What will u learn?

Specific energy definition. Variation of

specific energy due to changes in depth.
Alternate and critical depths. Subcritical and
supercritical flows. Maximum discharge at
constant specific energy. Understanding of base
slope – mild or steep.

Hydraulic jump: Hydraulic jump analysis due
to broad-crested weir, sluice valve and venturi
flume. Critical flow, height and length, loss of
energy and alternate depths in hydraulic jump.
Characteristics of hydraulic jump- undular,
weak, oscillating, steady and strong jumps.
Examples of non-uniform flow 3
Examples of non-uniform flow
4
 3.1 energy equation

Bernoulli equation is used to analyse steady flow in
open channel.

Total energy Upstream ≠Total energy downstream

Based on this equation, the total energy at the

upstream is different from the total energy at the
downstream due to loss of energy hL.

Non-uniform flow occurs when surface of water
Sw, energy line S or i, and the bottom So are not
parallel.

So ≠ Sw ≠ S
 Equation of non-uniform flow
v2
2g
E y GCT

H
z GCH

Dasar
Datum

v2
E = y + (3.1)
2g

7

energy equation (Bernoulli equation) for open channel
is:

Total energy = channel bottom level + flow depth

+ energy of velocity
Energy evaluation
3.2 Specific Energy

11

Equation 3.5 relates the specific energy E, flow depth y
and the discharge q. These three parameters are
related in two conditions:

i. Relationship between E and y when q is

constant.

ii. Relationship between q and y when E is

constant.
E and y relationship when q is
constant

When y is plotted against E for a discharge and cross

section using Equation 3.5, specific energy curve as
shown in Figure 3.2 is obtained.

From Figure 3.2, it can be observed that:
i. the curve has two arms ML and KL
ii. two water depths y1 and y2 exist for a certain
specific energy
iii. y1 and y2 are known as the conjugate depths

At section C, the specific energy is minimum and the water
depth at this section is the critical depth yc.

When y > yc, V < Vc, the flow is sub-critical or gradually-varied
flow

When y < yc, V > Vc, the flow is super-critical or rapidly-varied
flow.

Assuming E and y have the same scale, the horizontal distance
from the vertical axis to line ON is equal to the depth y. Since E =
y + V2/2g, distance from ON to the specific energy curve
represents the velocity head V2/2g.

In gradually-varied flow, V is reduces when y increases for the

same q until the specific energy curve is asymptotic with line
OK. So does when y reduces, V increases and the curve becomes
asymptotic with axis E.

Differentiate equation 3.4

q and y relationship when E is
constant

Referring to Figure 3.3:

i. y1 and y2 are the conjugate depths

ii. at critical flow depth yc, q is maximum. Therefore at the
critical section dq/dy = 0.

Bottom slope So for rapidly varied flow is greater than So for

gradually-varied flow.

The slope So that maintains flow at a critical depth yc is called

critical slope Sc.
21
22
3.3 Critical Flow

Critical flow occurs when
i. specific energy is minimum (E = Emin) for a constant
discharge
ii. discharge is maximum (q = qmax) for a constant E

Critical slope Sc is defined as the slope of channel bottom when

the flow is critical. Therefore:

So = Sc critical slope
So < Sc mild slope
So > Sc steep slope
Critical Flow in All Cross Sections
of Channel

For all cross sections of channel, the equation used to determine the
critical depth is:
Q2
E = y+
2gA 2

Critical flow occurs when dE/dy = 0 that is when specific energy E is

minimum. Differentiating the above equation with respect to y,
dE Q 2 dA
= 1− 3
dy gA dy

Since dA/dy = T and for critical flow dE/dy = 0,

Equation 3.9 can be used to determine yc for all cross sections of
channel. If average flow velocity V = Q/A is considered in
Equation 3.14, the Froude number at critical flow is:

Fr = 1 if the flow is critical, Fr < 1 for gradually-varied flow, Fr > 1

for rapidly-varied flow.
Critical Flow in Rectangular
Channel

For rectangular section, discharge per unit channel
breadth q is commonly used, where q = Q/B.
B is the channel breadth. Since V = Q/A, A = By and
Q = qB, then:
q
V =
y

The specific energy is:

V2
E = y+
2g

Substituting V = q/y

q2
E = y+
2gy 2

From the specific energy curve, when E is minimum, y =

yc
3.4 SECTION FACTOR Z FOR
CRITICAL FLOW

Example for section factor
3.5 CONTROL
SECTION
CONTROL SECTION
• Is a relationship between Q and y .

• It is used to control the flow from

changing the nature of flow.

• A station has been placed at certain

cross section to measure flow rate and
produced a flow rating curve.

Eqn (3.17) which is Z = A (D)1/2 shows
that relationship y-Q is undependent
with roughness of channel.

Then, critical section can also be used as control

section when y is given.
ALIZA@S108/09
 BED SLOPE INCREMENT

ALIZA@S108/09
 y
Energy line

y1 M
E2
y2 N
E1
∆z
y1 q y2
yc
O
∆z M’
45°
E
1 2 E2 E1

Figure 3.12. Specific energy relationship due to raised channel bottom

ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S208/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
ALIZA@S108/09
 CONSTRACTION IN WIDTH
CHANNEL
Constraction in the channel still using the
same concept with the bed slope increment.
But, use the relation between q-y. When
width of the channel (b) is change,the value
of q is also change.Refer figure 3.13.

ALIZA@S108/09
 q1 q2
b1 b2

1 2
Plan view

constant E
y1

y2
q1 q2
y1 y2

q
q1 q2 qmax

Side view q-y curve

Figure 3.13. Flow profile due to channel width constriction

Channel width (b) reduced c to (b1 ) at point 2 with
the same flow rate (Q). So,

At critical point , b2 and q are

maximum at the same specific
energy (constant).

ALIZA@S108/09
 with

and

If so
And the specific energy is

In this case, this channel structure that can

called as critical flume or flume ventury.

ALIZA@S108/09
 EXAMPLE 3.9

ALIZA@S108/09
 SOLUTION

ALIZA@S108/09
 SOLUTION

ALIZA@S108/09
 SOLUTION

ALIZA@S108/09
 EXAMPLE 3.10

ALIZA@S108/09
 SOLUTION

ALIZA@S108/09
 SOLUTION

ALIZA@S108/09
 SOLUTION

ALIZA@S108/09
EXAMPLE 3.11
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
3.6 Gradually-varied Flow
Gradually-varied flow (GVF): A steady non-uniform flow in a prismatic
channel with gradual changes in its water-surface elevation.
Examples of GVF:

(a) Drawdown produced

by sudden drop in the
channel

(b) Backwater produced by

increased in bed elevation
Two basic assumptions are involved in the analysis of GVF:
1. The pressure distribution at any section is hydrostatic.
2. The resistance to flow at any depth can be assumed using uniform-
flow equation, such as the Manning's equation, with the condition that
the slope term to be used in the equation is the energy slope and not
the bed slope. Thus, if in a GVF the depth of flow at any section is y,
the energy slope Sf is:
n 2V 2
Sf = 4
R3
where R is the hydraulic radius of the section at depth y.

Differential Equation of GVF

The total energy H of a gradually-varied flow in a channel of small slope is:

V2
H =Z+y+ (4.1)
2g

V2
where the specific energy E = y +
2g
 Figure 4.2 Schematic sketch of GVF

Since the water surface varies in the longitudinal x-direction, the depth of the
flow and the total energy are functions of x.

Differentiating Eq. (4.1) with respect to x,

d H d Z dy d  V 2 
= + +  
dx dx dx dx  2g 
(3.20)

dH
Energy slope, = −Sf water-surface slope relative to
dx the channel bottom
dZ
Bottom slope, = −So
dx
 d  V 2  d  Q 2  dy
 =  
dx  2g  dx  2gA 2  dx
Q 2 dA dy
=− 3
gA dy dx

dA
Since =T
dy
d  V 2  Q 2T dy
  =
dx  2g  gA3 dx

Eq. (4.2) can now be rewritten as

dy  Q 2T  dy
− Sf = −So + −  3 
dx  gA  dx

dy So − Sf
Rearranging, = Dynamic equation of GVF (3.21)
dx Q 2T
1−
gA3
Other forms of Eq. (4.3)
(a) If K = conveyance at any depth y and Ko = conveyance corresponding to
the normal depth yo, then
Q
K= for GVF
Sf
Q
K= for uniform flow
So
Sf K o2
= (3.22)
So K 2

Similarly, if Z = section factor at depth y and Zc = section factor at the critical

depth yc,
A3
Z =
2
T
Ac3 Q 2
and Z =
2
c =
Tc g

Hence Q 2T Zc2
3
= 2 (3.23)
gA Z
Using Eqs. (4.4) and (4.5), Eq. (4.3) can be written as
Sf
1−
dy So
= So
dx Q 2T
1−
gA3
2
K 
1−  o 
dy
= So K  (3.24)
2
dx  Zc 
1−  
Z 

This equation is useful in developing direct integration techniques.

(b) If Qn represents the normal discharge at a depth y and Qc denotes the

critical discharge at the same depth y,
Qn = K So

Qc = Z g
2
and Q
1 −  
Using these definitions, Eq. (4.3) can be rewritten as
dy
= So  Qn 
2 (3.25)
dx Q
1 −  
 Qc 
(c) Another form of Eq. (4.2) is
dE
= So − Sf (3.26)
dx

This equation is called the differential-energy equation of GVF to distinguish

it from the GVF differential equations of Eqns. 4.3, 4.6 and 4.7. This energy
equation is very useful in developing numerical techniques for the GVF
profile computation.

Classification of Flow Profiles

In a given channel, yo and yc are two fixed depths if Q, n and So are fixed.
Also, there are three possible relations between yo and yc as:
(i) yo > yc
(ii) yo < yc
(iii) yo = yc

Further, there are two cases where yo does not exist, i.e. when
(a) the channel bed is horizontal
(b) when the channel has an adverse slope So is -ve.
Based on the above, the channels are classified into five categories as indicated in
Table 4.1

Table 4.1. Types of GVF profiles

All curves in region 1 have positive slopes - backwater curves
All curves in region 2 have negative slopes - drawdown curves

Figure 4.3. Various GVF profiles

 Example 4.1
A rectangular channel with a bottom width of 4 m and bottom slope of 0.0008 has a
discharge of 1.5 m3/s. In a gradually-varied flow in this channel, the depth at a certain
location is found to be 0.30 m. Assuming n = 0.016, determine the type of GVF profile.
Solution:
Find the normal depth yo and the critical depth yc

The normal depth yo The critical depth yc

2 1
1
Manning equation Q = AR So2
3
Q 1.5
n q= = = 0.375 m3 s m
2 b 4
1  by o  21 3
Q = by o   So q2 0.375 2
n  b + 2 y o  yc = 3 = 3 = 0.243 m
2
g 9.81
1  4y o  3 1
1.5 = 4 y o   0.0008 2
0.016  4 + 2 y o 
y c < y o → The channel is a mild
2 slope channel
 4y o  3
y o   = 0.212
 4 + 2 y o  y c < y < y o → The profile is of the M2
y o = 0.426 m type
Examples of Occurrence of Type M Flow Profiles

M1 profile is a subcritical-flow condition.

Obstructions to flow such as weirs, dams,
control structures and natural features such as
bends, produce M1 backwater curves. These
extends to several kilometres upstream before
merging with the normal depth.

M2 profiles occur at a sudden drop in the bed

of the channel, at constriction type of
transitions and at the canal outlet of pools.

M3 profiles occur when there is a supercritical

flow enters a mild-slope channel. Examples
are the flow leading from a spillway or a sluice
gate to a mild slope. M3 normally followed by a
small stretch of rapidly-varied flow and the
downstream is generally terminated by a
hydraulic jump. Compared to M1 and M2
profiles, M3 profiles are relatively short length.
Examples of Occurrence of Type S Flow Profiles

S1 profile is produced when the flow from a

steep channel is terminated by a deep pool
created by an obstruction, such as a weir or
dam. At the beginning of the curve, the flow
changes from the normal depth (supercritical
flow) to subcritical flow through a hydraulic
jump. The profiles extend downstream with a
positive water-surface slope to reach a
horizontal asymptote at the pool elevation.

S2 profiles occur at the entrance region of a

steep channel leading from a reservoir and at
a break of grade from mild slope to steep
slope. Generally S2 profile are of short length.
S3 profile is produced when the flow exited
from a sluice gate with a steep slope on its
downstream.

S3 curve is also produced when a flow exists

from a steeper slope to a less steep slope.
Examples of Occurrence of Type C Flow Profiles

C1 and C3 profiles are very rare and are highly unstable.

Examples of Occurrence of Type H Flow Profiles

A horizontal channel can be
considered as the lower limit
reached by a mild slope as its bed
slope becomes flatter. It is obvious
that there is no region 1 for a
horizontal channel as yo = ∞. The
H2 and H3 profiles are similar to M2
and M3 profiles respectively.
However, the H2 curve has a
horizontal asymptote.

Adverse slopes are rather rare and

A2 and A3 curves are similar to H2
and H3 curves respectively. These
profiles are of very short length.
 Example 4.2

A triangular channel has side slope 1 horizontal : 1 vertical and bed slope is 0.001.
Estimate and categorize this channel whether mild, steep or critical when the flow rate is
given as much as 0.2 m3/s through this channel. Assume that Manning’s roughness
coefficient n = 0.015. Give various of depths that categorize the flow profile in type 1, 2
and 3.
Solution:
y2 y
A=y 2
T = 2y P = 2 2y R= =
2 2y 2 2

The normal depth yo The critical depth yc

2 1 3 6
1 Q 2 Ac yc y c5
Manning equation Q = AR So2
3
= = =
n g Tc 2y c 2
2
1 2 yo 
3
1
2Q 2 2 × 0.22
0.2 = yo   0.0012
y =
5
c = = 0.00816
0.015  2 2  g 9.81
y o = 0.536 m y c = 0.382 m

y c < y o → The channel is a mild slope channel

Curve M1 y > 0.536 m

Curve M2 0.536 m > y > 0.382 m
Curve M3 y < 0.382 m
Control section

A control section is defined as a section in which a fixed relationship exists between the
discharge and depth of flow. Weirs, spillways, sluice gates are some typical examples of
structures which give rise to control sections. The critical depth is also a control point. Any
GVF profile will have at least one control section.
 Calculations of Flow Profile
Profile of gradually varied flow can be determined using dynamic equation of gradually varied flow.

Equations below are differential equations for gradually varied flow and they represent depth of water y
at a certain distance x.

dy S −S   K o 2    y 
10 3

= o So 1 −    1−  o  
dx TQ 2  K   dy   y  
= 
dy
1− = So  
gA 3 dx  yc 
3
dx  y 
3

1−    1−  c  
 y   
Calculations are carried out to:   y  
i. determine the length L if the depth y1 and y2 known.
ii. determine either one of water depth (y1 or y2), if the length of L and either one of depth
are known.

Methods to determine flow profile: * Methods that will applied for this subject
1. Direct Integration*
2. Numerical Integration*
3. Multiple Intergration
a. Direct Step Method*
b. Standard Step Method
4. Graphical Integration
5. Numerical/computer methods
Direct Integration
  y o N 
 1−   
 
= So   M
dy y
From previous equation
dx 
 1 −  y c  
 
 y  
Replacing u = y/yo
du /dy = 1 / yo
dy = yo du
dy   y N    y  −M 
Substituting in the above equation: = So 1 −  o   x 1 −  c  
dx   uy o     uy o  

y   1  N    y  M  u N − M   
dx = o  1 −    +   c    
 
  1 − u     y o   1 − u   
N
So
Intergrate above equation, hence it become :

y   u du   y M  u u N −M 
x= o u −  ∫  +  c   ∫
N 
 + const
N 
(3.27)
So   0 1 − u y
  o  0 1 − u 
u
du
Substituting ∫0 1 − u N = F(u,N)
Replacing v = uN J with J = N (N − M + 1)
 ( )
dv = N − M + 1 u N −M
du
u N −M 1
∫ 1 − u N du = v
dv
(N − M + 1)∫
0
1− v J

u N −M
( )
∫ 1 − u N du = J N F (v , J )
Then,
y 
{ (
x =  o  u − F u , N ) + (y c y o ) (J N )F ( v , J
M
)}
 So 

Applying the above equation between two section (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in one channel:

yo 
( ) 
M

L = x2 − x1 = (u2 −u1) − (F(u2,N) −F(u1,N)) + 
yc  J
 [F(v2,J) −F(v1,J)]
So   yo  N 

Values of F(u,N) can be obtained from table provided in appendix I. If (u,N) is replaced with
(v,J), then the table can also be used to find the value of F(v, J).
Example 4.3

A very wide river have depth of 3.0 m and slopes of 0.0005. Estimate length of flow profile
produced by a weir that caused water surface increased as much as 1.50 m at the upstream
of weir (n = 0.035).
Solution:

1. Determine yo and yc.

Given yo = 3.0 m, y = 4.5 m

Q 1
q= = ( y o )( y o2 / 3 )So
1/ 2

b n
1
q= ( 35 / 3 )( 0.0005 )1 / 2 = 3.987m3 /s/m
0.035

Critical depth , yc = (q2/g )1/3

= (3.987/ 9.81)1/3
= 1.175 m
2. Determine value of N & M
For a very wide rectangular channel,
N = 10/3 dan M = 3

3. Calculate J,
J = N / (N – M+1) = 10/3 = 2.5
(10/3 – 3 + 1)

4. Calculate u1, u2 and v1, v2

u1 = y1/yo = 4.5 / 3 = 1.5

u2 = y2/yo = 3.03 / 3 = 1.01

v1 = u1N/J = (1.5)3.33/2.5 = 1.72

v2 = u2N/J = (1.01)3.33/2.5 = 1.01

5. Obtain F (u, N) and F ( v, J) from table

F(u1, N) = F (1.5 , 3.33) = 0.189

F(u2, N) = F (1.01 , 3.33) = 1.220
F(v1, J) = F (1.72 , 2.50) = 0.333
F(v2, J) = F (1.01 , 2.50) = 1.867
5. Obtain F (u, N) and F ( v, J) from table

F(u1, N) = F (1.5 , 3.33) = 0.189

F(u2, N) = F (1.01 , 3.33) = 1.220
F(v1, J) = F (1.72 , 2.50) = 0.333
F(v2, J) = F (1.01 , 2.50) = 1.867
5. Obtain F (u, N) and F ( v, J) from table

F(u1, N) = F (1.5 , 3.33) = 0.189

F(u2, N) = F (1.01 , 3.33) = 1.220
F(v1, J) = F (1.72 , 2.50) = 0.333
F(v2, J) = F (1.01 , 2.50) = 1.867
5. Obtain F (u, N) and F ( v, J) from table

F(u1, N) = F (1.5 , 3.33) = 0.189

F(u2, N) = F (1.01 , 3.33) = 1.220
F(v1, J) = F (1.72 , 2.50) = 0.261
F(v2, J) = F (1.01 , 2.50) = 1.867
6. Finding length L, from equation.
yo 
( ) 
M

L = x2 − x1 = (u2 − u1) − (F(u2 ,N) − F(u1,N)) + 
yc  J
[F(v2 ,J) − F(v1,J)]

So   yo  N 

L = x2 − x1 =
3
0.0005
{ ( )( )
(1.01−1.5) −(1.22−0.189) + 1.1753 2.5×310[1.867−0.333]
3
}
L = - 8711 m ; L = 8711m from back of weir.
Numerical Integration
Equations used are:   K 2 
i) For any shape of channel So 1 −  o  
dy   K ave  
=
dx TQ 2
1−
gA 3
 TQ 2 
 1− 
dy  gA 3 
dx =
So   K  2 
1 −  o  
  K ave  

ii) For rectangular channel   K 2 

So 1 −  o  
dy   Kave  
= 3
dx  yc 
1 −  
y
 ave 
  y 3 
 1 −  c  
dy   y ave  
dx =
So   K  2 
1 −  o  
  K ave  
iii) For wide rentangular channel equation (using Chezy, C)
  y 
3

1−  o  
 y  
dy
= So   ave 
3 
dx  
1−  c  
y
 y  
  ave  

  y 3 
1 −  c  
dy   y ave  
dx =
So   y 3 
1 −  o  
  y ave  
(using Manning)
  y 10 3 
1−  o  
dy   y ave  
= So  3 
dx 
 1−  c  
y 
 y  
  ave  

  yc  
3

 1 −   
dy   ave  
y
dx =
So   y 10 3 
1 −  o  
  y ave  
 
Example 4.4
A very wide channel(rectangular) have depth 3.0 m and slope 0.0005. Determined type of flow
profile and estimate length of gradualy varied flow profile produced by a weir that elevated the
upstream flow as much s 1.50 m ( assumed n = 0.035). Take N = 4 steps/ section.
Solution:
1. Calculate yo and yc ;
Given yo = 3.0 m, y = 4.5 m
Q 1
q= = ( y o )( y o2 / 3 )So
1/ 2

b n
1
q= ( 35 / 3 )( 0.0005 )1 / 2 = 3.987m3 /s/m
0.035

Critical depth, yc = (q2/g )1/3

= (3.987/ 9.81)1/3
= 1.175 m

y > yo > yc; GVF profile is M1

Equation used for wide rectangular channel is:

  yc  
3

 1 −   
dy   y ave   yc = 1.175 m; yo = 3.0 m; so = 0.0005
dx =
So   y 10 3 
1 −  o  
  y ave  
 

Table 1: Calculation for flow profile

y (m) dy (m) ŷ(m) 1 – (yc/y)3 1– (yo/y)10/3 dx (m)

Stop
4.5 – 4.13 0.37 4.32 0.980 0.703 1031.0
calculation at, y
4.13 – 3.76 0.37 3.95 0.974 0.600 1201.3 = 3.00 m

3.76 – 3.39 0.37 3.58 0.9645 0.445 1604.7

3.39 – 3.02 0.37 3.21 0.951 0.202 3483.9

L = ∑∆x = 7321.5
Length of flow profile M1 is 7823.1 m from back of weir.
 Direct Step Method
Using concept of energy continuity

horizontal B
A
hL
v1² S
Slope of
2g
energy line, v2²
i 2g

y1
y2

Length AC = BD,
So
z1
Energy equation ,
z2
E 1 + z 1 = E 2 + z 2 + hL
C Datum
D
dx v 12  v 2 2 
 + y 1 + z1 =  + y 2  + z2 + hL
Gradually varied flow with respect to  2g   2g 
length of dx
 If
z 2 = 0, z1 = S o dx
S o dx = E 2 − E1 + idx  v1 2   v2 2 
S o dx +  + y1  =  + y 2  + Sdx
dx(S o − i ) = E 2 − E1
 2g   2g 
E 2 − E1
dx =
So − i

Hence, equation used for calculating gradually varied flow

is:
Remember!
  v2 2     v1 2   1. End calculation at y = ( 1 ± 0.01 ) yo
 y2 +    −  y1 +   2. Accuraccy of calculation, depending
  2g     2g  
      on the number of numerical, N choosen.
dx =
S o − S ave
Example 4.5
A 100 m wide and 3.0 m deep channel has 0.0005 slope. Determine type of flow profile and
estimate length of gradually varied low profile produced by a weir that elevated the upstream
flow as much as 1.50 m
( assumed n = 0.035).

Solution

Assumed the river as a very wide channel, flow/width are:

1
(y o ) 3 (So ) 2
5 1
q=
n
1
(3.0 ) 3 (0.0005 ) 2
5 1
q=
0.035
q = 3.987 m3/s/m

Critical depth,
1
 q2  3
y c =  
g 
1
 3.987 2  3
y c =   = 1.175 m
 9 . 82 
y > yo > yc ; GVF profile is M1
Take N = 4 steps / section
Stop calculation at y = 3.01 m

R = y, q = 3.987 m3/s/m , n = 0.035 , so = 0.0005

n 2v 2
i = 4/ 3
R

Table 2:Calculation of flow profile by using direct step method

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
y R v (m/s) v2/2g E (m) ∆E ix 10-4 avg ī x (so-avg ∆x(m) L (m)
(m) (m) (m) (m) 10-4 ī)x10-4

4.5 4.5 0.886 0.0400 4.540 _ 1.294 _ _ _ 0

4.13 4.13 0.965 0.0475 4.178 0.362 1.722 1.508 3.492 1036.7 1036
3.76 3.76 1.060 0.0573 3.817 0.361 2.354 2.038 2.962 1218.8 2255
3.39 3.39 1.176 0.0704 3.460 0.357 3.327 2.841 2.159 1653.5 3908
3.03 3.03 1.316 0.0883 3.118 0.342 4.839 4.083 0.917 3729.6 7638
Hence the length of flow profile is 7525 m from weir.

M1

3.03m 3.39m 3.76m 4.13m 4.5m

y2 y1

∆x4 ∆x3 ∆x2 ∆x1

L = ∑dx = 7525 m
The end