RUN-OFF ANALYSIS OF PASTRANA TOWN PROPER: INPUT TO AN

IMPROVED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

________________________________________________________

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of the

Civil Engineering Department

Eastern Visayas State University

Tacloban City

________________________________________________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the

Subject Requirements in

CE 483 (Undergraduate Research)

________________________________________________________

By:

Louie Jan T. Acerdin

Lemuel G. Avila

Robert L. Cabodoc
 2

May 2019

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Over more than a century, urban drainage systems have been

constructed in cities across the world in order to prevent the nuisance from

flooding by quickly removing the runoff from urban areas. Despite

development over the years, it remains a significant challenge to design an

effective functioning drainage system (Zhou, 2014). In particular, water

resources planning, development and management strategies are changing

due to several emerging factors around the globe, including environmental

variability, high living standards, greenhouse gases, urbanization, and

industrialization and these could entail a substantial increase in the frequency

and magnitude of urban flooding in many regions (Escriva-Bou, 2017). In this

regards, this research paper aims to scrutinize the rainfall runoff condition on

the Municipality of Pastrana, Leyte which would be an aid for sustainable

storm water drainage system.

Philippines meet an average of twenty typhoons every year and also

because of climate change it always experience unusual heavy precipitation

that causes flood especially in urban areas. Beyond human costs, natural

disasters such as floods have significant economic and environmental impacts,

as well. Although it is far too early to fully quantify these effects, there are
 3

some general economic issues that policy makers and the public need to

consider. During floods, people can’t go to school or work, which can affect

the economic status of the area or the society as a whole. Additionally, floods

are very unsanitary because it can contain large array of waste materials

which maybe toxic (paints, pesticides, gasoline, etc.) not only to human but

also to other organisms. These materials can kill animals and other insects,

thus, distorting the natural balance of the ecosystem (Cidro et. al., 2015).

Doswell (2003) defined flood as the water overflowing onto land. Floods

are triggered by many causes including heavy rainfall, tropical storms, snow or

ice melt, dam break, mudslide, clogged drainage and insufficient capacity of

transportation and storage are all among the major causes. Floods have large

social consequences for communities and individuals. As most people are well

aware, the immediate impacts of flooding include damage to property, and

deterioration of health conditions owing to waterborne diseases (Keller, 2013).

Pastrana, Leyte is one of the several areas that suffers floods even by

minor rains. A possible cause for this concern is the outdated drainage system

of the site. This irregularity of the drainage system was evidently due to the

clogging of solid waste and garbage brought by the improper waste disposal

of the inhabitants near the site. As a result, the area was prone to flooding.

However, this problem can be solved by addressing the need for enhancement

of the said drainage system.

Facing this problem, Pastrana Town requires immediate action

 4

specifically on having the most suitable drainage design for the area. Lack of

research studies pertaining to a more effective and rational solution for the

problem could be a factor issue for the unsolvable dilemma. In regards, due to

this never-ending concern on flooding, economic status of Pastrana Town

Proper and life risks of the residents also become a challenge for the place. In

relation, this research was conducted to fill the gap of lacking researches and

knowledge about a more competitive and rational design of drainage system

in the area concerned.

An urban drainage system is generally defined as a runoff collection and

transportation system, which is responsible for quickly removing storm water

runoff to prevent flooding (Vymazal, 2010.) But, often most of them face

reduction of functionality and capacity for transferring the runoff flow, and

their level of service reduce due to degradation in time, improper

maintenance, inappropriate design, aging, sedimentation and saltation,

increase in materials’ roughness, and structural deterioration. In addition,

urban development and climate change exacerbate the situation (Torres,

2006; Barreto Cordero, 2012).

Sustainable drainage system mainly refers to a planning and

engineering approach to sustainably integrate urban water management into

city landscape to minimize environmental degradation and achieve harmony

between water and the urban environment (Roy, 2008; BMT, 2009; Sharma,

2008). In Europe, Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) is used with its
 5

main focus on maintaining good public health, protecting valuable water

resources from pollution and preserving biological diversity and natural

resources for future needs (Willems, 2012; Hellstrom, 2000; Butler, 1997).

Since such infrastructure play a key role in preventing urban floods, it is of

great importance to measure the system’s capability. The main objective of

this study is to investigate the ability of the existing urban drainage network in

Pastrana, Leyte in operating satisfactorily in collecting and conveying runoff

from typical rainfall, without inundation.

Background of the Study

Storm water runoff depending on nature of the catchment (urbanization),

intensity and duration of rainfall is the primary component of hydraulic,

hydrologic and environmental design of drainage infrastructure in urban areas.

Changes in pattern and amount of run off would directly affect the design

values and water resources in the region (McDonough, 2017). Detailed analysis

of spatial and temporal variability of rainfall is required to effectively manage

droughts, floods, and the water availability for different uses. Under the current

stress on water resources and increased urbanization effects in the municipality

of Pastrana, it is essential to review the planning strategies and guidelines for

design of storm water drainage infrastructure. The improved infrastructure will

not only facilitate the storm water managers working to control flooding, but

will also help in collection of this precious freshwater for water conservation in
 6

arid regions, such as groundwater recharge and reuse of stormwater for

agriculture or domestic uses.

Pastrana, officially the Municipality of Pastrana, is a fifth class municipality

in the province of Leyte, Philippines. According to the NSO 2015 census, it has

a population of 18,002 people. The municipality has a land area of 86.35

square kilometers or 33,034 square miles which constitutes to 1.37% of Leyte’s

total area. Pastrana is in the southwestern part of Leyte, and about twenty-

seven kilometers away from Tacloban City. The residents and territories of

Pastrana are governed by the barangay, municipal, provincial and national

governments of the Philippines. Pastrana is one of the town having a rapid

urbanization that affects its environment. The town, itself, for example, has a

poor drainage system that is cause mainly by waste clogging due to the

improper disposal of garbage by the vendors and other inhabitants near the

location.

Like any other nearby towns, Pastrana Leyte is one of those which lacks

researches and studies and acknowledgments regarding the need of

rehabilitation of the said structure. Currently, the drainage system of the place

cannot carry the waste water coming from the market as well as the storm

waters from the gutters of every building. The waste water and runoff are not

properly disposed due to poor drainage system. The depth and volume of the

existing drainage is not enough for the total amount of water to be transported

to the basin.
 7

The number of household also affects in sanitation of the Pastrana Leyte

drainage system. This is because the number of contributor of waste is directly

proportional to the amount of garbage and waste added to the drainage.

As a result of the unsustainability of the town’s drainage system, flooding

is a constant issue of the place. Pastrana, on the other hand, is surrounded by

rice fields in which during heavy rains the inundation of the water from dikes

overflows directly into the market place and into the town itself. Aside from

this, higher ground surfaces or elevated surroundings also add to the overall

runoff water that causes the flood. Flooding is always experienced in the

market site especially for the wet seasons from July to January. It is, therefore,

necessary to establish a cost-effective, integrated planning and design

framework for every local area by incorporating fit for purpose alternatives.

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study is to scrutinize the run-off within the

town of Pastrana, Leyte as well as to design a suitable drainage system for the

place.

More specifically, this study sought to resolve the following questions:

1. What are the physiographic features of the study area to be evaluated in

terms of:

a. Number of Households in the town proper of Pastrana (research locale)

 8

b. Hydrological Characteristics

c. Topography

d. Kind of Ground Surface

2. What is the profile of the existing drainage system in terms of:

a. Physical characteristic

 Cross sectional area

 Slope

 Length of drainage

 Size

 Volume of discharge

b. Functionality

3. What are the contributing factors to be considered in constructing the new

drainage design in terms of:

 Maximum rainfall

 Volume of solid waste per water waste

4. What is the appropriate design for the drainage system of Pastrana,

Leyte?

Significance of the Study

 9

The researchers believe with assurance that this study will have an

enormous impact to the following:

Community. This research aims to control or restrain the flooding in the

town of Pastrana, Leyte and to provide the people living near the subject area a

clean and flood-free environment.

Local Government Unit (LGU). This study will serve an evidence for

the necessity of the research subject for drainage system rehabilitation and as a

guide for future implementation of drainage systems. The findings and

conclusions in this study can be used by the LGU for some drainage

reconstructions.

Planning Agencies. The findings of this study would capture attention to

the current issues regarding the subject which in turn demands for immediate

funding and implementation of drainage system to avoid the flooding problems.

Researchers. This study may be utilized as a basis for future related

researches. The process employed in this as well as the results obtained could

serve as a reliable reference for those who are conducting researches with

regards to flooding or drainage systems.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

As mentioned, the main objective of this research is to assess the run-off

capacity of the drainage system in the town of Pastrana, Leyte and input to an
 10

improved drainage system. With regards to this, the study will focus on the

investigation and the identification of all the factors contributing to the flood

evident in Pastrana, Leyte.

Specifically, the scope of this study focuses on the subject matter and the

parameters affecting it. Necessary data for this study will be gathered:

topographic information, hydrological characteristic, quantity of inhabitants,

classification of ground surface, physical characteristic of the existing drainage,

and the contributing factors for the new design. Runoff data for Pastrana Town

Proper was garnered from PAGASA for a range of 10 years.

The researchers investigated the current situation of drainage/sewerage

systems of the town proper where floods are frequently experienced, specifically

at District I, District II, District III, District IV, and at the Market Site.

The existing drainage structures and lined canals in the above mentioned

areas which serve as the main waterway of the storm and waste water into the

catchment area, the Malirong River, were evaluated and examined being a

contributing factor for the continuous flooding in the town proper.

Moreover, the researchers limited their study on the requisites shown in

the statement of the problem.

The study will be conducted within the academic year 2019-2020.

Conceptual Framework
 11

Drainage systems performance for different places had been diminishing

due to different contributing factors. This ability to carry out its function of the

said system needs to be carefully analyze and assess in order to be used for

future enhancement. Hence, the objective of this study.

The rational method is the oldest method still probably the most widely

used for design of storm drains. It is a simple technique for estimating a design

discharge from a small watershed. This predicts the peak runoff according to the

formula: Q=CiA, where C is a runoff coefficient, i is the rainfall intensity, and A is

the sub catchment area. Runoff coefficient is a dimensionless ratio intended to

indicate the amount of runoff generated by a watershed given an average

intensity of precipitation for a storm. Rainfall intensity is a function of geographic

location and design exceeds frequency.

Figure 1.1 illustrates the schematic diagram of the conceptual framework

for this study. As shown in the figure, there are several steps in establishing

relationships between raw data and processing these into useful information.

Run-off assessment of the drainage system of Pastrana, Leyte was held as the

primary objective for this study. In doing so, a number of data were to be

collected from various sources and through various ways. But before attaining

the needed information, selection of variables was first completed. Variable

selection aims to simplify the analysis by reducing the dimensions and removing

any variables that do not significantly contribute to the accomplishment of the

research objective.
 12

For the data acquisition, physiographic features of the study area were

obtained from the engineers’ office in municipal hall through written consents.

These includes the current number of inhabitants of the place, the topography of

the site, its hydrological characteristics, and the kind of ground state it has.

Moreover, the profile of the existing drainage system was acquired through

direct field surveying in the site. Physical characteristic of the drainage system

like cross-sectional area, slope, length, size, and volume of discharge were

measured by the researchers with the use of some surveying tools and

measuring devices.

Consequently, for the technical design, factors like maximum rainfall and

volume of solid waste present in the drainage system were attained from the

PAGASA Region VIII record in Palo, Leyte. These data were requested from the

cited authority through written consents also.

The next step is cleaning and preparing the raw data for analysis,

including handling missing data, suspected errors and outliers. After that is the

computation of different statistical quantities, like sustainability index, that will be

needed for this study. Then, the analysis of the result attained and its qualitative

description will follow. The result obtained from the assessment of the system

will be the main tool to be used to design the most suitable and improved

drainage system for the town of Pastrana, Leyte.

 13

With all the steps and procedures being taken into account, the

proponents have established the profile and design of the proposed drainage

system.
 14

I
RUN-OFF ANALYSIS OF PASTRANA
N TOWN PROPER

P
U
DATA GATHERING
T
Technical Data
(From PAGASA record)
Maximum runoff
Drainage Profile

Physiographic Features of Study Area

(From municipal record of data)
1. No. of Household
P 2.Topography
3. Hydrological characteristic
R 4. Type of Ground Surface

O
C Profile of Existing Drainage System
(Direct Field Surveying)
E Cross sectional area
Slope
S Length
Size
S Volume of discharge

O
Interpretation of Results
U
T
P PROPOSED DESIGN OF PASTRANA TOWN
U PROPER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Figure 1.1: Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework of the Study

 15

Definition of Terms

In order to promote a clear understanding to the readers on what this

study is all about, the following terms are operationally and conceptually defined

as used in the study.

Capacity – the largest amount or number that can be held or contained

(Merriam, 2018). In this research, it refers to the ability of the research subject

to perform its task.

Catchment Area. It is the area tributary to a given point on a stream

and is separated from adjacent basins by a divide or ridge that can be traced on

topographic map (Linsley & Franzini, et al., 1992). In this study, it refers to the

point or area drainage water possibly receives by the drainage structure.

Drainage. It is a means for collecting, transporting and disposing of

surface water flowing through the outlet-rivers and creeks. It is the term applied

to systems dealing with excess water (Fajardo, 1995). This is the subject of the

study.

Drainage Profile. The design of the drainage network, including pipe

sizes, inlets and other structures.

Drainage System – The act or process of removing water or liquid from

a place or thing (Roy, 2008). In this study, drainage system was used as the

research subject.
 16

Functionality. This word generally refers to the usability of a certain

object. In this study, it refers to the state of the drainage system where it can

carry the drainage water from the area.

Land Drainage. It removes excess surface water from an area or lowers

the groundwater below the root zone to improve plant growth or reduce the

accumulation of soil salts. This system has many features in common with

municipal storm-drain systems (Linsley & Franzini, et al., 1992).

Manning’s Formula. An empirical formula estimating the average

velocity of a liquid flowing in a conduit that does not completely enclosed the

liquid. Q=(1/n) R0.67AS0.5 where n is the Manning coefficient, S is slope, R is the

hydraulic radius. In this study, this mathematical formula will be used in

calculating the hydraulic capacity of the drainage structures.

Rainfall Intensity. The amount of rain that goes into the drainage area

and the major source of drainage water. This is taken and observed daily,

monthly and annually in observation stations expressed in millimeters or inches

of rainfall per hour, day, month or year (McGhee, 1991). In this study, it refers

to the measurement of the amount of rain in the area and used as water input of

the drainage structures and network system.

Runoff. It is the overland flow of rainwater. In this study it is the basis of

the assessment and the design of the drainage system.

Runoff Coefficient. Numerical values referred to the ratio of runoff to

precipitation (Chow, Maidment, & Mays, 1998). In this study, this is the multiplier
 17

value that would determine the amount of runoff in given area dependent on the

type and cover of the soil.

Sewage. This term refers to the liquid waste of a community. It may be

classified, according to the following sources; that residences, institutions and

business building is called house sewage; from manufacturing or industrial

waste; and that from runoff immediately following storm is called storm sewer

(McGhee, 1991).

Sewer. An underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and

waste matter.

Topography. Is the detailed graphical presentation of both the physical

and artificial features of a land area. In this study this is represented on a map

showing values for elevations of an area (Merriam, 2018).

Volume – the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object as

measured in cubic units (such as quarts or liters). In this study, it is the amount

of water flowing through the drainage system.

 18

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents theoretical literature and ideal studies reviewed by

the researchers from the internet and printed materials like books and other

research studies which have bearing on this study. The review was conducted in

order to achieve and to gain relevant information pertaining to the topic of the

researchers.

Related Literature

For a long time, urban drainage systems have existed as a vital city

infrastructure to collect and convey storm water and wastewater away from

urban areas (Chocat, 2007). Conventional drainage systems are designed to

collect and transport water runoff from urban areas as quickly as possible via

sewer networks and water treatment facilities to nearby receiving water bodies

(Stahre, 2006). The main goal is to manage water volume in order to avoid

urban flooding in city areas. The water is treated as a nuisance in the landscape

and thus transported in a manner of “out of sight and out of mind” (Keller,

2013). That is to say in the design of conventional drainage system there is

limited concern for water quality issues and even less for its amenity and

recreational values.

Despite development over the years, it remains a significant challenge to

design an effective functioning drainage system. A drainage system degrades by

 19

multiple factors and its performance reduces in time. Urbanization represents an

essential factor influencing the quantity and quality of urban water in cities. The

process of city development can not only cause a significant change in runoff

patterns in terms of both peak flow volumes and speed of runoff due to its

impacts on impervious surfaces, but also vulnerabilities to flood hazards due to

the change in urban intensity and distribution (Wilderer, 2004). Meanwhile, land

cover modifications generally associated with the economic explosion, such as

removal of vegetative surface, replacement of raw land with impervious

pavements, clearance and filling of natural ponds and streams, could induce

increased amount of pollutants and harm the quality of urban water systems

(Eliot, 2007).

Urban conditions exacerbate drainage problems; runoff is increased by

impermeable urban surfaces and, due to inadequate development control

mechanisms and their incompetent enforcement, settlements are constructed

with little consideration for storm water drainage. The poor are

disproportionately affected; they often reside in informal settlements located on

marginal land – low-lying land, riverbanks, floodplains and steep hillsides – that

the formal housing market does not want or need. Although these sites are

vulnerable to the impacts of flooding, the benefits of living nearer sources of

employment and urban services generally outweigh the disadvantage associated

with flooding, which is generally perceived as a natural and seasonal event. To

assist in the analysis of problems related to storm water runoff and urban
 20

drainage, and the impacts on urban communities, three broad categories of

flooding are identified (Parkinson, 2003).

Drainage system is an important aspect of urban and rural systems in all

kinds of places. Drainage system has unprecedented number of uses ranging

from collecting sewage to storm water runoffs (Grigg, 2008). The drainage

system is one of the observable impacts of rapidly growing urbanization and

economic development in emerging cities of developing nations is witnessed in

drainage problems connected to poor sanitation. Urban environments in Nigeria

are faced with myriad of issues regarding poor drainage systems and water tight

structures which are the major causes of flooding (Belete, 2011). Urban flooding

which is the inundation of land or property in a built environment, particularly in

more crowded areas are caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of

drainage systems. Although this is sometimes caused by events such as flash

flooding (Tucci, 2001).

In the design of the drainage system, the first thing that should be taken

into consideration is to determine the quantity of water to be accommodated.

Drainage woks are usually designed to dispose a flow from a storm having a

specified return period. Hence, the selection of the return period is often

dependent on the designer’s judgment.

According to Linzley and Franzini (et. Al., 1992), in designing a drainage

system, the size of the drainage area and the amount of runoff that will be

flowing in it as a result of topographic and climatic environment should be

 21

computed or estimated. Also, the Hydrologic characteristic of the area must be

considered because it will serve as the basis in selecting the outlet as to where

to convey the collected storm water or sewage.

In past, several studies have been conducted on varying rainfall patterns

due to the impacts of climate change and global warming around the world.

Mehr and Kahya have analyzed the impacts of climate change on extreme rainfall

events for Rize Province, Turkey using lobal circulation models (GCM) using

various greenhouse gas scenarios. About 30% decrease in the median value of

extreme rainfall events was simulated for Rize Province, Turkey over the period

2013–2039. Abayomi et al. assessed the trend pattern of stream flow, rainfall,

temperature, and evaporation in River Kaduna. They found an increase of 81

mm/day in the amount of evaporation between the periods 1980– 1990 and

1991–2001. This increase was further found to be pronounced. The difference in

rainfall amount between 1980–1990 and 1991–2001 was observed to be 14.62

mm. This implies that there are lots of climate change activities in the whole

catchment area. Nam et al. identified significant differences in meteorological

elements with time in urban areas due to global warming. Onyutha applied

graphical and statistical techniques to detect trends and sub-trends in the annual

rainfall of 10 countries in the vicinity of River Nile Riparian. Curio and Scherer

explored seasonality and spatial variability of rainfall on the Tibetan Plateau

which is the origin of many large Asian rivers, providing water resources for large

regions in south and east Asia. In a study led by Sunilkumar et al., it was found
 22

that monsoon rainfalls in Southeast India exhibit significant spatial variability.

Ahmed and Tsanis highlighted impact of runoff changes on infrastructure in West

Central Mountain Drainage Area, Canada.

Mahmood et al. investigated possible impacts of climate change on the

water resources of the Kunhar River basin, Pakistan. They observed that the

Kunhar basin is likely to face more floods and droughts in the future due to the

projected increase in high flows and decrease in low flows. Haider et al.

identified similar extreme flow variations in Ravi River, Lahore, Pakistan and also

investigated the impacts of these variations on the River’s water quality. Several

researchers have predicted changes in climate and hydrologic conditions based

on the available information and data development methodologies. They

concluded that an accurate assessment of climate change impact at a particular

place for a given time remains difficult, despite advances in modeling efforts over

the past half-century.

Saudi Arabia is one of the high water stressed countries in the world.

Drought conditions are developing in the country due to lack of rainfall and high

temperatures in months of summer. Depleting natural groundwater resources

represent a constant threat to life and development in the Saudi Arabia where

there is almost no surface water with an exception of few seasonal reservoirs.

Furthermore, the runoff rate in the country is one of the lowest in the world.

However, some changes in rainfall and runoff were observed. Extreme rainfall

(tropical storms, thunderstorms, widespread extra-tropical cyclones, etc.)

 23

developed flash floods for shorter durations in the country. Some flood events

caused a loss of millions of Saudi Riyals in the past. The storms of November

2009 and January 2011 in Jeddah, May 2010 in Riyadh, and November 2015 in

Buraydah AlQassim are worth mentioning.

Urban flooding is a condition characterized by its repetitive and systemic

impacts on communities whether or not the affected communities are located

within floodplains or near any body of water (CNT, 2013). Floods are the most

hazardous natural disasters; they are governed by various factors, including

rainfall characteristics, drainage systems, land use and water management in

river basins. The concept of flood management must change because of

urbanization, industrialization, and improvements in living standards, especially in

emerging countries (Schultz 2006, Viljoen and Booysen 2006). Sule (2001)

described Lagos, Calabar and Ibadan as cities where houses are constructed

directly on drain channels and that this practice has resulted to blockage of

storm drains and consequently leading to overflow and flooding of streets.

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service

Administration (PAGASA) defines “flood” as an abnormal progressive rise in the

water level of a stream that may results in the overflowing of water on its normal

confines of the stream with the subsequent inundation of areas which are not

normally submerge. In simple forms, flood occurs whenever a stream or river

overflows its banks, more often, it is a subsequence of continuous and excessive

rainfall brought about by South West monsoon or typhoon.

 24

The exacerbating problem of flooding is endangering urban areas in terms

of nuisance due to local water ponding on streets, health issues resulting from

possible contamination of potable water supply and property losses and their

associated economic and social impacts on the community. Water damage can

also cause structural problems to the foundation of a home. Concrete begins to

crack and crumble when it has been exposed to water for prolonged periods of

time. Additionally, wood and drywall can rot away leading to the infestation of

pests, like termites and carpenter ants, in your home. One of the best benefits of

a drainage system is the preventative action taken against the problems water

damage can cause (Zeinab, 2015).

Flooding results in risks to people’s health and quality of life, in addition to

social and economic losses. In the face of this situation, up to the 1990s, the

solution to flooding problems had been dealt with according to a health services

approach (Silveira, 2002). Up to this period, flooding problems were solved

through construction of a rainwater drainage system which had the purpose of

increasing water flow efficiency, sending rainwater to another downstream body

of water.

However, this solution did not effectively solve flooding problems because

whenever a city grew and soil impermeability increased, new points of flooding

were observed and the use of ever larger means of channeling of water became

necessary. In other words, the natural hydrologic cycle was totally altered, and

the process of increasing the water flow efficiency of this channeling was
 25

continued, at ever increasing costs. In addition to this aspect, rainwater in urban

areas may be contaminated while still in the atmosphere if the atmosphere is

polluted or may become polluted upon coming into contact with urban surfaces,

due to the washing of oil, greases, and fecal material, among other pollutants.

As a consequence, soil becomes contaminated and bodies of water degraded,

compromising availability of surface water.

Flood management usually depends on terrestrial characteristics and local

geography, and includes floodways, and flood storage in foothill reservoirs or rice

fields (Chang et al. 2007) If water accumulates, because of heavy precipitation,

where drains are lacking or their discharge capacity is exceeded, flooding may

occur due to water overtopping dikes to produce widespread flood damage over

lowlands. To manage flood hazards, it is vital to implement an effective flood risk

management concept. Although flooding cannot be eliminated completely, the

consequences of flooding can be mitigated by appropriate actions in the broader

context of integrated river basin management. Overall, implementation of

appropriate actions to enhance flood security is both possible and necessary to

reduce the exposure and vulnerability of people and property to flood hazards.

However, long-term strategies for flood mitigation and control issues must

incorporate measures that are perceptibly integrated with other aspects, such as

socio-economics, culture, nature and the environment. Therefore, public

participation involving local communities represents a crucial framework of

 26

consideration for the selection of management strategies and long-term

processes of flood management (Burch et al. 2010).

In the design of drainage system, the first thing that should be taken for

into consideration is to determine the quantity of water to be accommodated.

Drainage works are usually designed to dispose a flow from a storm having a

specified return period. Hence, the selection of the return period is often

dependent on the designer’s judgement.

The traditional solution to these challenges in western cities has been

‘grey’ infrastructure – such as piped drainage systems – which are mainly single-

objective oriented designs to cope with rainwater within the urban landscape.

However, these drainage infrastructures often no longer have the capacity to

keep pace with on-going urbanization and the increasing rate of storm water due

to climate change and soil sealing, and can lead to increased run-off and a

higher risk of urban flooding (Zhou 2014). Also, poor drainage systems in Lagos

State have caused tremendous environmental challenges. These challenges are

basically associated with poor maintenance of drainage system and flood which

eventually leads to environmental hazards. Some places were flooded, making

the roads practically impassable for motorists. In many instances, torrential

rainfall literally submerged the cities, halting human and vehicular activities

thereby forcing residents to stay indoors as a pre-emptive measure against

human disaster.
 27

Since such infrastructure play a key role in preventing urban floods, their

performance should be monitored and quantified (Binesh, 2016). Thus, drainage

system assessment and modelling studies nowadays are of great importance.

Hence, this research was conducted.

Related Study

The following are the conducted studies related to this research work.

Watt et al. (2003) pointed out on the case study entitled “Adaptation of

storm drainage system” that problems such as flooding, downstream erosion,

deteriorating water quality, and environmental issues are evidently caused by

drainage system failures. He also stressed that drainage systems are of unique

characteristic with relation to its location. Therefore, drainage systems come in

so many forms and designs that engineers are trying to match it with every

place’s need.

A study conducted in Barangay 62-A Tacloban City entitled “Flooding

Analysis on Barangay 62-A of Tacloban City: An Input to Re-Design of Its Sewer

System” assessed the existing storm sewer system. Specifically, it evaluated the

existing drainage system including the rip-rap constructed around a swamp by

PLAN International in Purok II of the said barangay. Furthermore, it determined

the drainage water volume that generated based on the current trends of rainfall

patterns. Flooding became one of the major problems of the residents of Brgy.

62-A, especially those who are near the swamp, during heavy and continuous
 28

rains. The water in the area overflows and it threatens the safety of the residents

especially on their health.

On the study “Urban Drainage System Planning and Design-Challenges

with Climate Change and Urbanization” of Ashok (2015), it was mentioned that

drainage system designs have evolved from hydraulic sizing of drainage

components entailing, pipes, inlets, gutters and culverts to an integrated

sustainable design which additionally includes storm water detention facilities.

In relation to making a sustainable drainage system, Wong (2000) in his

study “Water Sensitive Urban Design- A Paradigm Shift in Urban Design” stated

that one way to make the model is to first assess the performance capacity of

the existing one if possible. In checking the performance capacity of a certain

structure, certain parameters, may it be physical or environmental, are to be

considered.

Guo (2008) in his study “Urban Fluvial Flood Modelling” listed several

properties of the drainage system which he incorporated in checking its

performance status. These include the physical properties of the drainage like its

length, the diameter, materials used and even it location on the ground, its

environmental performance like its frequency of flooding and the degree of

waste water that it holds, and his last indicator was the economic status of the

drainage system covering the cost of the maintenance and other renovations.

Jimoh (2008) studied the drainage problems in tropical environment in

 29

Nigeria. The study was conducted through field work and the data were

gathered such as drainage dimensions, types of wastes in drainage channels,

problem of wastes and techniques for waste management. Those data have

been analyzed through the application of descriptive statistics and cross

tabulation as basic method of analysis.

A study on the “Assessment of the Sewerage System of Catbalogan City,

Samar: Inputs to its Rehabilitation” was established to solve the problem of

overflowing of canals due to excessive rainfall and slow movement of stormwater

in the sewage pipe due to clogging of solid waste or garbage from indiscriminate

throwing or disposal in Catbalogan City. The City of Catbalogan has no separate

storm sewer and domestic/industrial sewer. This practice is very unsanitary for

the community. Domestic and industrial sewage may contain decomposed

organic materials that can lead to production of large quantity of mal-odorous

gases and it usually contains pathogenic or disease-causing microorganisms that

stick around in the human intestinal tract (Abejar, Cañas, Lanza, Palacio, 2016).

A study entitled “Physiographic Drainage-Inundation Model Based

Flooding Vulnerability Assessment” used a method composed of two

components, the physiographic drainage inundation model and the flooding

vulnerability assessment approach. The physiographic drainage inundation

model was used to estimate inundation depth and duration for a given storm.

The flooding vulnerability analysis was then implemented with the use of the

obtained inundation situations. It appeared in the study that linking the

 30

drainage-inundation model and the flooding vulnerability assessment approach

can be used to evaluate flooding vulnerability of a given area subject to

significant changes of land uses.

According to the study conducted by Chittisak Utana, drainage problems

consists of clogged canals, poor maintenance of canals and manholes, pumping

of solid wastes, over flowing canals, leakage of culverts, absence of culverts,

absence of grid iron covers or uncovered manholes. Drainage problems becomes

serious in the sense that they gave rise to the following situation: flooded

streets, widening of the breeding places of mosquitos, causing clogged canals,

spreading pollutants to water, unsanitary conditions, flow of solid wastes into the

streets, destruction of manholes, proliferation of disease producing pests in the

ditches, overflowing of water into private houses and public establishments, and

destruction of streets or roads, ditches by capillary action may soften the

subgrade and contributes to pavement failure.

Metro Manila Area suffered a major flood in 1985. The Government of the

Philippines conducted a survey of this flood damage and a feasibility study on

countermeasures in order to draw up a plan for the implementation of the

necessary flood control system and drainage projects. The objective

recommended in the feasibility study was to mitigate damage from floods in the

Vitas and San Andres areas in Manila City, which suffer the worst flood damage

in the Metro Manila Area. The Development of Public Works and Highways built

pumping stations and independent sluice gates with Japan’s ODA. These facilities
 31

greatly contributed to reduce flood damage. But population concentration and

urbanization progressed rapidly in the Metro Manila Area, and the concentration

of buildings reduced the land available to absorb rainwater. This left the area

more prone to flooding, necessitating expansion of the flood control system and

drainage facilities. According to the study, the major problem with the operation

and maintenance of this project is the handling of waste discarded in the

esteros. At the time of the appraisal, it was concerned that the large volume of

wastes generated had been impeding the operation of the pumping stations,

resulting from the disposal of wastes into the esteros by large numbers of

squatters concentrated along the esteros. A master plan called Metro Manila

Integrated Flood Risk Management Master Plan was presented by Rogelio L.

Singson in Seoul, South Korea on May 28-29, 2013. The plan comprises new

integrated approach for Metro Manila including flood modelling, forecasting and

warning system, enforcement of easement requirements and clearing of priority

rivers and waterways of informal settlers and obstructions, resettlement action

plan and provision of housing options, upgrading of pumping stations, Waterway

channel widening, dredging and construction of dikes/river wall.

The United States and some European countries have recently

experienced the occurrence and the impacts and consequences of extreme

floods. A US-Italy Research Workshop was organized where a selected group of

flood specialists discussed and exchanged experiences in relation to recent

catastrophic flood events. The research workshop was held at Perugia, Italy. The
 32

objectives of the Workshop were: (a) To present and document the state of the

art on the hydro climatology, impacts, and management of extraordinary floods.

(b) To organize and discuss potential research topics on the hydrometeorology,

impacts, and management of extraordinary floods, especially those of potential

collaboration between researchers in the U.S. and Italy. (c)To contrast and

compare structural and non-structural approaches to floods, especially in terms

of underlying preventive policies, risk and uncertainty management of

catastrophic events, and mobilization of resources and institutions in case of

extreme hydrologic events. (d) To disseminate the Research Workshop findings

to the U.S. and European professionals and agencies interested on flood hazards

and to inform the general public in both increased awareness and participation

with regard to managing floods.

To address the drainage problem is to provide a good and sufficient

drainage design and maintenance work to prevent flooding which serves a life

purpose to the school. The new drainage system is designed to provide its

objectives to prevent a flood, to secure long-time service and to have an efficient

drainage system. The design flows of water were obtained by accurate hydraulic

computations that aim to measure the amount of water in designing the

structure for the drainage lines and a necessary estimate was also taken into

considerations. By improving works which are required to bring the drainage

system up to an acceptable standard, it is essential that the reasons for the

damages are fully understood before carrying out drainage improvements.

 33

Lastly, a study entitled “The Proposed New Drainage System in Cebu

Technological University – Main Campus” was conducted to control the flow of

storm water inside the campus during heavy rainfall. It was found out that the

existing drainage system of Cebu Technological – University is no longer

functional because during heavy rainfall, storm water tends to build up quickly

and starts to overflow instead for it to be drained through the catchments.

Floods bring water-borne diseases; hence this problem brings harm to the CTU

Community specifically its students, teachers, and staff. The factors that

contribute to the failure of the existing drainage system based on the study

were: the incompetent flow of water, the backflow from the main drainage

source and the capacity of the catchments.

 34

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methods that the researchers employed in this

study in assessing the run-off and performance of the existing drainage system

in Pastrana, Leyte. This includes the research design, research locale, research

instruments, and the research procedure for the study.

Research Design

This study utilized the mixed method approach in order to get the desired

data and to satisfy the research objectives. A mixed method has offered an in-

depth understanding of the research problem since it specializes a systematic

integration on quantitative and qualitative data within the cover range of the

subject.

The study was composed of primary and secondary data gathering. In

attaining the needed variable for this research, the primary source of data was

direct observation of the researchers on the site- surveying and direct

measurement of the physical attributes of the drainage system- and the

secondary source of data was the printed information and records collected from
 35

various agencies. In addition, statistical variables were also used to aid the

presentation of data gathered as well as to make the new design for the

drainage system.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in the Pastrana Town Proper located in the

Municipality of Pastrana, Leyte. Its boundaries can be defined by the latitude

11°08’12” N and longitude 124°53’08” E. The place is within Region VIII where

its climate is composed of both dry and wet seasons. Rainfall is irregular having

variations both with respect to time and space. The rainfall occurs mainly from

July to December. The region is relatively hilly but a large portion of the place is

composed of flat areas. The fertile land of the study area is very common for rice

fields and gives the primary source of income for the people there. F igure 1

shows the satellite view of Pastrana, Leyte. However, Figure 2 displays the

satellite view of the Town Proper of Pastrana, Leyte.

 s

Figure 3.1: Vicinity View of Pastrana, Leyte Public Market

36
 37

Figure 3.2: Aerial View of Pastrana, Leyte

 38

Figure 3.3: Satellite View of Patrana, Leyte

 39

Research Instrument

The researchers utilized the following as instruments in gathering relevant

information: documents gathered from the PAGASA (runoff data of Pastrana),

Engineering surveying tools, printed documents of the topographic information of

the subject or site, measuring tools and base maps and some written consents

for agencies and authorities to be contacted with.

For the collection of information for the profile of the ground cover, actual

field investigation with the aid of available equipment from the municipal office in

Pastrana will be carried out. Data gathered from field observation was used to

analyze the structure and functionality of the existing drainage system.

Topographic maps of the place helped determine the flow of the storm and

waste water within the study area.

All of the mentioned instruments will be indispensable for the

identification and collection of the variables in problem statement. Hence it is

essential for the success of this study.

Research Procedure

Phase I. Data Collection

For this study, information and data collection were obtained via two

sources which include: Primary and secondary sources.

 40

a. Primary sources

The researchers will formally gather hydrologic data through written

consents from the inventory of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical

and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) of Pawing, Palo, Leyte

and National Irrigation Administration (NIA) respectively. Data from the

Municipal Planning and Development office of Pastrana, Leyte that

secured the maps, engineering plans of the existing drainage structure

and its specifications that was utilized to establish the boundaries, size

and capacity of the drainage system was also collected.

In addition, the physical characteristics of the study subject were

acquired through actual field measurement. This is also to determine the

ground elevations and the direction of flow of the waste water and storm

water.

The researchers looked for legal consent from the school

administrators and sent a written permission to the local government of

Dulag, Leyte that acquired significant profile data of the locale, such as

flood hazard map and socio-economic profile of Dulag, Leyte.

b. Secondary sources

Data from the Municipal Planning and Development office of Pastrana,

Leyte that secured the maps, engineering plans of the existing drainage
 41

structure and its specifications that was utilized to establish the

boundaries, size and capacity of the drainage system was also collected.

Moreover, relevant and helpful information from different reliable

sources online were collected for the related literatures and related

studies.

Vital information, such as the transformation of the drainage

system with specific time interval and frequency of flooding on the

research location, was also retrieved from interviews that were held with

the frequent road plyers and local community members. Other secondary

sources of information that was used include books, journals, and other

references on the internet.

Phase II. Condition of the Existing Drainage System

A. Functionality

Functionality of the existing drainage system can be determined by

considering the factors that mainly affects its performance. In this

research, the researchers have conducted a field investigation in the study

area in order to ensure whether the present drainage structures are

functional or not.

Through a comprehensive investigation of the structures, the

proponents were able to identify the contributing factors that alter the

flow of the storm and waste water throughout Pastrana Town Proper.
 42

B. Capacity

Capacity of a drainage system can be ascertained by calculating the

maximum volume of storm water it can carry. Maximum volume

calculation requires the dimensions of the existing drainage system

including the slope, cross-sectional area, length, and discharge which can

be generally obtained through actual field investigation in the study area.

The result from this computation will then identify if there is a need for an

improved design of drainage system for the place.

Phase III. Assessment

A. Hydrological Characteristics

Rainfall Data

Maximum average rainfall-intensity-frequency data of Pastrana,

Leyte was collected from the office of the PAGASA located in Palo, Leyte.

These data will be composed of the specified return period and duration

which is equal to the time of concentration for the drainage area. The

time of concentration of a drainage area is the time required for runoff

from the farthest part of the drainage area to reach the outlet. With

these values on hand, the rainfall intensity will be determined through

appropriate intensity-duration-frequency graphs.

 43

The return period for a hydrological event of specified magnitude at

a given location is the average length of time between occurrences of that

hydrological event at the specified magnitude or greater at the location.

The time of concentration for the drainage area was used as the duration

for the design storm. The time of concentration of a drainage area is the

time required for runoff from the farthest part of the drainage area to

reach the outlet.

Topography

Physical attributes of the research site will be obtained through a

direct field surveying. The researchers will examine the site in order to

determine the route and elevation as well as the factors concerning its

topography: configuration, slope, ground cover and land use.

Phase IV. Technical Data

A. Maximum Runoff

In scheming the drainage system structure, this study utilized the

application of hydraulics. A number of statistical formulas were used

including the Manning’s formula for the cross sectional area.

The drainage area concerned for this study consists of subareas

which were identified and classified according to its rainfall intensity. The

peak or maximum runoff is then computed and determined using the

Rational Formula:
 44

Q=CiA

where:

Q = discharge runoff, cubic meter per second

C = runoff coefficient

i = rainfall intensity, mm/hr.

A = area

The coefficient C is non-dimensional (usually between 0.5 and 0.8)

if i and A are given in compatible units (i.e. meters per second and square

meters, respectively, leading to Q in cubic meters per seconds) or if i is in

inches per hour and A in acres, which yields discharge in cubic feet per

seconds (approximately).

The idea behind the rational method is that if a rainfall intensity i

begins instantaneously and continues indefinitely, the rate of runoff will

increase until the time of concentration when the entire watershed is

contributing to flow at the outlet. The product of rainfall intensity i, and

watershed area A is the inflow rate for the system, iA, and the ratio of this

rate to the rate of peak discharge Q (which occurs at time to) is termed

the runoff coefficient C.

The drainage discharge was determined by the runoff coefficient of

the area, multiplied with the maximum rainfall intensity and the area and

added the amount of waste water collected on the specified areas. The
 45

runoff coefficient (C) was determined through its existing classification of

physical features. Design rainfall intensity was based on the rainfall

intensity duration frequency of PAG-ASA. The area is the actual tributaries

are identified for the drainage outlet. The time of concentration and waste

water were computed as follows:

Manning’s formula will be used.

1
V = R 0.67 S 0.5
n

Where: n = manning coefficient

R = Hydraulic Radius (A/P)

A = Cross sectional Area

P = Wetted Perimeter

S = Slope

Time of Concentration

L
Tc=
(V x 60)

Where: L = length of drainage

V = Velocity

After the total time of concentration of the flood occurrence, the

discharge was computed using the Rational Method Formula Q = CiA.

From the computed discharge, the design area of the canal was computed

based on the Manning’s formula of discharge.

1
Q= R 0.67 A S 0.5
n
 46

Where: n = manning coefficient,

A
R = Hydraulic radius ¿
P

Where: A = Cross sectional of the canal

P = wetted perimeter

S = Slope

Waste Water

Flow:

Average Dry Weather Flow: ADWF= Daily Average Wastewater Flows

Peak Dry Weather Flow: PDWF= ADWF x Harmon’s Peaking Factor

Peak Wet Weather Flow: PWWF= PDWF + Extraneous Flows

Residential Wastewater Generation:

ADWF: Number of Dwelling Units x Number of People Per Unit x

3.125 E−06 m3 /capita/sec

Daily Wastewater Generation = 3.125 E−06 m3 /capita/sec

PDWF: ADWF x Harmon’s Peaking Factor

Where:

Harmon’s Peaking Factor ¿ 1+(14 /(4+(P/1000)¿ ¿0.5))¿

P = Number of Dwelling Units x Number of People Per Unit

 47

Non-residential Wastewater Generation:

Commercial ADWF: .00019444 m3 /s

PDWF: 0.000325231 m3 /s

Extraneous Flow Contributions

Ground Water Infiltration: 0.0000254633 m 3 /s

PWWF: PDWF + extraneous flows

Runoff was assumed to reach a peak at the time of concentration

when the entire watershed is contributing to flow at the outlet. The time

of concentration is the time f drop for a drop of water to flow from the

remotest point of interest. The time of concentration to any point in a

storm drainage system is the sum of the inlet time to (the time it takes for

the flow from the remotest point to reach the sewer inlet), and the flow

time tf in the upstream sewers connected to the outer point (Entatano et.

Al., 2018).

B. Drainage Profile

The researchers conducted an actual survey on the area concerned by

this study that determined the streets ground elevation of the municipality

particularly the town proper where pipes/culverts are located and to

establish the location of existing sewers/drainage canals.

A detailed map was also prepared by the researchers indicating streets

intersections with arrows on locating lines showing the direction of flow,

 48

which is normally in the direction of the ground slope. The result is a main

sewer leaving the area at its lowest point with sub mains and laterals

radiating to outlying areas and following the natural slope of the ground

to the extent possible. Manholes are used to underground storm drain

systems and wastewater collection to permit easy access to the

pipes/culvers for cleanout.

 49

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter includes the findings and analysis of the results required for

the completion of this study on the Runoff Analysis of Pastrana Town Proper.

The data were shown, interpreted, analyzed and validated to come up with

significant results.

The statements of the problem formulated in Chapter 1 have been

answered and satisfied using the data collected from runoff record of PAGASA

and from actual field observation and investigation.

Number of Households of Pastrana Town Proper

Based on the census record of the municipality, there are four (4) districts

that make up Pastrana Town Proper. These, indeed, are currently considered to

be the primary contributors for the wastewater and storm water in the site.

Table 4.1 displays the population together with the number of households per

block in every district. Figure 4.1 illustrates the blocking of each district in

Pastrana Town Proper.

It is shown in the street map that Pastrana Town is actually composed of

17 blocks with three (3) blocks making up District 1, seven (7) blocks for District

2, two (2) blocks comprising District 3, and another five (5) blocks for District 4.
 50

Figure 4.1: Street Map of Pastrana, Leyte

 51

Table 4.1. Distribution of Households per Blocks per District

BARANGAY
BLOCK NO. TOTAL
District 1 District 2 District 3 District 4

1  - 27 -   - 20
2  - 34  -  - 19
3  - 23  -  - 23
4  - 36  -  - 27
5  - 83  -  - 35
6  - 19  -  - 29
7  - 7  -  - 76
8 42  -  -  - 28
9 28  -  -  - 21
10 21  -  -  - 42
11  -  -  - 4 4
12  -  -  - 77 77
13  -  -  - 26 26
14  -  -  - 34 34
15  -  -  - 63 63
16  -  - 83 -  83
17  - -  55  - 55

Total
Household 91 229 138 204 662
per Barangay

Based on the table above, it shows that District 2 has the highest number

of household summing up to 229 which is 34.6% of the overall count of

households. Looking at the street map of Pastana Town in Figure 4.1, District 2
 52

comprises almost 40% of the total land area of the place covering the most

populated area. However, District 1 holds the lowest number of household equal

to 91, only 13.7% of the total count.

Table 4.2:
POPULATION
Population
of Pastrana No. of
Town per Househod
DistrictXBARA Male Female Total
NGAY
District 1 91 211 202 413
District 2 229 560 536 1096
District 3 138 323 317 640
District 4 204 496 500 996
Total 662 1590 1555 3145

As of the 2015 Statistical Census, the total population of the four districts

is said to be 3,145 with an annual growth rate at a continual mode of 0.15%.

Displaying in Table 4.2 is the distribution of population per district of Pastrana

Town Proper with regards to its number of households, female population, male

population, and total population. In addition to its large number in household,

District 2 still holds the highest percentage of the total population corresponding

to 1,096 out of 3,145. However, District 1 has only 413 populations, hence, the

least populated area among others. In terms of gender ratio, the male populace

(1,590) composes about 50.56% of the overall population while female populace
 53

(1,555) comprises 49.44% resulting to a one is to one (1:1) gender ratio in

Pastrana Town Proper.

In terms of population density, Pastrana, Leyte is measured to have a

lower population density compared to the national density. Population density

refers to the ratio between its present population to the total land area of the

place. This now perceives that Pastrana has lower population is to land area ratio

compared to the national value. From the gathered data from the 2015 census,

Pastrana has a density of 210 inhabitants per square kilometer or 540

inhabitants per square mile. According to the 2017 Annual Municipal Profile

Survey, average household size is estimated to be 5 persons per house for the

four districts. Based from the data of the said survey, the overall counted

dependents for the whole municipality were recorded to be 11,068 while the

working group was added up to be 6,933 only. Statistically, this only conveys

that every working individual will sustain an average of 1.6 head as dependent.

Hydrological Characteristics

Similar to any part of this country, Pastrana, Leyte has also experienced a

tropical climate which is composed of two seasons- the dry season and wet

season. Pastrana, Leyte, based on the topographic record of the municipality, is

surrounded with bodies of water (i.e. river, sea) on its left portion and some flat

surfaces for rice farming. Due to its location, Pastrana Town experiences a warm

to oppressive climate that sometimes results to El Niño and also a gloomy to

detrimental climate that results to loss of lives and properties. From the record of
 54

PAGASA, the average temperature of the place from 2018-2019 is about 27.2 °C,

2.4 °C higher than the average temperature from 2000-2015 which was 24.8 °C.

In connection to the fast changing of climate, Pastrana Town has no

definite period for its wet and dry seasons. Its climate has extreme variations in

which rainfall is distributed to any time of the year and dry season sometimes

exceeds its month occurrence. However, there are months where, maximum rain

due to eastern wind is expected. This covers the month of November, December,

and January for every year. These are the months that typhoons and tropical

storms usually occurred. During this season, some of the areas in Pastrana Town

are easily flooded especially the market site.

Figure 4.2 presents the Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve

graphically representing the amount of water that falls within a given period of

time in catchment areas. The computation for the volume of rain water in the

study area is interpreted with the Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve in

a 10-year period and is computed based on the storm water. The storm water

was computed using the data from the rainfall events in Tacloban City. For the

computation of total discharge, Rational Method Formula which is Q = CiA was

utilized. When using the Rational formula, the assumption made was that the

maximum rate of flow is produced by a constant rainfall, which is maintained for

a time equal to the period of concentration of flow to the point of interest. For

the time of concentration, Manning’s Formula was employed to obtain the

desired values. Theoretically, this is the time for concentration, which is the time
 55

required for the surface runoff from most remote part of the drainage basin to

reach the point being considered. In practice, the concentration of time is an

empirical value that results in acceptable peak flow estimates.

Consequently, Monthly Intensity in Tacloban City from 2008-2018 is

displayed in Figure 4.3. Based on the graphical representation, the maximum

value of rainfall intensity equals 1,274 plotted on March 2013. However, the rest

of rainfall season is from November to February every year.

 56

400 DURATION (MIN.)

350 2 years 5 years 10 years 15 years
20 years 25 years 50 years 100 years
300
INTENSITY (MM/HR)

250

200

150

100

50

0
5 10 15 20 30 45 60 80 100 120 150

Figure 4.2: The Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve

 57

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

2006
2014 2015
2007
2016
20082018 2009
2017
2010 2011 2012 2013
2014 2015 2016 2017
RAINFALL iNTENSITY

1500
1000
500
0
N B H IL Y E Y G T T V C
JA FE ARC PR MA JUN JUL AU SEP OC NO DE
A
M

MONTH

Figure 4.3: Monthly Rainfall Intensity in Tacloban City from 2008-2018

 58

Topography

Boundaries of Pastrana Town can be defined by the latitude 11°08’12” N

and longitude 124°53’08” E. Its borders are consisting of Sta. Fe in the north,

Dagami in the south, Palo to its left, and lastly Jaro in its west. Consequently,

Pastrana has one river in its south edge namely the Malirong River, which is also

the catchment area of the study.

Pastrana Town is relatively hilly but a large portion of the place is

composed of flat areas commonly utilized for farming. The fertile land of the

study area is very common for rice fields and gives the primary source of income

for the people there. The area is covered with cropland (18%), water (11%),

and residential (71%) residential.

Types of Ground Surface

 59

Table 4.3 presents the different values of the runoff coefficient or C which

is needed for the computation of the discharges using the rational method.

These values of the runoff coefficient identify the kind of surface area in which

the rainfall runoff is flowing. Specifically, the values of C shown below focused on

four (4) types of surface including watertight roofing, cement street, driveways

and walks, and lawns.

Surface Description Runoff Coefficient (C)

Watertight roof 0.7 to 0.95

Cement street 0.8 to 0.95

Driveways and walks 0.75 to 0.85

Lawns 0.18 to 0.22

Table 4.3: Runoff Coefficient for Various Surfaces

Source: Water Supply and Sewerage by E.W. Steel and Terence J. McGhee

Given that Pastrana Town Proper is an urbanized place with a

considerable large number of population, the proponents of this study have

utilized the values of C as for residential, commercial, open lawn, school, and

road areas corresponding to 0.5, 0.8, 0.1, 0.35, and 0.85 respectively. Displayed

in Table 4.4 are the different values for selected runoff coefficient for various
 60

surface characteristics ranging from commercial to residential, from apartment to

playgrounds, from railroad yard to roofing, and from sandy soil to flat surface.

Description of Area Description of

Runoff Runoff
or Character of Area or Character
Coefficient Coefficient
Surface of Surface

Commercial 0.70 to 0.95 Railroad yard 0.20 to 0.35

Downtown 0.70 to 0.95 Unimproved 0.10 to 0.30

Neighborhood 0.50 to 0.70 Pavement 0.85 to 0.95

Asphaltic and
Residential 0.30 to 0.50 0.70 to 0.95
concrete
Single – family 0.30 to 0.50 Bricks 0.70 to 0.85

Multi-units, detached 0.40 to 0.60 Roofs 0.75 to 0.95

Multi-units, attached 0.60 to 0.75 Lawns, sandy soil 0.10 to 0.15

Residential (suburban) 0.25 to 0.40 Flat, 2 percent 0.05 to 0.10

Average, 2 to 7
Apartment 0.50 to 0.70 0.10 to 0.15
percent
 61

Industrial Steep, 7 percent 0.15 to 0.20

Light 0.50 to 0.80 Lawns, heavy soil _____

Heavy 0.60 to 0.90 Flat, 2 percent 0.13 to 0.17

Average, 2 to 7
Parks, cemeteries 0.10 to 0.25 0.18 to 0.22
percent
Playgrounds 0.20 to 0.35 School 0.30 to 0.40
Table 4.4: Selected Runoff Coefficients

Profile of Existing Drainage System

 62

Capacity

Based from the statement of the problem formulated in this study, the

existing drainage structure in Pastrana Town will be evaluated with the following

parameters: physical structure of the system including its size, slope, cross-

sectional area, and length of drainage; functionality with regards to velocity and

discharge of the drainage.

Table 4.5: Existing Drainage Structures in Pastrana, Leyte

Dimensions
Drainage
Position Length Width Depth
Line Slope
(m) (m) (m)
Alignment 1 1 87 0.61 0.64 0.003305836
  2 52 0.63 0.6 0.002341465
  3 84 0.67 0.64 0.002248689
Alignment 2 1 100 0.6 0.74 0.001870907
  2 84 0.65 0.73 0.007769942
 63

  3 146 0.62 0.72 0.001216631

Alignment 3 1 100 0.6 0.76 0.006430602
  2 84 0.68 0.45 0.005978373
  3 71 0.64 0.69 0.004220773
  4 75 0.61 0.47 0.001416631
Alignment 4 1 338 0.65 0.72 0.005340602
Alignment 5 1 223 0.63 0.54 0.003598373
Alignment 6 1 120 0.6 0.51 0.001135836
  2 196 0.51 0.58 0.001621465
Alignment 7 1 85 0.64 0.7 0.007626771
  2 131 0.6 0.53 0.006843414
  3 65 0.57 0.46 0.001748689
Alignment 8 1 94 0.55 0.53 0.002810907
  2 100 0.59 0.55 0.003719942
Alignment 9 1 111 0.62 0.73 0.002168373
2 81 0.6 0.7 0.003315236
3 57 0.65 0.4 0.006021415
Alignment 10 1 113 0.61 0.65 0.001926571
2 84 0.54 0.6 0.003849414
3 56 0.33 0.3 0.002513729

Table 4.5 shows the current structures of the drainage system in the

study area. The dimensions and other values presented were obtained through

survey and from the municipal data record.

Table 4.6: Computed Hydraulic

Runoff Velocity
Drainag V
Position Slope Radius n
e Line (m/s)
(m)

Alignment 1 1 0.00330584 0.3123 0.015 1.75765

2 0.00234147 0.3073 0.015 1.46331
3 0.00224869 0.3273 0.015 1.49593
Alignment 2 1 0.00187091 0.3313 0.015 1.37569
2 0.00776994 0.3438 0.015 2.87393
3 0.00121663 0.3331 0.015 1.11338
 64

Alignment 3 1 0.00643060 0.3353 0.015 2.57081

2 0.00597837 0.2708 0.015 2.14818
3 0.00422077 0.3320 0.015 2.06916
4 0.00141663 0.2655 0.015 1.03186
Alignment 4 1 0.00534060 0.3416 0.015 2.37228
Alignment 5 1 0.00359837 0.2908 0.015 1.74799
Alignment 6 1 0.00113584 0.1889 0.015 0.73557
2 0.00162147 0.1771 0.015 0.84180
Alignment 7 1 0.00762677 0.2196 0.015 2.10855
2 0.00684341 0.1916 0.015 1.82263
3 0.00174869 0.1760 0.015 0.87039
Alignment 8 1 0.00281091 0.1811 0.015 1.12478
2 0.00371994 0.1920 0.015 1.34588
0.00216837
Alignment 9 1 0.2176 0.015 1.11738
3
0.00331523
2 0.2100 0.015 1.34913
6
0.00602141
3 0.1793 0.015 1.63559
5
0.00192657
Alignment 10 1 0.2076 0.015 1.02054
1
0.00384941
2 0.1862 0.015 1.34123
4
0.00251372
3 0.1065 0.015 0.74518
9

In finding the values of velocity in Table 4.6, Manning’s formula was used

with value of n (Manning’s coefficient) equals 0.015 designating to cement

mortar. Moreover, based on the result presented above, Line 2 of Alignment 2

has the highest runoff velocity equivalent to 2.87393 m/s and least is Line 1 of

Alignment 6 which is equal to 0.73557 m/s.

Table 4.7: Time of Concentration

Drainage Length V Tc
Position
Line (m) (m/s) (min)
 65

Alignment 1 1 87 1.7576 0.825

2 52 1.4633 0.592
3 84 1.4959 0.936
Alignment 2 1 100 1.3757 1.212
2 84 2.8739 0.487
3 146 1.1134 2.186
Alignment 3 1 100 2.5708 0.648
2 84 2.1482 0.652
3 71 2.0692 0.572
4 75 1.0319 1.211
Alignment 4 1 338 2.3723 2.375
Alignment 5 1 223 1.7480 2.126
Alignment 6 1 120 0.7356 2.719
2 196 0.8418 3.881
Alignment 7 1 85 2.1085 0.672
2 131 1.8226 1.198
3 65 0.8704 1.245
Alignment 8 1 94 1.1248 1.393
2 100 1.3459 1.238
Alignment 9 1 111 1.1174 1.656
2 81 1.3491 1.001
3 57 1.6356 0.581
Alignment 10 1 113 1.0205 1.845
2 84 1.3412 1.044
3 56 0.7452 1.252

It can be perceived from the values presented above that Line 2 of

Alignment 6 has the highest time of concentration equal to 3.881 minutes

whereas Line 2 of Alignment 2 exhibits the lowest time of concentration of 0.487

minutes.

Table 4.8: Discharge

POSITION Line Dimensions Area V Q

 66

Width Depth
(m/s) (m3/s)
(m) (m)
Alignment 1 1 0.61 0.64 0.3904 1.75765 0.68618
  2 0.63 0.6 0.378 1.46331 0.55313
  3 0.67 0.64 0.4288 1.49593 0.64146
Alignment 2 1 0.6 0.74 0.444 1.37569 0.61081
  2 0.65 0.73 0.4745 2.87393 1.36368
  3 0.62 0.72 0.4464 1.11338 0.49701
Alignment 3 1 0.6 0.76 0.456 2.57081 1.17229
  2 0.68 0.45 0.306 2.14818 0.65734
  3 0.64 0.69 0.4416 2.06916 0.91374
  4 0.61 0.47 0.2867 1.03186 0.29583
Alignment 4 1 0.65 0.72 0.468 2.37228 1.11023
Alignment 5 1 0.63 0.54 0.3402 1.74799 0.59467
Alignment 6 1 0.6 0.51 0.306 0.73557 0.24901
  2 0.51 0.58 0.2958 0.84180 0.22508
Alignment 7 1 0.64 0.7 0.448 2.10855 0.94463
  2 0.6 0.53 0.318 1.82263 0.57960
  3 0.57 0.46 0.2622 0.87039 0.22822
Alignment 8 1 0.55 0.53 0.2915 1.12478 0.32787
  2 0.59 0.55 0.3245 1.34588 0.43674
Alignment 9 1 0.62 0.73 0.4526 1.11738 0.50573
  2 0.6 0.7 0.42 1.34913 0.56663
  3 0.65 0.4 0.26 1.63559 0.42525
Alignment 10 1 0.61 0.65 0.3965 1.02054 0.40465
  2 0.54 0.6 0.324 1.34123 0.43456
  3 0.33 0.3 0.099 0.74518 0.07377

It can be comprehended from the tables presented above that flow

velocity within the drainage system structure ranges from 0.73557 m/s to

2.87393 m/s. However, in terms of volumetric flowrate and time of

concentration, Alignment 6- Line 2 has the least value for flowrate and the

highest value for time of concentration, equal to 0.22508 m 3/s and 3.881

minutes respectively. Consequently, Line 2 of Alignment 2 came up with a

flowrate of 1.36368 m3/s and a time of concentration of only 0.487 minutes only.
 67

Based from these values, it can then be perceived that some part

of the existing drainage system in Pastrana contained runoff and wastewater

that flows minimally therefore having a high time of concentration. The rainwater

concentrates for a minimum of two (2) minutes and maximum of seven (7)

minutes, which means that the drainage water has a tendency to accumulate in

the canal especially during heavy rains or during storms. The slow movement of

the water in the canals would lead to continuous accumulation and eventually

flooding may occur.

Functionality

Functionality, for drainage systems, is determined by its capacity to hold

and drain water along the streets and residential area. In this study, the

functionality was measured in terms of the flow rate of the drainage water in the

presence of the storm water relative to the duration of the rain and time of

concentration of water in particular areas. The time of concentration was

computed based on the Manning’s formula and the flow rate was computed

based on the rational method. Sample calculations for both are displayed in

Appendix of this study.

Based on the actual field investigation on the existing drainage system, it

was found out that there is no uniformity on sizes and different types of drainage

system are used. There are some areas in which the drainage is wider and
 68

deeper than the other, but mostly the drainage system has dimensions that do

not support that maximum amount of runoff. In addition, there are parts in the

town proper where the drainage is cut in a way that the wastewater discharge is

stuck in the end. Moreover, some are no longer functional relative to its true

purpose because of the presence of garbage in the drainage that causes

clogging and congest the creek which affects in accumulating and regulating

surface water runoff close to where it falls and simulates natural drainage as

closely as possible.

Technical Factors

Maximum Runoff

In order to fully examined the capability of the existing drainage system,

further analysis on its different characteristic is required including the

examination that account for the different surface characteristics. Moreover,

some are no longer functional relative to its true purpose because of the

presence of garbage in the drainage that causes clogging and congest the creek

which affects in accumulating and regulating surface water runoff close to where

it falls and simulates natural drainage as closely as possible.

Table 4.9: Runoff

 69

Ground
Surface
C Area i Q
RESIDENTIA
L
1 0.5 6240 0.00001475 0.04602
2 0.5 3422 0.00001475 0.02524
3 0.5 3069 0.00001475 0.02263
4 0.5 3381 0.00001475 0.02493
5 0.5 3310 0.00001475 0.02441
6 0.5 1419 0.00001475 0.01047
7 0.5 1733 0.00001475 0.01278
8 0.5 2761 0.00001475 0.02036
9 0.5 7514 0.00001475 0.05542
10 0.5 8870 0.00001475 0.06542
11 0.5 1714 0.00001475 0.01264
12 0.5 1173 0.00001475 0.00865
13 0.5 5478 0.00001475 0.04040
14 0.5 6907 0.00001475 0.05094
15 0.5 2548 0.00001475 0.01879
16 0.5 714 0.00001475 0.00527
17 0.5 4441 0.00001475 0.03275
18 0.5 1746 0.00001475 0.01288
19 0.5 2461 0.00001475 0.01815
        0.50814

Ground
Surface
C Area i Q
COMMERCIA
L
1 0.8 1360 0.00001475 0.016048
2 0.8 2724 0.00001475 0.0321432
3 0.8 1013 0.00001475 0.0119534
4 0.8 523 0.00001475 0.0061714
5 0.8 1844 0.00001475 0.0217592
        0.0880752
         
OPEN LAWN        
1 0.1 10584 0.00001475 0.0156114
2 0.1 8397 0.00001475 0.012385575
3 0.1 1685 0.00001475 0.002485375
4 0.1 5153 0.00001475 0.007600675
5 0.1 1329 0.00001475 0.001960275
 70

6 0.1 8105 0.00001475 0.011954875

        0.051998175
         
SCHOOL        
1 0.35 23160 0.00001475 0.1195635
         
ROAD        
1 0.85 2150 0.00001475 0.026955625
2 0.85 603 0.00001475 0.007560113
3 0.85 715 0.00001475 0.008964313
4 0.85 3277 0.00001475 0.041085388
5 0.85 1280 0.00001475 0.016048
6 0.85 425 0.00001475 0.005328438
        0.105941875
Total       0.87372
Waste Water       0.072759603
TOTAL       0.94648

X Number Populatio No. of 3.125 E-06 ADWF Harmon's PDWF

of n Peopl m3/capita.se Peaking

District 1 91 413 4 3.125E-06 0.001137 4.041280 0.004597
District 2 Dwelling
229 1096 e
4 per c3.125E-06 0.002862 Factor
3.824243 0.010946

5 9 9
District 3 138 640 4 3.125E-06 0.001725 3.951738 0.006816

8 7
District 4 204 996 4 3.125E-06 0.00255 3.855204 0.009830

1 8
 71

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the findings of the study based on

the gathered data. From the findings, a conclusion was drawn which was further

evaluated to come up with the recommendations presented herein.

SUMMARY

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the runoff as well as to

assess the performance of the existing drainage system in the Town Proper of
 72

Pastrana, Leyte. It is also part of the objectives of this study to come up with an

improved design of the drainage structure that would be efficient in handling

runoff water and waste water all throughout the whole town.

The objectives of the study are as follows.

1. To identify the population which will be used in the computation of

wastewater generated by the community

2. To identify the Hydrologic characteristics in the catchment area based on

Rainfall Data and Topographic Data

3. To determine the types of ground surface that corresponds to the value of

C used in the computation of discharge.

4. To assess the condition of the existing drainage system of town proper of

Pastrana, Leyte in terms of its Capacity and Functionality

5. To determine the factors that need to be considered in making the new

design of the drainage system

6. To come up with a design of an appropriate drainage based on the

findings of the study.

Findings

Based on the results obtained in this study, the following are the

summarized findings with regards to specific objectives.

 73

1. Pastrana Town Proper has 662 total number of households and 342 of

these constituents are affected in the flood-prone areas.

2. The site has high rainfall intensities based on the rainfall data of

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service

Administration (PAGASA).

3. The type of ground surface of the catchment area is essentially with

low infiltration and high runoff (pavement, steep gradient, residential

and commercial) and lower for permeable area.

4. The existing drainage structure in the place is not sustainable enough

to drain and carry the amount of storm-water runoff and waste water

runoff in Pastrana Town Proper.

5. The discharge of the drainage was computed to have a range from

0.22508 m3/s to 1.36368 m3/s and the time of concentration from 0.47

minutes to 3.881 minutes.

6. The overall runoff flowrate computed from different ground surfaces is

0.94648 cubic meter per second.

7. Proper sanitation of the drainage structure is not well-maintained.

CONCLUSION

Based on results, the researchers pointed out a number of conclusions

regarding the rainfall assessment and the condition of the existing drainage

structure. Specifically, below were the following conclusions drawn on this study.
 74

The structure of the existing drainage system is concluded to be

insufficient and unsustainable in regards to accommodating the overall storm

water runoff and waste water runoff within the town proper of Pastrana, Leyte.

For this reason, overflowing of discharge water occurs at specific areas.

Consequently, there are parts of the drainage system where, sanitation is

improperly observed hence accumulation of garbage within the system also

causes overflowing of water. Moreover, the improved design of the drainage

facility should have lower elevation to promote a continuous flow of the

discharge water all throughout the drainage system.

Additionally, the rainfall intensity of the study area is too large for the

existing drainage structures to carry. Thus, the problems of flooding at the area

concerned can be mitigated by providing adequate drainage system in the place.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings and conclusion drawn, the following

recommendations are offered:

1. The drainage facility of the place should be improved and

rehabilitated with a box culvert with covering and with the most

appropriate sizes.
 75

2. The overall drainage structure should be well-maintained and

improper waste disposal in the drainage should be alleviated in order to

prevent the clogging as well as overflowing of the runoff water.

3. The municipality should implement a new drainage design with

regards to the proposed design not only to prevent flooding but also to

promote a healthy environment.

4. Another study may be conducted to recycle the storm water or flood-

water in the depository tank and to try pumping station in mitigating

the problem.