Name: Marielle Joy Guevara Gr. & Sec.

: G11-Sun Date: March 28,2020

Teacher: Ms. Almira Gacutan Group No:
Rubric:
__ Content (30%) : ___
Documentation (15%): ___
Paper Presentation (5%): __
EXPERIMENT NO. ___ Total (50%) : ____

FROG DISSECTION

Frogs belong to the class amphibian. Although many differences exist between
humans and frogs, the basic body plans are similar. Humans and frogs both belong to
the phylum Chordata. By studying the anatomy of the frog, you will better understand
the human body systems.

I. OBJECTIVES:
 Investigate the anatomy and organ systems of the frog.
 To observe the relationship between organ structure and function.
 To compare frog and human anatomy to better understand body systems.

II. MATERIALS:

 Dissecting Kit
 Dissecting Pan
 Gloves, mask and Lab Gown
 Probe
 Alive frog
 Vials for organs (medium size)
 Formalin (preservation for specimen)

III. PROCEDURE:

Partner Roles: Every other step will be hands on. Pick one person to start and
then alternate. If you are the person dissecting, then the other person in the pair is
assisting. After the dissection is completed, share your observations so that both
people have a completed frog identification diagram. Conclusion questions will be
individual work.
Preparation:
1. Tie hair back; wear your lab gown and gloves.
2. Partner 1 – get your materials.
3. Partner 2 – get the frog
4. Decide who will start the dissection, remember to alternate turns!
5. When you are ready to begin, look forward and be silent. Refrain creating
unnecessary noise. Focus on your experiment.

Part A - External Anatomy:

1. Make sure frog is right side up so that you can see the face.
2. Identify the eyes, which have a nictitating membrane that serves to moisten the
eye.
3. Identify the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. It is located behind each eye.
4. Find the external nares or nostrils.
5. Find the digits, which are like fingers on both the fore and hind limbs.
6. Determine if your frog is male or female by looking at the innermost finger of the
forelimb. The male pad is an enlarged darker patched pad that the male uses to
grasp a female during mating.

Part B - Mouth:
1. Pry opens the mouth. Use the scissors to cut the corner of the mouth where the
maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) join together.
2. Find the tongue and pull it out.
3. Feel the maxillary teeth that are along the rim of the upper jaw. Notice that only
the upper jaw has teeth.
4. Locate the glottis. It is a slit opening for the voice box on the floor of the mouth.
5. Find the esophagus at the rear of the mouth.
Part C – Internal Anatomy: Dissection Opening up the frog
Place the frog ventral side up (on its back) and pin its four limbs down
2. Lift the frog’s skin with forceps between the rear legs.
3. Make a small cut through the lifted skin with the scalpel. Take care to cut only
the skin. You are making a starting place for the scissors.
4. Use the scissors to continue the incision up to the midline all the way
through n.
5. Stop cutting when your scissors reach the frog’s neck.
6. Now, you will cut horizontally. Use the scissors to make sideways incisions in
the skin
7. The first incisions are made between the front legs. Then do the same with the
rear legs.
8. Be careful to cut only skin, not muscle.
9. Pick up the flap of skin with the forceps.
10. Use a scalpel to help separate the skin from the muscle layer below. Then pin
the skin to the dissection tray.

Cutting the Muscle and Bone: First muscle incision

1. Do the same incisions, this time through the abdominal muscle. You will find it
easier to begin the vertical incision by lifting the muscle layer with the forceps. Do
this between the rear legs of the frog.
2. Make a small cut with the scalpel.
3. Use the scissors to continue the incision up the middle to just below the front
legs.
4. Don’t cut too deeply, the muscle is thin. It is easy to damage the organs
underneath. Cutting the bone:
5. Cut through the chest bones. When you reach the point just below the front legs,
turn the scissors blades sideways, so that you only cut through the bones in the
chest. Be careful that you don't cut too deeply.
6. Stop cutting when your reach the frog’s neck. Second (Horizontal) Muscle
Incision:
7. Make the horizontal (sideways) incisions, just as you did with the skin using the
scalpel. The first incision is between the front legs, the second is between the rear
legs.
 8. Separate the muscle flaps from the organs below. Pull back and hold the muscle
flaps with the forceps.
9. Use scalpel to separate the muscle from the organ tissue.
10. Pin the muscle flaps back far enough to allow easy access to the internal
organs.

Clean Up
Clean up your work area and equipment. Return the cleaned dissecting equipment
to the appropriate place.

IV. OBSERVATION:
A. The hind legs of the frog are the powerful part of their body. For us, frog
use the hind legs to swim very fast or to steer in able to escape from the
predators or for catching more prey. And we think the other function of
these hind legs are to swim, dig and jump.

B. Liver is the largest internal organ of the frog just like humans. Their tongue
is a kind of adorable. Their tongue is flipping when they are eating. The
front part of the tongue is attached to the body instead of the back part.
They only have teeth on their upper jaw. On the upper jaw also, they have a
pair of holes connected to the nares. Their glottis is located behind the
tongue. To properly see the esophagus, cutting the jaw is needed and their
esophagus is narrow that one will not see it if it is not opened by a scalpel.
At the left and right sides of the upper jaw, they also have a pair of holes or
tubes called Eustachian Tubes that is connected to the tympanic
membrane

C. Fogs don’t have external ears. Their eyes allow to rotate and sight in many
directions. When the skin of the frog was cut, the first thing that you will
see is the largest organ which is the liver. The liver is divided into three
section which are the right lobe, left anterior and left posterior. Above the
liver, the triangular shaped structure is its heart, the web like structure
 around the heart is called the peritoneum. Conus arteriosus was located
above the heart. Behind the heart, there is a spongy structure which are the
lungs. As you raise the liver, you will find the gall bladder which was
located behind the liver. And the other side of the liver there is a curved
structure which is the stomach. Inside the curve there is the pancreas,
beside the pancreas there is a yellow thing which is the frog’s fat body. At
the bottom of the stomach there’s a valve called the pyloric sphincter valve
which is connected to the small intestine. The first part of the small
intestine is the duodenum then the curly part is the jejunum and the last
part which is connected to the large intestine is the ileum. At the bottom of
the large intestine where all of the food waste and urine will go to the
cloaca and then it will go outside of the frog’s body. The red organ below
the intestine is the spleen. Underneath the pancreas is the kidney and the
curly structure around it is called the oviducts. Below of all its organs and
between the limbs that is like a plastic structure is the urinary bladder.

V. CONCLUSION:
Questions – Independent work (Answer in complete sentences).
1. Did you have a male or female frog? How did you identify this fact? (be specific
as to how you can tell the difference)
- Female frogs tend to be bigger physically and heavier than male
frogs. Male frogs often have small differently colored and more roughly
textured patches on their hands, especially on the insides of their thumbs.
Sometimes there’s a difference in skin texture between male and female
frogs. Most often, males have the rougher or spikier skin than the females.
 2. Where is the frog’s liver and what it the purpose of this structure?
- When you cut the skin of the frog, the first thing you will see is its
liver which is located below the heart. The liver plays an important part in
the digestion process of a frog. It produces the liquid that breaks down the
food that a frog eats. it does secrete a digestive juice called bile.

3. How are the feet of the frog adapted to swimming?

- Frogs have webbed feet which helps them to swim. The skin
between its toes are flexible and helps them push through when they are
underwater.

4. How does the length of the small intestine relate to its function in absorbing
digested food?
- A frog has a long small intestine which is approximately twice
the length of the entire body. Their long small intestine helps them to
facilitates more time for nutrients absorption in the body through diffusion
or active transport processes.

5. The frog’s heart is different than the human heart – describe the differences you
saw. Later, research the differences and write a paragraph summarizing the
differences.
- A frog’s heart is composed of only one ventricle and have two
arteries which leads to the heart. Unlike on a human heart, it is composed
of two ventricles and has only one aorta. A frog’s heart does not also have
pulmonary arteries.

Make sure to provide a reference stating where you got your information.
REFERENCES

 https://animals.mom.me/functions-hind-legs-frogs-1967.html
 https://study.com/academy/answer/how-does-the-length-of-the-small-intestine-of-a-frog-
relate-to-its-function-in-absorbing-digested-food-describe-the-differences-between-the-
frog-s-heart-and-a-human-heart.html
 https://australianmuseum.net.au/blog-archive/science/how-can-you-tell-a-male-from-a-
female-frog/
 https://prezi.com/de-vy4tj1aef/frog-heart-vs-human-heart/
 https://brainly.in/question/6498654
 https://hhs.helenaschools.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2018/06/frog-dissection-
external-anatomy.pdf
 https://hhs.helenaschools.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2018/06/frog-dissection-
external-anatomy.pdf
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDRzbRlUzDw
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Y8Ysek4Vac

VI. DOCUMENTATION: