ALGEBRA 5

Principles and Sample

Problems
5.1 THEORY OF EQUATIONS
5.2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
5.3 WORD PROBLEMS IN ONE OR TWO VARIABLES
(NUMBER RELATIONS, MIXTURE, INVESTMENT, MONEY)
5.4 PROBLEMS FOR SOLUTIONS
ALGEBRA 5.1 Theory of Equations
❑ The number of roots of an equation is
equal to the degree of the equation.
❑ If the roots of polynomials are complex
numbers, then they are conjugates.
❑ If one root of a polynomial is an
irrational number say a+bc, then
another root is a-bc.
(1) the same as the number of variations
of sign of P(-x), or
(2) less than the number of variations of
sign of P(-x) by a positive even integer.
ALGEBRA 5.2 Quadratic Equations
❑ General Quadratic Equation:

Descarte’s Rule of Signs to find the Ax2 + Bx + C = 0

number of positive (or negative) roots Divide through by A
of P(x): B C
x2 + x + = 0
❑ The number of positive real roots of a A A
polynomial P(x) with real coefficients is: Complete the square in x.
(1) the same as the number of variations 2 2
B  B   B  C
of sign of P(x), or x2 + x +   =   −
A  2A   2A  A
(2) less than the number of variations of
sign of P(x) by a positive even integer. Expand and simplify.
2
 B  B2 C
❑ The number of negative real roots of a x +  = 2 −
polynomial P(x) with real coefficients is:  2A  4A A
StilHOT
 2
 B  B2 − 4AC
x +  = x 1x 2 =
C
 2A  4A2 The product of roots is:
A
Extract the square roots.
B B2 − 4AC
x+ =
2A 2A StilHOT’s Formula:

2 x2 − (sum of roots)x + prod. of roots = 0

−B  B − 4AC Quadratic
x= Formula
2A ❑ Nature of Roots of a Quadratic
Equation as described by its Discriminant
−B + B2 − 4AC
x1 = The Discriminant of a QE is:
2A
The roots are: B2 − 4AC
−B − B2 − 4AC ▪ When B2-4AC>0, the roots are real
x2 = and distinct.
2A
▪ When B2-4AC=0, there is only one
root that is repeated; The QE is a
B perfect square trinomial.
The sum of roots is: x1 + x2 = −
A ▪ When B2-4AC< 0, the roots are
complex conjugates. StilHOT
ALGEBRA 5.3 Word Problems in One ❑ Investment Problems
or Two Variables Principle: The net interest obtained from
❑ Number Relation Problems two or more business ventures is equal
to the sum of the interests obtained from
1. The sum of three consecutive odd/even
each business venture.
integers: x+(x+2)+(x+4) or (x-2)+x+(x+2)
I = P1r1 + P2r2 + ...
2. The number is 24 more than one-third
its value. x = (x/3) + 24 P1 = Principal/Capital in the first line of
business.
r1 = rate of simple interest earned/realize
❑ Mixture Problems in the first line of business.
Principle: The pure amount of a substance
in a solution is obtained by multiplying the ❑ Money Problems
content (amount) by the concentration of Principle: Problems involving money
the substance. requires pure analysis and principles in
Algebra in formulating equations.
C1 + C2 = C
x y x+y

C1x + C2y = C(x + y)

StilHOT
5.4 Problems for Solutions: Problem 5: Ans. x2-10x+9=0
Problem 1: Ans. i, -i, -2, 1 Two engineering students attempt to solve
Find all roots of x4+x3-x2+x-2, given a problem that reduces to a quadratic
that i is a root. equation. One of the students makes a
mistake only in the constant term of the
Problem 2: Ans. P(x)=x -6x +11x -10x+2 Q.E. and gives answers of 8 and 2 for the
4 3 2

Find a polynomial of lowest degree
with rational coefficients that has
2+3 and 1-i as roots.
Problem 3: Ans. 1, 2 or 0 ; 5 or 3 or 1, 1 answer as -9 and -1 for the roots. If you are
Without solving, determine the number
of positive real roots in the polynomial
P(x)=6x6-5x4+3x3 -7x2+x-2. How about the Problem 6: Ans. 16
number of negative real roots?
Problem 4: Ans. 1
Determine the value of k so that the
sum and product of the roots are
equal from the given equation
2
7x +(2k-1)x-3k+2=0.
roots. The other student solving the same
problem made an error in the coefficient
of the first degree term only and gives his
to check their solutions, what would be
the correct quadratic equation?
A certain review instructor is hired by a
group of students to conduct lectures in
Mathematics for their licensure exam at a
package cost of P96,000. Four from the
group were not able to make it due to
financial matters. If the contribution of
each of the remaining students increases
by P2,000, how many students were in the
original group? StilHOT
Problem 7: Ans. 1375 m Problem 9: Ans. 50 kg
I jogged for three nights and in each A brine solution contains 40 kg of salt
night, I increased the distance traveled and 60 kg of water. How much pure
by 125 m. What was the distance I jogged water must evaporate to increase the
the third night if the total distance I concentration to 80% salt?
traveled was 3750 m? Problem 10: Ans. P64,800
A man invests on three different brands
Problem 8: Ans. 78
of laptops A, B, and C. He earns 12% in
A mountain resort that featured skiing in
the first, 9% in the second, and losses
the winter was partially staffed by college
15% in the third brand. If he invested a
students in the summer. One summer
total of P2.4 M on the three brands and
there were three times as many students
he allotted equal amounts to brands A
employed as there were year-round
and C, how much is the net earnings if
employees. When September came, 40
the amount invested to brand B is 40% of
of the students went back to school and
his total investment?
30 nonstudents were hired for the winter.
If there were then twice as many
nonstudents as students, how many
people staffed the resort in the winter?
Problem 11: Ans. P113.75
You enter a gambling house wherein
there is an entrance fee of P50 and an
exit fee of P30. Because of luck, you
always win by betting the amount left in
your pocket and it doubles. If after exiting
the third gambling house, you don’t have
any more money, how much money did
you have at the start?
Problem 12: Ans. P17,500/mo.
Jesrael collected P410,000 in one year by
renting two apartments. Find the rent
charged in the cheaper apartment if one
rented for P2500 per month more than
the other if the more expensive one was
vacant for 2 months.
Problem 13: Ans. 200 lb
How many pounds of cream containing
12% butterfat must be added to 1800 lb
of milk containing 2% butterfat to obtain
a milk having 3% butterfat?
Problem 14:
British sterling is 7.5% copper by weight.
How many grams of silver must be mixed
with 150 g of an alloy that is 10% copper
in order to make sterling?
Problem 15:
A vote to decide whether a
party is to be held in the beach or in the
mountain resulted in a victory for the
beach location. The total voters is 31.
However, if two persons had changed
their votes from favoring the beach to
favoring the mountains, the
mountainsite would have won by one
vote. How many of the group favored the
beach location?
Problem 16: Problem 19:
What is the value of k in the equation A meeting of several transport group
kx2 + 9x + 8 = 0 if the equation is to leaders was held to decide whether
have only one root? they should strike or not. It was
Answer: 81/32 arranged that during the counting,
those in favor should remain standing
Problem 17:
and those against should sit down. In
Find the quadratic equation whose due course, the acting chairman
roots are the reciprocals of the roots announced that the motion is carried
2
of the equation Ax + Bx + C = 0. by a majority equal to exactly a
2
Answer: Cx + Bx + A = 0 quarter of the opposition. A man
Problem 18: protested, saying some of them could
Two students attempted to solve a not sit down because there were not
problem which reduces into a quadratic enough chairs. So the chairman
equation. One, in simplifying, made a decided that those who wanted to sit
mistake in the constant term and had -2 down but couldn’t, will raise their right
& 6 for his roots. The other made a hand. He counted a dozen and then
mistake in the coefficient of the first- announced the motion is lost by a
degree term and had -3 & 5 for his majority of 1. How many transport
roots. What is the correct quadratic leaders were in that meeting? 207
equation? Answer: x2 – 4x – 15 = 0
Problem 20:
How much water must be evaporated
from a 15-liter 12% dye solution to
obtain a solution that is 20% dye?
Assume that the total amount of dye
is not affected by the process of
evaporation. Ans. 6 L
Problem 21:
In what ratio must tea costing P240
per kg be mixed with tea costing
P340 per kg so that a profit of 20% is
made by selling the mixture at P360
per kg? Ans. 2:3
Problem 22:
A given alloy contains 20% copper
and 5% tin. How many pounds of
copper and of tin must be melted with
100 lb of the given alloy to produce
another alloy analyzing 30% copper
and 10% tin? All percentages are by
weight. 17.5 lb copper & 7.5 lb tin
Problem 23:
Find two numbers such that their
sum multiplied by the sum of their
squares is 5500, and their difference
multiplied by the difference of their
squares is 352. One of the numbers
is… 13
Problem 24:
What percentage of a mixture of
sand, gravel, and cement containing
30% cement should be replaced by
pure cement in order to produce a
mixture that is 40% cement.
14.3%
Problem 25:
In a mixed company of Malaysians,
Vietnamese, Singaporeans, Thais,
and Filipinos, the Malaysians are one
less than 1/3 of the Filipinos; and
three less than half the Vietnamese.
The Filipinos and Thais outnumber
the Singaporeans and Vietnamese
by 3. The Singaporeans and
Filipinos form one less than half the
company, and the Singaporeans and
Vietnamese form 7/16 of the
company. How many Filipinos were
there? 24
Problem 28:
Solve for y from the system of
equations below.
x2-yz=3 → Eq.1
y2-xz=4 → Eq. 2
z2-xy=5 → Eq. 3
Problem 26: Ans. P64,800
A man invests on three different
brands of laptops A, B, and C. He
earns 12% in the first, 9% in the
second, and losses 15% in the third
brand. If he invested a total of P2.4 M
on the three brands and he allotted
equal amounts to brands A and C, how
much is the net earnings if the amount
invested to brand B is 40% of
his total investments?
Problem 27: Ans. P(x)=x4-6x3+11x2-10x+2
Find a polynomial of lowest degree
with rational coefficients that has
2+3 and 1-i as roots.
Problem 19: Problem 17:
𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0:
𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒 −𝐵 + 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 −𝐵 − 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
𝑟1 = 𝑟2 =
2𝐴 2𝐴
𝐹𝐼𝑅𝑆𝑇 𝑉𝑂𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺: 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑄. 𝐸. :
𝑥>𝑦
𝑦 2𝐴 2𝐴
𝑥 =𝑦+ 𝑟1 = 𝑟2 =
4 −𝐵 + 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 −𝐵 − 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
5 2𝐴 2𝐴
𝑥= 𝑦 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = +
4
−𝐵 + 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 −𝐵 − 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
2𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑂𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺: 𝐵
𝑥 − 12 < 𝑦 + 12 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = −
𝐶
𝑥 − 12 = 𝑦 + 12 − 1 2𝐴 2𝐴
𝑟1 ∗ 𝑟2 = ∗
5 −𝐵 + 𝐵 − 4𝐴𝐶 −𝐵 − 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
2
𝑦 − 𝑦 = 23 𝐴
4 𝑟1 ∗ 𝑟2 =
𝑦 = 92 2
𝐶
𝑥 + 𝑛𝑒𝑔. 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑. = 0
5
𝑥 = 92 = 115 2
𝐵 𝐴
4 𝑥 − − 𝑥+ =0
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 115 + 92 𝐶 𝐶

𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 = 𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝑪𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑨 = 𝟎

Problem 21: Problem 22:
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑚𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑡 ₱240/𝑘𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑚𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑡 ₱340/𝑘𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑛
240𝑥 + 340𝑦 = 𝑃(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟:
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑃 + 0.20𝑃 = 𝑃360/𝑘𝑔 0.20 100 + 𝑥 = 0.30(100 + 𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑃 = ₱300/𝑘𝑔 0.7𝑥 − 0.3𝑦 = 10 → 𝐸𝑞. 1
240𝑥 + 340𝑦 = 300(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑇𝑖𝑛:
40𝑦 = 60𝑥 0.05 100 + 𝑦 = 0.10(100 + 𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑥 2
= −0.1𝑥 + 0.9𝑦 = 5 → 𝐸𝑞. 2
𝑦 3
𝒙: 𝒚 = 𝟐: 𝟑 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝒍𝒃 (𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓)
𝒚 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒍𝒃 (𝒕𝒊𝒏)
Problem 25: 𝐸𝑞. 3 + 𝐸𝑞. 4
𝐹 2𝐹 − 𝑀 − 2𝑉 = 1 → 𝐸𝑞. 34
𝑀 = −1
3
𝐹 − 3𝑀 = 3 → 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞𝑠 1, 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 34
𝑉 𝑭 = 𝟐𝟒 M = 7 V = 20
𝑀 = −3
2
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞. 5
2𝑀 − 𝑉 = −6 → 𝐸𝑞. 2
𝐹+𝑇=𝑆+𝑉+3 9 𝑉 + 𝑆 = 7(𝐹 + 𝑀 + 𝑇)
𝐹 − 𝑉 + 𝑇 − 𝑆 = 3 → 𝐸𝑞. 3 9 𝐹 + 𝑇 − 3 = 7(𝐹 + 𝑀 + 𝑇)
𝐹+𝑀+𝑉+𝑇+𝑆 2 𝐹 + 𝑇 − 27 = 7𝑀
𝑆+𝐹 = −1
2 2 24 + 𝑇 − 27 = 7(7)
2𝑆 + 2𝐹 = 𝐹 + 𝑀 + 𝑉 + 𝑇 + 𝑆 − 2 T = 14
𝐹 − 𝑀 − 𝑉 − 𝑇 + 𝑆 = −2 → 𝐸𝑞. 4 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞. 3
7
𝑆+𝑉= (𝐹 + 𝑀 + 𝑉 + 𝑇 + 𝑆) 24−20 + 14 − 𝑆 = 3
16
−7𝐹 − 7𝑀 + 9𝑉 − 7𝑇 + 9𝑆 = 0 → 𝐸𝑞. 5 S = 15
 𝑥+𝑧 2
x2-yz=3 → Eq.1 − 𝑥𝑧 = 4
y2-xz=4 → Eq. 2 2
z2-xy=5 → Eq. 3 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 4𝑥𝑧 = 16
Problem 28: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 = 16
𝐸𝑞. 2 − 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝑥 − 𝑧 = ±4 → 𝐼𝑛 𝐸𝑞. 3
𝑧±4+𝑧
𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 = 1 𝑦=
2
𝑦−𝑥 𝑦+𝑥 +𝑧 𝑦−𝑥 =1 𝑦 = 𝑧 ± 2 → 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞. 3
𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 → 𝐸𝑞. 12 𝑥 =𝑧±4
𝐸𝑞. 3 − 𝐸𝑞. 2 𝑧2 − 𝑧 ± 4 𝑧 ± 2 = 5
𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 = 1 𝑧 2 − (𝑧 2 ± 6𝑧 ± 8) = 5
𝑧−𝑦 𝑧+𝑦 +𝑥 𝑧−𝑦 =1 ±6𝑧 = 5 ± 8
13
𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 → 𝐸𝑞. 23 𝑧=
6
𝐸𝑞. 12 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐸𝑞. 23 13
𝑦−𝑥 𝑦= −2
=1 𝑦−𝑥 =𝑧−𝑦 6
𝑧−𝑦 𝟏
𝑥+𝑧 𝒚=
𝑦= → 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞. 2 𝟔
2