'
o
CI)
en
" cu
a-
CI)
>
c(
~..;11
(Quartlles)'
1995& 1990 ~ SAW! ~}4 ~t:U (13-3) ~
- Y t. -
~~p\ ~".J~ii\ '~J~} u\~~

en
'.3 ~
:1~
300
250
I
•
S I
III 1995 Data
~:i 200 l--------::-::-::~-I I II
01990 Data
- 150 L---------==::i-;;;:t7;,ii;"1
100 I bE LA ~- -_.
50
o
B s a a (I)
.
~
~
<!
~JSt
(Quartilesr
1995& 1990 ~ SAIDI p}A eJL:ti (13-4) ~

200
180
160
140
j 120
; ~ 100 I 88-28. - II i'!l 1995 Data
:E 80 o 1990 Data
60
40
20
0
a S a a (I)
Cl
f
~
<
&.)1
(Quartllesr
1995 & 1990 ~ CAIDI ~.)A ~UJ (13-5) JS,Ji
- Yt, -
~~\ ~~\ ~JLa:i£;..l b1\y.tjA

0.9999
0.9998
0.9991
0.9996
0.9995
0.9994
0.9993
0.9992
0.9991
0.999
01 Q2 03 Q4 Average
C1~t
(Quartiles)'
1995 & 1990 ~ ASAI p,jA ~U:i (13-6) ~

13.7
i 14
Q,)
~ 12
~ ~ 10 -rl - - - - - - - - - - J
~ ..S
~ a
8
.9
oj
E
_ -= 6Q,)
1 ;z •.,..
_ l=l
.) ~ 4 +1 --J
.!
§ 2 I ......r w
~
o
v-I N fl") "<'.t Q,)
0' 01 ell
0' CI
e
Q,)
.".
~
1995 fW MAW! .;Ji,jA ~ll! (13-7) ~
(~tl4 J:P 1990 ~L\H)
- Y1" -
~Lg..,J~1 ;~~, i;J~} t:dt.J~~
[8] we,qiJaJ\ ~\ ~~ ~J~~' bd\~~(2)
(Cigre) (working group 37~28) bJ..&3"p
(JAAiLA tF'~~ ~J~~' ~\~.jA ~ t,Sln .J (13-2) JJ~

i~~I.J~e~
[9] LIPA ~ (3)
: c!1.),jJ~ ~'i~ (The Long Island Power Authority) LIPA ~

~~w~lo1~~~~ (Ii)
~.JjiJl J JllU ~.J+l' .;\.J.1.1\ UA ~ 47000 ~ ~f ~ ~

~.J,;m J
Jill.! ~.)~n ~W ()A ~ 11000 ~~ J,ftAtj ~
~~ SAWI ~~ up J.i3 oJ 1985 roY:. llA CAIDI &SAIFI t.$yii~ ~ ~
.~1Jd.jf ~ ~~\ J$.
1995 (Au:' .l.iA MAIFI .;Ji~ ~ ~ ~~

~
... t>~ ~llj(
~... 13-3) J J ~• ~.J:!
.
- Ytf-
A~~ ~)t' ~J~! t.::J'P.J4

~ ~ uS~ ~~ ~..\~'i' ~\~,j.4 ( 13-2) JJ~
~.J.J' ~~ ]
1, .~
]
-
~ JM'
3' - l ]
3)
3 J3, ~
1.22 0.56 .~
SAIFI
0.95 0.31 0.88 30 2.0 0.14 2.19
4\
(intJy) (1) (3) ~
CAIDI
48 70 -- 99 78 80 240 -- 79
l'
(min/int.y) ....I ',.;}."'"
; ~
SAIDI
44 I .~j
(min/cu..y)
46 21 56 88 70 480 58 107 \"'lj
.1:lii Ua~\ ~\&.~ (1) ~

..J'
\~J
1998/1997 ~u~ CJ'ilL...i ~ 4&.~.J4 flli}J\ (2)
2 uo111 ~ UJS; ~\i ulJ.;~\ ~ ~ 0.75 ~j.4.l' ~ ~, ~ (3)
LIPA ~ 4.:J~'i' ~\~.)4 ~ (13-3) J-9~

MAWI SAW!
CAIDI
&.::.!t&.~~, J~ ~~~'J~ ~I
(~J)
~
~
.. $. J.S,1~
. D:PLk1j!
-- 78 8.8 1985
-- 69 8.7 1986
-- 71 7.7 1987
-- 71 8.1 1988
-- 67 7.9 1989
-- 61 9.1 1990
-- 62 9.4 1991
-- 64 9.1 1992
-- 66 8.5 1993
-- 67 8.9 1994
12.5 71 13.6 1995
11.2 76 13.7 1996
8.4 71 16.1 1997
8.3 76 15.5 1998
7.2 68 16.1 1999
6.9 63 16.3 2000
- V t '" -
~JfS3' ~~\ 4.:J~! (,:(~.¥
.4 JS; iy u41\ ~4,.~·'s'.n .J jW\ 4.sp(4)

(Pacific Gas &Electric Company)
~JWs:.1' ~'~}4 ~ ,Jol...ft:i (PG&E) 4.1$':6.1 'l4J' ~l:~

1 .J jW\ 4.s,p ~~
J-..iJ.J( 1994- 2003)~'~ o~ ~ ~j.J SAIDI &SAIFI &MAIFI
: ~ jI...;ttn t.$~!
(System Indices) rtJaln u'~,)4 CD
(13-4) J~~ ~ LaS

(Distribution system indices) ~~ rW ~'~.)A •
(13-5) ~~~w
(Transmission system indices) Jill' f'W u'~j.4 •

(13-6) JJ~ ~ LaS
".6J.ii~" t.sA SAIDI i~.J u\ ~ ~
(~..JjiJ\ J JllU J ~~ ~JbJ\ ~t&:.lW..t1')r~ u'~}4 (13-4) JJ~
~ S~ ~'.b.C;l, J.J+J ~ o~ ~'..b.C;l, CJJ~

year (Major Events Included) (Major Events Excluded)
SAIDI SAIFI MAIFl SAIDI SAIFI MAIFI
1994 160.3 1.721 1.952 155.4 1.540 1.872
1995 600.2 2.616 2.216 170.2 . 1.537 1.649
1996 347.0 2.462 4.855 178.1 1.709 4.654
1997 171.3 1.700 4.430 161.8 1.639 4.335
1998 317.0 2.130 3.835 180.0 1.659 3.407
1999 157.2 1.481 2.427 156.7 J.477 2.420
2000 168.4 1.413 2.282 J67.9 1.410 2.281
2001 249.1 1.560 2.256 2U.S 1.439 2.120
2002 381.8 1.672 2.578 139.7 1.114 2.00
2003 J98.9 1.328 1.806 193.0 1.308 1.802
- Yf*\ -
J~l:.Ji~1 ~)tl ~J~! b.J1~.JA

(~j~ .9 ..y3jlS\ t:J~lb1j! "J~) Ji.jJl f~ t:J1~~ (13-5) J,J~
~ D~I ~)~~I j~,J ~ S~ ~)~~I w,,~
year (Major Events Included) (Major Events Excluded)

SAIDI SAIFI SAIDI SAUl
1~'94 20.5 0.292 17.. 6 0.155
1995 63.6 0.223 19.9 0.152
1996 148.2 0.773 14.8 0.129
1997 13.8 0.138 13.2 0.132
1998 72.0 0.318 22.6 0.166
1999 12.1 0.157 11.9 0.155
2000 15.2 0.108 15.2 0.108
2001 20.5 0.129 19.3 0.123
2002 40.1 0.138 10.0 0.083
2003 19.3 0.119 19.1 0.118
(Jlltl .J ~jln ~~tJ:iij! WJ~) ~ F'~ t:J'~~ (13-6) J.g~
~
o~ ~\~~, J~,J~ b~ ~\~~I UJJ.:
year (Major Events Included) (Malor Events Excluded)

SAIDI SAID SAIDI SAIFI
1994 139.2 1.400 139.2 1.400
1995 536.6 2.393 150.3 1.384
1996 198.4 1.685 167.1 1.632
1997 157.3 1.562 148.4 1.507
1998 245.0 1.812 157.3 1.493
1999 145.1 1.324 144.8 1.321
2000 152.3 1.293 151.8 1.290
2001 228.6 1.430 192.5 1.316
2002 341.2 1.533 129.7 1.030
2003 179.6 1.209 173.8 1.190
- "tV -
~~JfSlI ~'JI4.:JWe.! td\~~
[10]~1 ~ ~J~'i\ u\~.)A ~~\~ ~~, ~'(5)
~~ JSJ eLbL~\ o~ ($~ ~ ~ (13-7) J.J~~,J;

4.i~ t.5~
4~."A1lLk
• ~L
.. ....
~ ~ l!J~/tJJtlJJL: u~U2L'i\ ifi (13-7) J.J~

~JbllJ\ ~~~ll.J\ ~~t.kn
($~J~
.uOO U~ UtiSJt
l"lF~~
(ul~ji' ) (c.r\~) (uw )
0% <60 <45 <30
5% 60-120 46-90 31-60
8% 121-180 91-135 61-90
10% 181-240 136-180 91-120
13% 241-360 181-270 121..150
16% >360 >271 >150
A.h ~-:, ifl.J-J~\~,

[11] alt1U\ ~ ~"
(6)
(Council of European Energy Regulators)
Ulb.n Oj~ u\~,jA ~ Lr'1in ..)J~ (CEER) ,ul.bJ\ ~ t.ftJJ~\ w~ ~

:~ iS~l iS ln .J 2003 ~ ~ .~~~
~ c,) t!t~ JSJ 4'i;\.)~~'i' ~Y;.~'"'i\ u\yi ... 1
(forced Interruptionsji unplanned interruptions)
~ ~ ~~ JSJ ~1~1' u~l.bL""i' J$o -2
- ,,(fA-
~4J~1 ~~, ~J~} u'~.JA

<::.t~lbL~' .J ~..A;b~~' ~~~ L.:UlA ~j <::.tu~ J.JJ ~ ~ ~

:uA J.JJl\ 4)~ • 2001- 1999 r1..~~1 ~ ~j .J ~~
.J ~~l ~ U~'!4 ~~ = 'JlS~-Yl~}- '.M3J:!\ -~~J:"" ~~ .... '.1llli
2001 rle- ~ ~ ~t~ ~ J\£J~

:~~LS L•...AJJa~~1 ~le-tkL~, J~ .J w1s;,LbL~' u'.)li·~ Ji! oJ
2001 & 2000 & 1999 r'~~ ~ ~ -i
( 13-9) & (13-8) u:J.J~ uA Lo5
(u\~..#' - ~'.J~,n .... wJAJI ) Jl:aUAll 4.i~ l.$~ ~ -~
:~ ($~i ~ 4Jj)J c)4 (semi-urban) ~I~ ~.,.YU ~l
50000 ~ 5000 ()4 w~ j~ jJ~ ~ ~! ~ w
20000 ~ 2000 ~ ~~ j,1C. jJ~ .jkJ ~~\ ~ e
25000 ~ 5000 ~ ~~ J$. j.J~ .jA ~~I ~ e
.~ ,~ ~ Q1~":W\ (13-11) & (13-10) ~.J~ C~.J;!

:~1 ~ ~ .J (~~) wt&. t.bi.l)' I u~ ~ -[
, (13-12) ~J~ ~ !AS c$ft' ~~, cSt - ~U~ ~i-~ ~'.,e
(13-13)
~.J~ ~~ - ~I ~I u~ J Jll1l .J ~ji31 ) ~ ($~ ~ -J
, (13-14) ~.J4 ~ W , (~ ~ ~.JjZ bl~ k~ ~

(13-15)
~ ,".ii ,4 J 2001-1999 u\~ ~~ u~Lb.L)'1 J..\e. .J ulfi ~ 4!U.ls
(13-17) , (13-16) ~.J~ ~ W ~ lS~
- Tt ~ -
~1.:~\ ~~I ~J~} ~I~~

(~ ~ ~~ JSJ ~.3) ~\~~\ bJ~tbL'i\ b7J\ft(13-S) JJ~
~
4 j\
\~ (Finland)
1999
188
2000
161
2001
199
l-d~ (France) 55 46 59
~tJ:y....>rJl~ (Great Britain) 69.76 62.7 7708
~1 (Italy) 228.25 209.2 171.09
'J.jl!..>J.i (Ireland) 254 256 197
t..1l1~ (The Netherlands) 26 27 34
~.J'; (Norway) 186 234 234

JW~ (Portugal) n.s R.a 530.74
lJ.!~; (Spain) R.a n.a 179.4
n.a- CU4~
(~ .) ~~ JSj bs1J:;,lki.J1' .3~) ~\~~\ ~leLbL1' .3~ (13-9)JJ~
~ ~
,..\lUi (Finland)
1999
3.3
2000
4.2
2001
4.69 ~
W~ (France) 1.22 1.2 1.2

~16,.,.H3) ~ (Great Britain) 0.729 0.775 0.806
~l (Italy) 4.21 3.81 3.46
\J.i!~., (Ireland) 1.13 1.54 1.35
'JJJ,JA (The Netherlands) 0.44 0.41 0.67
~...J,J3 (Norway) 2.5 2.7 3
~j1l' (Portugal) n.a n.a 7.51
~~~ (Spain) D.a n.a 3.3
n.a« CUe....>F
- To Q -
~..>f-SJ1 ~'JI ~Jw.c.} u\jJi.j.4

~\~~\ ~ts.\hL,¥1 bdlyj(13-IO) JJ~
((2001-1999)~ ~ ~~ JSJ ~J) ~lloJ\ 4j~ €S~ ~ ~
~
~I ~\~I u1.:.;~1
~I Urban Semi-Urban Rural
IJJlii (Finland) 73 140 509
t.....i,j (France) 26 53 93
4a~...,H1l~ (Great Britain) n.a n.a n.a
~l (Italy) 79.63 188.39 249.92
l.illiJ4.I (Ireland) 118 n,a 233
IJll,jA (The Netherlands) n.a n.a n.a
E".J"'; (Norway) n.s n.a n.a
Jli:i~ (Portugal) 154.98 256.19 637.53
~~ (Spain) n.a n.a n,a
n.a- c:U4 .JP
4.:..J'~~' bJ1&.lbi.a~\ ~~ (13-11}J,J~

«2001-1999)W\ uA ~~ JSJ ~\s;.Lb:L"1\ J$.) d1=t.k1\ .u~ ($~ t.i:J= ~
~
uW ~I~ ul.~.,#1
Urban Semi-Urban Rural
l~ (Finland) 1.2 2.3 7.6
t...>li."i (France) 0.99 1.28 1.34
~1J=..J...,H1l~ (Great Britain) n.a n.a n.a
~1Uyl (Italy) 1.93 3.5 5.18
IJll'.»,, (Ireland) 0.88 n.a 1.55
lJ.lt.j!l (The Netherlands) n,a n.a n.a
~..J~ (Norway) n,a D.a n.a
Jl&i..»'J (Portugal) 2.53 4.41 8.43
~1rJ (Spain) n,a D.R n.a
n.a= CLiA ~
- Yo, -
~'4.JfSJ1 ~~I ~J~! btl~~

4.:u'~~' ~~Lbi.J1' ~\~(13-12) JJ~

(2001-1999)(4.l.wJ\ ~ ~~ JSJ ~j) ~\&.lkL~' (p J~ ~ lJ+b
~
~1~1~I&o
d3~~i ($~l "f.l~' iSi
3 m parties Any other
~I Acts of God
damages causes
\~ (Finland) 347 74 35
~.) (France) 14 9 36
~...>:!~ (Great Britain) n.a n.a n.a
tAl (Italy) 11.53 37.52 122.04
1.~.J:!l (Ireland) 116.01 14.9 66
IJ.iJ~ (The Netherlands) 0.9 8.1 25.1
~.J.>i (Norway) n.a n.a n.a
JW..»'I (Portugal) 117.88 n.a 412.86
~\wJ (Spain) 40.2 26.4 112.8
n.a = Cu.. .;:t.
4.:J'~'i' ~\t.~1\ J~(13-13) JJ~

(2001-1999)(~\ ~ ~~ JS.1 ~\.e.~'i' J$.) t:'dt.s:.~\ i:F ~ J::.b:iJl1:k
~
~~I~i ($.,p.i ~i (J i
~I J,t1.".J1 ()4
3"' parties Any other
J.¥31 Acts of God
damages causes
,~ (Finland) 4.25 0.91 1.42
L..J..,s (France) 0.02 0.3 0.88
~...»JI~ (Great Britain) n.a n.a . n.a
~l (Italy) 0.11 0.63 2.72
IJ.iJJ:!l (Ireland) n.a n.a n.a
IJ.iJ,jIl (The Netherlands) 0.039 0.112 0.518
t&.J.>i (Norway) n,a n.a n.a

~.xJI (Portugal) 1.61 n.a n.a
~\wA (Spain) 0.37 0.49 2.44
n.a- CU4 .;:t.
- Yo';' -
~\JJfSJ\ ~~\ ~J~} 6.1\~,j.4

~ CS~ ~ ~I~'il b:J~LbL)'1 b:JlJii (13-14) JJ~

(2001-1999)(~ ~ ~~ JSJ ~J)
~
~~ ,J Jilll ,J .\J3.,:uJ
~I~~~ ~I~~¥
~WI~I
J:....J1411 ~
J.¥SI Generation,
Distrlhutlon MV Distribution LV
transmission &HV
networks networks
networks
I~ (Finland) n.a 456 n.a
I-i.;i (France) 3 48 8
~I~ (Great Britain) 5.5 57.47 14.17
~l (Italy) 10.2 139.53 21.3
I~.»l (Ireland) n,a 153 44
I~.... (The Netherlands) 8.7 20.9 4.6
~..J.;J (Norway) 29 205 n.a
Jli.:i.>}31 (Portugal) n.a n.a n.a
~l (Spain) n.a n.a n.a
n.a""cu.. ~
Jf+1\ t$~ ~ ~I~'il ~U:.lWJ~1 Jj£. (13-15) J,J~
(2001-1999)(4.lwJI ~ I!J~ JsJ ~l&.t.bL'11 J~)
~
~,JJi.i.lI,J¥ji3I
~I~~¥ J4+11~~¥
",",WI Jf+31
.l:w.J1411 ~
Generation,
Distribution MV Distribution LV
transmission &HV
networks networks
networks
l.ill.i.i (Finland) n.a 6.55 n.a
t....J,) (France) n.a 1.02 0.03
~~I~I (Great Britain) 0.12 0.56 0.06
~l (Italy) 0.32 2.97 0.16

I~.):!l (Ireland) n.a 1.1 0.25
1.l.lI~ (The Netherlands) 0.416 0.229 0.024
~..J.;J (Norway) 0.5 2.5 n.a

J\i.j.>}31 (Portugal) n.a n.a n.a
~l (Spain) n.a n.a n.a
- "~r-
~\l~1 ~~, 4.:J~} ~lyJljA

~ CS~ ~ ~~ b1~lb1J~\ 6:l\Jli (13-16) ~~

(2001-1999)(~ ~ ~~ ~ ~j)
~
t.:J~ .J Jilll .J ~jiJl
~!~~¥ ~le:ujjb.l~
~W\~\
.k....~ ~I
~\ Generation,
Distribution MV Distribution LV
transmission &HV
networks networks
networks
1JJJ.i! (Finland) n.a 32 n.a
~'thJ->:31 4.sJ-n (Great Britain) n.a u.s n.a
~ (Italy) 0.07 110.99 16.33
I.1UJil (Ireland) n.a 179.6 8.4
I~,JA (The Netherlands) n.a n.a n.a
~~ (Norway) 8 62 n.a
JI.i,j~\ (portugal) n.a n.a 5737
~t (Spain) n.a n.a n.a
n.a=cUA Ji:-
~ tS~ ~ ~~ ~te.lkL1\ J$# (13-17) J.j~

(2001-1999)(4.1..J\ ~ ~~ JSJ u~lJ:iL1' J$.)
~
~¥ .J Ji.ill .J ~ji3I \.
~~~~ ~I ~ ~1.5+J.
c)W1~1
J:w,~ ~I
~l
Generation,
Distribution MY Distribution LV
transmission &HV
networks networks
networks
IJdlii (Finland) n.a 0.6 n.a
~l~ (Great Britain) n.a n.a n.a
~l (Italy) n.a 0.63 0.16
I~Jil (Ireland) n.a 0.49 0.02
1.1U~ (The Netherlands) n.a n.a n.a
~...J.;4 (Norway) 0.05 0.47 n.a
J\i:i.):l1l (portugal) n.a n.a 0.32
~t (Spain) n.a n.a n.a
n.a=cl.:i.4 Ji:-
- yot -
~LJ \{1 (t\ ~~I ~J~\ ~\
... ~ ... ..J:!'A:. ~
[13] ~J 6~ ~l:~ .J )11;. .ts~ (7)

.)==J.J:j (San Diego Gas & Electric) ~J w~ ~L:~ ~ j~ 4s~ 6J~
2004 ~ 1995 ~ f"~~l ~ ~J~~I 6J1~~
:~ ~ ~J~)" 6d'~}4 J~ (13-18) JJ~~-':J
b:lt&. lbLt)! I ~ J~~ ~ fj
;~ J!"t~~1 W.9J.f fj
~.J ~~ ~t~~, J~ ~ ~ J.J~ ($~ ~~
[2]($J:SJ' ~tr;,~ ~ ~l:W ~ ~J~~' ~1~~(8)

Reliability indices found by major industry surveys
:4:i~l e4J ~ ~ SAWI & SAIDI (,$~}4 (13-19) J~~ ~~
25% ~Jj (t
50%.b..u~ ~
75% ~t •
IEEE 1366-1998 ~ ~~ b:l~t~ bL~ ~
~ lS.!..jQt e,jil~ ~ ~ l~ ~t
-"(lHJ-
.tYlt
e- <11 ~"l
.A
o~ f)
;<dJ~'1J ~, ..,.r~.-
@
~~
~J (jl.M ~~~ .., jlJ;, 4.s~ ~J~'1\ ~\~~ J~ (13-18) JJJ+

t:.Ils-I.W.J1'\ ~ o~\ ~\~~\ UJ~ ~\~~, J~ ~\J.:il,~\~i
W\ (All interruptions included) Major events excluded
No. of events Event causes
SAIDI SAIFI MAIFI SAIDI SAIFI MAIFI
~I.PJC\;.,
1995 98.5 0.87 noa 56.9 0.72 n.a 1
(storm/winds
~.1J~uda1.W
1996 133.9 1.48 1.53 81.9 1.04 1.53 1
(under frequency
1997 89.3 0.93 1.41 89.3 0.93 1.41 0
1998 91.6 0.94 1.09 91.6 0.94 1.09 0
,3,
1999 65.2 0.67 0.80 65.2 0.67 0.80 0
..~
2000 51.9 0.57 0.75 51.9 0.57 0.75 0 ~
2001 68.5 0.87 0.87 52.9 0.64 0.86 7

(fire)~.;a2~
(Load curtailment)J..q.J C~ 4~
\1l
• I
l'l\
.G
- \""1(
_
,
.:\.sA F-4~ .t:a.1.:il f'~ 9 J~ fl
I
:eo- 'j~
•
J.l1~2 J~ Ql
2002 82.5 0.81 0.61 77.2 0.81 0.61 4 \
4.£A ~4~ ~l:il ,.~ 2~ t
2003 u....al~ ¥ J.l1,;.a. e'l~l e

J'
2003 298.9 0.86 0.87 76.1 0.72 0.84 2
~.t:Jl I~ ~~I va 15 % V' ~i ~j11.d ~ ,; \~\
Jdl~3 J,lj; C!
2004 93.2 0.67 0.61 78.8 0.62 0.61 5 2004 ~J.) ~\s. G
.uA ~4~ ~1.:il ,.$. 1 .3J£O <I
n.a :.t:a.t14 Ji;.

SAIDI in min.
[2] ~~ ~ 4.:J~~' ~.;.Ja.J.4 (13-19) JJ~
SAIFI SAIDI
(intly) (h/int..y)
25% 50% 75% 25% 50% 75%
[ IEEE se, 1366-1998] 0.90 1.1 1.. 45 0.89 1..5 2.3

,,;
"'~
[ EEl ,1999]( ~JL'\ ~lJ:,~ <.J.j~) 0..92 1.32 1.71 1..16 l.74 2..23
~
[EEl ,1999] ( ~\~\ ~lJ:,~ J~J~) 1..11 1..33 2.. 15 1..36 3.00 4..38
I
1"
""ll
,
>Q ,.;}'
j
J>-
I
[CEA,2001] ( ~\,JllJ' ~~~ J~J~) 1..03 1.95 3.16 0..73 2..26 3..28
J.
[PA ConsuUing,2001] ( ~\""u\ ~Lc:.~ J~J uA) 1.55 3..05 8..35 ,"J'
[IP&L,2000] 0.72 0.95 1.15 1.02 1.64 2.41

l1:b ~/~J~1' ~\yJj~ ~j~ ~ (13-21)& (13-20) ~,J~ ~-J:! (9)

~,,:iJ) ~ r27]~yJ\ .J [26] ~p
(13-20) JJ~
~,;,J\ ~~
Index Target
SAIFI 180
SAIDI 180 - 185 It
CAIDI 1.0 - 1..5 II
ASAI 0899983
(13-21) JJ~
~~ u.3fJ' \,
Index Target
SAW! 1..18
SAIDI 76893 min
CAIDI 76893 min
ASAI 08999375
-'("1\-
~4~\ ;~"j~\ ~JWs;,l ul~,jA

P, &\)\ "Tll:J\
LJ~~'~
... r. ..
The Cost of Reliability
~\ ~\..wa\ ~ u\~SI'
4 II' oj,!, II L.:ts ~ Jit ~ J~ ~ ~ (JJJ\..w,\ ~ 4.;J~'i\ 4.L..)a u~
Joi '';'2 ~ .J (minimize the total societal cost of reliability) 4.:j~tu
&!J.-:
~I..
.J;•• n ~
oJ (u\.)~~\• ~
.. €S \) .tJJlA:i.c;.~\
.. • ~cr""""'" .
.o •••.• _-:t .d .. n ~ te
cs--
(14- 1) .t~.lIo. ~
~~ --;~ ° ( L~
.. b- ,o.e, ~LU\ ~
c;.tJiij\"v--. .. L$\) ~
",.. LJ~~\
.. .. ~ 4' . .
(cost of ~J~~\ ~ .J (level of reliability) 4.;J~~\ €S~ D:: ~

.~~.J ~4~ i§!.,)4 ()4 JS ~~.J ()4 reliability)
~
.. .J LJ~~\·
.. • ~
.. ~.
.. ~ (J..>'. .t._. 4..3\ (14-2) .t~.lIo., u~ ° ..
0\ ..., v--: • ~.. ~
~ ~ ~
.. .. ." ~
te J..
~J
__ tt .0.< ..0 LJ~~'
~ fill •
..
irS~
~
...
....
< .-:.';.• 1\
~~J
.LJ~~
.. .
.u.ulS:U\
.. ~ ~, t..iii.~,
.) .. ,.
.e,. i~ 4.A~
....,- ..° .J ~ ....... LAin ~ L•..,Iff'-'
... ~' ,.. <1\ t:alS..)'cIAto .t.~~-:
~
'w .J (willing to pay for it) tl 4illj ~\ VA e:iJJJ J\~'i\ " .tw.~ ~ bJl£:, .J
.J • JS~ ~ ~ .J 4.;'0;. iQD 4:J~1\ ~ ~ (~jiJ.S) Jon) ~ c:iJ ~

A UJ h iAn ~ .J ,~\ UJS.: 4.:J~tu ~ ..y~ c.$~\ w!! .atj ~
"pt ~JJJ ~~ J'~ltl (14-3) ~
~J~tu ~~ ~j::J\ ~ ~ ~jbJl w~ 11~ , '~~JA (rate) ~ ()l£ \jl
~Wal J~ u~ L~t . (14-3) ~ ~~\ ~ ~ ~~
- yo,\ -
~'4~1 ~'JI t;J~l u,~.;..

- .\. ~ -
D .. .."# "*
~~n<:~r~
~ (1;-1'1) ~ \~~'S\r;:'l 6' \~~r\,=,

., ,J A
,~e;'r-y \mt1
~mql!uel:§ W&:JsAS
%001. ~
leUlI~do
" SlSO::a lel0.l
\~~m
~ O~ ~ ~If' 6' r<'!f'
~ u-rr) ~ R() ~6" \~~\~ &" ~ \~~ri1'
~!f'1\i~l:'~
~
~\i~l;'~
mr!\~W
l1i'{~\c:."l {~r~ 1~~.I~r,~

-\'-.\- -
'r'Sf' (£-.,1) ~ ffQ ~ f' 1~~rf1' (' "e'U1' 6"ii'r ~ I#r

~ro1T!~n~~,~"~tJ" !\~~ f-t~D
., ."
'1-~~f"'!
il'P.u<reli a~
%OCH )dO~
u~~ ~ ~ "i ~ .J .4;;.1:» J~ 4-...1;; (additional constraints)

.LAe. ..
LJ~'
.. # ~te. .....'" tt u\..J~ro.t\
J"~ [~.. t': ~.
u.Jl£i 0Jl";i.J ~ 0 • c.illj~ , ~~l" 0
•.tJJ\.4lc.~
.. "'<At(
• tor-· ,,": ... aft
IS~I . --i \ t._
br' .)J-J; ~
.0.• LUt.n ~
[16] ~~ (.P ..:a~UiL~' ~lSj fJii j

(Evaluation of customer outage costs)
J ~J-4 \JJj u~ '+i=j~t J 4.:J\..o.1s;'I' u!A ' 4:j~1\ t.!iei 1 J,ot..JJ1 ~
~
... usattl.ti.1s:i ~.. ~~J WI> ' .taJ~')J\·
.-:.Ltt·U . ,,~ .. Jlc:. , l.A~.~
~ . . J j,i,\J.'l.o
Wi ' .., i} ~yJ\ JJ\~ ,.~~ J!\.JoA ~ .4.:~ .;~ J.,RoJ r$. o.;.i u4~
.~~ 4.:j~1\ ~~
u~ ~~ (cost/benefit) o~w /~ ~ ~ ~ , ~lfJ\ ~Ui.J\ ~

.taj~'i\
.. • ~ r=--~U'
a..ui:i .. e J ~ o~J.:llJ\
... Ulln ~L.J 4..tj~~\
.. _ r
~ c.-: '~'4tt ,·te u~tJd..,"'i\ ~
.,o. .
~~, ..,- ... . ..A Lj~~\
ur-.. ..__ U1s:i
" u\ .,)'Jd-.T- ~li4 ...co:
\..--- u~
.;~ ..\-a...)~ r$. ~ lA """'~ ~ t:.l\.c.lJ:W?U ~1\ ~ ul:~ u~~;

~ u\.....L; lhL1\ ~ J~1 ~..jb ()4 .;.st J:!.~ ·~~1\ .to.:i ~ lSi ~lUn
(Customer COC J\ (Customer Interruption Costs) CIC ~.;; ,tUln
. Outage Costs)
~.4 i~ o.M ui .eoc Jl:~-li Jjb1\ rAt ()4 !"''',iuon u~\yt u\"\..R*} JiAJ
~ ~jLU) .)J~ uLt-tb:L1 u\j~ .,,' ~ .):!~ ("F u;st,;''1....n Jl.j.wl
uUJi ~ ~~ ut ~ ~ J o.;,;SW\ uh:.t.b1J1\ J o~ u\jiiJ 1+1 \~A
J~t~u~~~ w' ~ o~ J.1\.,i ()4o~~J' r~ ~~
.~ o.)J~ ~ 4.J~ u";lbJl ~i
- ,.,,, -
~\rjfSJl ~"'i\ ~jWs:.! ~\~.J.a
W:!S~ ~ ~L...s:.thL~l ~ ~ ~ [j~ ~ ~ ,COC r.!JA,t

4 ih;'~S. r t UaL)11 ~j~~ J 'A JbWl J~ k~ j~ J, ~ ~
J-kJ\ 4J\j ~ ~~.:I C(ri) -J ~~ ~ ~ ~ [j~ w~ , ;;j~ ~~

UJ.S IJl~_' ~ ~L
~ ~ ~ .~J
t,~ ~ e.lhine. ~
.Il(t!
.0"
c*
~
~4>
~ U ~ a ~~
.•••e '~'::'6tl
rIPc.S jJ \LI
...;;J
[jW ~ COC ('.uei 4.:L~ [~~\ .~J~ CJ#.~ ~ b:J\&'lb'6~l ~j ~

eL..1:l! J-,S.! ~ ~\ J\ 4<',i.,.an ~ 4lLbJI ()4 ~~, [jW ~ .~~,
••••lI: .. z,
.Y:!:""~
"ii COC y~ ~ , rlAln [j~ J ~ [j~ J ~ [j~ ~ 'J~!

().4 ~ ~ ~ (load point) ~ ~.j-Q (bus bar) w~ j wt ~~ 'f\lA3
u"~UaiJ\-. ~
0_ COC 4.J6~
~,
...tI ~ !eo
~~' ~
J6 ...._tt .-'<A' 4...Iti
#' ,'t~
"=J 0'
,0t.,4
~
b JJS.
:4Ull u'J JU!..o.U ~ F'~ 4.i.W J w~ Jls:, 4.:~ .)~
COCj =( 1: Ejy *Cj(rj)*"'j (1)

yeny J .
b
SCOC = L COC j (2)
jEb
:~
COCj =annual COC due to supply interruption at busbar
.~ ~ ~~
= (J. .. J ~ el.J.=i.jl• ~ COC.....J ~~.~ ,
... tt ~0"
SCOC=system COC
= 4o~ utG.l.b1J)t1
,. . .ti.1s.:i
ny = number of sectors connected to the system
=r~ ~ ut&.l1:tiJl J~
Ej y =annual energy consumed by sector y at load point j
t~-tl
= J• v--' ° • tL-.:t1 "c:!"
~,JA ~ y E.1.o.tI:.3&l":: A S
n"~I
.•LoOt! 4.!1.d::Y1
'p,A
.... tLtI
- Y'H'-
~\aJf-SJI ~~l ~J~! t::.l\jJ.~

Cj(rj) =normalized composite customer damage function at load.

point]
= j ~ ~J.tl ~ ~~ ~~~ JbU\ 4llJ
Aj =average failure rate of load point j
= j ~ ~.JA ~ JbU\ J~ k.aJl.ll
:4lJJ\ ~\~ t ~~ ~J~~l JJl.gi ('Jii ; ~ , J.UJJ W..9.J

~~.JAJS J~ 0)
JbtJJ ~~ JS JJ~ $
(1) t1J~ fi\~~ COC J ~ e
.J~ ~~ J,SJ 4!Uj,)y. •

~ ~.JA J,SJ l!~j,).;S e
r~ L..iJs.:i ~ JJ u ....... u cAt~.J ~~l t~.Jl ~ COC JS ~ fa
(2) 4JJLt..eJ\ r\~~ ~~.J SCOC U:S~ ~ '':''~lJ:W?U
.Jrauun ... .6..w seoe (~COC) f. ...i.~~,.

~... ~J~!)n..ul
T . ~... •
AA ~
..r~ •
.~Jfl
Cost of Interruptions [5]u\.e.~~\ ~tsA

~ ~ .L.~.-:tt-.t~t ~A-:atl e-i.ia-:tl • • J,.J~ ~t-: ...• ~ '-'~
I...-~" - . . . ~ .j , ~ (",J=I ~""'-" 'J"""I (>4,), flJ""""""':'.. •
:~, ~"'J .J • ~l ~l~~l
c!~ DAJU ~ ) ~",n ~ u.J~ DA Jil [LJ~ J~ DAj.t! ~ •

( J~)'l ~j .jt C~"1,1 ()Aj ~ ~ OJ\&.~
4J.bWl ~l b.i\~ •
~~~ ii
- ,It'd _
¥4~\ ~"'il ~J~j bJ\~jA

U~':lJI~~~
liP fi. .. ..
@)
ttbWl 6JU~ c~l ~ 6)
J-,sJ ~ ~ 4.:-~ tj~ ~ elkiJl JsJ ~ elbiJj JS ~ o- ~ 61 ~

.~o3~~1 t::Ju,*, f!'~~ ~ t lkL~1 UAjJ 4J:.Lw,
:~ b:I~~ tSo3~'i1 ~ "'--*1 So3~ J.>b ~$i
(Revenue requirements) RR 4.:~ ~"1SUU\ «I)
(Return on investment) ROI ..)Wlw.~l t ~~l •

(Life cycle costing)LCC S~ 0,,)..903 ~ (\)
~
..
~W
....
6J~1 ~I . .-i 6J~Lki....J~'
AaU f.S"'" ." ~ IEEE ~ 1'f:Jtu 6J~
~-~ \0,.-
...
e
6A JSJ LbL"11 ~ (14-2) & (14-1) u:J..9~ ~.J;! - IEEE 493-1997
.~~ ~~ ~ ~o3..)~ J#. KWh& KW
.>.P KWh ~L..u; ~ 4.s:.~~ et.JaL)'1 ~ (14-4)& (14-3) ~,J~ ~.J
.~..)~ t.r~ tUiL'i' i.;! ~ lA.ft .J 1io3..)~
·CJ~ bJJin t1.biJl 4.i.ts.:i 6,jl4 (14-1) J,J~

(A verage cost)
s 6.431kW +$9011/kWh .~
l!;J ~
~ ~ts lOOOKW ~ ~i oJ.3i3l 4.':Jlj ~~

$ 3.57/kW +$3.20/kWh
(>lOOOKW max demand)
~ ~ts lOOOKW 6A Jii bJJiJ\ t.:.tlj JW~
$15.61/kW +$27.57IkWh
« lOOOKW max. demand) --
~\ uL~ ~~ ~ .J 1973 f'~ ~) IJJS J o~ t::J~~....c.34 ~ 41 JJiJ.jJ...}d iJAo
(1996 ~J:l u.i
- 'f'\e -
d "J:.~\ ~JLr~! ~1~':'ll.Q

*~~ ~..).1iJl e~'i~.j ~ (14-2) JJ~

(Median cost)
$ 2.35/kW +$2.82IkWh ~~~
ylb ~~ 1000KW ~ .,.,p\ ;.,;J1n ~\j ~~
$ 1.09/kW +$1..22IkWh
(>1000K\V max demand)
~ ~ts 1000KW UA J9\ o..)An ~\j ~~
$12.51/kW +$15.03/kWh
« 1000K"r max. demand)
~ ~tJ\H ~~ f' .J 1973 f\$:. A-i) \~ .J {;~ ~~'J~ ~ 41 J.»U .)J~ iJA-
(1996 .,HJJ:! ~
~
4.J~. ~.L..o..1L
•• c.~ 4.i1s:J ~..
0..).1iJ\ "",. ~ (14-3)JJ ~.
$21.77IkWh OJ.;,J-4 ..Ji;- 4lLb .~~~~~
$26.76IkWh OJJjA ..>:JP ULb .wi~ ... ~
~.
~ ~ ~L\H ~~ ~ J 1995 t'~ ~) i~ ~lfi~ ~ 54 J.1itJ .)J.Ji:J ()4 lit
(1996 .H1J:!
~
... ~jL...tAJL.t
•• (,.,. • o·
~LJaL"':l\ -:i - j 4J\~ 0.; j,'iJ\ (,.,.
..r--c.s- ~l.bL....n. .
~ . (14-4) JJ.
.:...
(~u~t.:.~~J)
J,).jA Ji:. KWh ~\ I ~ e.:tU;aJ\J$ t,~
. e. ~·
.b.w.~ ~J~\ ~~\
\
$26.85 $5.68 $67.10 14 ~J15 o~

$25.07 $5.68 $75.29 16 ~l..u 1 ojli
$29.63 $0.48 $204.23 10 ~l.ws 1 < oJli
- "" -
~'4.;fSJ\ ~~\ .t:J~) u\~.J.4
[5] .tYu.~ _t:.a\

.Jlt't\ r---
e-
~j~":l
tP • t:S J~'J\ r.r; ~t\
,,~
u\Wl£J\ n.L..L.jb 414~ ~ 4.:J~~ csj~'i\ ~ t&.~ ~ .;st ()4

(Minimum revenue requirement) n 4.:~ u\~l£:, Jit n ,J "RR" n~~
:~~, e~ !\fRR ($JLw.U
o~~~Wj -t
t1~ t:~) Jit-'=:J
(depreciation) ~'i\ -[
(income taxes) J=t.~ yJ\~ - j
4.l:W ~ c::"tJ.i.j -....A

:~~LS MRR 4JJta..a DJS:i ,J
G=X+C*F (3)
:~
G :: the MRR to achieve minimum acceptable earnings
== tt~ C4J Jit ~ MRR
X = the non-fixed or variable operating expenses
==b~~~\.i!j
C =the capital investment

== JW\ (J>"t.; .J~l
F = the fixed investment charge factor
== ~lin .J~~\ u~ J.ta~
x g;~\ ul.i.idJ\
~\ l.AJS Jtk~\ b~ £~ J.!..j:i ,J • o~ ~t.Ul!\ ij~j ~ c::"u.,w ~i t,SJ,)j
u~ . 4..4".
.. •.. 'I!A
Jl ~ ,,"l t\ ~ e
~";"'-I ~
. So.
E..JJ
• tf". :i e ..t> tt ':: t. . - It t ! .e: "tI
~ J ~t.:~, 611",1.,,--., ~ ~J.:!-IU
tt"'_ t.. :of ..
- ,,"\V -
~~I ~~I ~J~) ~'~.J.a

n:rrrlr:" (~r'"'e \f.:.~ Ir>f"~

- v\.! -
sri rG' tr"1r~

• ..
\$-!f¥:
- lilt
~ ~ -o ~0!lr:' ~! « ~rt ~ M \~r::l] \r'Wr !;l~ rn' ft"l"\~'

~5' 8 ""'1'3\r:" ~rt ~ -erfr;" or (' l~r Mn"
~ '"1~ f,'e\'"! ~t! r:' ~~ f(' r' rcor Mn" ~ {n n,n::t rf'! \t!f'~
~ I~f'
" ~v""... flr::" I~ -J'?
~V:'':'' ~ ~~, "'. !:.' ! ~:.v~· ~ ,*1\' 51·
Mif('..-i"" 1-<'; l"" ("e<'J rfi
. . . . !r'
1~F\9 f' ~ I~;f'r , •. , ..
1.& - - ,.:; ;.oJ'.: ~ \\....
~ ow (' \Mrr . f~ t:W' ~ ~(' ~ ~f!1r:'l ~ ~ ~Ir " 1~

1m'; ~~ ~ ' Ferr:;' ~~ ~:!l1~ " ~, tW~ f{rS' if"" '$J r~~ ~
e ~ ~~ vf) \~(" \Mt;{' if' ~r \!'iTer ~i1'.
e !iif \~~:J "f\~ 6 \\\ )j~ \~ f~~·
fiFtt ~r::' !1'Q :
... J~ . ... ("~.~ ... tr'fi
~ l%:.FW! ~ ... ":".~ ff\~ e
@ ~ \~J ~\~ ~r!

3 ~ \~e:'1n ~~
• ~~f~~
tj ~\r:'t~r!
~ nfiir! rnM vf) ~ ~ iir+t ~ -sf':

~ ~r! U)~$' m1~ ~ r,f'! ~.
~"ef r:;" """'U

° ~'r<F
",e f'f \rn\r:'t .-::r ...G"J*.~.
1\":':" !~. \~'i"..': \~~
/".("1:, ...
";,i1r!~ ""··'H ~
I~ ,
~-s ~i1 ~'i~ r ~J ~r! ~ r ~r;'l ~~ ~.

~..-J:'.
~ """ t"! ")" nl? ~..
\':1-:m ~r<' --C)
"O:~' ~r ...'1 u Mt"r!" f rr"
IF, ~t" _t"
... l\' ~r \F,...."1 u ~
"
~
x= the variable expenses ($/y)
til M ,\..@.»~,
= ( ~'JiJ.JJ;
~h ..~ . ~ I..:.:'!tl
6J~'
J..=:the failure per year or failure rate

= ~ c,) JLbc~' .j\ JkJ\ J~
Xi =the extra expenses incurred per failure($/failure)
= (Jk;./J'J.jJ) Jbe JSJ.u~ ;~j3l ~twJ\
gp:::::: the revenues lost per hour of plant downtime ($/h)
=(~~ IJ'J.jJ) ~ &..Ji.jd &ftJ 4.c.LwJ\ JS ~lJJW\ J19
xp =the variable expenses saved per hour of plant downtime($/h)
= (~~ I j'J.Jj) ~~ ~~ i.;liJ 4.c.~ JsJ ;~ ~Li.J~1 .).;'
11"= the repair or replacement time after a failure (or transfer time if
not radial system), in hours
ulS ,jlltl ~ ~ JJ~ ~j .;1 ) ~, ~Jl~ ~ JL·~·:j~1' .;1 C~11 ~j
"~t-J" i~.J: ( ~~! .;;. ~~
§= the plant startup time after a failure, in hours
= ,,~~ " {;~,J: , ~ J&} ~l ~ ~\J: OAj
:(1)~
~ 1 .
(,J ~~
0
l=O.l faiVy
Xi =$ 5S000/fail
gp=$ 22000&
xp =$ 16000&
1"=10 Wfail
s= 20 Wfail
(X) ;~ 6JlUl!I 44 ~'
- ",f\ -
~~~\ ~~, ~Jt4lc.! b.tly.t~
:~I
X=(O.1)[55000+(22000..16000)(10+20)]
=$235001y
(mean time ~\ cJ.J.-..: ~.jW\ (.)oj\ w\ ~\ ~ J.bs. 0,,1 Jl:W\ JJst.A ~

~\~ 10 ~ ~ ~~ w\ 6SA; J\ .~\~ 10 f.S.J4 between failures)
~~ w!! J~~' CJlS ~ US3 J • 4 U3\ ~\~ b~\ J)t.i. J~\ ~~ ':I ~
~ \~ . $ 235000 f.SJ~ ~ JSJ ~~ ~ ~\ ~ ~ 0.1 ~\ J~
.$23500 (.$J~ ~ ~ JkJ\ ~ ~~ w\ ~}
J-S ~~ J.....6J\ 0\ J $235000 ~ J~~\ ~ iJ\ 6A ~..>3\ ~ CJ\ ~ \~
(.$J~ ~ J ~ JS $23500 (.$J~ t1its...J\ ~~\ ~\ CJlA ' OJA ~\~ o~
.~\~ 10 J.S ~\.j3\ ~ ~~\ ~\
F J,AtaJ\
(3) 4JJ1.aA3\ ~ f'~\ ~W\ ~
:~~\ ~U:&3\ F ~W\ ~
)=~\ J~~\ ~ li.':/\ ~ , .)~~\ e~~~ C~ JJ&4 J!\ -l
~J3\~\~ -":-'
~'i\-[
~CU\ ut:W3\ -J
:~'i\ ~JLuJ\ f'~F J,4W\ ~~ J
F = l(ScaL Ifr )-td;J+ e (5)

(l-t)
=4l:l1\ 4.3.31£43\ r\~} ~\ CJS.4.t..J
.. YV. '-
~~~I ~~I ~J~j ~1~).4

F =r+d+t+e (6)
~
3 n=R+d n
:::: amortization factor or leveling factor
= U;~ ~1 ~t&.
d n ::R1(Sn-1)
=sinking fund factor
= J:!~ Jl4 ~\&.
Sn=(l+Rt
:: growth factor or future value factor
= 4Jt:9i . !IAn 411 J,A\&. .J; ~ ~t.e.
n =the period of years, such asC or L
= L J; C ~ , u\~ ijliJ\
C ::: the years prior to startup that an investment is made
= J~~\ ~ Ji u~ ~~".J ~ J:i u\~
L == the life of investment years
= ..)~~, u\~ Sjii
R ::: the minimum acceptable earnings per $ of C (investment),
= CJ-J~~J~1' SjiiJ $ JS,t C~ ~ Ji;
fr =the probability of success or risk adjustment factor
= .;- l b.l3\
.l.ti.tJl JC . ~ -t ~\&. ~\
. V"4 .,. •
t =the income taxes per $ of C (investment)

= C.)~'i\ S.;i3 $ JSJ Ji.j]\ yJ'~
dt = the income tax depreeiatlon.Levelized per $

of C (investment)
-1/
-7L
. - YV\ -
4r'4~\ ~~, ~J~l u\~.J.a

= C.)~1' ~ ...~ $ ~ ~~, , ~JJ\ ~~ ~l

s
e =the rlXed expenses per of C (investment)
= C ),.JJ;%lI1\ i ~ $ J$J 4.l:W\ ~t1iln
r:::: the levelized return on investment per $ of C (investment)

= C .)~')1\~
0J"""""
:':At$ .Ie'l ~
("FW ..) ~ ($ J
~~b. '" ,
b ~~ e
d = the levelized depreciation on investment per $ of C

(investment)
=C .)~')1'O·-:At$
~.r""
.I€I .)~
va=' ~ t,$J ~~,•
t= the levellzed income taxes on investment per $

of C (investment)
= C .)~')1\~...J""""" .tt'l ~.tJ ~ .t.:..tn t-Y\ uA
0 .-:.\1 $ ("J>=I.) .:U ~ .. ...r-
:(2) JtlA
()t ui:a.J,.:
L= 20 years = .)~~, ~
C= 1 year
R=0.15= ~ e.t+~l J~ J!\
f r=l = .;.b~ ~ J..a~
t=O.5= Ji.jJ\ ~~ J~
dt = X=0.05
e=O.0825
F~W\~t
=J=aJ\
Sc=(l +Rt=(l+0.15)1=1.15
SL=(l +R)L=(l +0 15)20=16.37
e
- YVY -
~~ ~~, ~J~l wlp.JA

d L =RI(SL-1):0.15/(16.37-1)=0.0098
3L=R+dv=O.15+0.0098:0.1598
F =[(1.15)(0.1598) /(1.0) _ (0.5)(0005)J F ~ ~ (5) 4JJ~1 f'l~~

(1- 0,,5) + 0.0825
=O..C4
t:J~~' 6jU.jtLJ\ g;,'~! ~'JA
J~ ,J ~J+1\ ~ (single -Iine diagrams) ~ b1lA~~ ~ -t
~l ~ ' u~ ~ bt\.J~'i1 J , c~'ij ~jt J , J~:.}n l:.l?r~
.~ t,.JSJ C~ .J~'ij
[t:Y11 ~ e~ ~ Js.t , 5~ ~lS:iJ\ uA e;J~ , X ~\ -~

4j~ i~j ~tj.J~ ~l£i ,..5 J~
(5) :U",~'1 ~ ~j J , ~~l .)~'ij u~ ~ls, , F ~i -[
:~ 4JJl&.Jj UA ~ JS.l G ~i -J
G=X+C"F
~i tAt -:"
G ....J U ~ua~~' ~ ''II'
LJ~jt:'~t.
~j-~
~J~~' ~ u\~ ~lS:i

J,J ~• ~ 4..YLt
~ . J?J .. o~'..
.A(tI 4.J~ ~ 4.JJ~~j"
0 .. .. ~ f
-:t ~ oj~ btiJ&4 ~ ,,>.Jd".
~ . t l t ! tA": ••e.
.~bAdl ~ JS I 1" to.. t " " <:tI" .-:~t\
2",,' ~.J"I b.r=" J ... o.:t!."
~...J.a.JY1 t._t1
~,J UI~I ,,,t ~t~· (4 )
0..,... "'I..Y.4i I -5
b~J ~ [~ A"j~ ~~j ~W ~J~l ~ ~ ($\ [~l J.lc, ~j ~i ~

$ 50 ~~ 300W ~.J.ii UPS
~.Jii jL:. JJ~ ~j [~ 4..119 J~ ~i ~ ~~l .)~ rr~'il 4Jb. ~ l4H
$ 700 ~"p. 4 qJL: 5K\V
- yvr -
~~~ ~~l 4.:J~l ul~.)A
·~llAJ\
• iiJLJ\ ..J~L
. . . ~jtAi.c'J'"
o' .~ 4..J blt\
e
o' ~~ ~~
..9..
. .. )
.".C.
~ ~Us
~~ ~- ~j~~1 ~,~ ~~ ~ (14-5) J.J~

;~
~l cJAl\
i~\
$ ~j3l K\V
LlUl\
.. . L~
e.U:!iJ1.J,js;. ~~\
... ... ..b~.J
50 15 min 0.3
(Uninterruptlble power supply) UPS
j\.i;. J3~
700 NA 5.0
Gas aenerator
1.5.JJ.,f J.t~ c.l:li.4
8000 NA 500
Manual transfer switch
500 ~i J.t~c.~
JOOOO NA
Automatic transfer switch
500 JJ:!-' J,),J04
100000 NA
Diesel f!enerator
3 sec 500 '~i~
175000
Ultra capacitor
30 sec 500 ~~.) C\.J34 ~ ~.)~ ~ t5~ ~~ ~~! ~~.J
200000
Lead Acid battery UPS
4s:. ~ 41,j~ ~.JAT Ulb3\ t,)l~
300000 3 sec 500
Supercondueting magnetic energy storage
~~!J,J~c.~
500000 NA 10000
Static transfer switch
NA: cu...>F
- YVt -
4~~\ 4..Ja.ii\ ~j~} ~,~~

P ~liJ' ~4J\
~, U\.J'~} u\~.)A
Voltage Sag Indices
(Voltage sag or Voltage dip) (1) ~, )~!
~ bjt 0(' 'm wJS.111~t . rlAm 4.:o3~~ ~t+1\ bj\~~ ()4 ~ )~} ~
Q\~ ~~ 0:: , ~jW ($o3,jd J . ~ Q'J'~~ ,~ t...u~ ~~ ~~
• ~ ~~ ~ji3\ ~ , ~ ~\)~} ~J~ J
( oJ.Jo3 30 ~ 0.5 UA) s~ o~ (rms) ~ ~~ ~1: ~ J'~ u..JL:!
~ ~~ .uLS~ ~ &~~, J..1i,J;u ~'J: 4,;;; J\ ~ ~ ~J~ .a,P;
.~ J'~ u.:~ (15-1)
1I l
~ ..,.-- I
lo.a
(o.e
.0
.)0.4
.......
0.2
°0 1 2 :3 4\ 5 6
(i .)JJ) (.).4..>11
o~" ~ ~ J'J:tJ) ~ (lS-1)JS.J,
~ voltage dip r~ ~ IEEE ~.JA~' ~I."..JI ~ voltage sag ~IJI~'i ~~1)

lEe 4:J.J~1 ~,~
- YVo -
~L:..JfSl1 ~~I ~J~} ~1~.jA

,",ii .~.ii IEEE 1100-1992 ~ ~~ b.l~I~ w} (15-1) J.J~ ~ J
.~ .;I~ ojiiJ ~ e\~ ~ ~ .;I~1'
~l~.n ~~ 6:.l~\~ LL..rb ~ u\.;I~ ~ J ~ji (15-1) J.J~

[24] IEEE 1100..1992
~w
~j3lo~1 .;\~i1\ e.J-i
(p.n)
is,J.Ji .;\J:r...i)
0.1 - 0.9 0.5 -30 cycle
(Instantaneous sae:)
~.;\~!
0.1 - 0..9 30 cycle -3 s
(Momentary sag)
d.)4 j\J.::l.J!
0.1- 0.9 3 s -1 min
(Temporary sag)
bJ~ ,(short circuits) ~ J=-i1.J~ ..);.l:OU ~ ~~ ~l+1l ,~ ~
~ u\..)'.w} ~ ,~~~
~\ .)'~'i .tw,~, u\~'

.~I
' ..... t\ u\ ~~,#~
..) .. Lu:i
t)' ~ '~'~'AtI
.•..e~ I cS
.1!.tuLJ ... <t1
~ .~,
e:.tl~ twa~
.. ~
~ J & (Load type) ~ t.J3 ~ ~ u\JJ:t.,J~ u\JLJ1 ~~ ~

.bl~ J (control settings) u~
($~~' ~~ ()4 .J • 4Jti: o~ J .;I~~\ 4 ~, )~1 oaJ~ ()4
(unbalance) ul~'"'il rJ£:. J (phase shift) ~\Si' L..J1j : l&.~ Ji~'

~J~ ~ ~ )~':l' wl~}. (SJ£:. J , (missing voltage) JjiW ~ .J
.~ 4JA ~ ,;l»..J~' 4.:=4J J 4.:'.1:~.JA J )~~,
: ~ ~ u\..)lJ:y'i ~~ bJ\~ ~ lA~
- YV"\ -
~~I ~'\11 ~J~} 6.l1~jA

~rrrt"=' {~ri1 \J::.~ ~r,.~
- ""~ -
(q~no.nll ~" \r,~r !:'!i~ r,~~\r,r;" t'':'' ~lt:" ~g ~\ " ~ Y'i0 ~

f{~ ( ' \~~r ~r! ~lr;t IF:~ -:sf' {~r ~f ~ -ap!J{ ~~S a~~nOA)
~ 1S~ ~if' ~ r ~ ~ Flt+t ?fIir;t ~~ , ~r! ~ fJ
~.
~
·l"""~ '11(~
1.
~~
oO
noO ,.-r ·
~~'! I~~I
r·"
fT1 ') ". q.,m r'11)~
~r'J ~~.
. "1 I
,f 15" r~nnf';' 'S\K'! ~ ~r;" ~ ~ \~~lM ' ~ ~C? Im~ 'f<"

Im~ ~ ~ ~f ~ , 6' ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ iTrll~R:ff
~"R ~ •
• ~Il'?~.re<" ~
,,~.~"\l\.R:rI·~ ~rf' ~ F~ ~\
• oJ ~"I· Il)~r r .l" "rr" r
;)- ~Ii? \Ii? ~~ ~~ 1?5" #' M D ~! I~~( :
~ 1~ -o M rrlfl ~r~ 6' ~ ~ ~ ~r
\W1~ ,r+t~ ~li ~~ ~ ~I~ ~ Iff' ~., F)=fO
tW'! Iff~
~~ ~ ~ ~~ , ~r ~i1' ' F-:Gf t(' w ~\! . @ ~ , rio
(st}Ud d n s .IaM.od ~!uo.Il;Jala) .~ R::rr;" rf\ q u)~! !~ ~er: f ~
~ ~o ~~ ~ ~ ~I~ ~'l ~ ~rr ~'1' \~G"'h

M_ ~\~ rlr:"
.. -,
~~ IJI(' M
~~ ~)'~
tP ....
~f ....:...L.
" ... • ,.mrv :
t', '~(Q ~I
\~f I~~IM 1~ ~ri""~ r'ttJ ~~ vO ~\~.

til f tm' ~ ~o~ 1~R:f'f (f ~ ~or;" I~rm~ 1I~M.s) e ~r! ~ r,f'! e
Ir"~) ~~" ~@ ~~ ~~ ~\~ (f 1~) M ~ ~~

~l~ r,~~n rf' lrf'(~ ~r! r(' Msfnr:" ,~,,~~~ ('1f' ~tf? ~ IMtl
(SABf~J1 6" ~ ( ' ~l'? (SIOJ1UO;J sseoozd) , f \~ ~rrlr;,'l
~ 1~ ~q ~~ 1~! W~~ ~ iml~ ~ a~UJIOA.!~pun)
1- ""fti? nl? ~~ t'P1' ~f ~ m=

~~\ lJ.e. ~) (cycles) 6j\.)JJ 5 "'1 4 ~ ~~\ ~ ~ ~ td\)~ bJ~b

( current limiting fuses ) ..J~ ~ ~\ u\~ ~ ~ J~ ~
(short -circults and voltage sags) ~ ~\..)\~} .J ~, .;J'JJ
1 "!L
~'=',.'
"~""i 11
, W
......1.t1. ..J..J.
.. t" .t....~
~ ~ ~'
l:tt... -:tl .. ,.,~t\
J , ~I ..
fJ.)J
~J U Jkd.. 4..J.jLt .,,<'t!
.....Jfr"""" t::l~
•
. ...i
cr:
J' ~.}J\ J (A&B&C) )~~n ~, em , lJAe. J' UJ~ La} wj1j ~jj ~J~
~ ~~ l>~ ($J~ •• ~.J~\ J ~ J\ LtA ~ ..J\iJi'J\ U:H J\ ~...J~ t:»:
~ J 45: /:,1\ ~u~ ~ b.it ~J~ ~ (SJ.j; .ii ~ , ~.JfSJ\ .J'+UJ.1tjL Ji~
.~l:JfSJ\ IiJl\~ ~
~ J; ~l:~ ~ ~ ~')~l ~J~ 4·'!J3.)l «.:J~~\ ~; ~ ~
~lS~ ~ 4.:!'~ ~ u')~l ~JJ.2J L$~~' ~~~, (.)4 • ~lf.lU l!3~
•(Al=JJ\ uu:s1.4 J
(voltage ~ ~.b~ ~~ (.b~ Jt ) .biJ\ ~ ~ ~\.)t;J u~ J&,
• ~li.j3\ S-*; ~l J.l..)a 4P (~ Jt ) JJ=,n J.F J~ ~ ~jJ ~ drop)

r&-)\ ~ J tw,~ ~ ~t UA "~'JlA# oJe. .u~ ~ ~ ~~ u' ~
~ J ~ ~~ ~ .b~ ~ J 4.!.)ioA ~ .i.)),A JSl&A ~ &!Uj c.JA
.~ u'.J\~ NJP; J ~SJ ~\..;J ~..J~ Jfi JbY\ J-.P
.~'J' ~\.JA ~ td.j04 4i4~ ~ UA "..Ro (15-2) ~~-'=
~U; ~ .;1~"1 ~~ ~~ u~ L$~ ~ ~ (yd) ~ ~J~ J.it,
, cl~ ~ CJlS \j! . J.6a,n JJ1t:! tSln J.)~ e:J:atl ~ J~ e~ ~ Jl=.3\

.cl't\.A e1.bL~'
..r : r- ...e , ($''''''''''-:
,W-r:: '?'~
11-:11. J \". . . .~
. J~ .. t.W
.. c:- 'li
u,
- TVA -
~4~\ ~~\ ~J~l u\~~

~~~ ~j3l ~.;liJ) Jii, ~j .J y t::J\...uJ 6 ~ 5 ~ ~ .)y:;.n ~tl [~ \jJ "
\J~l ~~ 5 ~ J ;...uJ 12 J!~' ~~ o,JliJ C~ e:btJJ\ ~ 0 ~ j\~

.tthiJ'j\ \.ita ~ ~~ b~~\ u~ ~J,~L:~ ~ ~
~ ~~ LSi ~~ €S~ .J#. ~1 LS~ ~ ~ ~.J~ ~~ J~~' yst UA
J.-1lli ;~~ ~ u~ ($\ ~ ~ ~.J~.J; (parallel feeder) {.$j\.,g:U\ ($~ ~
u'JL-.:.J\ :>~ ~ ~.(15-2) cJSJi ~ Fz JbJI ~ , (transmission system )
~ j~ J . ~ ~ J6J1 J-*J i.;.§ J>li. ~ J~~ ~~ ~A

..s~ Jk, ~~\ ~ j~ J , J6J\ J)t: e:bW
~
Fl ;I: SLG
e I
I
I
I Dy
I MV
1
I
Jim ~ I ~.JJiSI ~
----------. 1 ..... - - - - - - - -
I
~~JfSJl ~ ~ ~\..9A (15-2) ~
- YV4\ -
~4~ ~~\ ~J~l u\~.J.4

w\ ~ (15-2) ~ ~
single -Iine to ground ~. }J\ ~~~ ..9) F 2 ~ J.)tJ 4il
A,B ~tiJ\ ~l ~ ( (SLG)

~
• L~
'" ~
.. ...J .u\ JJJ 6 .J~ 5~I,:tL~tt .t" .. t;;~tl ~ 1..bti\ ~ t..\ Ai
~ ~I u,)LJ ~I ....) C'""" ..r
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..
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Y-"
4Jli" "\ . . ... t..:.N.: ..
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Lti~-:tl
~."....,
~
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t...&~,: ~ ~ .-:.Ltt "Li
c-=-..;--ow'
41
U. ~~ t~
c.r- oJ F c=-
4lt.Wl"I.:.
~ UA
"
.~
i-fii ,.~ .)\~ ~A
4 r!,; c-bWl ~ J' ~ Jii. c)A tAl F 1 J1=.3\ J~ ~
• ($j\J--lSl ($l.....iA ~ ~ 4?jii ~JW\ ~ .;\~ (15-3) JS.Ji ~~
~ t$~ ,.!1~ uts 1j l LA ~ ,J~ ~~ , ~ .;\~ ,.\J\ ~
u.~,
t.o~
. Li .t1':t\
~t:.': _..
0.0 ($
~
1.$
In ~~
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cO
• ,,':tt 4.W"
.. ~..J"""'"
~. tt':t\ too .u-,
.. c.J.4.J v-' ~
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•• ~
b.k1i ~ u_tl ,~
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.~ L~ J Ji..ln ~~ DA JSJ JbUl
'" to n "'\4
J ..... Atl
~ I ~.Jd u - 04 ,,,.,I_tI
.N': ..
.lot. - cO
_ .. , ...... tl ..... <
"'" U':!i""J
\oOLoI1 ~, ~
,~l -~I "!"
A_
1 , ; . , 1 - v--~..)ol~,
:..f~ ~
u~ (j\ u} ~ J , ~,~ ~.,s ~ J (vector group ~~1' ~~ )

(phase - to - phase) ,;.,b / ,;,Job J' (phase - to - ground) ~}i' J.J~
- VA. -
~t:~\ ~~\ 4.::J~ll.d\~~

120
__ 110
~ 100
~ 90
S
80
~ 70
60
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
time (s)
15U
~ 100
Qj
-
CI.)
S 50
e
;>-
-50
-100
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Time
L5J~ ($~ ~ ~ ~.J~ ~?.f;; B ..),Jkn ~ J\~ (15-3) ~

~-U 0.05 = .;\~'i' o~
65.8%= ~ ~ S9'i
- y,,, -
4J4JfS.l\ ~~l ~J~} ~\~)4
~~UJ' ~ ~ G\,t\ J~ ~~ ~ j~1 ~ ~ (15-2) Jj~ ~~

(15-4) ~ ~ w 9J~ ~J:l:'i\ ~ ~.J~' ~ J~ ~ ~.J~ J&, ~j J
,;;..;~.,)~ o.,)J11\ ~
I
r II
A
~~I a
"'=='"
SLGF
I ~~"'i'
e B
I
Yy -'I~ b
Dd;
Yd
Dy
.J
.J;
t V.
a
8 ~1,rJ.#1 l.;=Y~1
c
I
cj
J-- . ~I .Jo>"Ull ....
(~I)
~~ J~ ()4 y.;iJ\.:t ~) / Jjob ~ (15-4) JS.J,
: ~ Lo.S u\Ja.A1\ J:.wa.;i -U.t..;a ~ ($ ~~ "'f+ ~Jl ~~

33% t.5.J~ ~ Ji~ J~ / J.,Ja ~,JA1\ u\~~'p II
58% lSJ~ ~ J9~ ~J~' / J.,Ja ~~ u\~~'p 49
( vector group ~~1' 4&.~ ) J~ ~.;i J:J"b (15-3)J..9~ ~J:I J
.~ J\.w)~
-'("~-
4.:J4~\ ~~\ t:J~l u\~}A

~~'il ~~ ~ ~J / .)~ y.di 4?iii J~ tS~1it\ ~ (15-2) JJ~

[22] J~
J~ ~4-,"¥1 ~fll 6J~OO~1 JJI.:UJI .J ~ ~ ~I ~~""'iI~;1
Transfonner Phase - to- Phase Phase - to -neutral

connection Vab Vile v; Van Vbn v., Phaser diagram
(primary/secondary)
>r.>r. 0.58 1.00 0.58 0.0 1.00 1.00 co
-
>r.>-. 1200
:lb
r·r· 0.88 0.88 c

0.58 1.00 0.58 0.33
'158 0
a
r~· b
[>a [>a
... -- --
>-~.
0.33 0.88 0.88
n-. L . b&.
[>-1<-a
[>ay-
0.88 0.88 0.33 0.58 1.00 0.58
1:0y b
. -'1(""('-
~'4~ ~~I ~J~! u\~~

[5] ~, ~,.;\~ ~ ~, ~~ ~u (15-3)JJ~

~ pu i~..H ~)/~ ~ ~ pu oJa.Jo: ~,;;:.a ~
.;
~)/~~ ~/~~ 4~
~I ~,Jde"a Phase -to..ground voltage Phase.eto..phase voltage ~
Type of transformer connection in per unit of phase - to - in per unit of phase - to 1~
2l"ound fault - phase fault I ,1,
A B C A..B B..C C..A ...
<
'-q"
-
~. ~/~ ....I OJ?.:
•
..).JA. •
0.644 0.986 0.988 0.796 1.00 0.835 \
(Ground wye - wve)
~ Il:UJ J.iJI ~1~Ji
(First delta -wve)
0.835 0.796 1.00 0.745 0.926 0.959
,~,
~
~/~j~~\ ~\~~
0.959 0.745 0.926 0.835 0.796 1.00
(second delta..way)
"",-:tt ~ tLtt 1 ......~tl

t::J1 .)l~.~'.J .t!b,~t~-: ~ A8at
~....)~,
....
• ~~~~, \/I .... tt
~ ~ .. rr= l4~
~.)Ji J~ (jA F 1&Fz&F3 ~~~ ~ lS~ ~ i (15-5) ~ ~ ~~
.J ~~l u~l ~ 4J~ wJ5d ~~ i~l .J.)ljj ~li (,$~ J5J ,25MVA
i~i .J (fuses) ~I~ ~ tS~ i.S~ ,J F 1 (,$j:~ ~~~~,JJ ~. 1+Jj£:.
~~, tS~ 1500KVA o.)w ~.Jji J~.J ' (reclosers) ~jU\ iJt&.l
.CL_tl "
~/~.JA
~ ....
ULtt ," ... n,
~'~"':'
4.J...).
~
J i~~
..
~ (rms voltage) ~ ~L&:j4 ~jlA ~ uA ~ ~ (15-5) ~ ~~

e; hii,J! ~ ~ . F z tS~ ~ A ~~ oW;. .;# ~ cljA ~ ~J~
F z&F1 U±:~ ~ ~ .kiJl ~.J: ~ B ~~ ~ ~JW ~ ~

&w:i ~j-J\ .)~ ~.J:: .J • ~ ~ ~,J~ J.le. ~j J C ~ ~ l!.U.is J
~JLe.l ~ ~ ~ • ul;li.AJl ~ ~.jlS\ iJlc-l j~ J~.J SlelJA~. ~l~~'
~~ , ~ .)~1 ~ . ~1.J ~J ~ ~L.di OJ~ ~ u')~! ~~
.~$Ul bJ~! J:i I.!t~ ~ ~~ .J • l!J~ ~.)~ , Ji~' e~
~ ~L:~ ~~ ~lS tU:W} tA B ~ lA.j F z (,)4 bl.iLJl ~':l, ~ ~ft
F
" 2 (,$
~ t..li .t. _1. ~
.li.Jl c:- ~ ".. tt._ tI
~,
J'>jf#
·~~WJ....)1~~F3&Fl ~~~~~,~~~~
CL-lLJl ~.,gj bJts! J$. U""m )~~I i~ ~ " ~ ~\~ (I::A JJ~' )~~I i~
~ ,J (impedance) UJ~ ~ ~ .)t.;. JJ.)A 41.1;; ~ )~! ~ .F z
,,~ l.JSJ .J . Fz ~tl @ j~ ~~, ~ ~ F3 &Fl U:!~ ~ J~.~
t..4 ~lS lj! [L..lI11 tJ.9.jll F3&F1 ~ ~ .t...u~ ~C:ll ~~ , ~
.~~ ~~I Cl~ .~ ~ ~ .»Sl ~)~! ijl9 .J ~ .;l~
. . . . " t..·.. A t.t "A~ #1 I <At. ~~_·~~ _tt "II ~l:' .. ,,,_.f
~ bA''''' ,J ..r=-,J ~,J...J31W ~ ~ ~' {,;J.)~. t;,J~ ~I
u ... , ..
e (,JJ....Js-
. .F-1 c)! .)~ 6A )~~I
- "fAo -
~l:~1 ~"JI ~J~l UI.;J.~

~~\r;'l t~\'f1 <\1).~ it>Y~

-\.V~-
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•
·
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I
I
.
•
•
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ndYO=A ~ ~
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ad: L9'O=A ,..-------.
D~ Idtg£d 0'1
1r*r*I~" J
v
r~lerf\
()
I
J ~~ ~~ Q~ ~ Jtk.\ ~J~ ~ ~ J~ s~~ ~ ~

Qt:~ ~ ~ ~ ~.k~ ~~ ~t:~ ~; ~ ~ ~J~ ~ a ~~
.~~($~~n
ru:un uJ ~ 'e. ~ ,
~ ,"L!La ~
~ ~-~ ~ , ~,
~ ...... t\ .)l~l• W.. uat r~ ~
• )~~l ~J~ ~ ~ iS~ '" J~ ~~11 ~.,e~ j J!=Jl ,uJUtA .J
a~~l ~~; t\.jJt J ~~ s ~~ ~ ~ ~l.;l~j ~b ~ J
Uu,i'LJ\ 'It<>-
~
t, u\ ~\\~,& ~
~
(Network ~\ blUj~ U~ ~ a.d~ ~ ul.;l~ ~ ~~

~ ~ ~ ~.JA J (fault impedance) JkJ' 4jJ~ J impedances)
ai.J'M~
~ J ~~~ (vector group) ~~11 ~~\ .u~ ~ ($')J~ ~ j
a.)\~~\ ~J~ J:i ~

~ ~~ ~~ ,,~ JS 4jJ~ j ~l ~ ,.~ ~ (15-6) ~ ~.J:
.~.;\~
:~ 4Jj~ ~ Vsag ~ .;l~ ~ ~ J

Z2+ Zr
Vsag = Zl +Z2 +Zr (1)
(1) J1l4
J-..b.t;. UJl£A J>li. c.:J.4 A ~ ~ (3..phase) ,J~; ~ ~ ~J~ ~..k
~.JA (15-5) JS.JJ ~ F z ~ ~,.R. (15-7) ~~.J-J • (Zr=O) ~ tSJl.ws:i
r~ ~ ] (positive sequence reactances) ~"..J\ ~t:i:U\ ul~..i1..~.ll ~
a [.t.J tiA.1\ ~) ~ 4lJ~ {jA 'J~ ~~
- YAV -
~1.:~ ~~\ 4.;..\~} u\~~

~ ~ (Infinite bus) ~~ ~U\ w~ 6A J"~ .JL;.; w~ fJ~l w~

.A~
V HV & VMv 8. VB J~ ~l
J:tJl
:VB~~~
W~ (1) AJJl.LJ\ f'\ ~W

Z2=jI.05 pu
Zf=O.O
Zl=jO.2+jO.67+jO..7
jt.OS jI.OS
.: VB == jO 2 + jO.,67 + jO 7 + jlJ)S == j2.62 == 0.4
e c pu
MV
, ,-,,'"
D~~~~'~
\;II_tl'" ..
e
jO,,7 + jI.OS jt 7S e
Vl\ftT == jO..! + jO.l)7 + jO.7+ jI.0S == j2.62 == (t67 pu

HV I"t~ ~
bJ..
'114>. t\
~,
W ~
V == jO.l)' + jO.7 + jt.OS == j2.42 == 0 92

HV jO.2 + jO.67 + jOe7 + jl.05 j2.62 · pu
cs~~, Ql;~ ~ ;t ~t;~ ~\ ~ ~ ~.J~ wl ~U ~ ~ ~
'&.JJ~
(2)~
ZL ~ t.S~ ~~JfoS ~ ~ ~~ i(15~8) ~~.J:

ZFO w\ ~.) ~ Vsag 4Jj1JlA ~1 .J ~t!J~ 4J!lS.A1\ 0';\.11\ ~.Jl
- VAA -
~4~1 ~~\ ~J~l u\~~

~~\r;'I {~ri1I1).rw"~ 1~&\rFt

- "VA-
, 6fJ ~( ~ Fr''q''! nd
~ (L-Sr) ~@!l~ ~nr;" ~; ~~ r4 ~ (S-SI)
O'O=A $"0=1\ £9'0=1\ O·I=A

Z6'O=A
~O'I f
AW AM (~" ~ r'1~ )
~Q ~r; ~ It!.!~ik'
1re1"'1~
ri'~I~f'
O·I=A
1~I~wM
"~I~f'
~
uti.J~ 4Jj1.SAJ\ o~~ ~15-8) ~~.J:
:~~LS ~ .;1~ .tlJlL4 ~ J
Z2 poll
Vsag = Z3+Z2
(3) ~
b.;.i\W\ ~J! ZL2 & ZLl ~ ($j&j ~4JfS ~ (,)4 ,. J::t. '(15-9) JS.Ji ~,J:!
ZFO w} ~) ~ Vsag 4JJ~ ~l ,J 4,!""t£.,JJ 4J!lS.4J\
tPJ\
ullJ\.t..o.ll t1!lS..J\ o~J.1\ ~15-9) ~ ~~
:~~LS ~ .;1~ 4Jj~ c.JJSj J
v _ Z3
sag - ZeQ+Z3
ZlZ21
Zeq = 7<Zl +Z2)
Zeq &Z3 «Z4
~4J&S.1' uU~ U.J\.t..o ft\~l ~ ~ ~\.;1~*'i~.1Sl c.:a~~ "\A>~ J
~ J ~ oJ ~~ ~ttU) u\.:SYl J~ uA ~~ ~ ~Jti..Jl ~ J
UJ~ ~ 4.i~'1lJ (positive &negative &zero sequence components)
.~
JJ-4 ~~ J , ~4~ ~~ ~ ~\.;1~ 6:J~ fAl~ (A~ OJts:.
~ 1000 ~ iS~&li ~ ~ cs11 ~~ ~u.>: ~~tu (15-4)

~ w~ ~t ~ (pu) ~ O~~ ~ 4 ~ JJ~ ($~ .~J
- Y,\ e -
~\J~I ~~\ '~Jt.A&.) u,~~

(n) 'trW! If")lFf ~ (i)
e
tz
(1) tf'~ ~ ~ (z)
~~-¥lv-e
(tz+ IZ) b0Z
1:ZIZ
(i) !f~ ~ ~r (f)
lZ
~jln ~~ ~ [~I J~ ~ ~ .~1.iJ\ ~ 6~ ~t ~ ~ ~.JJa,

.(Dy) ~w,
~
~
~~~ 0t: til
.
_L... ~ to\l.:. Ji.U\ ~.
~
~,~
,.
~ ~6~';~,,~~~ ~JW ~ ~~56 ~~ ~,~

~ t:,,~ ~ 4dl ~ 1.0pu lS.J~ ~ Jri ~ W\ ~.;i ~ 0.67 pu tSJ~
i)~ tS.J'~ ~b~ J uJAl\ ()A ..#. ~ -o)}A ~\.)Lw! ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ;~~ J~ ~ ~ .u~ j ~ ~ ~t .~~ jiA~ ~ ~~

~ Jit ~ JW (>4 ~ 42 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ';\~l ~ , ~~~ U~
·rS 56 ~ ~ u~ ~ .;\~1'
[5] ~ ~ ~JW c.YWI ~I (.l.!·~'i ~ ~ u\i~ ~I ~ (15-4) JgJ+
(~) ~ e.~ JSJ ~ ~J\

~~.u~JM# Lowest phase voltage for each type of
Number of kilometer fault
from the fault
3«» tf> to q, <I>to ground
Ot08 oto 0.6 o to 0.7 e to 0.75
42 0.71 0.82 0.87
56 0..67 0.76 0.81
64 0.71 0.78 0.84
86 0.84 0.88 0..91
153 0.94 0.97 0.95
156 0.88 0.91 0.92
~.)4 ~ UJS ~I+UI ~~ ~ ~ .;\.bJ} ~ cJli4 (15-10) ~~
·tSj\~ L5~ ;.;.3103 J~ ~ ~
- Yl\f-
~'4~1 ~~I ~J~l u1~,j.4

· fh:r'~W~~~~~
Mf' (OI-Sl) ~ r«:' ~f ~ ff() ~rrQ
i€""Cf! 4w J }
~..,('J~tif~if'rr~ I~
(U)1Ins.::i 0l oonesq~ WOJJ ~slO
00001. 6)
0
OJ,
ee
O£ t:d e
Fd ~ c;:.
[~t~·~
Qt7
fD-
t:d
-
~~ fEo - \
~.
~ .;
Ql.
00
06
(Duration of sags) .;1~~\ ~\~

e'~ ~~ ~ u\Jl[J JJj4f 4.:tl ."n ~\J£A ~ LJtJ:i ~ ..)\~ JS ~
e
. ~ JJ=AJ &~ ~U:Y ~ ()4J ~J; If.lA JSJ .J1:W\ Jy;. t:t\~ iJ~
~I uLJ~ ~ ~ti~ u\~ C»: ~j3l ~bJ\ ;t&:<\~ ~ 4J ~ 4.iWoa"i4
.~~~~
~~, ~ iJf+~' ~ (clearing times) JjJl .tMj (15-5) J.J~ ~~
.~, ~~ iJ~l 4J,Jb..A ;J1s;~ C~ JJ3lJ\ ~ ~js
[5] J6U\ J~ i~i ~ ~.;ut iJ~l ~\JA JjC. .J J)tJt ~j (15-5) JJ~
(JAJ
i..).JJ i~~ J)L!\
JbtJI J~ ;~t t~ (clearing time in cycles)

Type of fault - ~J.11 ~t:lll 4J,Jb.A Y\.)A JJ.l:.
.»i-b Jii
clearing device ~j~1 OJ\&."i1
(Typical
minimum) (Typical time (number of
delay) retries)
J}a~
0.5 0.5 to 60 --
(Expulsion fuse)
..HUlJ:ll.~
(Current -limitin2 fuse)
cJi ,j; 0.25 0.25t06 --
~.J~I ~~I OJ~l ~
3 1 to 30 Ot04
(Electronic reeloser)
.. e:hti
... J::i
~-J
5 1 to 60 Ot04
(Oil circuit breaker)
e.;Lt
SF 6 .,; J::i ~ti 3-5 1 to 60 Ot04
(SF6 or vacuum breaker)
e.s-U ~ J~ cbti ~ ()4j ~w, , JjLU ~j~ 4.M}~\ (15-6) JJ~ ~
.~ ~ J (Ji.i .... t.rJ9 Jij - ~.Jji) &~I~
- y~o -
~'4~ ~~\ ~J~} ~\~.:r

[23] ~ ~ ~ ii~IJJl e.sl1 ~ J.6U\ J.F ~j (15-6) JJ~

L13i J)J\ c:JA,J WJ~
~~ ~.. ~..
e • e •
OA.J
~~J.1l e~
KV (~~) (i~J)
~ (distribution) ·~t16 (bel = 2.0 6 -- 120

~ (distribution) 12 0.5 - 2.0 30 -120
~ (distribution) 16.5 6.5 - 2.0 30 -120
~ (distributioD) 33 0.1 - 2.0 4) -120
IJ} e.) J i;
66 0.1 -- 0.5 6~30
(subtraasmission)
i,,$ e~ J ii
115 0.1 - 0.5 6 -- 30
(sabtransmlsslon)
Jid (transmission) 220 0.1 6
Jij (transmission) 500 0.1 6
~ u\.J'~ o~,J ~~
~
e
J .~~tt ~
J~I . '~
. e.:.tUA(A te. .tt.Att ~ &At lLbi
~~~Ir..;;:-~ • .)'J.2..a~' ::i U .. ~
• £..r-J
J\ e.:.t'J' '(3"n J~ 41;i; J\ ,4.t..JiJ' k~ ~ ~ J\ &~ ~~ ~

(15-11) ~~.J:! • t::.!lS~ ~ ~,~ ~ Ji ~~~ ~£W eUW) ~J~
.e.:.t'..),J:t.W~
• .• . . .uu·
J ~ ~ .n t,... i.j
: rc-" u....- ~.j-Q
'A_t\
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\~, ~
" lJ.b. u.t~,,,~
~
~J~ ~ ~ t::I'J~ J ~ ule.~~1 ~J~ AJIIlJtfi ":-'~~, .bot c)l ~

)~l l!l~ ~ ~~ (j!i ,,ij, '+i4~ ~~ (~~') ~ e.:.t'Jb.
- "o., -
~\I~I ~~I ~J~l ~1~.J.4
~~I~ {~\'~ Il~~ I~~~
-A"~-
~~ \~R:rf\~·
\~ \~ r \~ ~f~ r stW' ~ ~ \~\f:' f ~ f \~
r-~ ~ (wI-sa) \~ ffQ ~ f' ~~ \~Fef\r , \1'f'M ~ 1~r ~~
~ f' ~~ t~f\~ \~.
f' ~ t~\-:s Itt!!••) ~ ~Fe' \~r:'l \~~ , r ff'~ ~ (fI-51) lrl~
r {«'\~ f..,r~{ \~ \rl'~ 'Sf' ~\"9' s \~~ r>r (zr-sr)
~ ~rr;' \1)~r t~ ~ ~ r!\' \~;,~ f ~ \~T~·
ff;( \~ ~ ~ \~\~ \~~ ~~ ~~ ~ \~ \t"~~·=n~·
\~ ~J ~M ~~ \~ ~ ~r \~i1 ~r,' \~~.
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ttl .,~q
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d
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ri;'~\~ (~r~ IJ).~

- ~\d. -
lr \
~1r::1~~
"::J1~1~~ff'
6'~'3\r::'~
t..~flr:"~
.
n;J ~Fc- l~~! ~~..
~ 1~~ \r.lf'
ftJ ~Fr~f ~ \mr'2
~l~~~
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t
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~~~
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r
~(C'W!~)
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+--:- - - - - -- - 510'0
(2
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.e.. oe -------- o~·o
\ ot __ 1 __ 1_ _ .L _ ..J __ L _.J __ i..... _ ..L __ 1 : _ _ :..-_

sro
i I 1 1 ~
OS 1
'=-
aero '"
e
1 1
~ 09
- - - ; - - ,- - -r - -1- - r - j - - r - I - - , - - .,. - -1- -
I
~ - -. - - ~ -
[.
c:
I I
~
_ -' -' J. __ 1_ _ .L _ .J __ L _.1 __ 1_ _ 1. __ 1_ _
OL 1 ! I I I I
:... ~ _
seo
I 1 1
08 I I I I I i
-- r- - -; - - - - ~ - -:- - 1 - -1- - r - """'! - - r - 'j - -1- - T - -!- - ~ - -c - - -- OS'O
06 ,
I
I , , I
I
_..;.. _ ..1. ...;. _ _ ,,_ _ ...L. __ I_ _ ...l. _ ..J.._ _ L..._.J __ J __ J.. __ l _ _ ..;. _ ...:. _ _ .... _
001,. SS'o
SUOnUp:lJA a~UlIoA SWH)
~f\,=, retr (~~'1 ~ ~ frerf\t:' ~ ~\'=' ~r ~~ ~~r:t ~

Ff\'11? rn~ ~ ~f\!? ~ , !"1 Ff' ~~ ~ ~~ ~~
~r,'\1 ~nr ~rJ ~ ~~ sfrr,~ iTfQ {~\M ' Wi!? ~ ~r! ~~
re:(\ ~~ ~f\1? ~ ~ ~ ~~ if$' ~>"' r ~ ~)1r;"
~ ~~ "inr:" {~\r\~ ,~
(RMS Variation Event Summary) ~ ~I~ ~I~~ ~ -":'

~L:ilt JLta (15-7) J~~ ~~ .~j ~.; .j ~ ~'.;1~1 ~Ijli ~ ~ ~ ~
.~ ~I~ ~'~S1 ~ ~ ($~ J.j~ ;..)~ ~ ~ ~ ~I).~
~ ~,~ ~'.u.~ ~ (15-;) J~~

i;-'...)Ull v-j1l ~ .;l.y:....."il ~ .!~
Date Time Voltage Duration
5/2/95 09:39:56 69.43% 15 r,;ye
5/2/95 09:39:58 87.77% 6 eye
5/8/95 08:22:47 63.12% 15 eye
5/8/95 08:22:48 85.84% 9cye
5/8/95 08:22:52 45.88% 6 eye
5/8/95 08:23:12 85.34% 7 eye
5/8/95 08:23:16 54.19% 31 eye
5/8/95 08:23:38 55.17% 29 eye
5/8/95 08:36:14 77.23% 2 eye
5/8/95 08:45:24 83.79% 10 eye
5/8/95 08:45:55 54.45% 14 eye
5/8/95 08:46:01 46.97% Bcye
5/8/95 08:46:20 89.21% 9 eye
5/8/95 08:46:26 54.53% 29 eye
5/8/95 08:46:43 86.14% 7 eye
5/14/95 08:03:02 83.13% 4 eye
5/14/95 09:06:59 82.83% 3 eye
5/17/95 14:39:06 89.12% 4cyc
5/29/95 03:33:55 1.29% 12 eye
5/29/95 03:34:19 6.84% Beye
5/29/95 03:34:42 0.81% 4 eye
5/30/95 07:53:15 72.05% 4 eye
5/30/95 07:53:18 75.97% 6 eye
5/30/95 08:00:10 68.44% 2 eye
5/30/95 13:15:03 76.25% 2 eye
-'f.f-
~'4~ ~)t' 4.:J~l ~,~~

(DISDIP Table) DISDIP JJ~ -[
.t4 JJ~ 00 ~~ bJL~ o.J~ ~ ~ u..;\~ ~ JJ~ ,~ (S~

bJ\J~ ~p. ~ e..Jlll ,~ Jti4 (15-8) JJ~ (S~ Q )~~\ ~~ iJli J ~
.4J~o~ J ~
DISDIP JJ~ ;.J~ ~ bJ\)~"1' uli~ ~W (15-8) JJ~

~I~
0.5<5 5<30 0.5<1 1<3 3<20 20<60 >60
Voltage cycle cycle second second second second second
maznltude
70 % to 90% 6.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
40% to 70% 1.0 7.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1% to 40% 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
<1% 1.0 0.0 0.0 -. OJ) 0.0 0.0 0.0
(ESKOM Voltage Sag Table) ESKOM J.4~ J~ JJ~ -J
CJ\J~ ~ (,513\ J
4L..J\ y~ ESKOM cJ)~ JJ~ \~ f~
(15-16) ~~.J: .)~ ;jli 4J ~~ JS J) T,X,S,Z,Y t.IJJ c:.,\G.~ ~
lw ~~) LJ;.~ JsJ lillj J ~1j ~ i~~ ~~ iJii J ~ ..;\~1 JJ~
«()4j.t\ J ~ 4'.2 h" "Cln ~j~ 4..l~ [j~
~~\ ~ ~ J J.J~ ~.J~ ~ bJlc.~ ~ (15-9) JJ~ ~~ to;.!)
.
. 30· ""-,.:. ~ II ... 1\ u\ \~ L_ ... c: &3\.:i.jj . t1::'
f'-" ~ ~' ..) • ~ ~. ""--
u~ t.i.:L ~~\ ~~ ~~ ~ c:.,1..;\~ J~ ( 15- 10) JJ~ ~~
L AJi.."in c:.,\.c.~ J ~
ESKOM f~ ~ u\)~ J$.- (15-11) JJ~ ~ J
- r. t -
~\l~\ LJ:u~\ 4;J~l u\~~

<.!/.,;JUl3' !S~
VOlo
20 %
~
20ms 150ms 600ms ()4jJl 3s
~~ ESKOM ~ ..),~ JJ~ (15-16) ~
~J=J~
ESKOM ~ )~ (15-9)J~~
T X S Z Y 0
Mag:Ot040% Mag :40 to 80% Mag:40 to 80% Mag:O to 80% Mag:80 to 90% ~1~StI
Dur:l to 30 Dur:1 to 7.5 Dur:7.5 to 30 Dur:30to 150 DurrI to 150
cycle cycle cycle cycle cycle lSfi,StI
Other
events
3.0 6.0 6.0 1.0 9.0 0.0
~
100% ~ ~ ~~=Mag
noJJJII S~~ ~li:JI ~jli=Du:r
t:JlvJW
.. ~
·lJd·~~
tt:• . ..~I ~
- fd~ -
~'4~\ ~~\ L~j~} u,~~

~)i ~~ 6J~ ~ bJ\.}~ J~ (15-10) JJ~
~ ~ S T X (Y) Z
b ~LS~
606 KV to 44KV 30 30 100 150 20

>44KV to 132 KV
69 54 215 314 49
(~..J)
>44KV to 132 KV 25 25 80 120 16
>132KV to 765
11 () 45 88 5
KV
[25]~~
ESKOM f'~ ~ 6t\J~! J~ (15-11) JJ~

I
I
~~t$~ S T X (Y) I z
606 KV to 44KV 10 8 50 75 10
>44KV to 132 KV
(~...))
25 15 100 150
I 20
>44KV to 132 KV 10 10 50 80 5
>132KV to 765
3 3 33 40 2
KV
[25]~.;..J\
--
- f.,,\ -
43l:~\ ~"J\ ~.)~} 6d'~).e

(eDEMA Curve) CBEMA ~ - ....A
6', -; .:;, iAn ~~ h Jh5 in CBEl\1A ui " it! ~~ 1978 f~ ~

..
~~~u~u'"
i .. .." Jl
'''!r
i" "" ~ te t "A - t l . . . . "
,J.....Itl.,J .! 'IEluewU~!~ ...~.J' S l'
n~
::i _ :::: t
C BE MA ~
., W bl'~"
U i.e 4 ~
4i...,,--. J~ ~
U~ .J (Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association)

~ .J ($~ ~ CF i.)lg&:. CBEMA ~ . IEEE ~.»lI ~us.n ~
U
e
.... 'll
" n~l
.u. . J .Jlf tS~,
,. t",tt i..... iAtl
~' ~~, ,
te.. f .. ....
t>j'JJ ::: _.~lf'
.J ~ "A_ tl
, Q~l .. i",1
~.J ,j~ ,~
ta...
:L..:~ J~ ~ ~bJ1 o~ trb~ ~ ~ (.$J.j: ~~ ,~ wll ~

.~~4..:~
CBEMA ~ (15-17) ~ ~~
o~ .J ~ ~.fJ ~.J ~ ';\~124 J~ l!.tJ.bJ ~ (IS-18) ~ ~~,J
:~~lS eJti.ln ,,\ ~ .J CBEMA ~ ~~ JSJ
14= ~ ~ ~i ~'~':1, jJS. e
0= ($,JJaJ\ ~ ~i ~'J:.~I J~ •
- f.V -
~J4-S1l ~~, ~J~! Q'~~

-V-J.-
OOOL lfiO LOtH)

.
.:0)..•..•.•..••.••..•....
I
It.)
,.-}
.... ~.~~
:cn
I
··
250i . i
200 ------------------~--
I
· I
I
Total Events=24
EventViolatingCBEMALower Curve:14
Events ViolatingCBEMAUpper Curve :0
·
I
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(Voltage Sag Energy)

~ (undervoltase) ~~I f ~tiidl ,J (Overvoltage) elld..A w~
~~ ~I ~~! ..J ~JJ1j 4llk ~~~&dl; ~ eU:iJ} w~ ~jJjJ 9 ~td 9 ~

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Sag score := 1- 3 (VA + VB + Vc) (2)
:;d~~' 4JJUt..J\ ()A J~~I ~"'~ ~ ~J~ ,utM ~jl
W := (1- V pu )3.14 * t (3)
'f \ e -
~t~~\ ~~J~!
lS.J~ OJ~ UtbJ\ W~ ~ ~ fb~ 4Jb jtJ .J

W3ph = (1- Vl pu )3..14 * t1 + (1- V2 pu )3814 * rz
+ (1- V3pu )3..14 * t3 (4)
tlJlL.ol1 ~ ~ J\~ ,ul.b ~~ ~,j.4 ~ J
ASEI := ~)w3ph (5)
:~
W :=lostenergy in a sag event
= .J~'i' ~~ 4,j;; OJ~ ,ulbJ\
Vpu==per unit voltage during the sag event
= J\J:a.l1' ~~ ~ ~ i~~ ~
t == sag duration
: : J'~~' 6,jii
n =Noofsag
= ..:a'J'~1' JJ.e.
VI,V2,V3 == Voltage Sags for 3.. phase
= J~; ~ ~ u'J'~
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= ~ JJ:tJ} 4Jlb J:w..jdA ~.j.t
t1=t2=t3 ~ lA ~
(4)~
(15-12) J.J~ ~ ~ ~\J'w} 3 J.tU iJ~ U~ ~ ~}

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- '" -
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~\
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(4) J~ ~ (15-12) J.J~
~~~~~
.)'~'il ofi
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Vpu
~-U~
0.8 66&7 nz 0.43
0.6 50.0 0.4 2.81
0&5 41.7 0.5 4.73
: ~~LS ASEI ~ .)'~j ,uUiJ .b.u~ .;.JJ~ ~ ~
ASEI = ~ (tlo43 + 2.81 + 4.13) :::: 2.32
(5) JUA
~.;\~ 34 j~ t,du\H (15-13) J,J~ ~~
J~~' UtJ:i ~~ yli.).4 I!.U~ .J ~ .;\~"'i' UU:a ~1
~
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)~ ~~ JsJ )~~, Ul..k e~ {)A )~1' .aJLb
,J'~~' .u~ ~l =576.9 pu.ms
:~~LS ,J'~"'i' Utk ~J" ~,j..tA ~ (5) t1J~ f'~~ .J
u')~~' J~ =0=34
~ .)'~l Uib ~ji.o~,j.4 =ASEI::::576..9/34::: 16/17
- f' V -
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4lLbn y~ s (5) JI.i. ~L1.:-: (15-13)J~~

(t) (W)
VI V2 V3
Energy Lost (per
Duration (per unit) (per unit) (per unit)
-
(s) unit*ms)
0.099 0.89 0.72 0.90 1.99
0.952 0.85 0.85 0.86 6.91
0.067 0.87 0.67 0.84 2.38
0.167 0.85 0.89 0.73 3.33
0.082 0.94 0.75 0.71 2.75
0.1 0.92 0.70 0.68 5.H
0.067 0.96 0.85 0.86 0.32
0.3 0.73 0.72 0.76 13.82
0.082 0.96 0.72 0.71 3.19
1.417 0.63 0.62 0.65 129.01
0.116 0.82 0.87 0.66 4.64
0.485 0.96 0.81 0.78 6.83
0.45 0.96 0.82 0.75 7.87
2.67 0.81 0.74 0.96 20.03
0.249 0.87 0.92 0.80 2.09
0.067 0.97 0.86 0.84 0.35
0.301 0.84 0.64 0.57 34.39
0.084 0.86 0.67 0.85 2.98
0.2 0.73 0.29 0.70 76.07
0.286 0.83 0.82 0.93 .2.48
1.064 0.67 0.71 0.66 85.07
0.133 0.87 0.79 0.82 1.82
3.983 0.75 0.76 0.75 37.06
0.3 0.82 0.74 0.77 8.71
0.165 0.88 0.59 0.58 21.08
0.1 0.78 0.64 0.98
. 4.91
0.066 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.96
0.067 0.96 0.82 0.71 1.69
2.008 0.72 0.70 0.70 63.99
0.033 0.98 1.0 0.82 4.59
0.083 0.93 0.96 0.38 18.52
0.484 0.97 0.84 0.98 1.54
O.OS 0.89 0.81 0.93 0.33
0.015 0.98 1.0 0.81 0.08
- ""A-
,
~JfSJ\ ~~, ~~) ~'~.J.4
(6)~
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~
w\A (4) 4JJ~' ~
,,;t~'1' ULb ~! =54J~ PUoIDS
bJ\.;I~~' JJ.e. =10

ASEI= 54J~/I0 =5048
,ulhn y~.$ (6) J~ b.lL~ (15-14) JJ~

([)
VI V2 V3
(W)
Duration Energy Lost
(per unit) (per unit) (per unit)
(s)
- (per uaitvms)
0.117 0.88 0.88 0.74 2000
0.115 0.84 0.85 0.86 {t90
0.434 0.76 e.rs 0.75 16.08
OJ)S3 0.97 0.85 0.80 0.75
00100 0.77 0.84 0.79 2.05
OJ)83 0.95 0.77 0.70 2.72
0.033 0.85 0.98 0.84 0.19
0.099 0.97 0.70 0.60 7.83
0.10 0.68 0.49 0.57 21.93
0.067 0.97 0.86 0.84 0.35
- f' '\ -
~1.:~\ ~)1\ ~J~} u\~~
(SARFI x Index) SARFIx ~~ : ~~
SARFlx ,.Hi i33, '131 .;\~ ~~j J ? 'ill!
[System Average RMS (variation) Frequency Index voltage]
~.J .~~ ~'4~~.\iJ\ Oj~ J;!~ ~~jfSJ1 Ji\~ ~~ ~\jJi,j.J\

~j o~JJ ~ ~tL.J\ ~\~ J~ rms ~ ~~ J~ SARFfx jJi,jA
X ~ J:'S\ u~ ~ ).w~' ~ c,) X ~ Jit &~ 4J 4!JJj.J , ~~ JsJ &J~
:~ 4JJ~ ~ SARFIx ~,jA u.,J\;! J .(swell) tw.a~, 4..Sb ~
SARFIx = :LNi (6)
NT
:~
xerms voltage threshold possible values are
140, 120, 110,90,80,70,50 and 10
= ~ ~ ~ D"s:a." ~iJ~ 4J\
140,120,110,90,80,70,50,and 10
Ni=number of customers experiencing short -duration voltage
deviations with magnitudes above x% for x> 100 or below x%
for xc 100 due to measurement event i
=~ x% ().tl ~i .a AJ9 @~ i.;iJ ~ uti'~1 ~~, ~~
o' J$.
i ~~ (JJ'~ ~j.J x<lOO ~ x% DA Jii.4 4;'i) J\ x>100

NT=total number of customers served from section of system to be
assessed
= ~ f'1.Jlln ~ eUai: ~ U:S~ J~ ~}
- ttY. -
~~I ~~, ~J~l u\~~

.h-1i ,,,,.ft 1.: "~JfSJI ~1J04 ~t ~~ cJ ~~ , SARFIx ~}4 ~~

r~~ ~~ wi ~ ,~ u~ , ~ ~ i:J:4 70% ()A Ji~' ~ ~'J~~
~~i ..>#- jJ!~ ,uJb4 iJ~ riA ~~ ~.J::! • SAllFI,o ~ U:S~ g:.~-*,
:~ ~ ~~.J
ITIC ~ ~ bJl:U3 u~ 140,120,110
ITIC ~ ~ ~Ww~ y ~ 90,80,70
ulS~ ~ ~ l'JJPi! u+j~ ($~ ~ 50
~~ t~ €S~ lfJ1-t IEEE 1159 ~t:iJ' u~,~ ~ 10
~~: ..;J;.)AJl ~ jJJ&. J ~'J'~~' ~~ ~ SARFI ~,j.4 ~ ~
: t&.~~, u,~~ b~ U'" .J (curve index) ~
SARFlc BEMA & SARFImc & SARFIsEMI
~ J SARFIx~.J.o ()4~'; ~'A,j.4 ~ ~.J:!,~l

SIARFIx {'~ ($..J.:J""'I
. 41tt ~I
\A .... ll . " ' , .(;!w, '"
.»:flU J J'*'" ~
••
~.jA
•
(System Instantaneous Average RMS (variation) Frequency Index)
SMARFIx {'~ ~' 'A ... 1\ ~
t:....t1\ ~, -"', .(i ~ '"
J J""" ••
!JM jAJI,JA •
(System Momentary Average RMS (variation) Frequency Index)

STARFIx {'llmS cl.j.oJ\ ~ JJiU.;1.;SJ..b&~~.)4 •
(System Temporary Average RMS (variation) Frequency Index)
:.;Ji';" JS ~~ ~ 4!i J
SIARFIx {'lAm iS~'
. .,1t\ ~'
\A ... 1\ • '" ,.(i ~ '"
..»!flY .J..r- .. •
'.JM ...J4'd.JA •
System Instantaneous Average RMS (variation)Frequency Index voltage

.tt't\ w'" J .N":' ua.m I.)JJt.LJ\ €S J.:J"""A'
V-/ (.,J>M.. ~ JJ u- {'
'A ... tl r::-~'
.. 11\ ~' ....'6t-bw.,': ..tl J~ ,..·.. ~tt ,~tt:_.
...)AJJ.,yw' ~
.i~J 30 ~ 0.5 ()A J..9~ uA (tWJ"i' .Jt) J\~~' &jii u..,s,i .j.(~~
:4UJ1 4JJl.LoJJ ~ .;Jj}4JI ,~ bi.)Ll-J
. - ",y, -
~1.:Jf-SJ\ ~~\ ~J~l t:a'~.)a

SIARFI x :::: :ENIi (7)

NT
~
x ~~rms possible
140,120,110,90,80,70 and 50
19.,,_t\A.a~ .e~ ~Jl"",n"'"--9i~-";tl
:~ ~, ~l ~~.J, ~ ~j~l ~l
70,50
for x<JlOO due to measurement event i

= ~ ~t ~~\ ~,;;,j\ ~ljl~~ ~~~ J~
i ~~} {Ji~ ~j .J x<l00 r~ x % CY> Jit .j\ x» 100 f':;1.iJ x 0/0
SMARFlx r~ ~ ~~ ~ )J~ k~ ",,~t~ @

System Momentary Average RMS (variation) Frequency Index voltage
-V""'"
t~t) u:i 1).).9j ~
(JoY...
- N..t
f't tem (j!ItLJI ~t.....'
ltl .M~J\
~ ~~'
A .~, ~ A~~" JA1\ ~ ~~ ~ft ..\.M -tZ:<1Y
~~, (J* '"
~~ 3 ~ &.)~ 30 ~ J.J~ ~ (tl.i.:Y)f' .9t) J~1' ip ~.J.( ~tw~

~ ;Uj~ ~ fi~ ,~ u~ .J
SMARFI x == :ENMi (8)

NT
~
x = rms voltage threshold, possible values:
140, 120, 110,90,80,70,50 audIO
= -ur
.. -A ~ ~ A;&nJ......<-:
~~,~
n OJ~ ~ \A ....
¢
140,120,110,90,80,70,50,10
l'I~i= number of customers experiencing momantary voltage
deviations with magnitudes above x% for %>100 or below x%
for x<100 due to measurement event i
- yyy -
~'4~ ~~l ~J~! b!'~~

= ~~, 4 Aii} ~ ~ ~li\..P--l'i" ~~ uP~ J$.
i ~~ (J<II~ ~j.J x<100 ~ x% ()4 Jit ~.j\ x>100 ~:x%
STARFI X fltAlU cl·~ At! ~"'" t\ .", \ ,.eo:

'.:;-'~' ~.)..;-
k" ~"
~~~
e
System Temporary Average RMS (variation) Frequency Indexvoltage

JSJ) (JdI~ ii~J~ flJ:W1 (JM\1.J\ btijAn ~ ~ ~~ JJ:iU\ ..>Ji.YJ1 \~"~
.~~ 60 ~ 3 ~ JJ~ ~ (tlilt)f' .Jl) J\J~·Ji' ~Jli ~.J. (~~
=4SUJ\ .t1J~ ~ ..;.Jt~ \~ u~ J
STARFI = :ENTi (9)

x. NT
x =rms voltage threshold, possible values:
140, 120, 110,90,80,70,50 andl0
= . ....& ~ A.lit! • "It": J , ¢'" ... n"'J,-.tt ~
e
e /,,$I~' W..:;;- ~ (;~, "..
140,120,110,90,80,70,50,10
NTi =number of customers experiencing temporary voltage
deviations with magnitudes above x% for x>100 or below x%
for x<100 due to measurement event i
= ~~, 4 Qji) cl.jJJt ~ ~tj'.,Pd)f ~~ ~~ J~
i ~~ ~~ I!JJj J x<100 ~ x% ~ Jit .4 @);i} .jt x>100 ~ x%
(7)~
61 iJAS.J 7/1997 ~ i.1:Y ojli ~ ~ ~ u~~ r&ljj (15-15) JJ~ ~~

f',J;
x=90,70,50,10 ~ SARFIx P.jA ~l
. - 'rTf -
~1.:~ ~~\ 4.;J~} ~\~}4

(15-15) JJc~
~d~JI ~j Jii ~~\ ~.;li

~
Th"1.1e stamp Minimum voltage Event
~....)l;iJ\ ci~\ (%) Duration
--
1/7/97 9:48 9 eye
2/7/97 9:50 73 9 eye
7/7/97 14:20 0.0 82 eye
10/7/97 14:26 13 100 eye
21/7/97 15:55 0.0 2.600s
2/8/97 7:35 49 34 eye
2/9/97 8:30 0.0 41 s
8/9/97 10:30 59 40 eye
~
~ J,..Ji X ~ ~ ~,~i 8 JJaJ ,ut (15-15) J.J~ ~ ~ SARFI90 ~~
~ ~~ •.•. \lsA.j ? 70% ~ Ji\ ~ w~ ~,~, 6 JJ&. ~ 90%
(15-16) J.J~ ~ eJl:U3\
(7) Jti.t ~ (15-16) J..9~

p~\ ~\~':l\',.,~ f'~30 ~J~
SARFI 90 8 3.93
SARFl,o () 2.95
SARFIso 5 2.64
SARFI 10 3 1.48
- f'f t _.
.. <I .;+SJI
Wid ." I ~IJ ": " -:l'I·4dj~
I ."-\ ""'" ~.'#<'
'l""0 "11
~~LS f'~ 30 J1! ~~ J~ ~~ ~ JlJ.,g
~\~~n J~
f'.J: 30~ =~~J~

w .tJsJ\ ;
"""'.. d'
.":1t\
....".-'
u~ f.J:! 30 JSJ ~~ J~ ul-i SARFI90 jJA~ ~ ~

rate per 30 days = :1 * 30, = 3,,93
(8) Jtlta
oJ~ ~~ ~tL.n ~ t:t'~ ul:H (15-17)J,j~ ~~

o4t'ti 60 ~ (aggregation) ~,~ ~ ~ ~'~l ~ , ~ ~,~; ~
SARFIcBEMA & SARFIITIC & SARFIsEMI &~ ~
60 ofl~ui~~~ ~'~(15-17) JJ~~~ ~\~l "i,j; ~

ld oJ ~.il' ~~ ~ .~-U
1.. 02105/2000 09:39:55
2.. 02/0512000 09:39:58 ~
~ ~ .J 58 ~"Wt ~ c.r~ ~~ L4H 55 ~"W ~ CJlS Jil\ ~w u' ~

~ s tr~ ~ ~ ~ J}~' ~w CJ\ ~ ~ ,.~ .J ~L.d J 41;i~ ~
.... .wi ~"tin ~~ ~~
•t\.1'U'tw ..
. - fYo -
~~ ~~\ 4;J~l u\~~

(8) JtW ~l ~,~ u~ (15-17) JJ~
t!:l~1 ~j ~l tiyill
Time Stamp Magnitude (pu) Duration (s)
02/0512000 09:39:55 0.694 0.25
02/0512000 09:39:58 0.878 0.1
-
08/05/200 08:22:45 0.631 0.25
08/05/200 08:22:48 0.858 0.15
08/05/200 08:22:50 0.459 0.1
08/051200
08/05/200
08:23:11 L- 0.853 0.117
08:23:14 0.542 0.517
08/05/200 08:23:37 0.552 0.483
08/051200 08:36:12 0.772 0.033
08/05/200 08:45:24 0.838 0.167
08/051200 08:45:54 0.545 0.233
08/05/200 08:46:00 0.47 0.133
08/05/200 08:46:19 0.892 0.15
08/05/200 08:46:24 0.545 0.483
08/05/200 08:46:42 0.861 0.117
14/05/2000 08:03:00 0.831 0.067 ,
"
14/05/2000 09:06:59 0.828 0.05

17/05/2000 14:39:05 0.891 0.067
29/05/2000 03:33:54 0.013 0.2
29/0512000 03:34:17 0.068 0.133
29/0512000 03:34:42 0.008 0.067
30/05/2000 07:53:14 0.721 0.067
30/05/2000 07:53:18 0.76 0.1
30/0512000 08:00:09 0.684 0.033
30/05/2000 13:15:03 0.763 0.033
--
- f'i''\ -
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:~~~\~~ls
3.. 08/05/2000 08:22:45
08/05/2000 08:22:48
5. 08/05/2000 08:22:50 +
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.~~ 15 J~ ~ f$~ cs~ J (15-18)
SEMI & ITIC &CBEMA ~~ ~ (15-18) JJ~ ~1.~~J t:J!~ ~ cJ

:~ ~ ~t:Y csln .J SARFIcBEMA ~ (15-23) ~~.J:
7= eDEMA ~ ~ ~t ~,~~\ J$. (I)
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r~ 30 ~ ~~ J~ u\ J r~ 29 ($.Jt.u::i
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~-u 60 UA J9~' ~l~'i, ~ (15-17) J.J~ ~\~l J.t~ (15-18) JJ~

&!:J~ (JAj
~ ~jliJI
'I'ime Stamp
Magnitude (pu) Duration (s)
02/05/2000 009:39:55 0.694 0.25

08/05/2000 08:22:45 00459 0.1
08/05/2000 08:36:12 (t772 0.033
-
08/05/2000 08:45:24 0.47 0.133
.
08/05/2000 08:46:24 I 0.545 0.483
14/05/2000 08:03:00 0.831 0.067
14/05/2000 09:06:59 0.828 0.05
17/05/2000 14:39:05 0.891 0.067
29/05/2000 03:33:54 0.008 0.067
30/05/2000 07:53:14 0.721 0.067
30/05/2000 08:00:09 0.684 0.033
30/05/2000 13:15:03 0.763 0.033
(8) ~ ~lli (15-19) JJ~
~,;.d ~\J.:li.~' J~ ~~ 30 cJSJ J~

SARFICBEMA 7 7.24
SARFIIT 1C 6 6.21
SARFIsEM I 5 5.17
- Y''f A -
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;~ ~ ~fl u~ ~ 1!J\..b.~ l+i~ ~ J~~ ~J~ SARFI
~\~:~n d tiii J r-'J 365 JSJ ~\~t~n ~~~ ~ .J 1/6/95 ~ J 1/6/93 ~
o~~60 ~Ji~'
:~'l' Qt.L.,p o~'.)A ~
SARFICBEMA~}4 6)
CBEMA ~ ~ JLut ~. t::J\.;\~JA4 JA

SARFImc~}4 •
ITIC ~ ~ ~t ~ ~\J.w} J~ ~
SARFIsEMI.;.Ji~ .,
SEMI ~ ~l'~ ~'J'~ J.... JA
CP95 •
95~~\~~~'~
(95 th percentile cumulative probability value)
- fry -
~\t~ ~~, ~J~l ~\~}4
•
(15-20) JJ~
[- -:;z.:-._w,;:;.:
I
SARFI9«l SARFI8~ SARFI7~ SARFIsfJ SARFIl~ SARFlc BEMA SARFI1TlC SAIU~lsEMI
L~..
IIWN 0.0 OA) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
~ I
11
I ~ ! 1.881 5.594 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.316 2.791 2.362
~.
I ~
, CP50 43.987 22JHJ 12.126 5.165 1.525 25.465 18.765 13.619 t ~.J~
ll-
I
!
Mean 56.308 28.729118.422 8.926 3.694 33.293 25.39 18.535
II j
I
I I
I
!I
135.185 66.26 51.0 27.037 13.519 71.413 51.5 38.238
Maximum ,207.644 103.405 70.535 56.311 35.689 149.488 140.468 140.768

References
Models and Tools for Reliability of Power

Systems-Reliable with Increasing Automauo
. PH.D" Student Electric Power C,nr"\'"<"T"'"
KTH, Stockholm
[2] Rellability Indices
Tom Short EPR.I PEAC
Commercial '[l;,,,,,,',,ur:o r-"·,,,,..4,,,,,",,,,,,,,

1h1hhn,·ll",Yjn.'~C' ;Q,jQ ~'JI§1rr,.tD en.,,;jJ""J
lliil!-lt1i:" o J I '~~;:;;~.'4-",-.llu U.d'4-.",~Jlti1J
[5] IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design Reliable

Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
IEEE 493..1997
[6] bttp:/lwww.tdworld"coml
[7] IEEE Trial-Use Guide for Electric Power Distribution Reliability
Indices
IEEE std 1366-1998
[8] Working Group 37..28
Quality of supply..customers requirements
Final Report-Cigre 37JIO(WG28)02(E)
[9] http./zwww..Lipower.org/
[10] Quality ef Electricity Supply:
Initial benchmarking on actual levels, standards and
regulatory strategies
Aplil2001
Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER)
[11] Second benchmarking report on quality of electricity supply.
September 2003
Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER)
[12] http:// www.ofgem.gov.uk/
- flf e -
~"ll ...c'tI ~'J\ ~.3~\

~ .Jfr"""' ...
u\ ~t··.JA
[13] SAN DIEGO GAS & ELECTRIC 2004

Electric System Reliability Report
[14] Measurement practices for reliability and power quality
A Toolkit of reliability measurement practices
June 2004
ORNLffM.2004/91
[15] ht1p:!leetd.IbI.govIEAlEMP/emppubs.html
[16] Distribution Automation: Its Impact on Reliability and Benefits
of Supply in Distribution Systems
Ying He Goran Andersson Ron N.Anan
NORDAC2000
Trondheim 22..23 May 2000
[17] Goew\vw.rutgers.edul
[18] http://w\\.w.electrotek.coml
[19] htlp:!lwww.engr;usask.ca!
[20] Impact ofautomatic service restoration on the reliability of
power distribution systems
Ying He,Goran Andersson and Ron N.Allan
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
[21] Modeling the Impact of Automation and Control on the
Reliability of Distribution Systems
Ying He,Goran Andersson and Ron N Allan
e
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

[22] Electrical Power Systems QualitY
Roger C.DuganlJ.\tlark F..Mc Granaghan
Mc Graw- Hill New York 2002 (Book)
[23] Power Quality Handbook
www.scebiz.com
[24] IEEE 1100-1992
IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding
Sensitive Electronic Equipment .
Emerald Book
- ff'\ -
~'4~ ~~, ~j~) u\y.t,jA

[25] Indices Used to Assess Rl\1S Voltage Variations

D"Daniel Sabin
Electrotek Concepts
dsabaineselectrotek.com
[26] IEEE Standard Guide for Electric Power Distribution
Reliability Indices
IEEE Standard 1366..2001
[27] James J..Burke.Power Distribution Engineering:
Fundamentals and Applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc 1994
e,
[28] The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms

Seventh Edition
IEEE 100 2000
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‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ و ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ و ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬

Electric Power Reliability Indices

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