Yoga

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This article is about a group of physical, mental and spiritual practices originating in ancient India. For
other uses, see Yoga (disambiguation).

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Part of a series on
Hinduism

A statue of Patañjali, the author of

the core text Yoga Sutras of
Patanjali, meditating in Hindus
Padmasana. History

Yoga (/ˈjoʊɡə/;[1] Sanskrit: योग; pronunciation) is a Origins

group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or
disciplines which originated in ancient India. Yoga is History
one of the six Āstika (orthodox) schools of Hindu Indus Valley Civilisation
philosophical traditions.[2] Historical Vedic religion
Śramaṇa
There is a broad variety of yoga schools, practices, and Tribal religions in India
goals[3] in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.[4][5][6]
The term "Yoga" in the Western world often denotes a Main traditions
modern form of hatha yoga and yoga as exercise,
consisting largely of the postures or asanas.
Vaishnavism
The practice of yoga has been thought to date back to Shaivism
pre-vedic Indian traditions; possibly in the Indus valley Shaktism
civilization around 3000 BCE. Yoga is mentioned in Smartism
the Rigveda,[note 1] and also referenced in the
Upanishads,.[8][9] Although, yoga most likely Deities
developed as a systematic study around the 5th and 6th
centuries BCE, in ancient India's ascetic and Śramaṇa Trimurti
movements.[10][note 2] The chronology of earliest texts
describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited Brahma
Vishnu
to the Upanishads.[11] The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
Shiva
date from the 2nd century BCE,[12][13] and gained
prominence in the west in the 20th century after being
first introduced by Swami Vivekananda.[14] Hatha yoga Other major Devas / Devis
texts began to emerge sometime between the 9th and
Vedic
11th century with origins in tantra.[15][16] Indra
Agni
Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the
Prajapati
West,[17] following the success of Swami Vivekananda Rudra
in the late 19th and early 20th century with his
Devi
adaptation of yoga tradition, excluding asanas.[17] Saraswati
Outside India, it has developed into a posture-based Ushas
physical fitness, stress-relief and relaxation technique. Varuna
[18] Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more than
Vayu
physical exercise; it has a meditative and spiritual core.
[18][19] One of the six major orthodox schools of Post-Vedic
Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own Durga
epistemology, ontology and metaphysics, and is closely Ganesha
related to Hindu Samkhya philosophy.[20] Hanuman
Kali
Kartikeya
Contents Krishna
Lakshmi
1 Etymology Parvati
2 Definition in classic Indian texts
Radha
3 Goals
Rama
4 History
Shakti
4.1 Pre-Vedic India
4.2 Vedic period (1700–500 BCE) Sita
4.3 Preclassical era (500–200 BCE)
4.4 Classical era (200 BCE – 500 CE) Concepts

Worldview

Hindu cosmology
Puranic chronology
Hindu mythology

Supreme Reality

Brahman
Om

God

Ishvara
God in Hinduism
God and gender

Life

Varna
Brahmana
Kshatriya
Vaishya
Shudra
 Ashrama (stage)
Brahmacharya
Grihastha
Vanaprastha
Sannyasa
Purusharthas
Dharma
Artha
Kama
Moksha

Mind

Antahkarana
Pramanas
Guna
Ahamkara (Attachment)
Uparati (Self-settledness)
Titiksha (Forbearance)
Ānanda (Happiness)
Kshama (Forgiveness)
Shama (Equanimity)
Dama (Temperance)
Dhyana (Serenity)
Moksha (Release)
Viveka (Discrimination)
Vairagya (Dispassion)
Samadhana (Complete Concentration)
Shraddha (Faith)
Shadripu (Six Enemies)

Liberation

Atman
Maya
Karma
Saṃsāra

Ethics

Niti shastra
Yamas
Niyama
Ahimsa
Asteya
Aparigraha
Brahmacharya
Satya
Damah
Dayā
Akrodha
Ārjava
Santosha
Tapas
 Svādhyāya
Shaucha
Mitahara
Dāna
Sources of dharma

Liberation

Bhakti yoga
Jnana yoga
Karma yoga

Practices
Worship

Puja
Śrauta
Temple
Murti
Bhakti
Japa
Bhajana
Yajna
Homa
Vrata
Prāyaścitta
Tirtha
Tirthadana
Matha
Nritta-Nritya

Meditation and Charity

Tapa
Dhyana
Dāna

Yoga

Sadhu
Yogi
Asana
Hatha yoga
Jnana yoga
Bhakti yoga
Karma yoga
Raja yoga
Kundalini Yoga

Arts

Bharatanatyam
Kathak
 Kathakali
Kuchipudi
Manipuri
Mohiniyattam
Odissi
Sattriya
Bhagavata Mela
Yakshagana
Dandiya Raas
Carnatic music

Rites of passage

Garbhadhana
Pumsavana
Simantonayana
Jatakarma
Namakarana
Nishkramana
Annaprashana
Chudakarana
Karnavedha
Vidyarambha
Upanayana
Keshanta
Ritushuddhi
Samavartana
Vivaha
Antyeshti

Ashrama Dharma

Ashrama: Brahmacharya
Grihastha
Vanaprastha
Sannyasa

Festivals

Diwali
Holi
Shivaratri
Navaratri
Durga Puja
Ramlila
Vijayadashami-Dussehra
Raksha Bandhan
Ganesh Chaturthi
Vasant Panchami
Rama Navami
Janmashtami
Onam
Makar Sankranti
Kumbha Mela
 Pongal
Ugadi
Vaisakhi
Bihu
Puthandu
Vishu
Ratha Yatra

Philosophical schools

Six Astika schools

Samkhya
Yoga
Nyaya
Vaisheshika
Mimamsa
Vedanta
Advaita
Dvaita
Vishishtadvaita

Other schools

Pasupata
Saiva
Pratyabhijña
Charvaka

Gurus, saints, philosophers

Ancient

Agastya
Angiras
Aruni
Ashtavakra
Atri
Bharadwaja
Gotama
Jamadagni
Jaimini
Kanada
Kapila
Kashyapa
Pāṇini
Patanjali
Raikva
Satyakama Jabala
Valmiki
Vashistha
Vishvamitra
 Vyasa
Yajnavalkya

Medieval

Nayanars
Alvars
Adi Shankara
Basava
Akka Mahadevi
Allama Prabhu
Siddheshwar
Jñāneśvar
Chaitanya
Gangesha Upadhyaya
Gaudapada
Gorakshanath
Jayanta Bhatta
Kabir
Kumarila Bhatta
Matsyendranath
Mahavatar Babaji
Madhusudana
Madhva
Haridasa Thakur
Namdeva
Nimbarka
Prabhakara
Raghunatha Siromani
Ramanuja
Sankardev
Purandara Dasa
Kanaka Dasa
Ramprasad Sen
Jagannatha Dasa
Vyasaraya
Sripadaraya
Raghavendra Swami
Gopala Dasa
Śyāma Śastri
Vedanta Desika
Tyagaraja
Tukaram
Tulsidas
Vachaspati Mishra
Vallabha
Vidyaranya

Modern

Aurobindo
Bhaktivinoda Thakur
Chinmayananda
 Dayananda Saraswati
Mahesh Yogi
Jaggi Vasudev
Krishnananda Saraswati
Narayana Guru
Prabhupada
Ramakrishna
Ramana Maharshi
Radhakrishnan
Sarasvati
Sivananda
U. G. Krishnamurti
Sai Baba
Vivekananda
Nigamananda
Yogananda
Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade
Tibbetibaba
Trailanga

Texts
Scriptures

Vedas

Rigveda
Yajurveda
Samaveda
Atharvaveda

Divisions

Samhita
Brahmana
Aranyaka
Upanishad

Upanishads

Rigveda:
Aitareya
Kaushitaki

Yajurveda:
Brihadaranyaka
Isha
Taittiriya
Katha
Shvetashvatara
Maitri

Samaveda:
Chandogya
 Kena

Atharvaveda:
Mundaka
Mandukya
Prashna

Other scriptures

Bhagavad Gita
Agama (Hinduism)

Other texts

Vedangas

Shiksha
Chandas
Vyakarana
Nirukta
Kalpa
Jyotisha

Puranas

Vishnu Purana
Bhagavata Purana
Nāradeya Purana
Vāmana Purana
Matsya Purana
Garuda Purana
Brahma Purana
Brahmānda Purana
Brahma Vaivarta Purana
Bhavishya Purana
Padma Purana
Agni Purana
Shiva Purana
Linga Purana
Kūrma Purana
Skanda Purana
Varaha Purana
Mārkandeya Purana

Itihasas

Ramayana
Mahabharata

Upavedas

Ayurveda
Dhanurveda
Gandharvaveda
Sthapatyaveda
 Shastras and Sutras

Dharma Shastra
Artha Śastra
Shilpa Shastra
Kamasutra
Brahma Sutras
Samkhya Sutras
Mimamsa Sutras
Nyāya Sūtras
Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
Yoga Sutras
Pramana Sutras
Charaka Samhita
Sushruta Samhita
Natya Shastra
Panchatantra
Divya Prabandha
Tirumurai
Ramcharitmanas
Yoga Vasistha
Swara yoga
Panchadasi
Stotra
Samhita
Sutras

Text classification

Śruti Smriti

Timeline of Hindu texts

Society

Varna

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