MODULE 6

QUESTION
Sound to electrical.

Mircophone
 QUESTION
Infrasonic.

Less than 20Hz

 QUESTION
Ultrasonic.

Greater than 20000Hz

 QUESTION
Min. deviation, longest wavelength.

red
 QUESTION
Why the sky is blue.

Scattering
 QUESTION
Why tip of needle is blurred when viewed
from screen.

Diffusion of light
 QUESTION
Min. distance to see an object.

25cm
 QUESTION
Wavelength sensitive to eyes.

555nm
 QUESTION
Blackbody emits ___.

No radiation
 QUESTION
Black body.

Absorb emit
 QUESTION
Tuning fork placed on a table top.

Loudness inc.
 QUESTION
Gay Lussac.

Constant volume
 QUESTION
Axis of ___.

Radius of gyration
 QUESTION
3rd most conductive.

Yold
 QUESTION
Diopter.

4th power
 QUESTION
Linear momentum is doubled.

4 times KE
 QUESTION
Reflection of sound.

Echo
 QUESTION
Classification of compound.

Acid and base

 QUESTION
Atomic number of Boron.

5
 QUESTION
Normal body temperature of human.

37ᵒ
 QUESTION
Proposed that protons and neutrons are
concentrated in a nucleus.

Ernest Rutherford
 QUESTION
Liquid non-metal at normal temperature.

Bromine
 QUESTION
The branch of optical technology concerned
with the transmission of radiant power (light
energy) through fibers.

Fiber optics
 QUESTION
The basic functions of a fiber optic data link.

Convert an electrical input signal to an optical signal, send the optical

signal over an optical fiber, and convert the optical signal back to an
electric signal.
 QUESTION
The three parts of a fiber optic data link.

Transmitter, optical fiber, and receiver

 QUESTION
The decrease in the amount of light reaching
the end of the fiber.

Loss
 QUESTION
In fiber optic systems, designers consider what
trade-offs?

Trade-offs in fiber properties, types of connections, optical sources,

and detector types in military and subscriber-loop applications.
 QUESTION
Seven advantages of fiber optics over
electrical systems.

Improved system performance, immunity to electrical noise, signal

security, electrical isolation, reduced size and weight, environmental
protection, and overall system economy
 QUESTION
The advent of quantum physics successfully
explained the photoelectric effect in terms of
fundamental particles of energy called.

Quanta
 QUESTION
What are the fundamental particles of energy
(quanta) known as when referring to light
energy?

Photons
 QUESTION
What type of wave motion is represented by
the motion of water?

Transverse-wave motion
 QUESTION
Illustrated as straight lines, showing the
direction in which light is travelling at any
point.

Light rays
 QUESTION
Those substances that transmit almost all the
light waves falling upon them are said to be.

Transparent
 QUESTION
Substances through which some light rays can
pass, but through which objects cannot be
seen clearly because the rays are diffused, are
called.

Translucent
 QUESTION
Those substances that are unable to transmit
any light rays are called.

Opaque
 QUESTION
Typical optical detector materials used for
receiver operation in the 850-nm wavelength
region.

Silicon(Si), gallium arsenide(GaAs), and gallium

aluminum arsenide(GaAlAs)
 QUESTION
Examples of optical detector materials used
for receiver operation in the 1300-nm and
1550-nm wavelength regions.

Germanium(Ge), indium phosphide(InP), and

indium gallium arsenide(InGaAs)
 QUESTION
Output saturation, occurs at input optical
power levels typically.

Greater than 1 milliwatt(mW)

 QUESTION
Typical reverse-bias voltage applied across the
active region of an avalanche
photodiode(APD).

Over 100 volts

 QUESTION
Typical semiconductor materials used in the
construction of low-noise APDs include.

Silicon(Si), indium gallium

arsenide(InGaAs), and germanium(Ge)
 QUESTION
Typically, semiconductor lasers emit light
spread out over an angle of.

10 to 15 degrees
 QUESTION
The two most common semiconductor
materials used in electronic and electro-optic
devices.

Silicon(Si) and gallium arsenide(GaAs)

 QUESTION
Typically LEDs for the 850-nm region are
fabricated using.

GaAs and AlGaAs

 QUESTION
LEDs for the 1300-nm and 1550-nm regions are
fabricated using.

InGaAsP and InP

 QUESTION
Basic LED types used for fiber optic
communication systems.

Surface-emitting LED(SLED), edge-emitting

LED(ELED), and super luminescent diode(SLD)
 QUESTION
Preferred optical source for short-distance(0
to 3km), low data-rate fiber optic systems.

SLEDs, and ELEDs

 QUESTION
Typically, SLEDs operate efficiently for bit
rates.

Up to 250 megabits per second(Mb/s)

 QUESTION
ELEDs may be modulated at rates.

Up to 400 Mb/s
 QUESTION
SLDs may be modulated at bit rates of.

Over 400 Mb/s

 QUESTION
In SLEDs, the size of the primary active region
is limited to a small circular area of.

20µm to 50µm in diameter.

 QUESTION
LDs typically can be modulated at frequencies
up to.

Over 2 gigahertz(GHz)
 QUESTION
Electronic coolers used to cool LDs in system
applications.

Thermo-electric(TE) coolers
 QUESTION
For the lowest data rates (0 to 20 megabits per
second), sources tend to operate in the.

850-nm window
 QUESTION
For moderate data rates (50 to 200Mbps),
sources tend to operate in the.

1300-nm window
 QUESTION
Are usually only used in the extremely long
distance high-data-rate applications(undersea
links, etc).

1550-nm transmitters
 QUESTION
Typical low-frequency applications are.

Analog audio and single channel video

systems
 QUESTION
Types of systems for moderate frequency
applications.

Multi-channel analog audio and video systems

as well as frequency modulated(FM) systems
 QUESTION
Typical high frequency applications are.

Cable television trunk line and raw radar

remoting applications
 QUESTION
Are typically used in cable television trunk line
applications.

1550-nm transmitters
 QUESTION
Electronics industries association /
telecommunications industries association.

EIA / TIA
 QUESTION
For most fiber optic measurements, these
standard procedures are documented by the.

EIA / TIA
 QUESTION
Each component measurement procedure is
assigned a unique number given by.

EIA / TIA-526-X
 QUESTION
The cutback method for measuring multimode
fiber attenuation is.

EIA / TIA-455-46
 QUESTION
The cutback method for measuring single
mode fiber attenuation is.

EIA / TIA-455-78
 QUESTION
Describes how to properly prepare fiber ends
for measurement purposes.

EIA / TIA-455-57
 QUESTION
A 20-mm diameter mandrel is typically used
for.

62.5µm fiber
 QUESTION
Another common mode filter for single mode
fibers is.

30-mm diameter circular free-form loop

 QUESTION
Additional information on multimode and
single mode filters(and launch conditions) is
available in.

EIA / TIA-455-50 and EIA / TIA-455-57,

respectively
 QUESTION
The test method for uncabled single mode
fiber cutoff wavelength is.

EIA / TIA-455-80
 QUESTION
The test method for cabled single mode fiber
cutoff wavelength is.

EIA / TIA-455-170
 QUESTION
The test method for measuring the bandwidth
of multimode fibers in the frequency domain
is.

EIA / TIA-455-30
 QUESTION
Chromatic dispersion is measured in the
frequency domain using.

EIA / TIA-455-169 and EIA / TIA-455-175

 QUESTION
The procedure for measuring multimode and
single mode fiber geometry is detailed in.

EIA / TIA-455-176
 QUESTION
The fiber-geometrical parameters measured
include.

Cladding diameter, cladding noncircularity, core-

cladding concentricity error, and core noncircularity
 QUESTION
Core diameter is measured using.

EIA / TIA-455-58
 QUESTION
Describes the procedure for measuring the
near-field power distribution of optical
waveguides.

EIA / TIA-455-43
 QUESTION
Output near-field radiation pattern can be
obtained by using.

EIA / TIA-455-43
 QUESTION
The numerical aperture(NA) of a multimode
fiber having a near-parabolic refractive index
profile is measured using.

EIA / TIA-455-177
 QUESTION
Describes various procedures, or methods, for
measuring the far-field power distribution of
optical waveguides.

EIA / TIA-455-47
 QUESTION
The mode field diameter of a single mode
fiber can be measured using.

EIA / TIA-455-167
 QUESTION
Provides information on the mathematics
behind the transformation procedure between
the far-field and near-field.

EIA / TIA-455-167
 QUESTION
Insertion loss of both multimode and single
mode interconnection devices is measured
using.

EIA / TIA-455-34
 QUESTION
The mandrel wrap method of measuring the
insertion loss of an interconnecting device is
included in.

EIA / TIA-455-34
 QUESTION
Return loss and reflectance are measured
using.

EIA / TIA-455-107
 QUESTION
The fiber optic test method for measuring the
attenuation of an installed optical fiber using
an optical time-domain reflectometer(OTDR).

EIA / TIA-455-61
 QUESTION
The group index(N) is provided by fiber
manufacturers or is found using.

EIA / TIA-455-60
 QUESTION
Point defects are located and measured using.

EIA / TIA-455-59
 QUESTION
The transmission loss of fiber optic cable
plants is measured using.

EIA / TIA-526-14 method B (multimode fiber)

or EIA / TIA-526-7 (single mode fiber)
 QUESTION
Fiber inspection is done visually by the use of
a standard microscope at.

200 to 400 times magnification

 QUESTION
Ferrule-type ST® connectors are becoming the
commercial connector of choice for local area
network(LAN) and data transfer links and are
the standard connector for navy light duty
applications. This connector is described in
specification sheets 16,17, and 18 of.

MIL-C-83522
 QUESTION
One type of heavy-duty connector designed
for use in harsh navy environments is
described by the military specification.

MIL-C-28876
 QUESTION
Standard core sizes for multimode step-index
fibers are.

50µm and 100µm

 QUESTION
Standard core sizes for multimode graded-
index fibers are.

50µm, 62.5µm, 85µm, and 100µm

 QUESTION
Standard core sizes for single mode fibers are.

Between 8µm, and 10µm

 QUESTION
Standard multimode graded-index fiber core
and cladding sizes are.

50/125µm, 62.5/125µm, 85/125µm, and

100/140µm
 QUESTION
Typical values of relative refractive index
difference(Δ) are around.

0.01 to 0.02
 QUESTION
An OFCC cable consists of individual single
fiber cables, called.

Optical fiber cable components(OFCC)

 QUESTION
The OFCC outer diameter is typically.

2millimeters(mm)
 QUESTION
The fiber is typically buffered with a polyester
elastomer to a total diameter of.

900µm
 QUESTION
An OFCC cable of 0.5inch cable outer diameter
can accommodate about.

12 fibers
 QUESTION
OFCC type cable is also being evaluated for use
in navy applications with fiber counts up to.

36 fibers(OFCC)
 QUESTION
Involves calculating the rise times of the link
transmitter and the optical fiber.

Risetime budget
 QUESTION
The composite optical transmitter/fiber
risetime is referred to as the.

Fiber exit risetime

 QUESTION
Consists of all the fiber optic cables and the
fiber optic interconnection equipment within
the shop, including connectors, splices, and
interconnection boxes.

Fiber optic cable plant

 QUESTION
Optical fibers or cables should never be bent
at a radius of curvature less than a certain
value, called the.

Minimum bend radius

 QUESTION
A hybrid device that converts electrical signals
into optical signals and launches the optical
signals into an optical fiber.

Fiber optic transmitter

 QUESTION
Two basic types of amplifiers used in fiber
optic receivers.

High-impedance amplifiers and

transimpedance amplifier
 QUESTION
Fiber optic receivers can be classified into two
categories.

Digital and analog

 QUESTION
Consists of an optical transmitter, optical fiber,
and an optical receiver.

Point to point fiber optic data link

 QUESTION
A common fiber optic application is the.

Full duplex link

 QUESTION
Consists of a single transmission line that is
shared by a number of equipments.

Linear bus topology

 QUESTION
Consists of equipments attached to one
another in a closed loop or ring.

Ring topology
 QUESTION
Configuration wherein each equipment is
connected a common center hub.

Star topology
 QUESTION
Consists of a transmission line that branches,
or splits.

Tree topology
 QUESTION
The process of varying one or more
characteristics of an optical signal to encode
and convey information.

modulation
 QUESTION
A discontinuous signal that changes from one
state to another in discrete steps.

Digital signal
 QUESTION
A popular form of digital modulation.

Binary modulation
 QUESTION
The process of arranging symbols that
represent binary data in a particular pattern
for transmission.

Line coding
 QUESTION
A continuous signal whose amplitude, phase,
or some other property varies in a direct
proportion to the instantaneous value of a
physical variable.

Analog signal
 QUESTION
Modulation wherein the intensity of a optical
source’s output signal is directly modulated by
the incoming electrical analog base band
signal.

Intensity modulation
 QUESTION
A signal that is in its original form and has not
been changed by a modulation technique.

Base band signal

 QUESTION
Involves identifying all of the sources of loss in
the fiber optic link.

Power budget
 QUESTION
The difference between the transmitter
output power and the receiver sensitivity is
referred to as the.

Available power
 QUESTION
The ratio of the optical detector’s output
photocurrent in amperes to the incident
optical power in watts

responsivity
 QUESTION
A semiconductor positive-negative(p-n)
structure with an intrinsic region sandwiched
between the other two regions.

PIN photodiode
 QUESTION
When no light is incident on the photodiode, a
current is still produced called.

Dark current
 QUESTION
The detector thickness is related to the
amount of time required for the electrons
generated to flow out of the detector active
area. This time is referred to as the electron.

Transmit time
 QUESTION
It is given by tRC=RC

RC time constant
 QUESTION
Means that the output electrical
current(photocurrent) of the photodiode is
linearly proportional to the input optical
power.

Detector linearity
 QUESTION
A photodiode that internally amplifies the
photocurrent by an avalanche process.

Avalanche photodiode(APD)
 QUESTION
Occurs when accelerated electrons collide
with other electrons in the semiconductor
material, causing a fraction of them to become
part of the photocurrent.

Avalanche multiplication
 QUESTION
Defined as the first stage of amplification
following the optical detector.

Pre amplifier
 QUESTION
Defined as the remaining stages of
amplification required to raise the detector’s
electrical signal to a level suitable for further
signal processing.

Post amplifier
 QUESTION
It includes thermal noise, dark noise, and
quantum noise.

Receiver noise
 QUESTION
The noise resulting from the random motion
of electrons in a conducting medium.

Thermal noise
 QUESTION
Noise caused by current fluctuations because
of the discrete nature of charge carriers.

Shot noise
 QUESTION
Results from dark current that continues to
flow in the photodiode when there is no
incident light.

Dark current noise

 QUESTION
Results from the random generation of
electrons by the incident optical radiation.

Quantum noise
 QUESTION
Involves wrapping the test fiber around a
mandrel.

Mandrel wrap mode filter

 QUESTION
The wavelength of a single mode fiber above
which the fiber propagates only the
fundamental mode.

Cut off wavelength

 QUESTION
A technique of measuring the cutoff
wavelength wherein the same fiber with small
bends is used as the reference fiber.

Bend-reference technique
 QUESTION
A technique of measuring the cut-off
wavelength wherein a piece of the multimode
fiber is used as the reference fiber.

Multimode-reference technique
 QUESTION
Causes the spreading of the light pulse as it
travels along the fiber.

Dispersion
 QUESTION
Defined as the average diameter of the
cladding.

Cladding diameter
 QUESTION
Defined as the average diameter of the core.

Core diameter
 QUESTION
The difference between the smallest radius of
the fiber (Rmin) and the largest radius (Rmax)
divided by the average cladding radius(R).

Cladding noncircularity, or ellipticity

 QUESTION
For multimode fibers, it is the distance
between, the core and cladding centers
divided by the core diameter.

Core-cladding concentricity error

 QUESTION
The difference between the smallest core
radius(Rmin) and the largest core
radius(Rmax) divided by the core radius(Rc).

Core noncircularity
 QUESTION
An electro-optic device that accepts optical
signals from an optical fiber and converts
them into electrical signals.

Fiber optic receiver

 QUESTION
The minimum amount of optical power
required to achieve a specific receiver
performance.

Receiver sensitivity
 QUESTION
Refers to the range of optical power levels
over which the receiver operates within the
specified values.

Dynamic range
 QUESTION
A device that converts input energy of one
form into output energy of another.

transducer
 QUESTION
A transducer that converts an optical signal
into an electrical signal.

Optical detector
 QUESTION
Semiconductor detectors are designed so that
optical energy(photons) incident on the
detector active area produces a current called.

photocurrent
 QUESTION
A passive device that distributes optical power
from more than two input parts among
several output parts.

Star coupler
 QUESTION
A passive device that splits the optical power
from one input fiber to more than two output
fibers.

Tree coupler
 QUESTION
Fiber optic couplers that prevent the transfer
of power between input fibers.

Directional couplers
 QUESTION
Transmits the same amount of power through
the coupler when the input and output fibers
are reversed.

Symmetrical coupler
 QUESTION
The loss of optical power as light travels along
the fiber.

attenuation
 QUESTION
Measured by End users at the operating
wavelength(λ) of a fiber.

Total attenuation(A)
 QUESTION
Also known as attenuation rate.

Attenuation coefficient(α)
 QUESTION
The area of the fiber face illuminated by the
light beam from the optical source.

Launch spot size

 QUESTION
The angular extent of the light beam from the
optical source incident on the fiber end face.

Angular distribution
 QUESTION
Results when the launch spot size and angular
distribution are smaller than that of the fiber
core.

Underfilled launch
 QUESTION
Occurs when the launch spot size and angular
distribution are larger than that of the fiber
core.

Overfilled launch condition

 QUESTION
A device that removes any cladding mode
power from the fiber.

Cladding-mode stripper
 QUESTION
A device that attenuates specific modes
propagating in the core of an optical fiber.

Mode filter
 QUESTION
One of the most popular splicing techniques in
commercial applications.

Electric arc fusion(arc fusion)

 QUESTION
A short discharge of electric current that
prepares the fiber ends for fusion.

prefusion
 QUESTION
Two basic types of fiber optic connectors.

Butt-joined connectors and expanded-

beam connectors
 QUESTION
Use two lenses to first expanded and then
refocus the light from the transmitting fiber
into the receiving fiber.

Fiber optic expanded-beam connectors

 QUESTION
Use two cylindrical plugs(referred to as
ferrules), an alignment sleeve, and sometimes
axial springs to perform fiber alignment.

Ferrule connectors
 QUESTION
Two ways that the navy classifies fiber optic
connectors.

Light-duty connectors and heavy-duty

connectors
 QUESTION
Redistributes the optical signal without
optical-to-electrical conversion.

Passive coupler
 QUESTION
Electronic devices that split or combine the
signal electrically and use fiber optic detectors
and sources for input and output.

Active couplers
 QUESTION
A passive device that splits the optical power
carried by a single input fiber into two output
fibers.

Optical splitter
 QUESTION
Normally splits the input optical power evenly
between the two output fibers.

Y-coupler
 QUESTION
A passive device that combines the optical
power carried by two input fibers into a single
output fiber.

Optical combiner
 QUESTION
Combines the functions of the optical splitter
and combiner.

X-coupler
 QUESTION
Multiport couplers that have more than two
input or two output ports.

Star and tree couplers

 QUESTION
Caused by a step change in the refractive index
that occurs at the fiber joint.

Fresnel reflection
 QUESTION
Reduces the step change in the refractive
index at the fiber interface, reducing Fresnel
reflection.

Index matching gel

 QUESTION
Occurs when a small gap remains between
fiber-end faces after completing the fiber
connection.

Fiber separation(longitudinal
misalignment)
 QUESTION
Occurs when the axes of the two fibers are off
set in a perpendicular direction.

Lateral, or axial misalignment

 QUESTION
Occurs when the axes of two connected fibers
are no longer parallel.

Angular misalignment
 QUESTION
Some common examples of poor fiber ends.

Fiber-end face tilt, lip, and hackle

 QUESTION
The basic fiber cleaving technique for
preparing optical fibers are coupling.

Score-and-break method
 QUESTION
Removes most surface imperfections
introduced by the fiber cleaving process.

Polishing the fiber ends

 QUESTION
Occurs when the fiber, mounted to the
polishing tool, moves over a 5µ to 15µ grit
abrasive paper.

Rough-polishing
 QUESTION
Occurs when the mounted fiber moves over a
0.3µ to 1µ grit abrasive paper in the same
figure-eight motion.

Fine-polishing
 QUESTION
A source of intrinsic coupling loss.

Fiber mismatches
 QUESTION
A permanent fiber joint whose purpose is to
establish an optical connection between two
individual optical fiber.

Fiber optic splice

 QUESTION
A fiber splice where mechanical fixtures and
materials perform fiber alignment and
connection.

Mechanical splice
 QUESTION
A fiber splice where localized heat fuses or
melts the ends of two optical fibers together.

Fusion splice
 QUESTION
Epoxy resins that seal mechanical splices and
provide index matching between the
connected fibers.

Transparent adhesives
 QUESTION
It means that the fiber cladding consists of a
single homogeneous layer of dielectric
material.

Matched cladding
 QUESTION
It means that the fiber cladding consists of
two regions: the inner and outer cladding
regions.

Depressed cladding
 QUESTION
The smallest operating wavelength when
single mode fibers propagate only the
fundamental mode.

Single mode fiber cutoff wavelength

 QUESTION
Fibers having a silica glass core and a plastic
cladding.

Plastic clad silica (PCS) fibers

 QUESTION
Method wherein gaseous metal halide
compounds, dopant material, and oxygen are
oxidized(burned) to form a white silica powder
(SiO2).

Vapor phase oxidation

 QUESTION
Manufacturers call SiO2 the.

soot
 QUESTION
Method wherein multicomponent glass rods
form the fiber structure.

Direct-melt process
 QUESTION
A tight-buffered fiber surrounded by arimid
yarn and a low-halogen outer jacket.

Optical fiber cable components(OFCCs)

 QUESTION
Makes a permanent joint between two fibers
or two groups of fibers.

Fiber optic splice

 QUESTION
Permit easy coupling and uncoupling of optical
fibers.

Fiber optic connectors

 QUESTION
Distribute or combine optical signals between
fibers.

Fiber optic couplers

 QUESTION
What are the main causes of coupling loss?

Poor fiber end preparation and poor fiber

alignment
 QUESTION
A measure of an optical source’s power
launching capability.

Radiance
 QUESTION
Caused by inherent fiber characteristics.

Intrinsic coupling losses

 QUESTION
Caused by jointing techniques.

Extrinsic coupling losses

 QUESTION
A short length of optical fiber (usually 1 meter
or less) permanently fixed to the optical
source or detector.

Fiber pigtail
 QUESTION
Waves that are neither transmitted nor
absorbed, but are reflected from the surface
of the medium they encounter.

Reflected waves
 QUESTION
When a wave approaches a reflecting surface,
the wave that strikes the surface is called.

The incident wave

 QUESTION
When a wave approaches a reflecting surface,
the wave that bounces back is called.

The reflected wave

 QUESTION
An imaginary line perpendicular to the point
at which the incident wave strikes the
reflecting surface is called.

The normal
 QUESTION
The angle between the incident wave and the
normal.

Angle of incidence
 QUESTION
The angle between the reflected wave and the
normal.

Angle of reflection
 QUESTION
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.

Law of reflection
 QUESTION
Attenuation is mainly a result of what three
properties?

Light absorption, scattering, and bending

losses
 QUESTION
The loss of optical power as light travels along
the fiber.

attenuation
 QUESTION
The portion of attenuation resulting from the
conversion of optical power into another
energy form, such as heat.

absorption
 QUESTION
Caused by the electronic transition of metal
ions, such as iron, nickel and chromium, from
one energy level to another.

Extrinsic absorption
 QUESTION
Describes the value of refractive index as a
function of radial distance at any fiber
diameter.

Refractive index profile

 QUESTION
The refractive index of the core is uniform and
undergoes an abrupt change at the core-
cladding boundary.

Step-index profile
 QUESTION
The refractive index at the core varies
gradually as a function of radial distance from
the fiber center.

Graded-index fiber
 QUESTION
Determines the shape of the core’s profile.

Profile parameter (α)

 QUESTION
The NA of a multimode graded-index fiber is at
its maximum value at the fiber axis. This NA is
the.

Axial numerical aperture,NA(O)

 QUESTION
Sound to electrical.

Mircophone
 QUESTION
Infrasonic.

Less than 20Hz

 QUESTION
Ultrasonic.

Greater than 20000Hz

 QUESTION
Min. deviation, longest wavelength.

red
 QUESTION
Why the sky is blue.

Scattering
 QUESTION
Why tip of needle is blurred when viewed
from screen.

Diffusion of light
 QUESTION
Min. distance to see an object.

25cm
 QUESTION
Wavelength sensitive to eyes.

555nm
 QUESTION
Blackbody emits ___.

No radiation
 QUESTION
Black body.

Absorb emit
 QUESTION
Tuning fork placed on a table top.

Loudness inc.
 QUESTION
Gay Lussac.

Constant volume
 QUESTION
Axis of ___.

Radius of gyration
 QUESTION
3rd most conductive.

Yold
 QUESTION
Diopter.

4th power
 QUESTION
Linear momentum is doubled.

4 times KE
 QUESTION
Reflection of sound.

Echo
 QUESTION
Classification of compound.

Acid and base

 QUESTION
Atomic number of Boron.

5
 QUESTION
Normal body temperature of human.

37ᵒ
 QUESTION
Proposed that protons and neutrons are
concentrated in a nucleus.

Ernest Rutherford
 QUESTION
Liquid non-metal at normal temperature.

Bromine
 QUESTION
The branch of optical technology concerned
with the transmission of radiant power (light
energy) through fibers.

Fiber optics
 QUESTION
The basic functions of a fiber optic data link.

Convert an electrical input signal to an optical signal, send the optical

signal over an optical fiber, and convert the optical signal back to an
electric signal.
 QUESTION
The three parts of a fiber optic data link.

Transmitter, optical fiber, and receiver

 QUESTION
The decrease in the amount of light reaching
the end of the fiber.

Loss
 QUESTION
In fiber optic systems, designers consider what
trade-offs?

Trade-offs in fiber properties, types of connections, optical sources,

and detector types in military and subscriber-loop applications.
 QUESTION
Seven advantages of fiber optics over
electrical systems.

Improved system performance, immunity to electrical noise, signal

security, electrical isolation, reduced size and weight, environmental
protection, and overall system economy
 QUESTION
The advent of quantum physics successfully
explained the photoelectric effect in terms of
fundamental particles of energy called.

Quanta
 QUESTION
What are the fundamental particles of energy
(quanta) known as when referring to light
energy?

Photons
 QUESTION
What type of wave motion is represented by
the motion of water?

Transverse-wave motion
 QUESTION
Illustrated as straight lines, showing the
direction in which light is travelling at any
point.

Light rays
 QUESTION
Those substances that transmit almost all the
light waves falling upon them are said to be.

Transparent
 QUESTION
Substances through which some light rays can
pass, but through which objects cannot be
seen clearly because the rays are diffused, are
called.

Translucent
 QUESTION
Those substances that are unable to transmit
any light rays are called.

Opaque
 QUESTION
Typical optical detector materials used for
receiver operation in the 850-nm wavelength
region.

Silicon(Si), gallium arsenide(GaAs), and gallium

aluminum arsenide(GaAlAs)
 QUESTION
Examples of optical detector materials used
for receiver operation in the 1300-nm and
1550-nm wavelength regions.

Germanium(Ge), indium phosphide(InP), and

indium gallium arsenide(InGaAs)
 QUESTION
Output saturation, occurs at input optical
power levels typically.

Greater than 1 milliwatt(mW)

 QUESTION
Typical reverse-bias voltage applied across the
active region of an avalanche
photodiode(APD).

Over 100 volts

 QUESTION
Typical semiconductor materials used in the
construction of low-noise APDs include.

Silicon(Si), indium gallium

arsenide(InGaAs), and germanium(Ge)
 QUESTION
Typically, semiconductor lasers emit light
spread out over an angle of.

10 to 15 degrees
 QUESTION
The two most common semiconductor
materials used in electronic and electro-optic
devices.

Silicon(Si) and gallium arsenide(GaAs)

 QUESTION
Typically LEDs for the 850-nm region are
fabricated using.

GaAs and AlGaAs

 QUESTION
LEDs for the 1300-nm and 1550-nm regions are
fabricated using.

InGaAsP and InP

 QUESTION
Basic LED types used for fiber optic
communication systems.

Surface-emitting LED(SLED), edge-emitting

LED(ELED), and super luminescent diode(SLD)
 QUESTION
Preferred optical source for short-distance(0
to 3km), low data-rate fiber optic systems.

SLEDs, and ELEDs

 QUESTION
Typically, SLEDs operate efficiently for bit
rates.

Up to 250 megabits per second(Mb/s)

 QUESTION
ELEDs may be modulated at rates.

Up to 400 Mb/s
 QUESTION
SLDs may be modulated at bit rates of.

Over 400 Mb/s

 QUESTION
In SLEDs, the size of the primary active region
is limited to a small circular area of.

20µm to 50µm in diameter.

 QUESTION
LDs typically can be modulated at frequencies
up to.

Over 2 gigahertz(GHz)
 QUESTION
Electronic coolers used to cool LDs in system
applications.

Thermo-electric(TE) coolers
 QUESTION
For the lowest data rates (0 to 20 megabits per
second), sources tend to operate in the.

850-nm window
 QUESTION
For moderate data rates (50 to 200Mbps),
sources tend to operate in the.

1300-nm window
 QUESTION
Are usually only used in the extremely long
distance high-data-rate applications(undersea
links, etc).

1550-nm transmitters
 QUESTION
Typical low-frequency applications are.

Analog audio and single channel video

systems
 QUESTION
Types of systems for moderate frequency
applications.

Multi-channel analog audio and video systems

as well as frequency modulated(FM) systems
 QUESTION
Typical high frequency applications are.

Cable television trunk line and raw radar

remoting applications
 QUESTION
Are typically used in cable television trunk line
applications.

1550-nm transmitters
 QUESTION
Electronics industries association /
telecommunications industries association.

EIA / TIA
 QUESTION
For most fiber optic measurements, these
standard procedures are documented by the.

EIA / TIA
 QUESTION
Each component measurement procedure is
assigned a unique number given by.

EIA / TIA-526-X
 QUESTION
The cutback method for measuring multimode
fiber attenuation is.

EIA / TIA-455-46
 QUESTION
The cutback method for measuring single
mode fiber attenuation is.

EIA / TIA-455-78
 QUESTION
Describes how to properly prepare fiber ends
for measurement purposes.

EIA / TIA-455-57
 QUESTION
A 20-mm diameter mandrel is typically used
for.

62.5µm fiber
 QUESTION
Another common mode filter for single mode
fibers is.

30-mm diameter circular free-form loop

 QUESTION
Additional information on multimode and
single mode filters(and launch conditions) is
available in.

EIA / TIA-455-50 and EIA / TIA-455-57,

respectively
 QUESTION
The test method for uncabled single mode
fiber cutoff wavelength is.

EIA / TIA-455-80
 QUESTION
The test method for cabled single mode fiber
cutoff wavelength is.

EIA / TIA-455-170
 QUESTION
The test method for measuring the bandwidth
of multimode fibers in the frequency domain
is.

EIA / TIA-455-30
 QUESTION
Chromatic dispersion is measured in the
frequency domain using.

EIA / TIA-455-169 and EIA / TIA-455-175

 QUESTION
The procedure for measuring multimode and
single mode fiber geometry is detailed in.

EIA / TIA-455-176
 QUESTION
The fiber-geometrical parameters measured
include.

Cladding diameter, cladding noncircularity, core-

cladding concentricity error, and core noncircularity
 QUESTION
Core diameter is measured using.

EIA / TIA-455-58
 QUESTION
Describes the procedure for measuring the
near-field power distribution of optical
waveguides.

EIA / TIA-455-43
 QUESTION
Output near-field radiation pattern can be
obtained by using.

EIA / TIA-455-43
 QUESTION
The numerical aperture(NA) of a multimode
fiber having a near-parabolic refractive index
profile is measured using.

EIA / TIA-455-177
 QUESTION
Describes various procedures, or methods, for
measuring the far-field power distribution of
optical waveguides.

EIA / TIA-455-47
 QUESTION
The mode field diameter of a single mode
fiber can be measured using.

EIA / TIA-455-167
 QUESTION
Provides information on the mathematics
behind the transformation procedure between
the far-field and near-field.

EIA / TIA-455-167
 QUESTION
Insertion loss of both multimode and single
mode interconnection devices is measured
using.

EIA / TIA-455-34
 QUESTION
The mandrel wrap method of measuring the
insertion loss of an interconnecting device is
included in.

EIA / TIA-455-34
 QUESTION
Return loss and reflectance are measured
using.

EIA / TIA-455-107
 QUESTION
The fiber optic test method for measuring the
attenuation of an installed optical fiber using
an optical time-domain reflectometer(OTDR).

EIA / TIA-455-61
 QUESTION
The group index(N) is provided by fiber
manufacturers or is found using.

EIA / TIA-455-60
 QUESTION
Point defects are located and measured using.

EIA / TIA-455-59
 QUESTION
The transmission loss of fiber optic cable
plants is measured using.

EIA / TIA-526-14 method B (multimode fiber)

or EIA / TIA-526-7 (single mode fiber)
 QUESTION
Fiber inspection is done visually by the use of
a standard microscope at.

200 to 400 times magnification

 QUESTION
Ferrule-type ST® connectors are becoming the
commercial connector of choice for local area
network(LAN) and data transfer links and are
the standard connector for navy light duty
applications. This connector is described in
specification sheets 16,17, and 18 of.

MIL-C-83522
 QUESTION
One type of heavy-duty connector designed
for use in harsh navy environments is
described by the military specification.

MIL-C-28876
 QUESTION
Standard core sizes for multimode step-index
fibers are.

50µm and 100µm

 QUESTION
Standard core sizes for multimode graded-
index fibers are.

50µm, 62.5µm, 85µm, and 100µm

 QUESTION
Standard core sizes for single mode fibers are.

Between 8µm, and 10µm

 QUESTION
Standard multimode graded-index fiber core
and cladding sizes are.

50/125µm, 62.5/125µm, 85/125µm, and

100/140µm
 QUESTION
Typical values of relative refractive index
difference(Δ) are around.

0.01 to 0.02
 QUESTION
An OFCC cable consists of individual single
fiber cables, called.

Optical fiber cable components(OFCC)

 QUESTION
The OFCC outer diameter is typically.

2millimeters(mm)
 QUESTION
The fiber is typically buffered with a polyester
elastomer to a total diameter of.

900µm
 QUESTION
An OFCC cable of 0.5inch cable outer diameter
can accommodate about.

12 fibers
 QUESTION
OFCC type cable is also being evaluated for use
in navy applications with fiber counts up to.

36 fibers(OFCC)
 QUESTION
Involves calculating the rise times of the link
transmitter and the optical fiber.

Risetime budget
 QUESTION
The composite optical transmitter/fiber
risetime is referred to as the.

Fiber exit risetime

 QUESTION
Consists of all the fiber optic cables and the
fiber optic interconnection equipment within
the shop, including connectors, splices, and
interconnection boxes.

Fiber optic cable plant

 QUESTION
Optical fibers or cables should never be bent
at a radius of curvature less than a certain
value, called the.

Minimum bend radius

 QUESTION
A hybrid device that converts electrical signals
into optical signals and launches the optical
signals into an optical fiber.

Fiber optic transmitter

 QUESTION
Two basic types of amplifiers used in fiber
optic receivers.

High-impedance amplifiers and

transimpedance amplifier
 QUESTION
Fiber optic receivers can be classified into two
categories.

Digital and analog

 QUESTION
Consists of an optical transmitter, optical fiber,
and an optical receiver.

Point to point fiber optic data link

 QUESTION
A common fiber optic application is the.

Full duplex link

 QUESTION
Consists of a single transmission line that is
shared by a number of equipments.

Linear bus topology

 QUESTION
Consists of equipments attached to one
another in a closed loop or ring.

Ring topology
 QUESTION
Configuration wherein each equipment is
connected a common center hub.

Star topology
 QUESTION
Consists of a transmission line that branches,
or splits.

Tree topology
 QUESTION
The process of varying one or more
characteristics of an optical signal to encode
and convey information.

modulation
 QUESTION
A discontinuous signal that changes from one
state to another in discrete steps.

Digital signal
 QUESTION
A popular form of digital modulation.

Binary modulation
 QUESTION
The process of arranging symbols that
represent binary data in a particular pattern
for transmission.

Line coding
 QUESTION
A continuous signal whose amplitude, phase,
or some other property varies in a direct
proportion to the instantaneous value of a
physical variable.

Analog signal
 QUESTION
Modulation wherein the intensity of a optical
source’s output signal is directly modulated by
the incoming electrical analog base band
signal.

Intensity modulation
 QUESTION
A signal that is in its original form and has not
been changed by a modulation technique.

Base band signal

 QUESTION
Involves identifying all of the sources of loss in
the fiber optic link.

Power budget
 QUESTION
The difference between the transmitter
output power and the receiver sensitivity is
referred to as the.

Available power
 QUESTION
The ratio of the optical detector’s output
photocurrent in amperes to the incident
optical power in watts

responsivity
 QUESTION
A semiconductor positive-negative(p-n)
structure with an intrinsic region sandwiched
between the other two regions.

PIN photodiode
 QUESTION
When no light is incident on the photodiode, a
current is still produced called.

Dark current
 QUESTION
The detector thickness is related to the
amount of time required for the electrons
generated to flow out of the detector active
area. This time is referred to as the electron.

Transmit time
 QUESTION
It is given by tRC=RC

RC time constant
 QUESTION
Means that the output electrical
current(photocurrent) of the photodiode is
linearly proportional to the input optical
power.

Detector linearity
 QUESTION
A photodiode that internally amplifies the
photocurrent by an avalanche process.

Avalanche photodiode(APD)
 QUESTION
Occurs when accelerated electrons collide
with other electrons in the semiconductor
material, causing a fraction of them to become
part of the photocurrent.

Avalanche multiplication
 QUESTION
Defined as the first stage of amplification
following the optical detector.

Pre amplifier
 QUESTION
Defined as the remaining stages of
amplification required to raise the detector’s
electrical signal to a level suitable for further
signal processing.

Post amplifier
 QUESTION
It includes thermal noise, dark noise, and
quantum noise.

Receiver noise
 QUESTION
The noise resulting from the random motion
of electrons in a conducting medium.

Thermal noise
 QUESTION
Noise caused by current fluctuations because
of the discrete nature of charge carriers.

Shot noise
 QUESTION
Results from dark current that continues to
flow in the photodiode when there is no
incident light.

Dark current noise

 QUESTION
Results from the random generation of
electrons by the incident optical radiation.

Quantum noise
 QUESTION
Involves wrapping the test fiber around a
mandrel.

Mandrel wrap mode filter

 QUESTION
The wavelength of a single mode fiber above
which the fiber propagates only the
fundamental mode.

Cut off wavelength

 QUESTION
A technique of measuring the cutoff
wavelength wherein the same fiber with small
bends is used as the reference fiber.

Bend-reference technique
 QUESTION
A technique of measuring the cut-off
wavelength wherein a piece of the multimode
fiber is used as the reference fiber.

Multimode-reference technique
 QUESTION
Causes the spreading of the light pulse as it
travels along the fiber.

Dispersion
 QUESTION
Defined as the average diameter of the
cladding.

Cladding diameter
 QUESTION
Defined as the average diameter of the core.

Core diameter
 QUESTION
The difference between the smallest radius of
the fiber (Rmin) and the largest radius (Rmax)
divided by the average cladding radius(R).

Cladding noncircularity, or ellipticity

 QUESTION
For multimode fibers, it is the distance
between, the core and cladding centers
divided by the core diameter.

Core-cladding concentricity error

 QUESTION
The difference between the smallest core
radius(Rmin) and the largest core
radius(Rmax) divided by the core radius(Rc).

Core noncircularity
 QUESTION
An electro-optic device that accepts optical
signals from an optical fiber and converts
them into electrical signals.

Fiber optic receiver

 QUESTION
The minimum amount of optical power
required to achieve a specific receiver
performance.

Receiver sensitivity
 QUESTION
Refers to the range of optical power levels
over which the receiver operates within the
specified values.

Dynamic range
 QUESTION
A device that converts input energy of one
form into output energy of another.

transducer
 QUESTION
A transducer that converts an optical signal
into an electrical signal.

Optical detector
 QUESTION
Semiconductor detectors are designed so that
optical energy(photons) incident on the
detector active area produces a current called.

photocurrent
 QUESTION
A passive device that distributes optical power
from more than two input parts among
several output parts.

Star coupler
 QUESTION
A passive device that splits the optical power
from one input fiber to more than two output
fibers.

Tree coupler
 QUESTION
Fiber optic couplers that prevent the transfer
of power between input fibers.

Directional couplers
 QUESTION
Transmits the same amount of power through
the coupler when the input and output fibers
are reversed.

Symmetrical coupler
 QUESTION
The loss of optical power as light travels along
the fiber.

attenuation
 QUESTION
Measured by End users at the operating
wavelength(λ) of a fiber.

Total attenuation(A)
 QUESTION
Also known as attenuation rate.

Attenuation coefficient(α)
 QUESTION
The area of the fiber face illuminated by the
light beam from the optical source.

Launch spot size

 QUESTION
The angular extent of the light beam from the
optical source incident on the fiber end face.

Angular distribution
 QUESTION
Results when the launch spot size and angular
distribution are smaller than that of the fiber
core.

Underfilled launch
 QUESTION
Occurs when the launch spot size and angular
distribution are larger than that of the fiber
core.

Overfilled launch condition

 QUESTION
A device that removes any cladding mode
power from the fiber.

Cladding-mode stripper
 QUESTION
A device that attenuates specific modes
propagating in the core of an optical fiber.

Mode filter
 QUESTION
One of the most popular splicing techniques in
commercial applications.

Electric arc fusion(arc fusion)

 QUESTION
A short discharge of electric current that
prepares the fiber ends for fusion.

prefusion
 QUESTION
Two basic types of fiber optic connectors.

Butt-joined connectors and expanded-

beam connectors
 QUESTION
Use two lenses to first expanded and then
refocus the light from the transmitting fiber
into the receiving fiber.

Fiber optic expanded-beam connectors

 QUESTION
Use two cylindrical plugs(referred to as
ferrules), an alignment sleeve, and sometimes
axial springs to perform fiber alignment.

Ferrule connectors
 QUESTION
Two ways that the navy classifies fiber optic
connectors.

Light-duty connectors and heavy-duty

connectors
 QUESTION
Redistributes the optical signal without
optical-to-electrical conversion.

Passive coupler
 QUESTION
Electronic devices that split or combine the
signal electrically and use fiber optic detectors
and sources for input and output.

Active couplers
 QUESTION
A passive device that splits the optical power
carried by a single input fiber into two output
fibers.

Optical splitter
 QUESTION
Normally splits the input optical power evenly
between the two output fibers.

Y-coupler
 QUESTION
A passive device that combines the optical
power carried by two input fibers into a single
output fiber.

Optical combiner
 QUESTION
Combines the functions of the optical splitter
and combiner.

X-coupler
 QUESTION
Multiport couplers that have more than two
input or two output ports.

Star and tree couplers

 QUESTION
Caused by a step change in the refractive index
that occurs at the fiber joint.

Fresnel reflection
 QUESTION
Reduces the step change in the refractive
index at the fiber interface, reducing Fresnel
reflection.

Index matching gel

 QUESTION
Occurs when a small gap remains between
fiber-end faces after completing the fiber
connection.

Fiber separation(longitudinal
misalignment)
 QUESTION
Occurs when the axes of the two fibers are off
set in a perpendicular direction.

Lateral, or axial misalignment

 QUESTION
Occurs when the axes of two connected fibers
are no longer parallel.

Angular misalignment
 QUESTION
Some common examples of poor fiber ends.

Fiber-end face tilt, lip, and hackle

 QUESTION
The basic fiber cleaving technique for
preparing optical fibers are coupling.

Score-and-break method
 QUESTION
Removes most surface imperfections
introduced by the fiber cleaving process.

Polishing the fiber ends

 QUESTION
Occurs when the fiber, mounted to the
polishing tool, moves over a 5µ to 15µ grit
abrasive paper.

Rough-polishing
 QUESTION
Occurs when the mounted fiber moves over a
0.3µ to 1µ grit abrasive paper in the same
figure-eight motion.

Fine-polishing
 QUESTION
A source of intrinsic coupling loss.

Fiber mismatches
 QUESTION
A permanent fiber joint whose purpose is to
establish an optical connection between two
individual optical fiber.

Fiber optic splice

 QUESTION
A fiber splice where mechanical fixtures and
materials perform fiber alignment and
connection.

Mechanical splice
 QUESTION
A fiber splice where localized heat fuses or
melts the ends of two optical fibers together.

Fusion splice
 QUESTION
Epoxy resins that seal mechanical splices and
provide index matching between the
connected fibers.

Transparent adhesives
 QUESTION
It means that the fiber cladding consists of a
single homogeneous layer of dielectric
material.

Matched cladding
 QUESTION
It means that the fiber cladding consists of
two regions: the inner and outer cladding
regions.

Depressed cladding
 QUESTION
The smallest operating wavelength when
single mode fibers propagate only the
fundamental mode.

Single mode fiber cutoff wavelength

 QUESTION
Fibers having a silica glass core and a plastic
cladding.

Plastic clad silica (PCS) fibers

 QUESTION
Method wherein gaseous metal halide
compounds, dopant material, and oxygen are
oxidized(burned) to form a white silica powder
(SiO2).

Vapor phase oxidation

 QUESTION
Manufacturers call SiO2 the.

soot
 QUESTION
Method wherein multicomponent glass rods
form the fiber structure.

Direct-melt process
 QUESTION
A tight-buffered fiber surrounded by arimid
yarn and a low-halogen outer jacket.

Optical fiber cable components(OFCCs)

 QUESTION
Makes a permanent joint between two fibers
or two groups of fibers.

Fiber optic splice

 QUESTION
Permit easy coupling and uncoupling of optical
fibers.

Fiber optic connectors

 QUESTION
Distribute or combine optical signals between
fibers.

Fiber optic couplers

 QUESTION
What are the main causes of coupling loss?

Poor fiber end preparation and poor fiber

alignment
 QUESTION
A measure of an optical source’s power
launching capability.

Radiance
 QUESTION
Caused by inherent fiber characteristics.

Intrinsic coupling losses

 QUESTION
Caused by jointing techniques.

Extrinsic coupling losses

 QUESTION
A short length of optical fiber (usually 1 meter
or less) permanently fixed to the optical
source or detector.

Fiber pigtail
 QUESTION
Waves that are neither transmitted nor
absorbed, but are reflected from the surface
of the medium they encounter.

Reflected waves
 QUESTION
When a wave approaches a reflecting surface,
the wave that strikes the surface is called.

The incident wave

 QUESTION
When a wave approaches a reflecting surface,
the wave that bounces back is called.

The reflected wave

 QUESTION
An imaginary line perpendicular to the point
at which the incident wave strikes the
reflecting surface is called.

The normal
 QUESTION
The angle between the incident wave and the
normal.

Angle of incidence
 QUESTION
The angle between the reflected wave and the
normal.

Angle of reflection
 QUESTION
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.

Law of reflection
 QUESTION
Attenuation is mainly a result of what three
properties?

Light absorption, scattering, and bending

losses
 QUESTION
The loss of optical power as light travels along
the fiber.

attenuation
 QUESTION
The portion of attenuation resulting from the
conversion of optical power into another
energy form, such as heat.

absorption
 QUESTION
Caused by the electronic transition of metal
ions, such as iron, nickel and chromium, from
one energy level to another.

Extrinsic absorption
 QUESTION
Describes the value of refractive index as a
function of radial distance at any fiber
diameter.

Refractive index profile

 QUESTION
The refractive index of the core is uniform and
undergoes an abrupt change at the core-
cladding boundary.

Step-index profile
 QUESTION
The refractive index at the core varies
gradually as a function of radial distance from
the fiber center.

Graded-index fiber
 QUESTION
Determines the shape of the core’s profile.

Profile parameter (α)

 QUESTION
The NA of a multimode graded-index fiber is at
its maximum value at the fiber axis. This NA is
the.

Axial numerical aperture,NA(O)