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Chapter 1
DESIGN HANDBOOK
FOR RAUTARUUKKI
STRUCTURAL HOLLOW
SECTIONS
1
Chapter 1 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
2
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 1
FOREWORD
This volume is a completely new, revised edition of the 1/98 handbook for Rautaruukki structu-
ral hollow sections, replacing all former editions. It is mainly based on the European
prestandard on steel structures, Eurocode 3 (ENV 1993-1-1:1992). Other parts of the Eurocode
were also used, and the design guidance for hollow section structures published by CIDECT
(Comité International pour le Développement et l´Étude de la Construction Tubulaire) were
consulted for additional reference.
The aim of this handbook is to provide design guidance for structures manufactured of Rauta-
ruukki structural hollow sections. It is also intended as a textbook. The primary scope of this
handbook is building construction, but it can also be used in mechanical engineering where
applicable.
The handbook was written by Hannu Vainio (M.Sc.Tech). On Rautaruukki's behalf, the
manuscript was supervised by Reijo Ilvonen, Janne Pirttijoki and Kristian Witting. Professor
Erkki Niemi, Jouko Kouhi, Antti Helenius, Ilkka Hakola, Tiina Ala-Outinen, Arto Rokkanen,
Hannu Reinikainen and Mikko Arponen also participated in the preparation of the manuscript
and revised parts of it. The handbook was translated into English by Sirpa Meriläinen at
Trantex Oy. Lauri Sannikka of Lasjuma Oy prepared the lay-out. The book was printed and
bound by Otava. Warmest thanks are due to all contributors.
In this document, a comma is used instead of a decimal point, and a decimal point is used ins-
tead of a multiplication sign, in accordance with the usual continental practice.
Rautaruukki is happy to receive any comments and suggestions for improving the contents of
this handbook.
Hämeenlinnassa 1.2.2000
RAUTARUUKKI
METFORM
The accuracy of the contents of this manual has been carefully reviewed. Nevertheless,
Rautaruukki is not responsible for any remaining errors or damage, whether direct or indirect,
due to the incorrect application of the information presented in this book. The data in this book
is for reference only, and the user is responsible for verifying the accuracy of the results by
calculation. The information in this book is subject to change.
3
Chapter 1 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 8
1 RAUTARUUKKI METFORM STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS ............................... 9
1.1 EN 10219 hollow sections ................................................................................................. 9
1.2 Manufacture of hollow sections ......................................................................................... 9
1.3 References ........................................................................................................................ 11
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 1
2.8.1 Buckling resistance of square and rectangular hollow sections and Class 1, 2 and 3
circular hollow sections ...................................................................................................... 43
2.8.2 Buckling resistance of Class 4 circular hollow sections ..................................................... 44
2.9 Resistance of hollow sections subjected to combined loads (buckling) ............................ 46
2.9.1 Hollow sections subjected to bending moment and axial force (buckling) ........................ 47
2.9.1.1 Square and rectangular hollow sections and Class 1, 2 and 3 circular hollow sections .... 47
2.9.1.2 Class 4 circular hollow sections ......................................................................................... 49
2.10 Concentrated load resistance of hollow sections .............................................................. 54
2.10.1 Concentrated load acting from one side only .................................................................... 54
2.10.2 Concentrated load acting from both sides ......................................................................... 56
2.11 References ........................................................................................................................ 58
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Chapter 1 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 1
6.5.1 Designing the stiffening elements in the model building .................................................... 204
6.6 References ........................................................................................................................ 208
9 APPENDIX
LIITTEET ..................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... 235
Appendix 9.1 Cross-sectional propertiesjaand
Liite 9.1 Putkipalkkien poikkileikkaus- resistance values
kestävyysarvot for steel
teräslajille grade................................
S355J2H S355J2H ............... 235
235
Appendix 9.2 Buckling tables for steel grade S355J2H .................................................................... 257
Liite 9.2 Putkipalkkien nurjahduskestävyydet teräslajille S355J2H ................................................. 255
Appendix 9.3 Calculation tables for truss joints ................................................................................ 289
Appendix Calculation
Appendix 9.4 tables
Estimating thefor lattice of
stiffness joints
moment connections ......................................................... 287
327
Liite 9.4 Kehäliitosten jäykkyyden arvioiminen ................................................................................
Appendix 9.5 Fatigue categories ...................................................................................................... 325
333
Liite 9.5 9.6
Appendix Väsymisluokat
Cross-section ...................................................................................................................
factors in fire design ............................................................................. 331
339
Appendix
Liite 9.6 9.7 Minimum bending
Poikkileikkaustekijät radii for square and
palomitoituksessa rectangular hollow sections ...........................
............................................................................. 343
337
Appendix 9.8 WinRAMI software ......................................................................................................
Liite 9.7 Neliön ja suorakaiteen muotoisten putkipalkkien minimitaivutussäteet ............................. 345
341
Liite 9.8 WinRAMI-ohjelma .............................................................................................................. 343
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Chapter 1 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
INTRODUCTION
The structural hollow section is a modern, adaptable element for steel structures. It is also an
environmentally friendly element, since it is easy to recycle and re-use. The simple shape of
hollow sections and their excellent mechanical properties make them a light-weight and
affordable solution.
In a lattice structure, the high buckling resistance of hollow sections enables the use of long
spans and a large spacing between diagonals. Due to the superior torsional stiffness of the
closed section, lattice structures made of hollow sections as well as individual hollow sections
have good resistance to lateral-torsional buckling. The fabrication of standard joint details is
cost-efficient, and rounded corners and easily accesible joints facilitate pre-treatment.
Hollow sections can easily be formed into light-weight and stiff frames grid structures, since
their torsional stiffness and bending resistance in all directions is high. The torsional stiffness of
hollow sections can be utilized also in various console structures and structures with projecting
sections. In bracing members, the high stiffness of the hollow section serves to produce a low
susceptibility to deflection.
Another application for hollow sections is in composite structures. When using a concrete-filled
composite column, the properties of steel and concrete can be efficiently utilized, under normal
loads and in fire situations.
New jointing systems, using direct attachment to the hollow section wall, enable the
preparation of flexible and simple joints in hollow section structures.
The design of a hollow section member or framework is easy and quick: the simple geometry
can be expressed with few parameters, which makes computer-aided design a feasible option.
The weight, resistance and stiffness of structures can be optimized by modifying the wall
thickness, without needing to change the external dimensions of the hollow section or the
geometry of the structure.
This design handbook for hollow sections includes data on materials and dimensions of hollow
sections manufactured by Rautaruukki. It also provides instructions for the dimensioning and
design of cross-sections, joints and structures. Moreover, instructions are given for shop
fabrication and site installation of hollow sections, as well as for their corrosion protection and
fire design.
The design guidance in this book is principally based on the European prestandard on steel
structures, Eurocode 3 (ENV 1993-1-1:1992) and other parts of the Eurocode. The guidance
for the design of hollow section structures published by CIDECT (Comité International pour le
Développement et l´Étude de la Construction Tubulaire) were also used as a reference. The
primary scope of this handbook is building construction, but it can be used also in mechanical
engineering where applicable. The resistance values shown in formulae and tables are
ultimate design values based on the basic partial safety factors used in Eurocode 3.
However, the partial safety factors used in national application documents (NADs) may
differ from those used in Eurocode 3, and this must be taken into account in structural
design. The user is responsible for always verifying the information from the currently valid
national application document.
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 1
For the longitudinally welded* structural hollow sections shown in Appendix 9.1, Rautaruukki
Metform guarantees the properties required by EN 10219 standard. In addition to this, the
following properties are guaranteed for steel grade S355J2H:
• 1.2: The maximum value of the carbon equivalent is guaranteed for constructional steels.
• 1.3: Alloy contents are provided on the inspection certificate
• 1.7: Steel grade is suitable for hot-dip galvanizing
• 1.8: No weld repairs are made to the base material of the hollow section
*The technical delivery conditions for spiral welded hollow sections are agreed separately for
each order.
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Chapter 1 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The material used in longitudinally welded hollow sections is steel strip, cut accurately to
correspond with the width of the external dimensions of the section. At the beginning of the
production line, the steel strip is unrolled and the strip ends are welded together. The strip is
then fed into a strip accumulator to enable a continuous manufacturing process.
The steel strip is shaped with forming rolls at room temperature step by step into a circular
cross secton. The edges of the strip are heated to the welding temperature with high frequency
current using an induction coil and pressed together. External burrs are removed from the
section. Seam quality is ensured by a continuous eddy current or ultrasonic inspection.
The diameter of a circular hollow section is calibrated to the final dimensions and the cross-
section is formed to square or rectangular shape with profile rollers. A continuous marking is
made to the hollow section, and it is cut to dimensions according to customer orders. Samples
are taken for mechanical tests and flattening/expanding tests are carried out as required by the
delivery condition standard, in accordance with the factory’s quality system.
After cutting, the dimensions of the hollow sections are checked and the products are packed
in stacks. Each stack is marked with a tag indicating the properties of the stacked hollow
sections and their identification code. Based on the identification tag, the properties of the
hollow section can be traced down to the steel manufacture.
Forming rolling
Welding
Burr removal
Weld inspection
Shaping and calibrating rolling
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 1
Rautaruukki Metform also manufactures circular hollow sections with diameters from ∅ 355,6
to ∅ 1219 mm by spirally welding them from hot-rolled steel strip. At the beginning of the
production line, separate steel strips are welded into a continuous sheet, which is then
straightened and formed into a spiral-welded pipe using three-roll bending at room
temperature. The spiral seam is welded both inside and outside using submerged arc welding.
Mechanical values are tested with test coupons cut from the section. Sections are cut to
dimensions according to customer orders, then inspected and delivered to customers.
Weld inspection
1.3 References
[1] ENV 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Teräsrakenteiden suunnittelu. Osa 1-1: Yleiset säännöt ja
rakennuksia koskevat säännöt, 1993
(ENV 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1.1: General rules and rules
for buildings, 1993)
[2] CIDECT: Project 5AQ/2: Cold formed RHS in arctic steel structures,
Final report 5AQ-5-96, 1996
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Chapter 1 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
12
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 2
Also the design formulae may differ nationally. The examples in this book were
calculated using basic values in Eurocode 3.
When calculating the design value for load in ultimate limit state, the following formulae are
applicable when the structure is subjected to several variable actions [1]:
13
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
where
γ G. j is the partial safety factor for permanent action
Gk . j is the characteristic value of the permanent action [5]
γ Q.1 is the partial safety factor for leading variable action
Qk .1 is the characteristic value of the leading variable action [5]
γ Q.i is the partial safety factor for variable action
Qk .i is the characteristic value of the variable action [5]
In formula (2.2a), only the primary leading variable action is taken into account. In formula
(2.2b), all variable actions are taken into account. The formula to be used in the design is the
one giving the most severe effect.
Alternatively, a more accurate formula (2.3) can be used for ultimate limit state calculations [1].
where
ψ0 is the combination factor of the action
The partial safety factors of the material depend on the class of the cross-section, the loading
and the location of the designed element in the structure (Table 2.2).
14
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
Class 1: Cross-sections which can form a plastic hinge with the rotation capacity required for
plastic analysis.
Class 2: Cross-sections which can develop their plastic moment resistance, but have limited
rotation capacity.
Class 3: Cross-sections in which the calculated compression stress in the extreme fibre the
cross-section can reach yield strength, but local buckling is liable to prevent the development of
the plastic moment resistance.
Class 4: Cross-sections are those in which it is necessary to make explicit allowances for the
effects of local buckling when determining their moment recistance or compression recistance.
For Class 4 square and rectangular hollow sections, the calculation of bending and
compression resistance is based on the effective cross-section. Resistances of the cross-
section are thus calculated using only the effective area of elements. When calculating
resistance for class 4 circular hollow sections, the effective cross-section cannot be used, and
Eurocode 3 does not give instructions for calculating their resistance. In this case, resistance
can be assessed in relation to the buckling stress of the cylindrical casing. Circular hollow
sections with Class 4 cross-sections are not recommended for load carrying structures.
15
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
;; ; ; ; ;
and circular hollow fy
sections
;
2 Plastic analysis Elastic analysis
Square, rectangular
and circular hollow fy
sections
;
3 Elastic analysis Elastic analysis
Square, rectangular
and circular hollow fy
sections
4
Square, rectangular
and circular hollow
sections
Effective cross-section
; ;
Elastic analysis
fy 0,5beff
16
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
Stress
state
b
t
d
t
Loading
method
Compres-
Cross-
section
fy
N
element mm2
Cross-section class
1 2
235 275 355 460 235 275 355 460
Web and h/t 45,0 41,6 36,6 32,2 45,0 41,6 36,6 32,2
235
45,0
275
41,6
3
355 460
36,6 32,2
sion flange b/t
Bending Flange b/t 36,0 33,3 29,3 25,7 41,0 37,9 33,4 29,3 45,0 41,6 36,6 32,2
Bending Web h/t 75,0 69,3 61,1 53,6 86,0 79,5 70,0 61,5 127,0 117,3 103,3 90,8
Compres- Entire d/t 50,0 42,7 33,1 25,5 70,0 59,8 46,3 35,8 90,0 76,9 59,6 46,0
sion and/or cross-
bending section
fy is the yield strength for steel
For other steel grades, the values in column 235 N/mm2 are multiplied by correction factor ε when using
square and rectangular hollow sections and by correction factor ε2 when using circular hollow sections.
235 2 235
ε= ,ε =
fy fy
The cross-section class for a compression and bending web can be determined according to the instructions in
reference [1], a conservative assessment is obtained when the cross-section class of the web is determined by
compression only.
The width reduction factor ρ for Class 4 cross-sections of square and rectangular
hollow sections is calculated as follows [1]:
λ p − 0, 22
ρ= 2 kun λ p > 0,673
when (2.5)
λp
The slenderness of a class 4 web subjected to bending and its effective width is calculated
according to the guidance given in reference [1]. The slenderness of the flange or web
subjected to uniform compression can be determined using the following formula (2.6):
b1
fy t
λp = = (2.6)
σ cr 56, 8 ⋅ ε
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Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
where
235
ε =
fy
fy is the nominal yield strength of the material [8]
Table 2.5 Effective width beff of the flat compression elements with Class 4 cross-sections in
square and rectangular hollow sections [1]
Stress distribution (compression positive) Effective width befff
+σ +σ
beff = ρb1
be1 = 0,5 beff
where
The bending resistance for hollow sections of different classes of cross-section is calculated as follows [1]:
Class 1 and 2 cross-sections Mc. Rd = M pl. Rd = Wpl ⋅ f y / γ M 0
Class 3 cross-sections Mc. Rd = Mel. Rd = Wel ⋅ f y / γ M 0
Class 4 cross-sections Mc. Rd = Meff . Rd = Weff ⋅ f y / γ M 1 (square and rectangular)
Class 4 cross-section (circular hollow sections)(section 2.3.3)
where:
Wpl is the plastic modulus of the cross-section
Wel is the elastic modulus of the cross-section
Weff is the effective modulus of the cross-section
fy is the design strength
18
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
The effect of holes need not be taken into account in a flange subjected to tension when the
following criterion is satisfied [1]:
A f.net f y γ M2
0, 9 ⋅ ≥ (2.8)
Af fu γ M0
where
If the criterion is not satisfied, the cross-sectional area of the tension flange assumed in design,
must be reduced to such an extent that the criterion is satisfied. This reduced cross-sectional
area of the tension flange is then used to calculate the bending resistance. The effect of holes
in the tension area of the web need not be considered, if the criterion (2.8) is met in the entire
tension area. The tension area consists of the tension flange and the tension element of the
web. In the compression area, the effect of holes need not be considered, unless the bolt holes
are oversize or slotted [1].
The following design criteria are applied, if the hollow section is subjected to bi-axial bending
[1]:
α α
M y.Sd M z.Sd
Class 1 and 2 cross-sections M + M ≤ 1, 0 (2.9)
pl.y.Rd pl.z.Rd
M y.Sd M z.Sd
Class 3 cross-section M + ≤ 1, 0 (2.10)
el.y.Rd Mel.z.Rd
where
The effective cross-section modulus Weff.y is calculated assuming only My.Sd is present and
Weff.z is calculated assuming only Mz.Sd is present. The bending resistances are thus
calculated separately.
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 2
The buckling stress must be calculated for circular hollow sections with Class 4 cross-sections.
The design criterion is that the bending moment due to loading is smaller than the bending
resistance of the hollow section:
M Sd ≤ Mc. Rd (2.12)
where
The buckling stress of a circular hollow section is calculated as follows, when λ ≤ 2 [2]:
(
σ u = 1 − 0, 4123(λ )
1, 2
)f y (2.13)
where
fy
λ =
α b ⋅ σ cr
t
σ cr = 0,605E
r
d −t
r = (the radius of the wall central axis)
2
αb is the reduction factor for buckling stress, which is calculated as follows, when r/t ≤ 212
[2]:
0, 6734
α b = 0, 1887 + (2.14)
r
1 + 0, 01
t
r
For the hollow sections for which > 212 and/or λ > 2 , the buckling stress should be
t
calculated according to guidance given in reference [2].
20
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
With hollow sections, lateral-torsional buckling does not normally govern. However, lateral-
torsional buckling may govern in long hollow sections with a small b/h ratio. Figure 2.1 and
Table 2.6 give the maximum lengths with which lateral-torsional buckling need not be taken
into account when using square and rectangular hollow sections with Class 1-3 cross-sections.
Circular hollow sections are not liable to lateral-torsional buckling. The values in Table 2.6 are
determined using the following formula [3]:
Mc.Rd ⋅ γ M1
≤ 0, 4 (2.15)
Mcr
where
If condition (2.15) is not met, the lateral-torsional buckling resistance can be calculated
according to Eurocode 3 [1].
Table 2.6 Rectangular hollow sections: length ratios below which lateral-torsional buckling
need not be taken into account [3]
b−t L
;;
h−t h−t
M M
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Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
b−t
h−t
45 1,0
40 0,9
35 0,8
30 0,7
25
Length L (m)
0,6
20 0,5
15
0,33
10
0,25
0
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
Height (h-t) (mm)
Figure 2.1 Limit value curves for lateral-torsional buckling (fy = 355 N/mm2)
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
Example 1a:
Class 1 cross-section
Consider a structural hollow section with dimensions 140 x 140 x 5. The steel grade used
is S355J2H, for which the Class 1 criteria are (Table 2.4):
Flange: b / t = 28 < 29,3 (compression)
Web: h / t = 28 < 61,1 (bending)
The plastic section modulus for the cross-section is determined by the following equation
[6]:
b ⋅ h 2 ( b − 2t )( h − 2t ) 2
Wpl = − − 4 Az ⋅ hz + 4 Aξ ⋅ hξ (2.16)
4 4
By inserting the hollow section dimensions 140 x 140 x 5 in the formula 2.16, we obtain
the following value for section modulus:
140 ⋅ 140 2 (140 − 2 ⋅ 5)(140 − 2 ⋅ 5) 2
Wpl = − − 4 ⋅ 21, 46 ⋅ 67,77 + 4 ⋅ 5, 37 ⋅ 63, 88
4 4
= 132 ⋅ 10 3 mm 3
The bending resistance of the hollow section with dimensions 140 x 140 x 5 is thus:
fy 355
M pl. Rd = Wpl = 132 ⋅ 10 3 = 42, 6 kNm
γ M0 1, 1
Bending resistance values are presented also in tables in Appendix 9.1.
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Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Example 1b:
Class 2 cross-sections
Consider a hollow section with dimensions 160 x 160 x 5. The steel grade used is
S355J2H, for which the Class 2 criteria are (Table 2.4):
Flange: b / t = 32 < 33,4 (compression)
Web: h / t = 32 < 70 (bending)
For Class 2 cross-sections, the plastic section modulus is determined by the following
formula (2.16):
ri = 5 mm
r0 = 10 mm
Wpl = 175·103 mm3
Thus, the following bending resistance is obtained for a hollow section with dimensions
160 x 160 x 5:
fy 355
M pl. Rd = Wpl = 175 ⋅ 10 3 = 56, 5 kNm
γ M0 1, 1
Example 1c:
Class 3 cross-sections
Consider a hollow section with dimensions 180 x 180 x 5. The steel grade used is
S355J2H, for which the Class 3 criteria are (Table 2.4):
Flange: b/t = 36 < 36,6 (compression)
Web: h/t = 36 < 103,3 (bending)
For a Class 3 cross-section, the elastic section modulus is calculated as follows [6]:
b ⋅ h 3 ( b − 2t )( h − 2t ) 3 2
Wel = − − 4( I zz + Az ⋅ hz 2 ) + 4( Iξξ + Aξ ⋅ hξ 2 ) ⋅ (2.17)
12 12 h
where the terms, taking account of corner rounding, are:
1 π 1 4
I zz = − − r0
3 16 3(12 − 3π )
1 π 1 4
Iξξ = − − ri
3 16 3(12 − 3π )
ri = 5 mm
r0 = 10 mm
By inserting the dimensions of the hollow section 180 x 180 x 5 in the formula (2.17), the
following value for elastic section modulus is obtained:
180 ⋅ 180 3 (180 − 2 ⋅ 5)(180 − 2 ⋅ 5) 3 2
Wel = − − 4(75, 5 + 21, 5 ⋅ 87, 8 2 ) + 4( 4, 7 + 5, 3 ⋅ 83, 9 2 ) ⋅
12 12 180
= 193 ⋅ 10 3 mm 3
24
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
The following bending resistance is obtained for a hollow section with dimensions
180 x 180 x 5:
Wel ⋅ f y 193 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 355
Mel. Rd = = = 62, 3 kNm
γ M0 1, 1
Example 1d:
Square hollow section with Class 4 cross-section
Consider a hollow section with dimensions 200 x 200 x 5. The steel grade used is
S355J2H, for which the Class 3 criteria are (Table 2.4):
As the compression flange belongs to Class 4, its effective width must be determined. The
slenderness of the flange is obtained from the formula (2.6):
;;;;;
;;;;;
200 − 3 ⋅ 5 1,5t 0,5beff bnon.eff 0,5beff 1,5t
δ
Now, the effective width of the flange can be calculated
from the formula (2.5):
;
0, 801 − 0, 22
beff = ⋅ ( 200 − 15) = 167 , 5 mm
0, 8012
The neutral axis of the effective cross-section is transferred downwards. The effective
section modulus of the cross-section is calculated by subtracting the section modulus of
the non-effective element from the section modulus of the entire cross-section. The
effective section modulus for a hollow section with dimensions 200 x 200 x 5 is obtained
as follows:
I + Aδ 2 − bnon.eff ⋅ t ⋅ ( 0, 5h - 0, 5t + δ ) 2
Weff = ( 2.18 )
0, 5h + δ
2410 ⋅ 10 4 + 3840 ⋅ 2, 27 2 − 17 , 5 ⋅ 5( 0, 5 ⋅ 200 - 0, 5 ⋅ 5 + 2, 27) 2
= = 227 , 2 ⋅ 10 3 mm 3
0, 5 ⋅ 200 + 2, 27
where
bnon.eff ⋅ t ⋅ ( 0, 5 ⋅ h − 0, 5 ⋅ t ) 17 , 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ( 0, 5 ⋅ 200 − 0, 5 ⋅ 5)
δ = = = 2, 27 mm
A − bnon.eff ⋅ t 3840 − 17 , 5 ⋅ 5
(transfer of the neutral axis of the cross-section)
25
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Example 1e:
Circular hollow section with Class 4 cross-section
Consider a hollow section with dimensions 323,9 x 5. The steel grade used is S355J2H,
for which the Class 3 criteria are (Table 2.4):
d / t = 64,78 > 59,6 ⇒ Class 4 cross-section
First, determine the slenderness of the cross-section:
t 5
σ cr = 0, 605 E = 0, 605 ⋅ 210000 = 3984, 0 N/mm 2
r 159, 45
0, 6734 0, 6734
α b = 0, 1887 + = 0, 1887 + = 0, 775
r 159, 45
1 + 0, 01 1 + 0, 01
t 5
fy 355
λ= = = 0, 339
α b ⋅ σ cr 0, 775 ⋅ 3984, 0
( ) ( )
σ u = 1 − 0, 4123 ⋅ λ 1, 2 f y = 1 − 0, 4123 ⋅ 0, 339 1, 2 355 = 315, 0 N/mm 2
To obtain the bending resistance of the cross-section, the buckling stress is multiplied by
the elastic section modulus:
Mc. Rd = =
[
σ u ⋅ Wel σ u ⋅ π d − (d − 2t )
4 4
]
=
[ ]
315, 0 ⋅ π 323, 9 4 − ( 323, 9 − 2 ⋅ 5) 4
= 112, 6 kNm
γ M1 32d ⋅ γ M 1 32 ⋅ 323, 9 ⋅ 1, 1
where
The method for calculating the shear resistance depends on the slenderness of the web of the
cross-section as follows [1]:
h 235
≤ 69 ⋅ + 3 ⇒ calculate the plastic shear resistance (section 2.4.1.1)
t fy
h 235
> 69 ⋅ + 3 ⇒ calculate the resistance to shear buckling (section 2.4.1.2)
t fy
Shear buckling need not be considered for square and rectangular hollow sections for which
h/t < 59,1 and the yield strength of the material fy ≤ 355 N/mm2. In practice, shear buckling
governs only for a very few hollow sections.
where
Av
2.4.1.2
;;;
3 ⋅ γ M0
; =A
h
b+h
(h in this case is the dimension parallel to shear force)
h
b
Vsd
The shear buckling resistance of hollow sections is calculated using the following formula [1]:
τ ba
Vba. Rd = 2(h - 3t ) ⋅ t ( 2.21)
γ M1
The web shear buckling stress τba depends on the slenderness of the web λw as follows [1]:
(
τ ba = 1 − 0, 625(λ w − 0, 8) )
fy
for 0, 8 < λ w < 1, 2 ( 2.22)
3
where
h - 3t
λw = t
235
86, 4
fy
The resistance to shear buckling is calculated according to the instructions in reference [1],
ifλw ≥ 1,2.
27
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The shear resistance of circular hollow sections can be assessed by the following methods
Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections ⇒calculate plastic shear resistance (section 2.4.2.1)
Class 4 cross-sections ⇒calculate shear buckling resistance (section 2.4.2.2)
The design value of shear buckling resistance for circular hollow sections is obtained using the
following formula [2]:
τ ba
Vba. Rd = π ⋅ r ⋅ t ( 2.24)
γ M1
where
The calculation of the theoretical shear buckling stress is a complex task. A conservative
assessment is obtained by the following simplified formula [2]:
t t 0,75
τ cr = 0, 747 E ⋅ ( 2.25)
L r
where
L is the length of the hollow section element which is subjected to the shear Vsd
A more accurate formula for calculating the theoretical shear buckling stress is given in
reference [2]. The difference to the results obtained by the formula (2.25) is, however, rather
small when using normal hollow section lengths (> 1000 mm). The shear buckling stress is
determined by the following formulae [2]:
τ ba = 0, 65τ cr for τ cr ≤ 0, 444f y ( 2.26 )
fy fy
τ ba = 1 − 0, 222 for τ cr > 0, 444f y ( 2.27 )
3 τ cr
28
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
Example 2a:
y;y;
Calculate the shear resistance of a hollow section with
dimensions 400 x 200 x 6. The steel grade used is
S355J2H. First determine whether the buckling of the
web needs to be considered. Using the dimensions
given in the example, the following value is obtained:
h 400
t
=
6
= 66, 67 > 69
235
fy
+ 3 = 59, 1 400
200
VSd
⇒ buckling of the web must be taken into account
Calculate the slenderness of the web and the shear buckling stress τba using the formula
(2.22).
h - 3t 400 - 18
λw = t = 6 = 0, 906
235 235
86, 4 86, 4
fy 355
(
τ ba = 1 − 0, 625 ⋅ (λ w − 0, 8) )
fy 355
= (1 − 0, 625 ⋅ (0, 906 − 0, 8)) = 191, 4 N / mm 2
3 3
The shear resistance is obtained by inserting the shear buckling stress in the formula (2.21):
τ ba 191, 4
Vba. Rd = 2(h - 3t )t = 2( 400 - 3 ⋅ 6 ) ⋅ 6 ⋅ = 797 , 6 kN
γ M1 1, 1
Example 2b:
Calculate the shear resistance of a hollow section with dimensions 400 x 200 x 8. The
steel grade used is S355J2H.
h 400 235
= = 50 < 69 + 3 = 59, 1 ⇒ buckling of the web need not be taken into
t 8 fy account
29
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The shear resistance is obtained directly by inserting values in the formula (2.20):
Av ⋅ f y 400 355
Vpl. Rd = = 9124 ⋅ ⋅ = 1133 kN
3 ⋅ γ M0 200 + 400 3 ⋅ 1, 1
y;
Example 3a:
Calculate the shear resistance of the circular hollow section in
example 1e with dimensions 323,9 X 5 and a Class 4 cross-
00
section. The length of the hollow section is 6 m, and the steel 60
grade used is S355J2H. Shear force is assumed constant along
the entire length of the hollow section. First, determine the
;yy;
theoretical shear buckling stress from the formula (2.25):
t t 0,75
τ cr = 0, 747 E ⋅
L r
VSd
0,75
5 5
= 0, 747 ⋅ 2,1 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ = 337 , 4 N/mm 2
6000 159, 45
The shear buckling stress is obtained from the formula (2.27), since τcr > 0,444 fy:
fy fy 355 355
τ ba = 1 − 0, 222 = 1 − 0, 222 = 157,1 N/mm
2
3 τ cr 3 337 , 4
The resistance to shear buckling is calculated using the shear buckling stress:
t 5
Vba. Rd = τ ba ⋅ π ⋅ r = 157 , 1 ⋅ π ⋅ 159, 45 = 357 , 7 kN
γ M1 1, 1
Example 3b:
Calculate the shear resistance for a hollow section with dimensions 323,9 x 8. The steel
grade used is S355J2H.
For a Class 2 cross-section, the plastic shear resistance must be calculated.
(d/t= 40,5 < 46,3):
Av ⋅ f y 2 355
Vpl. Rd = = 7939 ⋅ = 941, 7 kN
3 ⋅ γ M0 π 3 ⋅ 1, 1
30
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
As Eurocode 3 Appendix G dealing with torsion is not yet available, torsion resistance is
calculated using the same method as for shear resistance. Torsional resistance for square and
rectangular hollow sections can be calculated as follows:
h 235
≤ 69 ⋅ + 3 ⇒ calculate plastic torsional resistance (section 2.5.1.1)
t fy
h 235
> 69 ⋅ + 3 ⇒ calculate resistance to torsional buckling (section 2.5.1.2)
t fy
The torsional resistance of a circular hollow section depends on the slenderness and the length
of the hollow section. Normally, it can be determined using the following methods:
Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections ⇒ (calculate the plastic torsion resistance (section 2.5.1.1)
Class 4 cross-section ⇒ (calculate the resistance to torsional buckling (section 2.5.1.2)
The plastic torsional resistance of hollow sections can be expressed by the following formula
[4]:
fy fy
Mt . pl. Rd = Wt ≈ 2 At ⋅ t ( 2.30)
3 ⋅γ M0 3 ⋅γ M0
where
31
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
y;y;
Example 4: 200
Consider the hollow section in example 2a with dimensions
400 x 200 x 6 subjected to torsion moment Mt.Sd = 150 kNm.
The steel grade used is S355J2H.
400
was calculated in the example 2a. Determine the torsional 6
buckling resistance of the cross-section as follows:
Wt 877 , 1 ⋅ 10 3
Mt .b. Rd = τ ba = 191, 4 ⋅ = 152, 6 kNm Mt.Sd
γ M1 1, 1
Mt .b. Rd > Mt .Sd OK!
y;
Example 5:
Consider the circular hollow section in example 3a with
dimensions 323,9 x 5 subjected to torsion moment Mt.Sd = 00
60
100 kNm. (τba obtained from example 3a). The torsional
buckling resistance is given by the following formula:
Mt .b. Rd = τ ba
OK!
786, 6 ⋅ 10 3
1, 1
= 112, 3 kNm
Mt.Sd
32
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 2
Regardless of slenderness, the cross-section is fully effective when subjected to tension. Thus,
the form of the cross-section does not affect the tension resistance. Hollow sections are
efficient when used as tension members, as their joints can be made stronger and less com-
plex than equivalent open sections. The design criterion for hollow section in tension is [1]:
N Sd ≤ Nt . Rd ( 2.32)
where
N Sd is the design value of tensile force
Nt . Rd is the design value of tension resistance
The tension resistance of the cross-section is the smallest of the following [1]:
fy
Nt . Rd = A ( 2.33)
γ M0
fu
Nt . Rd = 0, 9 Anet ( 2.34)
γ M2
where
Anet is the net area (the area of holes subtracted from the gross area)
fu is the ultimate strength of the material
If ductility is required of the structure, the criterion (2.35) must be satisfied [1]:
Anet fy γ M 2
0, 9 ≥ ⋅ ( 2.35)
A fu γ M 0
However, it is recommended that the criterion (2.35) should always be satisfied.
33
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The design criterion for circular hollow sections with Class 4 cross-sections can be expressed
as [2]:
N Sd ≤ Nc.Rd ( 2.37 )
where
σu
Nc. Rd =A
γ M1
σu (
= 1 − 0, 4123 λ ( )1,2 ) fy when λ ≤ 2
fy
λ =
α 0 ⋅ σ cr
t
σ cr = 0, 605 E
r
d −t (the radius of the wall central axis)
r =
2
Table 2.7 Combined load criteria to be checked when no risk of buckling is present
Load combination Cross- Class 1 and 2 Class 3 Class 4
section cross-sections cross-section cross-section
Section Formula Section Formula Section Formula
Bending, Square and rectangular 2.7.1.1 (2.39) 2.7.1.2 (2.43) 2.7.1.2 (2.43)
compression or tension Circular 2.7.1.1 (2.39) 2.7.1.2 (2.43) 2.7.1.3 (2.44)
Bending Square and rectangular 2.7.2.1 (2.46) 2.7.2.1 (2.46) 2.7.2.1 (2.46)
Shear* Circular 2.7.2.2 (2.47) 2.7.2.2 (2.47) 2.7.2.3 (2.48)
Bending Square and rectangular 2.7.3.1 (2.49) 2.7.3.2 (2.50) 2.7.3.2 (2.50)
Compression or tension Circular 2.7.3.1 (2.49) 2.7.3.2 (2.50) 2.7.3.3 (2.51)
Shear*
*The shear force needs to be taken into account only if VSd > 0,5 VRd
The effect of torsion is allowed for by adding the following term in the interaction expression:
Mt .Sd
Mt . Rd
34
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
The cross-section class of a web loaded by bending moment and axial force depends on the
stress distribution. In practice, the cross-section class is more easily determined by the
compression element (web or flange).
The interaction expression (2.39) can be applied for Class 1 and 2 cross-sections [1]:
α α
M y.Sd M z.Sd
M + ≤ 1, 0 (2.39)
Ny.Rd M Nz.Rd
The parameter α used in the calculation of bending resistance depends on the form of the
hollow section:
;; ;
Square and rectangular hollow sections
1, 66
α= 2 ≤ 6 y
N
1 − 1, 13 Sd My
h
N pl.Rd
where
N pl. Rd = A
fy
γ M0
; z
Mz
The bending resistance is reduced by axial force and depends on the shape of the hollow
section:
N
M N . Rd = 1, 26 M pl. Rd 1 − Sd , for square hollow sections ( 2.40)
N pl.Rd
however M N . Rd ≤ M pl. Rd ( M pl. Rd is the plastic bending resistance,
section 2.3)
N
M Ny. Rd = 1, 33 M pl. y. Rd 1 − Sd , for rectangular hollow sections ( 2.41a )
N pl.Rd
however M Ny. Rd ≤ M pl. y. Rd ( M pl. y. Rd is the plastic bending resistance about the
y axis, section 2.3)
1 − N Sd
N pl.Rd
= M pl.z. Rd
ht
M Nz. Rd , for rectangular hollow sections ( 2.41b )
0, 5 +
A
however M Nz. Rd ≤ M pl.z. Rd ( M pl.z. Rd is the plastic bending resistance about the
z axis, section 2.3)
35
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
N 1,7
M N . Rd = 1, 04 ⋅ M pl. Rd 1 − Sd circular hollow sections ( 2.42)
N pl.Rd
however M N . Rd ≤ M pl. Rd ( M pl. Rd is the plastic bending resistance, section 2.3)
The interaction expression (2.43) is derived according to the elasticity theory [1]:
N Sd M y.Sd M z.Sd
+ + ≤ 1, 0 Class 3 cross-section ( 2.43a )
Nc. Rd Mel. y. Rd Mel.z. Rd
N Sd M y.Sd M z.Sd
+ + ≤ 1, 0 Class 4 cross-sections ( 2.43b )
Nc. Rd Meff . y. Rd Meff .z. Rd
where
fy
Nc. Rd =A for Class 3 cross-section
γ M0
fy
Nc. Rd = Aeff for Class 4 cross-sections
γ M1
fy fy
Mel. y. Rd = Wel. y ja Mel.z. Rd = Wel.z
and
γ M0 γ M0
fy fy
Meff . y. Rd = Weff . y ja Meff .z. Rd = Weff .z
and
γ M1 γ M1
Aeff is calculated for axial compression. The effective cross-section modulus Weff.y is
calculated assuming only My.Sd is present and Weff.z assuming only when Mz.Sd is present.
The combined load criteria for Class 4 circular hollow sections can be expressed as follows:
N Sd M Sd
+ ≤ 1, 0 ( 2.44)
Nc. Rd Mc. Rd
where
M Sd = M y2.Sd + M z2.Sd
σ
Nc. Rd =A u
γ M1
36
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
σu
Mc. Rd = Wel
γ M1
σu (
= 1 − 0, 4123 λ ( )1,2 ) fy kun λ ≤
when 2
fy
λ =
α ⋅ σ cr
t
σ cr = 0, 605 ⋅ E
r
The combined effect of bending moment and axial force is allowed for by the parameter α [2]:
α0 ⋅σ 0 + αb ⋅σ b
α= ( 2.45)
σ0 +σb
where
N Sd
σ0 = the design stress due to the axial force
A
M
σb = Sd the design stress due to the bending moment
Wel
0, 83 r
α0 = when ≤ 212
r t
1 + 0, 01
t
0, 6734 r
α b = 0, 1887 + when ≤ 212
r t
1 + 0, 01
t
If the shear force is more than half of the shear resistance of the cross-section (VSd > 0,5VRd),
the effect of shear force must be accounted for when calculating bending resistance. The shear
resistance value VRd is either Vpl.Rd (section 2.4.1.1) or Vba.Rd (section 2.4.1.2). The bending
resistance of the cross-section is then [1]:
ρAv 2
pl
W − fy
8t
MV . Rd = ≤ Mc. Rd ( 2.46 )
γ M0
where
2
2V
ρ = Sd − 1
VRd
37
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
fy
Mc. Rd = Wpl for Class 1 and 2 cross-sections (section 2.3)
γ M0
fy
Mc. Rd = Wel for Class 3 cross-sections (section 2.3)
γ M0
fy
Mc. Rd = Weff for Class 4 cross-sections (section 2.3)
γ M1
t is the wall thickness of the hollow section
Av is the the area of the shear element formula [(2.20) or (2.21)]
Figure 2.2 depicts the resistance area of the combined effect of bending moment and shear
force.
0,5VRd
M
Mf.pl Mpl
For a circular hollow section with Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-section, the bending resistance can be
expressed as follows when the shear force is more than half of the shear resistance
(VSd > 0,5 Vpl.Rd) [3]:
2
V
MV.Rd = M pl.Rd 1 − Sd ( 2.47 )
Vpl.Rd
where
fy
Mc. Rd = Wpl for Class 1 and 2 cross-sections (section 2.3)
γ M0
fy
Mc. Rd = Wel for Class 3 cross-sections (section 2.3)
γ M0
Example 6
Calculate the bending resistance for a hollow section
with dimensions 400 x 200 x 6 when subjected to a
shear force equal to 600 KN. The steel grade used is
S355J2H. The resistance to shear buckling for a
similar hollow section was calculated in example 2a. MSd
This value is now used. Force quantities are:
VSd = 600 kN > 0,5 Vba.Rd = 0,5 · 797,6 = 398,8 kN
;y
MSd = 290 kNm
Determine the classification of the cross-section:
Flange: 29,3 < b/ t = 200/ 6 = 33,3 < 33,4
⇒ Class 2 VSd
Web: 61,1 < h/ t = 400/ 6 = 66,7 < 70
⇒ Class 2
Since the cross-section of the hollow section is Class 2, the plastic bending resistance
can be used. The shear force is more than half of the resistance to shear buckling. Thus,
it decreases the moment resistance.
39
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The bending resistance of hollow section with dimensions 400 x 200 x 6 is not sufficient
(MSd > MV.Rd). The wall thickness must be increased or a larger hollow section must be
selected.
2.7.3 Hollow sections subjected to axial force, shear force and bending moment
(no buckling)
The interaction expression (2.49) can be applied to Class 1 and 2 cross-sections [1]:
α α
M y.Sd M z.Sd
M + ≤ 1, 0 ( 2.49)
Ny.Rd M Nz.Rd
where
1, 66
α = 2 ≤ 6 square and rectangular hollow sections
N
1 − 1, 13 Sd
NV.Rd
α =2 circular hollow sections
N
M N.Rd = 1, 26 MV . Rd 1 − Sd square hollow sections
NV.Rd
however M N.Rd ≤ MV . Rd
N
M Ny.Rd = 1, 33 MV . y. Rd 1 − Sd rectangular hollow sections
NV.Rd
however M Ny.Rd ≤ MV . y. Rd
1 − N Sd
NV.Rd
M Nz.Rd = MV .z. Rd
h⋅t rectangular hollow sections
0, 5 +
A
however M Nz.Rd ≤ MV .z. Rd
40
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
N 1,7
M N.Rd = 1, 04 MV . Rd 1 − Sd circular hollow sections
N pl.Rd
however M N.Rd ≤ MV . Rd
fy
N pl. Rd =A
γ M0
fy
NV . Rd = ( A − ρ ⋅ Av )
γ M0
MV . y. Rd is the bending resistance with the effect of the shear force taken into
account (by y axis) (section 2.7.2.1)
MV .z. Rd is the bending resistance with the effect of the shear force taken into
account (by z axis) (section 2.7.2.1)
MV . Rd is the bending resistance with the effect of the shear force taken into
account for circular hollow sections (section 2.7.2.2) or for square hollow
sections (section 2.7.2.1)
2.7.3.2 Class 3 and 4 square and rectangular hollow sections and Class 3 circular
hollow sections
The interaction expression for a member subjected to compression and bending in the
presence of shear force can be expressed in a similar way to that in section 2.7.1.2. The effect
of shear force is accounted for in bending resistance values [1]:
N Sd M y.Sd M z.Sd
+ + ≤ 1, 0 ( 2.50)
Nc. Rd MV . y. Rd MV .z. Rd
When using circular hollow sections with Class 4 cross-sections, the resistance of the cross-
section must be checked using the combined load criterion [2]:
N Sd M Sd V
+ + Sd ≤ 1 ( 2.51)
Nc.Rd Mc. Rd Vba.Rd
where
41
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Example 7
Determine whether a hollow section with dimensions
200 x 200 x 8 can carry the load shown in the adjacent
;y
figure. The steel grade used is S355J2H, and the load My
values are: Vy
NSd = 1400 kN
My.Sd = 27 kNm N Mz
Mz.Sd = 24 kNm
Vz.Sd = 400 kN > 0,5 Vpl.Rd = 275,75 kN Vz
Vy.Sd = 150 kN < 0,5 Vpl.Rd
The method for calculating the shear resistance also depends on the slenderness of the
cross-section:
Next, the resistance to axial force and bending is determined, taking into account the
effect of shear force:
ρ z ⋅ AV2 0, 203 ⋅ 2960 2
pl
W − fy 420860 − 355
8t 8⋅8
MV . y. Rd = = =
γ M0 1, 1
= 126, 9 kNm < M pl.y.Rd = 135, 8 kNm
355 ⋅ 420, 86
MV .z. Rd = M pl.z. Rd = = 135, 8 kNm
1, 1
fy 355
NV.Rd = ( A − ρ ⋅ Av ) = ( 5924 − 0, 203 ⋅ 2960) ⋅ = 1718 kN
γ M0 1, 1
42
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
The effect of axial force on the bending resistance is accounted for by the following
formulae:
N
M Ny. Rd = 1, 26 ⋅ MV . y. Rd 1 − Sd = 1, 26 ⋅ 126, 9 ⋅ 1 −
1400
= 29, 60 kNm
NV.Rd 1718
N
M Nz. Rd = 1, 26 ⋅ MV .z. Rd 1 − Sd = 1, 26 ⋅ 135, 8 ⋅ 1 −
1400
= 31, 67 kNm
NV.Rd 1718
M + M =
+
= 0, 765 < 1, 0
OK!
Ny. Rd Nz.Rd 29, 60 31, 67
Stuctural hollow sections are particularly efficient as compression members, as the hollow
section material is located equally about and at a distance from the cross-section’s mid-point.
Due to high torsional stiffness, torsional buckling need not be taken into account. The design
criterion for the flexural buckling resistance of the compression member can be expressed as
follows [1]:
N Sd ≤ N b.Rd ( 2.52)
where
fy
N b.Rd = χ ⋅ β A ⋅ A (the design value for flexural buckling resistance)
γ M1
χ is the reduction factor for flexural buckling
Aeff
βA = for square and rectangular Class 4 hollow sections
A
βA =1 for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections
Aeff is the effective cross-sectional area
A is the total cross-sectional area
43
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
[
φ = 0, 5 ⋅ 1 + α (λ − 0, 2) + (λ )
2
] ( 2.54)
Lc fy
λ= ⋅ βA ( 2.55)
π ⋅i E
where
Buckling length depends on the type of connection at the ends of the member. Usually, it is
conservative to use the actual length as the buckling length for lattice structures and the
theoretical buckling length for rigid structures without allowing for joint rigidity. The
determination of buckling length is presented in more detail in Chapter 6.
According to Eurocode 3, there are several methods for calculating the buckling resistance of
the cross-sections of cold formed hollow sections. A simple conservative method is to use the
nominal yield strength fy and buckling curve c [7] for the hollow sections. For buckling curve c,
the value of the imperfection factor α is 0,49 [1].
The design criterion for the buckling resistance of Class 4 cross-sections is:
N Sd ≤ N b.Rd ( 2.56 )
where
σu
N b. Rd = χ ⋅ A (design value for buckling resistance)
γ M1
σu (
= 1 − 0, 4123 λ ( )1,2 ) fy (buckling stress [2])
fy
λ =
α 0 ⋅ σ cr
0, 83
α0 =
r
1 + 0, 01
t
t
σ cr = 0, 605 E
r
44
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
The reduction factor χ for buckling is calculated as in section 2.8.1, except that the buckling
stress (fy = σu). is used instead of yield strength. The cross-sections of Class 4 circular hollow
sections are always considered to be totally effective; thus βA= 1.
Example 8a
Calculate the compression resistance of a hollow NSd
;
y
section with dimensions 200 x 200 x 5. The steel grade
used is S355J2H, and the buckling length is 4 m. The
member is nominally pinned at both ends.
Determine the classification of the cross-section of the
hollow section (Table 2.4):
y;
λp =
b1
t
56, 8 ⋅ ε
beff = heff =
=
200 - 15
56, 8
5
2
λp
235
355
= 0, 801 > 0,673
4000
The dimensions of the effective and non-effective elements of the cross-section are as
follows [formula (2.5) and Table 2.5]:
λ p − 0, 22
(b − 3t ) =
0, 801 − 0, 22
0, 8012
bnon.eff = b − 3t − beff = 200 − 3 ⋅ 5 − 167 , 5 = 18 mm
( 200 − 3 ⋅ 5) = 167, 5 mm
Using the effective cross-section, let us determine the effective area and parameter βA:
Aeff = A − ( 4 ⋅ bnon.eff ⋅ t ) = 3840 − ( 4 ⋅ 18 ⋅ 5) = 3480 mm
200
200
Aeff 3480
βA = = = 0, 906
A 3840
The local buckling of the cross-section has now been taken into account. Next, consider
the buckling resistance of the hollow section. The cross-section slenderness is
determined using the formula (2.55):
Lc fy 4000 355
λ= βA = 0, 906 = 0, 628
i ⋅π E 79, 3 ⋅ π 210000
The reduction factor for buckling is calculated from the formulae (2.53) and (2.54) by
inserting α = 0,49 ( for buckling curve c):
χ = 0,769
45
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The buckling resistance of the hollow section is calculated by multiplying the plastic
compression resistance of the effective cross-section by the reduction factor (2.52):
fy 355
N b. Rd = χ ⋅ Aeff = 0, 769 ⋅ 3480 ⋅ = 863, 7 kN
γ M1 1, 1
Example 8b
Calculate the compression resistance of a hollow section with dimensions 200 x 200 x 8.
The steel grade used is S355J2H, and the buckling length is 4 m. The member is nomi-
nally pinned at both ends. Determine the classification of the cross-section (Table 2.4):
b/ t= 200/ 8 = 25 < 36,6 ⇒ Class 1 cross-section
The effective cross-section need not be calculated for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections.
The cross-section slenderness is calculated using the formula (2.55):
Lc fy 4000 355
λ= = = 0, 675
i ⋅π E 77 , 6 ⋅ π 210000
The reduction factor for buckling is calculated from formulae (2.53) and (2.54) by
inserting α = 0,49 (for buckling curve c):
χ = 0,740
The buckling resistance of the hollow section is calculated by multiplying the plastic
compression resistance by the reduction factor χ (2.52):
fy 355
N b. Rd = χ ⋅ A = 0, 740 ⋅ 5920 ⋅ = 1414, 8 kN
γ M0 1, 1
Table 2.8 Combined load criteria to be checked when buckling may be present
Loading Cross-section Class 1 and 2 cross- Class 3 cross- Class 4 cross-
combination sections sections sections
Section Formula Section Formula Section Formula
Bending and Square 2.9.1.1 (2.57) 2.9.1.1 (2.57) 2.9.1.1 (2.57)
compression Rectangular 2.9.1.1 (2.57) 2.9.1.1 (2.57) 2.9.1.2 (2.60)
The effect of torsion is accounted for by adding the following term in the interaction expression:
Mt .Sd
Mt . Rd
46
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
The classification of webs subjected to bending and compression depends on the stress
distribution. In practice, the cross-section class is more easily determined by the compression
element (web or flange).
2.9.1.1 Square and rectangular hollow sections and Class 1, 2 and 3 circular hollow
sections
The interaction expression for a structure subjected to compression and bending is as follows
[1]:
N Sd k y ⋅ M y.Sd k z ⋅ M z.Sd
+ + ≤1 ( 2.57 )
N b.Rd M y.Rd M z.Rd
where
fy
N b. Rd = χ min ⋅ β A ⋅ A
γ M1
χ min is the minimum value of the reduction factor for buckling (about the y or z axis)
fy fy
M y. Rd = Wpl. y M z. Rd = Wpl.z for Class 1 and 2 cross-sections
γ M1 γ M1
fy fy
M y. Rd = Wel. y M z. Rd = Wel.z for Class 3 cross-sections
γ M1 γ M1
fy f y for Class 4 square and rectangular
M y. Rd = Weff . y M z. Rd = Weff .z
γ M1 γ M 1 hollow sections
47
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
βMQ = 1,3
MQ
;y;y
In plane lateral concentrated load
βMQ = 1,4
MQ
( )
loads MQ
MQ βM = βM.ψ + βMQ − βM.ψ
∆M
∆M
MQ = the moment with the greatest
absolute value due to lateral loading
MQ ∆M
∆M = the moment with the greatest
absolute value when the sign of the
moment does not change
MQ
∆M ∆M = the sum of the absolute values of
the greatest and smallest moments,
when the sign of the moment changes
48
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
Buckling is taken into account in the interaction expression which can be expressed as follows:
N Sd k y ⋅ M y.Sd k z ⋅ M z.Sd
+ + ≤ 1, 0 ( 2.60)
N b.Rd Mc.Rd Mc.Rd
where
N b.Rd is the design value for buckling resistance (section 2.8.2)
σ
Mc. Rd = Wel u
γ M1
σu (
= 1 − 0, 4123 λ ( )1,2 ) fy (buckling stress [2])
fy
λ =
α b ⋅ σ cr
0, 6734
αb = 0, 1887 +
r
1 + 0, 01
t
t
σ cr = 0, 605 E
r
The parameters ky and kz in expression (2.60) are determined as follows:
µ y ⋅ N Sd
ky = 1 − ≤ 1, 5 (σu is determined with parameter α0, section 2.8.2)
χ y ⋅ A ⋅σu
µ z ⋅ N Sd
kz = 1 − ≤ 1, 5 (σu is determined with parameter α0, section 2.8.2)
χz ⋅ A ⋅σu
where
χy is the buckling reduction factor determined about the y axis
χz is the buckling reduction factor determined about the z axis
µy = λ y ( 2β My − 4) ≤ 0, 9
µz = λ z ( 2β Mz − 4) ≤ 0, 9
β My ja β Mz are the equivalent uniform moment factors (Table 2.9)
Lc. y σu
λy = (σu is determined with parameter α0, Table 2.8.2)
π ⋅ iy E
Lc.z σ u (σu is determined with parameter α0, Table 2.8.2)
λz =
π ⋅ iz E
Y and z axis are chosen in such a manner that the primary governing combination is obtained
for bending moments.
49
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Example 9
Calculate the resistance for the hollow section from NSd =500 kN
example 8a with dimensions 200 x 200 x 5, when it
200
is subjected to axial force and bending moment due
to a uniform transverse load. Only one of the axes is
subjected to bending. The member is supported by
4000
200
5
nominally pinned connections at both ends.
;y
Nb.Rd = 863,7 kN (Nb.Rd = Nb.y.Rd = Nb.z.Rd, symmetrical cross-section)
The bending resistance value for a hollow section with dimensions 200 x 200 x 5 was
calculated in example 1d i.e.
βMQ = 1,3
Using factor βMQ the parameters µ and k in the interaction expression can be derived
from the formula (2.58):
µy = λ ( 2β MQ − 4) = 0, 628( 2 ⋅ 1, 3 − 4) = −0, 879
µ y ⋅ N Sd 500000
ky = 1− = 1 + 0, 879 = 1, 419
χ y ⋅ A ⋅ fy 0, 769 ⋅ 3840 ⋅ 355
Check the resistance of hollow section for the combined effect of axial force and moment
(2.57):
N Sd k y ⋅ M y.Sd 500 1, 419 ⋅ 10
+ = + = 0,772 < 1, 0 OK!
N b.Rd M y.Rd 863,7 73, 3
50
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
Example 10 N N
Calculate the resistance of a hollow section with
dimensions 180 x 180 x 5 to the loading shown in the
adjacent figure. The buckling length of the structure
is 4 m, and the member is supported by nominally
pinned connections at both ends. The steel grade used
4000
My Mz
is S355J2H, and the loading values are:
NSd = 400 kN
My.Sd = 9 kNm
Mz.Sd = 9 kNm
Mt.Sd = 3 kNm (assumed constant along the y-y z-z
entire hollow section)
The hollow section in classified as Class 3, since
;y
33,4 < b/t= 36 < 36,6 (Table 2.4). Thus, the bending
resistance must be determined using elasticity theory.
The effect of torsion must be accounted for in the inte-
raction expression. The reduction factor χ for the
buckling of a hollow section subjected to compression
is calculated using buckling curve c (section 2.8.1):
χ
=
Lc f y
i ⋅π E
= 0,702
N b. Rd = χ ⋅ A
µy
ky = 1-
=
4000
71,1 ⋅ π
γ M1
M y. Rd = M z. Rd = Wel
355
210000
= 0, 702 ⋅ 3436 ⋅
χ y ⋅ A ⋅ fy
fy
γ M1
= 193 ⋅
= 1 + 1, 03
= 0,736
= 62, 28 kNm
Mt
N
The parameters µ and k depending on the shape of the moment diagram are as follows
(section 2.9.1.1)
= λ ( 2β MQ − 4) = 0, 736 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ 1, 3 − 4) = −1, 03
µ y ⋅ N Sd 400000
0, 702 ⋅ 3436 ⋅ 355
= 1, 481 < 1, 5
Mz
My
The calculation method for torsional resistance is determined by the web slenderness
(section 2.5.1):
h/t = 180/ 5 = 36 < 59,1 ⇒ calculate the plastic torsion resistance
51
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
By adding the effect of torsion in the interaction expression (2.57), the following result is
obtained:
N Sd k y ⋅ M y.Sd k z ⋅ M z.Sd Mt .Sd
+ + +
N b.Rd M y.Rd M z.Rd Mt . pl. Rd
400 1, 481 ⋅ 9 1, 412 ⋅ 9 3
= + + + = 0, 987 < 1, 0 OK!
778, 4 62, 28 62, 28 54, 0
Example 11
y;
Calculate the resistance of a circular hollow section
with dimensions 323,9 x 5 to the combined loading
shown in the adjacent figure. The steel grade used is
00
S355J2H, and the hollow section length is 6 m. The 60
moment is assumed constant along the hollow section
length. The hollow section is supported by hinges at
both ends.
The loading values are:
NSd
My.Sd
Mz.Sd
Mt.Sd
= 18 kNm
= 18 kNm
= 6 kNm
;yy;
= 500 kN (compression) N
Mt
First, the buckling resistance of the hollow section is calculated. Obtain the following
Mz
My
(
σ u = 1 − 0, 4123(λ )
1, 2
)f y ( )
= 1 − 0, 4123 ⋅ 0, 3511, 2 355 = 313, 3 N/mm 2
The slenderness is obtained for buckling by inserting the buckling stress value into the
formula (2.55):
52
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
Lc σ u 6000 313, 3
λ= = = 0, 654
π ⋅ i E π ⋅ 112, 8 210000
The buckling resistance of the compression member is derived from
formulae (2.52 - 2.54):
σu 313, 3
N b. Rd = χ ⋅ A = 0, 753 ⋅ 5009 ⋅ = 1074, 2 kN
γ M1 1, 1
The equivalent uniform moment factor for constant moment is (Table 2.9):
βMψ = 1,1
Parametes µ and k are derived from the formula (2.58):
µ y = µ z = λ ⋅ ( 2β Mψ − 4) = 0, 654 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ 1, 1 − 4) = −1, 177
µ ⋅ N Sd 500000
k y = kz = 1- = 1 + 1, 177 = 1, 498 < 1, 5
χ y ⋅ A ⋅σu 0, 753 ⋅ 5009 ⋅ 313, 3
The bending resistance for a hollow section with dimensions 323,9 x 5 was calculated in
example 1e:
σu
Mc. Rd = Wel = 112, 6 kNm
γ M1
The resistance values calculated can be inserted in the interaction expression (2.60).
Allowing for the effect of torsion, the following result is obtained:
N Sd k y ⋅ M y.Sd k z ⋅ M z.Sd Mt .Sd
+ + +
N b.Rd Mc.Rd Mc.Rd Mt .b. Rd
500 1, 498 ⋅ 18 1, 498 ⋅ 18 6
= + + + = 0, 998 < 1, 0 OK!
1074, 2 112,6 112,6 112, 3
53
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
FSd
FSd
b)
FSd
With a concentrated load acting from one side only, the resistance of the one web of hollow
section is the smallest of the following [1]:
Ry. Rd = (ss + s y )t
fy
( 2.61)
γ M1
1 + 3s s
h - 3t
Ra. Rd = 0, 5t 2 E ⋅ fy ( 2.62)
γ M1
where
ss the width of the effective supporting surface determined by assuming that the
concentrated load is distributed in an 45° angle along continuous metal planes
2
σ f . Ed
sy = 2 b⋅t 1−
fy
b is the lesser of the flange width and 25 t
σ f . Ed is the bending stress in the flange
h is the web height
ss
≤ 0, 2
(h − 3t )
54
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 2
y;y;
Detail 1 Detail 2
FSd t
tw
FSd FSd
ri
FSd FSd
ri
t
tf
1:
1
1:
1
1:
1 Fillet weld
ss ss
;y
Figure 2.3 Width of effective supporting surface
The width of the effective supporting surface is calculated by the following formula, when the
corner rounding of the uppermost hollow section is filled by the weld (Figure 2.3, Detail 2):
ss = 2t + ( 2 − 2 ) ⋅ ri ( 2.63)
where
t is the wall thickness of the uppermost hollow section (Figure 2.3, Detail 2)
ri is the internal corner radius of the uppermost hollow section (Figure 2.3, Detail 2)
Alternatively, when load is transmitted from the I section (Figure 2.3, Detail 1):
ss = t w + 2t f + 2( 2 − 2 ) ⋅ ri (hot rolled I section) ( 2.64)
ss = t w + 2t f + 2 2 ⋅ ab (welded I section) ( 2.65)
where
Additionally, when bending moment is present the interaction expression must be checked [1]:
FSd M
+ Sd ≤ 1, 5 ( 2.66 )
Ra.Rd Mc.Rd
FSd
≤ 1, 0 ( 2.67 )
Ra.Rd
M Sd
≤ 1, 0 ( 2.68 )
Mc.Rd
55
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
With a concentrated load acting from both sides, the resistance of one web of the hollow
section for one web is the smallest of the following [1]:
Ry.Rd = (ss + s y )t
fy
( 2.69)
γ M1
fy
Rb.Rd = χ ⋅ beff ⋅t ( 2.70)
γ M1
where
Rb.Rd is the buckling resistance of the compression member formed by the web
χ is the buckling reduction factor in buckling class c
beff is the effective width of the web (Figure 2.4)
Formula (2.70) determines the compression resistance of the hollow section web by treating
the web as a compression member whose width is beff and height is h - 3t. The buckling length
is the web height h - 3t. The buckling load is calculated using the formulae (2.52) - (2.56)
presented in section 2.8.1.
Depending on the location of the concentrated load, the effective width of the web is calculated
as follows [1]:
a) concentrated load on the hollow section span
beff = h 2 + ss2
Ss
a)
beff
h
a Ss
b)
beff
beff
h
Example 12
Calculate the concentrated load resistance of the member shown in the adjacent figure
using hollow sections with dimensions 200 x 200 x 10 and 100 x 100 x 5. The steel grade
used is S355J2H.
The resistance is derived from the formulae (2.61) and (2.62), as the concentrated load
in the joint acts from one side only. Flange plates (t = 10 mm) increase the width of the
yy;;y;
effective supporting surface in proportion to their thickness.
FSd
Ss
FSd
Ss 100x100x5
0,5FSd 0,5FSd
y;y;
Ss Ss
200x200x10
For a hollow section with dimensions 200 x 200 x 10, the following result is obtained
(concentrated load acting on both webs):
Ry. Rd = 2(ss + s y )t
fy
γ M1
(
= 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 + ( 2 − 2 ) 5 + 2 ⋅ 10 + 2 ⋅ 10 + 2 200 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10 ⋅) 355
1, 1
= 918, 9 kN
1 + 3s s
h − 3t
Ra. Rd = 2 ⋅ 0, 5t 2 E ⋅ fy ⋅
γ M1
(1 + 3 ⋅ 0, 2) ss
= 1 ⋅ 10 2 210000 ⋅ 355 ⋅ = 1255, 9 kN ≤ 0, 2
1, 1 (h - 3t )
The resistance of the hollow section with dimensions 200 x 200 x 10 is the smallest of the
values calculated above, that is, RRd = 918,9 kN.
For the hollow section with dimensions 100 x 100 x 5, the following result is obtained
(concentrated load is distributed on webs):
Ry. Rd = 2 ⋅ (ss + s y )t
fy
γ M1
(
= 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 10 + ( 2 − 2 )15 + 2 ⋅ 10 + 2 ⋅ 10 + 2 100 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ) 355
1, 1
= 366, 3 kN
1 + 3s s
Ra. Rd = 2 ⋅ 0, 5t 2 E ⋅ fy ⋅
h − 3t = 5 2 ⋅ 210000 ⋅ 355 ⋅ (1 + 3 ⋅ 0, 2) = 314, 0 kN
γ M1 1, 1
57
Chapter 2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The resistance of the hollow section with dimensions 100 x 100 x 5 is the smallest of the
values calculated above, that is, RRd = 314 kN. The concentrated load resistance of the
entire joint is determined by the buckling of the web of the hollow section with
dimensions 100 x 100 x 5. Thus, the greatest allowed concentrated load value affecting
the joint is FSd = 314,0 kN.
2.11 References
[1] ENV 1993-1-1:Eurocode 3: Teräsrakenteiden suunnittelu. Osa 1-1: Yleiset säännöt ja
rakennuksia koskevat säännöt, 1993
(ENV 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1.1: General rules and rules
for buildings, 1993)
[2] ECCS: Technical Committee 8- Structural stability- Technical working group 8.4- Stability
of shells: Buckling of steel shells, European recommendations, 4th Edition, 1988
[3] CIDECT: Structural stability of hollow sections, Verlag TÜV Rheinland GmbH, Köln 1992
[4] CIDECT: Design guide for structural hollow sections in mechanical applications, Verlag
TÜV Rheinland GmbH, Köln 1995
[7] CIDECT: Research project No 2R-2-16: Buckling behaviour of a new generation of cold
formed hollow sections, Draft final report-2R-2-16 final, Aachen 1996
58
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 shows different types of uniplaner lattice structure joints. Joint in multiplaner frames
are dealt with in references [2] and [3]. The figures also feature the following parameters
essential for the joint design:
e is eccentricity g
g is gap g
q is overlap
e
-e
Eccentricity value is taken as positive when the neutral axes of the brace members intersect
the chord below the centre of gravity (Table 3.1). Eccentricity is negative when the intersection
is located above the chord’s centre of gravity (Table 3.1). The joint gap refers to the space
between the brace members. The joint is overlapped when the brace members are partially or
completely overlaid by each other. The overlap can also be expressed as a negative-value.
Eccentricity and gap are interrelated in the following manner [2]:
h sin(θ 1 + θ 2 )
g = e + 0
h1 h2
− − (3.1)
2 sin θ 1 sin θ 2 2 sin θ 1 2 sin θ 2
h1 h2 sin θ 1 sin θ 2 h0
e= + + g − ( 3.2)
2 sin θ 1 2 sin θ 2 sin(θ 1 + θ 2 ) 2
where
θi is the smaller of the angles between the brace member and the chord
hi is the height of the brace member
h0 is the height of the chord
59
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
N
g
θ1 θ2 θ1 θ2
e
q
-e
K g
θ1 θ2 θ1 θ2
q
-e
KT g1 g2
θ1 θ3 θ2 θ1 θ3 θ2
e=0
e
q1 q2
T
θ1
X θ1
Y
θ1
Table 3.2 presents different failure modes of hollow section lattice structures. The governing
failure mode depends on the dimensions of the chord and brace members, and on the joint
geometry.
60
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
61
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Before calculating the resistance of the joint, members must be designed according to their
loads (chapter 2). Joints are usually assumed pinned, so the brace members are designed for
axial force only. When calculating the resistance of the joint, the moments due to the
eccentricity of the joint need not be taken into account, if the eccentricity is between
where
However, when designing the chord, the moments due to the joint eccentricity must be taken
into account.
The chord face resistance is affected by the axial force and the bending moment. This function
is determined by using the parameter n [1]:
γ M 0 ⋅ γ Mj σ 0. Ed γ M 0 ⋅ γ Mj N 0.Sd M0.Sd
n= = +
1, 1 A0 ⋅ f y 0 Wel ⋅ f y 0
(3.4)
1, 1 fy0
where
σ 0. Ed is the greatest compression stress in the flange on the side of the joint
N 0.Sd is the axial force of the chord
M0.Sd is the bending moment of the chord
fy0 is the yield strength of the chord
In examples 13-17, the resistance of the joint is determined by using Tables 9.3.1, 9.3.2 and
9.3.3 in Appendix 9.3. When using the tables, it must be ascertained that the lattice members
and the joint geometry meet the validity conditions presented in the tables. The principle is to
calculate the resistance of the joint for different failure modes and select the smallest value as
the final resistance of the joint. The steel designation used in all examples is S355J2H. When
calculating the resistance of the hollow section lattice structure joints, the partial safety factor
γMj, is used with the value of 1.1.
The validity condition for the joint are met in examples 13-27, but their checking is not
presented in the examples.
In the tables in Appendix 9.3 and examples 13-27, it is assumed that the value of the
partial safety factor γM0 of the material is 1.1. The tables in Appendix 9.3 apply for steel
grades with the yield strength value of 355 N/mm2 or smaller.
62
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
Example 13
;; ;
The joint geometry and loading are as t1
follows: θ
h0
A1 = 1836 mm2
;
⇒ NRd = 1836 · 355/ 1,1 = 592,5 kN
Chord: 200 x 200 x 8, A0 = 5924 mm2 b0
N0.Sd = 936,4 kN (compression)
N1.Sd = 590 kN (tension)
θ = 45°
β = b1/ b0 = 100/ 200 = 0,5
η = h1/ b0 = 100/ 200 = 0,5
The chord axial force N0.Sd influences the resistance of the joint in the form of the term kn:
γ M 0 ⋅ γ Mj N 0.Sd 1, 1 936400
n= = = 0, 490
1, 1 A0 ⋅ f y 1 5924 ⋅ 355
0, 4n 0, 4 ⋅ 0, 490
kn = 1, 3 − = 1, 3 − = 0, 908
β 0, 5
63
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Example 14 b1
A T joint with a compression brace N1.Sd
member (Table 9.3.1).
;;;
The joint geometry and loading are the h1 θ t1
following:
Brace member: 100 x 100 x 5,
N0.Sd t0
A1 = 1836 mm2
h0
⇒ NRd = 1836 · 355/1,1 = 592,4 kN
;
Chord: 100 x 100 x 6, A0 = 2163 mm2
N0.Sd = 400 kN (compression) b0
N1.Sd = 350 kN (compression)
θ = 90°
β = b1/ b0 = 100/ 100= 1,0
γ M 0 ⋅ γ Mj N 0.Sd 1, 1 400000
n= = = 0, 573
1, 1 A0 ⋅ f y 1 2163 ⋅ 355
0, 4n 0, 4 ⋅ 0, 573
kn = 1, 3 − = 1, 3 − = 1, 07 > 1, 0 ⇒ kn = 1
β 1, 0
Note that the term kn is not relevant in this example, since the chord face yield is not the
governing failure mode (β > 0,85).
Chord web buckling
The chord web buckling may be a relevant failure mode for the design, since β is 1,0.
First, determine the buckling stress using buckling curve c:
h
= 3, 46 − 2
fy 1 100 355 1
λ = 3, 46 0 − 2 = 0, 664
t0 E(sinθ ) π 6 210000(sin 90) π
χ = 0, 747
N
fb = 0, 747 ⋅ 355 = 265, 2
mm 2
Now we can calculate the chord web resistance:
fb ⋅ t 0 2h1 265, 2 ⋅ 6 2 ⋅ 100
+ 10t 0 + 10 ⋅ 6
1 1
N1. Rd = = = 376, 1 kN
sin θ sin θ γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0 sin 90 sin 90 1, 1
Example 15
An X joint with compression brace members
(Table 9.3.1). b1
N1.Sd
The joint geometry and loading are as h1
;;
follows:
t1
Brace members: 180 x 180 x 6, θ
A1 = 4083 mm2 N0.Sd t0
h0
⇒ NRd = 4083 · 355/ 1,1 = 1318 kN
Chord: 200 x 200 x 8, A0 = 5924 mm2
;
N0.Sd = 620 kN (tension) ⇒ kn =1 b0
N1.Sd = 1000 kN (compression) h1
θ = 30°
β = b1 / b0 = 180/ 200 = 0,90
η = h1 / b0 = 180/ 200 = 0,90
γ = 0,5b0 / t0 = 0,5 · 200/ 8 = 12,5
a) β = 0,85
f y ⋅ t 02 2η
+ 4 1 − β kn
1, 1
N1. Rd =
(1 − β ) sin θ sin θ γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0
65
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
b) β = 1,0
h
= 3, 46 − 2
fy 1 200 355 1
λ = 3, 46 0 − 2 = 1, 473
t0 E(sinθ ) π 8 210000(sin 30) π
χ = 0, 323
N
fb = 0, 323 ⋅ 0, 8 ⋅ sin 30 ⋅ 355 = 45, 87
mm 2
f ⋅ t 2h 45, 87 ⋅ 8 2 ⋅ 180
= b 0 1 + 10t 0 + 10 ⋅ 8
1 1
N1. Rd = = 533, 8 kN
sin θ sin θ γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0 sin 30 sin 30 1, 1
Now, determine the chord resistance by interpolation using the values calculated above:
Chord shear
Next, check the chord shear resistance:
f y ⋅ Av 1 355 ⋅ 3200 1
N1. Rd = = = 1192, 5 kN
3 sin θ γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0 3 sin 30 1, 1
Resistance of joint
The resistance of the joint is the smallest of the above values, that is,
N1.Rd = 1022,4 kN > N1.Sd OK !
66
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
Example 16
A gapped K joint (Table 9.3.2).
The joint geometry and loading are as N1.Sd N2.Sd b1,2
h1 h2
follows:
;;
g
t1,2
Brace members:150 x 150 x 6, θ1 θ2
A1 = 3363 mm2 N0.Sd t0
⇒ NRd = 3363 · 355/ 1,1 = 1085 kN
h0
e
Chord: 200 x 200 x 8, A0 = 5924 mm2
;
θ1 =θ2 = 45° b0
N0.Sd = 1363,6 kN (compression)
N1.Sd = 600 kN (compression)
N2.Rd = 600 kN (tension)
γ M 0 ⋅ γ Mj N 0.Sd 1, 1 1363600
n= = = 0, 713
1, 1 A0 ⋅ f y 1 5924 ⋅ 355
0, 4n 0, 4 ⋅ 0, 713
kn = 1, 3 − = 1, 3 − = 0, 920
β 0, 75
200
γ = 0, 5 ⋅ = 12, 5
8
β = 150 / 200= 0,75 < 1 – (1/γ)= 0,92, so the chord punching shear must be checked.
67
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chord shear
Obtain the following value for the shear resistance of the entire chord:
Av = (2h0 + α · b0)t0 = (2 · 200+ 0,241 · 200)8 = 3586 mm2
1 1
α= = = 0, 241
4g 2 4 ⋅ 27 , 9 2
1+ 2 1+
3t 0 3 ⋅ 82
f y ⋅ Av 1, 1 355 ⋅ 3586 1
N1. Rd = = = 944, 9 kN
3 sin θ γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0 3 sin 45 1, 1
f y ⋅ t 0 2h1
+ b1 + bep
1, 1
N1. Rd =
3 sin θ sin θ γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0
355 ⋅ 8 2 ⋅ 150
+ 150 + 60
1
= = 1337 , 1 kN
3 sin 45 sin 45 1, 1
68
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
69
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Example 17a
A gapped K joint (Table 9.3.3). N1.Sd N2.Sd b1,2
The joint geometry and loading are as
;;
follows:
h1
h2
θ1 θ 2 t1,2
Brace members: 140 x 140 x 6, A1 = 3123 t0
N0.Sd
mm2
h0
q
⇒ NRd = 3123 · 355/1,1 = 1008 kN
-e
;
Chord: 180 x 180 x 8, A0 = 5284 mm2 b0
θ1 =θ2 = 60°
N0.Sd = 1500 kN (tension)
N1.Sd = 800 kN (compression)
N2.Sd = 800 kN (tension)
e = –30 mm > –0,55h0 = –99 mm (joint eccentricity is within the limits allowed in
Appendix 9.3)
(
N1. Rd = f y ⋅ t1 2h1 − 4t1 + be + be( ov )) 1, 1
γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0
1
= 355 ⋅ 6( 2 ⋅ 140 − 4 ⋅ 6 + 83 + 60) = 772, 5 kN
1, 1
70
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
Brace member: 100 x 100 x 5, A1 = 1836 mm2 Figure 3.2a A lower corner
⇒ NRd = 1836 · 355/ 1,1 = 592,4 kN joint in a lattice structure
2
Chord: 150 x 150 x 6, A0 = 3360 mm
θ1 = 90°
θ2 = 45°
N1.Sd = 500 kN (compression)
The joint must be designed in such a manner that eccentricity e = 0.
N1.Sd
The following overlap value is obtained:
h sin(θ 1 + θ 2 ) h2
q = − e + 0
h1
− − = 81, 1 mm
2 sin θ 1 ⋅ sin θ 2 2 sin θ 1 2 sin θ 2
sin(θ 1 ) sin( 90)
λ ov = q = 81, 1 = 0, 81 θ1 θ2
h1 100
q
Brace member failure
Now λov > 0,8, so the following value for Figure 3.2b The calculation
the effective width is obtained: model
10b1 ⋅ t 22 10 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 6 2
be( ov ) = = = 48 mm ≤ b1
b2 ⋅ t1 150 ⋅ 5
N1. Rd (
= f y ⋅ t1 2h1 − 4t1 + be + be( ov )) 1, 1
γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0
1
= 355 ⋅ 5( 2 ⋅ 100 − 4 ⋅ 5 + 100 + 48) = 529, 3 kN
1, 1
71
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The joint of a circular brace member to a circular chord is designed according to Tables 9.3.4,
9.3.5 and 9.3.6 presented in Appendix 9.3. Otherwise, lattice structures constructed of circular
hollow sections are designed by the same principles as square and rectangular hollow
sections, presented in section 3.1.1. When determining the resistance of the joint, the moments
due to joint eccentricity need not be taken into account, if the eccentricity is between:
where
However, when designing the chord, the moments due to joint eccentricity need to be taken
into account.
The chord axial force and bending moment influence the chord face resistance. This function is
determined by parameter np.
γ M 0 ⋅ γ Mj σ p. Ed γ M 0 ⋅ γ Mj N p.Sd M0.Sd
np = = A ⋅f + (3.10)
1, 1 fy0 1, 1 0 y 0 Wel ⋅ f y 0
where
σ p. Ed is the chord compression stress due to force Np.Sd and bending moment M0.Sd
72
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
Example 18
A T or a Y joint (Table 9.3.4).
The joint geometry and loading are as follows: N1.Sd
;
;;;;
;;;
Brace member: 168,3 x 5, A1 = 2565 mm2
;;
d1 θ t1
⇒ NRd = 2565 · 355/ 1,1 = 827,8 kN
t0
Chord: 219,1 x 10, A0 = 6569 mm2 Np.Sd
θ = 90°
d0
N1.Sd = 450 kN (compression)
Np.Sd = 1018,2 kN (compression)
( ) ( )
k p = 1, 0 − 0, 3 n p + n p2 = 1, 0 − 0, 3 0, 48 + 0, 48 2 = 0, 79
168, 3
β= = 0, 77
219, 1
219, 1
γ = = 11, 0
20
73
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Example 19
An X joint (Table 9.3.4). N1.Sd
The joint geometry and loading are as follows:
; ;
;;;;
;;
Brace members: 193,7 x 6, A1 = 3538 mm2
d1 θ t1
;
⇒ NRd = 3538 · 355/ 1,1 = 1142 kN Np.Sd
t0
d0
Chord: 219,1 x 10, A0 = 6569 mm2
;
θ = 90° d1
N1.Sd = 450 kN
;
Np.Sd = 1018,2 kN (compression)
N1.Sd
1, 1 1018200
⇒ np = = 0, 48
1 355 ⋅ 6569
kp = 1,0 – 0,3(np+np2)
= 1,0– 0,3(0,48+ 0,482) = 0,79
β = 193,7/ 219,1 = 0,884
74
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
Example 20
An overlapped K joint (Table 9.3.5).
The joint geometry and loading are as N1.Sd N2.Sd
;;;;
follows:
d1 g
Chord: 219,1 x 10, A0 = 6569 mm2 d2
θ2 t1,2
;
θ1
;; ;
Brace members: 168,3 x 5 (compression
;;
member) t0
Np.Sd
⇒ N1.Rd = 2565 · 355/ 1,1 = 827,8 kN
d0
139,7 x 5 (tension member)
⇒ N2.Rd = 2116 · 355/ 1,1 = 682,9 kN
θ1 =50°
θ2 = 60°
N1.Sd = 600kN (compression)
N2.Sd = 530,7 kN (tension)
Np.Sd = 636,4 kN (compression)
1, 1 636400
⇒ np = = 0, 30
1 355 ⋅ 6569
kp = 1,0 – 0,3(np + np 2) = 1,0 – 0,3(0,30+ 0,302) = 0,88
β = (168,3+139,7)/ (2 · 219,1) = 0,703
γ = 219,1/ 20 = 11.0
g = 25 mm
e = 42,6 mm [formula (3.2)]
e < 0,25d0 = 54,8 mm OK !
75
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Example 21
An overlapped K joint (Table 9.3.6).
The joint geometry and loading are as follows: N1.Sd N2.Sd
d1,2
Brace members: 139,7 x 5, A1 = 2116 mm2
;
;;;;
; ;;
d1 d2 t1,2
⇒ NRd = 2116 · 355 / 1,1 = 682,9 kN
Chord: 219,1 x 10, A0 = 6569 mm2
θ1 = 40°
θ2 = 50°
N1.Sd = 600 kN (compression)
N2.Sd = 503,5 kN (tension)
;; d0
θ1
Np.Sd
q
θ2
t0
76
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
77
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.9 in Appendix 9.3 includes the formulae for determining the bending resistance of
square and rectangular hollow sections for loads both parallel and perpendicular to the chord
axis. The combined effect of the axial force and bending moment are accounted for by the in-
teraction expression [1]:
N1.Sd Mip.1.Sd Mop.1.Sd
+ + ≤1 (3.11)
N1. Rd Mip.1. Rd Mop.1. Rd
where
Example 22
A compression and bending T joint (Table
9.3.9). Mip.1.Sd
The joint members and loading b1
are the following: N1.Sd
Chord: 150 x 150 x 6
NRd = 3363 · 355/ 1,1 = 1085 kN
MRd = 180 · 355/ 1,1 = 58,1 kNm
Brace member: 150 x 150 x 6
NRd = 3363 · 355/ 1,1 = 1085 kN
MRd = 180 · 355/ 1,1 = 58,1 kNm
Loads:
;;;
; h0
h1
θ t1
t0
b0
Mip.1.Sd = 15 kNm
N1.Sd = 150 kN
β = b1/ b0 = 150/ 150 = 1,0
79
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.10 in Appendix 9.3 presents the formulae for determining the moment resistance of
circular tubes for loads both parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the frame. The combined
effect of axial force and bending moment is allowed for by using the following interaction
expression [1]:
2
N1.Sd Mip.1.Sd Mop.1.Sd
+ + ≤1 (3.12)
N1. Rd Mip.1. Rd Mop.1. Rd
Moreover, the resistance of the joint for the axial force (section 3.1) and the bending moment
must be checked separately (section 3.2).
Mip.1.Sd
Example 23
A compression and tension T joint. N1.Sd
;; ;
; ;
The joint members and loading are as
follows:
Chord: 219,1 x 5
;
;;
NRd = 3363 · 355/ 1,1 = 1085 kN d1 t1
MRd = 229 · 355/ 1,1 = 73,9 kNm
;
Brace member: 219,1 x 5 Np.Sd
d0
Now, the calculated resistance values are substituted in the interaction expression
(3.12):
2
N1.Sd Mip.1.Sd
2
70 30
+ = + = 0, 983 < 1, 0 OK!
N1. Rd Mip.1. Rd 230, 4 36, 4
81
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 3
The weldability of structural steels is good with all welding procedures. Preheating is necessary
only if the external temperature is below 5 °C or if the hollow sections are damp. Instructions
for selecting the form of the backing and grooves are given in Tables 3.3 and 3.4.
Table 3.3 Welded end-to-end joints with equal wall thicknesses [4]
Groove type Wall α b c Backing
thickness thickness
Without backing plate
t ≤ 3 mm 0° t - -
t
3 ≤ t ≤ 20 mm 60° 0 ≤ b ≤ 3 mm - -
α
t
α t ≤ 20 mm 60° 0 ≤ b ≤ 4 mm 1,5 ≤ c ≤ 4 mm -
t
b
c
t0 = 5 mm 0° 5 ≤ b ≤ 6 mm - 3 < t1 ≤ 5 mm
t0
t0 = 6 mm 0° 6 ≤ b ≤ 8 mm - 3 < t1 ≤ 6 mm
t1
b
c
t1
82
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
Table 3.4 Welded end-to-end joints with different wall thicknesses [4]
Groove type Difference in thicknesses α β
t2 - t1 ≤ 0,5 t2 ≤ 3 mm 60°- 80° -
α
t2
t1
t2
t2
t2
b
β
83
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
g)
When designing a joint, it is essential to ensure that the load is as concentric as possible in
relation to the cross section and that the rigidity of the joint components is uniform. In this
respect, a tension joint is best constructed using the alternatives b, c, f or g. In these joint
types, the tension load is transmitted more directly to the hollow section than in joints a, d or e,
which also include the risk of lamellar tearing. In the flange joints d and e, a sufficient flange
thickness must be selected to minimize the bolt prying forces due to flange elasticity.
84
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
a
elements, in which the bolts are placed at
;;;
opposite sides of the hollow section (Figure d0
3.5). Due to the tension load, a plastic hinge is
formed in the flanges at the bolt rows and the t0
b
hollow section walls. The tension resistance of NSd NSd
the flange can be determined using the plastic
bred
flange moment. When determining the loading
on bolts, the prying force due to flange
bending must be accounted for.
where
d
δ = 1− 0
p
ared
Figure 3.5 Flange plate connection
(3.13)
Parameter αh accounts for the effect of holes on the flange plastic moment values at the bolt
location, when the tensile force of the bolts is assumed equal to their tension resistance [2]:
K ⋅ Bt . Rd a + 0, 5d
αh = 2 − 1 δ ( a + b + t ) (3.14)
tp 0
where
4bred ⋅ γ M 0
K =
0, 9 f y ⋅ p
bred b − 0, 5d + t 0 (the bolt row lever arm by the plastic hinge)
b is the distance of the bolts from the hollow section edge
a is the distance of bolts from the flange edge
d is the diameter of the bolt
t0 is the thickness of the hollow section wall
Bt . Rd is the tensile resistance of bolts or the punching resistance of the flange
[Eurocode 3:6.5.5.4] [1] (select the smaller value)
fy is the yield strength of the flange
85
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
For the flange thickness, the following minimum and maximum values are obtained [2]:
K ⋅ Nt .Sd
≤ tp ≤ K ⋅ Nt .Sd (3.15)
1+δ
where
The resistance of the joint can be determined by expressing the work done in the plastic hinges
equal to the work done by the external load [2]:
t p2 (1 + δ ⋅ α h )n
N Rd = (3.16 )
K
where
Due to the prying effect, the axial force introduced to the bolt is greater than Nt.Sd. This axial
force in the bolt is expressed with the symbol Np.Sd [2]:
b δ ⋅α p
N p.Sd = Nt .Sd 1 + red (3.17 )
ared 1 + δ ⋅ α p
where
ared = a + 0, 5d ≤ 1, 25b + 0, 5d
K ⋅ Nt .Sd 1
αp = 2 − 1δ
tp
The axial force Np.Sd must be smaller than the tension resistance of the bolt.
86
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
Example 24
Calculate the tension resistance of the adjacent a b bred ared
flange plate joint which is subjected to axial force
;;; p/2
NSd = 1086 kN. The hollow section dimensions are
120 x 120 x 8, and the steel grade used is S355J2H.
d0
The steel grade used in the flange is S355J2.
p
The strength grade of the M 27 bolts is 10.9. The t0
; p/2 p
flange hole position parameters are:
d0 = 30 mm
p = 90 mm
⇒ δ = 1– (d0/ p) = 1– (30/ 90)= 0,67 NSd
b = 45 mm
d = 27 mm
t0 = 8 mm
⇒ bred = b– 0,5d + t0 = 45– 0,5 · 27+ 8 = 39,5 mm
K = 4bred ·γM0 /(0,9fy · p) = 4· 39,5· 1,1/ (0,9 · 345 · 90)
= 6,22 mm2/ kN
(tp > 16 mm ⇒ fy = 345 N/mm2)
a = 45 mm NSd
⇒ ared = a+ 0,5d = 45+ 0,5 · 27 = 58,5 mm
where
As is the tension cross section of the bolt
fub is the ultimate strength of the bolt
γMb is the partial safety factor for bolt joints (chapter 2)
Flange resistance
The minimum and maximum values for the flange thickness are obtained by the formula
(3.15):
K ⋅ Nt .Sd
≤ t p ≤ K ⋅ Nt .Sd
1+δ
6, 22 ⋅ 181
≤ t p ≤ 6, 22 ⋅ 181
1 + 0, 67
26 mm ≤ t p ≤ 33,6 mm
Resistance of bolts
The tensile resistance of the bolts is checked, with the prying effect taken into account by
the formula (3.17):
K ⋅ Nt .Sd 1 6, 22 ⋅ 181 1
αp = 2 − 1 δ = 28 2 − 1 0, 67 = 0, 651
tp
b δ ⋅α p 39, 5 0, 67 ⋅ 0, 651
N p.Sd = Nt .Sd 1 + red = 181 1 +
ared 1 + δ ⋅ α p 58, 5 1 + 0, 67 ⋅ 0, 651
= 218, 1 kN < 330 kN OK!
Resistance of welds
The resistance of a fillet weld is calculated as shown in Eurocode 3, subsection 6.6.5.3
fu ⋅ a ⋅ Lw
Fw. Rd = (3.18 )
3 ⋅ β w ⋅ γ Mw
where
fu is the ultimate strength of the weaker joint component
a is the thickness of the weld throat
Lw is the length of the weld
βw is the strength factor (S355 ⇒ βw = 0,9) [1]
γ Mw is the partial safety factor of the welded joints (chapter 2)
In the example, the hollow section is welded to the flange from all edges. In such cases,
the required throat thickness is:
3 ⋅ β w ⋅ γ Mw ⋅ N Sd 3 ⋅ 0, 9 ⋅ 1, 25 ⋅ 1086
a= = = 9, 0 mm
fu ⋅ Lw 490 ⋅ 480
The joint resistance is sufficient for an axial force of 1086 kN, which is also the plastic
tension resistance of the 120 x 120 x 8 hollow section.
88
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
f3
10
e1
d0 e2
; ;
8
tp
6
t0
4
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
The required flange thickness for a circular hollow section is calculated from the following
formula [3]:
2 ⋅ N Sd ⋅ γ M 0
tp ≥ (3.19)
f y ⋅ π ⋅ f3
where
f3 is the shape coefficient of the flange (Figure 3.5)
N Sd is the design value for the tensile force of the joint
fy is the yield strength of the flange
1 1
N Sd 1 − +
f3 r1
f 3 ⋅ ln
r2
n≥ (3.20)
0, 67 ⋅ Bt . Rd
where
r1 = 0, 5d0 + 2e1
r2 = 0, 5d0 + e1
89
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
a2
a lattice structure. Since the load is parallel to
the plates, there is no risk of lamellar tearing
of the splices (Figure 3.7). a1 a1
The resistance of the joint is determined NSd NSd
separately for bolts and splices. The bolts
t
transfer the force affecting the joint by their Lv Lv
shear resistance. The bolt’s shear resistance
per shear plane is determined from the
following formula, assuming the shear plane Figure 3.7 In-line joint with splice plates
does not pass through the threaded portion
of the bolt [1]:
0, 6 fub ⋅ A
Fv. Rd = (3.21)
γ Mb
where
The tension resistance of the splice plates is calculated by taking into account both the net
cross section and the bearing resistance. The resistance of the net cross section can be
calculated by the same principle as that of a hollow section in tension (chapter 2). The bearing
resistance of a splice plate depends on the positioning of the holes and the strength of the
bolts. This relationship is illustrated by the parameter α, obtained as the minimum value from
the following equation [1]:
e1
3d
0
p 1
α = min 1 − ( 3.22)
3d 0 4
fub
fu
however, α ≤ 1,0
where
90
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
The bearing resistance of a double shear joint per one bolt is determined from the equation [1]:
2, 5 ⋅ α ⋅ fu ⋅ d ⋅ t
Fb. Rd = (3.23)
γ Mb
where
Addihonally, the resistance for block shear failure of the splice in the middle must be checked.
The design value for block shear failure is determined from the formula [1]:
f y ⋅ Av.eff
Veff . Rd = (3.24)
3γ M 0
In this case, the effective shear area Av.eff can be calculated from the following formula [1]:
f
Av.eff = t ⋅ Lv.eff = t 2( Lv + a1 ) + ( a2 − k ⋅ d0 ) u (3.25)
f y
f
however Lv.eff ≤ 2( Lv + 5d ) + ( a 2 − k ⋅ d0 ) u
fy
where
91
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Example 25
Calculate the tension resistance of the e1 p1
e2
adjacent joint. The dimensions of the hollow
section are 150 x 150 x 6,3, and the steel NSd NSd
a2
hp
p2
designation used is S355J2H.
t1
t2
The parameters of the joint geometry are: NSd NSd
t1 = 20 mm Lv a1
t2 = 10 mm
d = 24 mm
d0 = 26 mm
a1 = e1= e2 = 40 mm
Lv = a2 = p1 = p2 = 80 mm
hp = 160 mm
2, 5 ⋅ α ⋅ fu ⋅ d ⋅ t 2, 5 ⋅ 0, 513 ⋅ 490 ⋅ 24 ⋅ 20
Fb. Rd = = = 241, 3 kN
γ Mb 1, 25
Now there are 4 bolts per plate, so the bearing resistance is:
92
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
Resistance of welds
Design the fillet welds with a throat thickness of 5 mm applying formula (3.18). The axial
force introduced into the weld is assumed equal to the hollow section plastic tension
resistance. The plastic tension resistance of a hollow section with dimensions 150 x 150
x 6,3 is [1]:
Resistance of joints
The entire resistance of the joint is then determined by the resistance of the net cross
section:
Ft.Rd = 762 kN
93
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
A hollow section or an I profile can be joined to a hollow section column by several different
;
methods, as shown in Figures 3.8-3.16. Introducing rigidity to the joint requires the use of end
plates, which means that the tolerance on length must be more rigorous. In structures with
multiple bays, the variation of length may accumulate, and the length deviation must be evened
out with intermediate plates. More flexible joints in which bolts transmit the shear forces allow
for greater adjustment. However, even in flexible joints, it is important to take into account the
moments due to the eccentricity of shear force in the design of the column.
;;
stiffened with a plate, which then transfers the shear force,
through contact in bearing, to the stiff portion of the
support component. The joint is suitable mainly for beams
with minor shear force.
94
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.11a
Figure 3.11b
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
; ;
resistance is equal to that of the incoming hollow section.
When the flange is made from ordinary structural steel, it Figure 3.12
is advisable to select such plate thicknesses and bolt
dimensions that the thread of the bolt reaches up the
threaded hole at least by the length of the bolt’s nominal
diameter, but the end of the bolt does not touch the
column wall. The column wall thickness should not be
included in the effective thread length, if the holes are
drilled and threaded after the plate is welded. a) b)
;; ;;
;;;;
;;
Figure 3.13 The joint shown in figure 3.13 can be made by
Figure 3.13
threading the holes that are made in the column wall by
;
thermodrilling (Figure 3.13 a). In thermodrilling, the hollow a) b)
section wall is thickened next to the hole, so a sufficient
length for the thread is obtained. An alternative is to use
expansion bolts with the bolt holes drilled as usual (Figure
3.13 b). The expansion bolts press against the tube wall
when the bolt is tightened.
Figure 3.14
Detail 1
Detail 1
;
Figure 3.15 This figure illustrates an end-to-end joint of a
; ;;
ga
chord of a lattice structure. Diagonals should not be
welded to the end flanges, but to the chord. The actual
gap (ga) of the joint is the distance between diagonal weld
and the chord flange weld. The gap must meet the
requirements given in the tables in Appendix 9.3. Figure 3.15
;;
;
Figure 3.16 Figures a and b show beam-to-column joints
in which the beam is continuous. For the proper
functioning of this kind of joint, it is essential that the loads
during erection and use of the structure are close to Figure 3.16a
symmetrical. When bending moments and shear forces
are unequal, the column must be sufficiently strong to
resist bending. The column flange plate joint is taken as a
hinge in relation to buckling, unless the rigidity of the joint
is increased with specific methods.
Figure 3.16b
95
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
;;;
- shear resistance of the column web
- tension resistance of flanges and bolts
;
the bending resistance of the entire joint.
The column web bending resistance can be estimated using the formulae for welded lattice
joints (Table 9.3.9). When the column and the beam are of equal width, the following bending
resistance is obtained [1]:
1, 1
Mip.1. Rd = 0, 5 f y ⋅ t 0 (h1 + 5t 0 )
2
(3.26 )
γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0
where
where
f y ⋅ Av
Vpl. Rd = (design value of the column shear resistance, section 2.4)
3 ⋅γ M0
h1 is height of the column
t1 is the thickness of the beam flange
96
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
The resistance of flanges and bolts can be estimated by calculating the resistance of the joint
between the flange and hollow section using equivalent T models. Equivalent T models
consist of a column and a flange, and a hollow section and a flange. There are three potential
failure modes for a T model. According to these modes, the tension resistance values of the
;;;
;; ;
;; ;
bolt row are as follows. (Figure 3.17) [1]:
Ft.Rd Ft.Rd Ft.Rd
a) b) c)
;
e m m e
Ft.Rd Ft.Rd
Ft.Rd
Figure 3.17 Failure modes for an equivalent T model. Ft.Rd is the force of the bolt row in
the tension area of the joint.
a) flange yield at the location of the bolt row and at the hollow section webs
4 M pl. Rd
Ft . Rd = (3.28 )
m
where
97
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The effective length of the bolt row depends on the shape of the flange’s yield line pattern.
From the following equations, select the one giving the smallest result [1]:
Leff = 2π ⋅ m (all bolts) (3.31)
Leff = 4m + 1, 25e (all bolts) (3.32)
(the uppermost and lowermost bolt row, if there are
Leff = 0, 5 p + 2m + 0, 625e several rows) (3.33a )
Leff = p (other bolt rows, if there are several rows) (3.33b )
where
The bending resistance of the joint is obtained by multiplying the tension resistance values of
the horizontal bolt rows by the distance of the bolt rows from the centre of compression. Only
the bolt rows in the tension zone are considered. The tension zone of the joint is located above
the neutral axis of the hollow section. The following value for bending resistance is therefore
obtained [1]:
M Rd = ∑ ( Ft . Rd )i (hr )i (3.34)
i
where
98
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
50
plate joint. The column dimensions are 200 x 200
x 6,3 and those of the hollow section are 300 x
MSd
50 200
200 x 8. The steel grade used is S355J2H. The
hr
flange thickness is 20 mm. The steel grade used
in the flanges is S355J2. The strength grade of
;;;
the M22 bolts is 8.8.
The bending resistance values of the joint
50
components are:
300 x 200 x 8: M1.Rd = 244 kNm
;
300
200 x 200 x 6,3: M0.Rd = 110 kNm
Usually, the joint also includes shear force,
which must be taken into account in the joint
design.
By multiplying the shear resistance by the height of the hollow section, the moment
resistance for the column web is obtained [formula(3.27)]:
Since the latter formula gave the smallest value, it is used as the effective length of the
bolt row Leff = 262,5 mm.
Then, substitute the effective length of the bolt row in the failure mode equations for the
T stub [formulae (3.28) - (3.30)]:
0, 25 Leff ⋅ f y ⋅ t p2 0, 25 ⋅ 262, 5 ⋅ 345 ⋅ 20 2
M pl. Rd = = = 8, 233 kNm
γ M0 1, 1
99
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
a) flange yield at the location of the bolt row and at the hollow section web
4 M pl. Rd 4 ⋅ 8, 233
Ft . Rd = = = 658, 6 kN
m 50
We see that the failure mode to be used in the design is therefore bolt failure with flange
yielding Ft.Rd = 339,2 kN. It is normally recommended to design the flange joint so that
the flanges yield before the bolts fail. The failure mode is then ductile. For flanges and
bolts, the joint bending resistance is [formula (3.34)]:
Design of welds
The welds must transfer the tensile force due to bending moment into the hollow
section’s upper flange
NSd = MRd / 0,3 = 278,1 kN. The fillet weld is provided across the width of the entire
column (200 mm), which gives a required throat thickness of:
3 ⋅ β w ⋅ γ Mw ⋅ N Sd 3 ⋅ 0, 9 ⋅ 1, 25 ⋅ 278, 1
a≥ = = 5, 5 mm
fu ⋅ Lw 490 ⋅ 200
100
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
40
joint.
The dimensions of the hollow sections are 200 x
40 120
200 x 6,3, and the steel grade used S355J2H. At
the end of the hollow section, the joint is
subjected to a force FSd = 150 kN. The thickness 40 40
of the splice plate is 15 mm, and the strength
grade of the M20 bolts is 8.8. NSd
;
The vertical load introduces a bending moment
into the column:
MSd = 150 · 0,04 = 6 kNm
The axial force of the column is:
NSd = 300 kN (compression)
Fb. Rd =
e p 1 f
α = min 1 ; 1 − ; ub ≤ 1, 0
3d0 3d0 4 fu
= min[0, 606; 1, 568; 1,632 ] = 0, 606 ≤ 1, 0
2, 5 ⋅ α ⋅ fu ⋅ d ⋅ t 2, 5 ⋅ 0, 606 ⋅ 490 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 15
γ Mb
=
1, 25
2 bolts ⇒ Fb.Rd = 2 · 133,7= 267,4 kN > Fsd OK !
490
= 15 120 + 40 + ( 40 − 0, 5 ⋅ 22) = 3000 mm 2
355
f
Lv.eff = 200 mm ≤ ( Lv + a1 + a3 − n ⋅ d0 ) u = 215, 3 mm
fy
Lv.eff = 200 mm ≤ ( Lv + a1 + a3 ) = 200 mm
a1 = 40 mm ≤ 5d = 100 mm
The resistance to block shear failure is obtained by substituting in the formula (3.24):
f y ⋅ Av.eff 355 ⋅ 3000
Veff . Rd = = = 559, 0 kN > FSd OK!
3 ⋅γ M0 3 ⋅ 1, 1
101
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Resistance of welds
The weld between the column and the splice must transfer the force FSd vertically and the
tensile force due to moment MSd horizontally. Therefore determine the stress components
of the weld:
FSd
τ ll = (3.35)
a⋅L
M Sd t 1
τ⊥ = σ⊥ = ⋅ ⋅ (3.36 )
Wel a 2
where
τ ll is the shear stress parallel to the weld axis
τ⊥ is the shear stress perpendicular to the weld axis
σ⊥ is the axial force perpendicular to the weld design surface
102
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
( )
σ ⊥2 + 3 τ ⊥2 + τ ll2 ≤
fu
β w ⋅ γ Mw
(3.37 )
fu
σ⊥ ≤ (3.38 )
γ Mw
Try a throat thickness of 3 mm, which gives the following weld stresses (fillet welds on
both faces of the plate):
FSd 150000 N
τ ll = = = 125
2a ⋅ L 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 200 mm 2
M t 1 6000 t 1 N
τ ⊥ = σ ⊥ = Sd ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = 106, 1
Wel 2a 2 100 2 ⋅ 3 2 mm 2
( )
σ ⊥2 + 3 τ ⊥2 + τ ll2 = 303, 2
N
≤
fu
=
490
mm 2 β w ⋅ γ Mw 0, 9 ⋅ 1, 25
= 435, 6
N
mm 2
OK!
N fu 490 N
σ ⊥ = 106, 1 2 ≤ = = 392 OK!
mm γ Mw 1, 25 mm 2
The same throat thickness can be used in the weld between the hollow section end plate
and the splice.
103
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
It is usual to provide a nominally pinned joint. It is seldom necessary to design a freely rotating
joint (Figure 3.18a) however as the base plate (Figure 3.18b) can be made sufficiently flexible.
The moment at the base of the column need not be taken into account in the design when the
joint is sufficiently flexible.
Reinforcing a rigid joint with stiffeners is seldom an economical alternative. It is usually more
efficient to increase the thickness of the base plate.
;;
;
;;
Figure 3.18
a) b)
The area is calcutated for axial force concentric with base plate. When the axial force is
eccentric, the base plate area must be reduced. Only the portion of the base plate concentric to
the axial force is included in the reduced area. The base pressure must be less than the
concrete compression resistance.
104
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
The pressure under the baseplate induces a bending moment into the base plate. The base
plate can be treated as a cantilever whose length is the distance between the hollow section
wall and the plate edge. When calculating the elastic plate resistance, we obtain the following
condition for the base plate thickness [1]:
6M Sd ⋅ γ M 0 3p ⋅γ M0
tp ≥ = a1 (3.40)
b ⋅ fy fy
;;
where
M Sd
b
a1
tp
fy
γ M0
=
b ⋅ p ⋅ a12
2
is the width of the base plate
is the length of the cantilever
is the thickness of the base plate
is the yield strength of the base plate
is the safety factor of the material
In addition, the load during erection should be checked, which is when the holding down bolts
transfer the forces to the foundation.
NSd
a1
where
As is the stress cross-section of the foundation bolts (on the tension face)
f yb is the dimensioning valve for the foundation bolts
fcd is the design value for the compression strength of concrete
beff is the effective width of the bottom plate on the compression side
105
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Using this pair of equations, we can determine the length of the concrete compression area y
and the required stress cross-section of the holding down bolts As:
y=
beff ⋅ fcd ⋅ d ± (−beff ⋅ fcd ⋅ d ) 2 − 2beff ⋅ fcd [ MSd + NSd (d − 0, 5a)] (3.43)
beff ⋅ fcd
The holding down bolts have no tensile force if the formula (3.41) yields a negative value for
Ns. The bending load of the base plate is created from the distribution of stresses in the
compression area.
The base plate thickness is determined similarly as in section 3.5.1, except the tension load for
the holding down bolts most also be checked. The holding down bolts may be subjected to
some tension, if the moment is high and the axial force is low. In addition, the load during erec-
tion must also be checked.
Example 28 MSd
Calculate the joint resistance of a hollow section
with dimensions 200 x 200 x 8. The steel grade NSd VSd
used is S355J2H, and the design value for the
compression resistance of concrete is 14 N/mm2.
The base plate dimensions are a x b = 400 x 400.
The steel grade used in the holding down bolts is
S355. The column is subjected to the following
p2
p1
loads:
a
NSd = 1500 kN
MSd = 35 kNm
VSd = 100 kN
;
First, determine whether the holding down bolts
b
y=
beff ⋅ fcd ⋅ d ± (−beff ⋅ fcd ⋅ d ) 2 − 2beff ⋅ fcd [ MSd + NSd (d − 0, 5a)]
beff ⋅ fcd
y=
[
400 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 350 ± ( −400 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 350) 2 − 2 ⋅ 400 ⋅ 14 35 ⋅ 10 6 + 1500 ⋅ 10 3 ( 350 − 0, 5 ⋅ 400) ]
400 ⋅ 14
106
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 3
The thickness of the base plate is obtained by substituting the bending moment MSd into
the formula (3.40):
6 M Sd ⋅ γ M 0 6 ⋅ 28 ⋅ 1, 1
tp ≥ = = 36, 6 mm ⇒ select tp = 35 mm
b ⋅ fy 400 ⋅ 345
107
Chapter 3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
3.6 References
[1] ENV 1993-1-1:Eurocode 3: Teräsrakenteiden suunnittelu, Osa 1-1: Yleiset säännöt ja
rakennuksia koskevat säännöt, 1993 (Sisältää myös liitteen K: ENV 1993-1-1:1992/
A1:1994)
(ENV 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1.1: General rules and rules
for buildings, 1993)
(Include also annex K: ENV 1993-1-1:1992/ A1:1994)
[2] CIDECT: Design guide for rectangular hollow section joints under predominantly static
loading, Verlag TÜV Rheinland GmbH, Köln 1992
[3] CIDECT: Design guide for circular hollow section joints under predominantly static loading,
Verlag TÜV Rheinland GmbH, Köln 1991
[4] CIDECT: Design guide for structural hollow sections in mechanical applications, Verlag
TÜV Rheinland GmbH, Köln 1995
108
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 4
;
;
Fatigue loading varies in magnitude, direction
and position. This type of loading occurs, for
instance, in crane gantries, bridges and
machinery foundations.
In dynamically loaded members, the effect of vibration on stress values must be accounted for.
The increase of stress is significant if the natural frequency of the members is close to the
vibration frequency of the load. In practice, members are usually designed in such a manner
that the lowest natural frequency is higher than the frequency of the dynamic load. In this way,
the stress concentrations due to resonance can be prevented. The frequency of the dynamic
load can also be higher than the natural frequency, if the resonance frequency is passed
through rapidly (e.g. in machinery foundations).
109
Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
;;;
;;;
In the nominal stress method, structural
stress values are calculated, usually
according to the elasticity theory, without σm
accounting for the effect of structural
discontinuities. This method is simple and
;;
well-suited for manual calculations. The a) Nominal stress method
fatigue design values presented in Eurocode
3 are based mainly on the nominal stress σm σb σhot spot
method.
+ =
Hot spot stress is the stress present at the
b) Hot spot stress method
critical point of a structural discontinuity
(Figure 4.4). It is at this location that the
fatigue crack growth is assumed to start. σm σb σnlp σln
Structural discontinuities, which appear for
instance where the cross-section changes or + + =
the attachment ends, are taken into account c) Notch stress method
in the hot spot method. However, this method
does not account for the effect of weld σm is the nominal stress
geometry. Due to non-uniform stress σb is the bending stress depending on the joint
distribution, hot spot stress values are usually geometry
higher than nominal stress values. The stress σhot spot is the hot spot stress
values(σa, σb) are calculated for at least two σnlp is the non-linear stress concentration due to
the notch
points at the proximity of the weld, and these σln is the notch stress
values are used to extrapolate the hot spot
stress in the edge of the weld (σhot spot). The Figure 4.3 Stress calculation methods
structure must then be modeled using a
suitable calculation program to determine the
stresses. The stress calculation points can be
selected at a distance of 0,4t and 1,0t (see
Figure 4.4) from the edge of the weld [3]. 0,4t (at least 4 mm)
Linear extrapolation is used if two
extrapolation points are selected. With more 0,6t
extrapolation points, parabolic extrapolation is σhot spot
used. Hot spot stress values can also be
measured from the prototype or calculated
using the concentration factors (Ks) taken σb
σa
from reference manuals.
t
110
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 4
Notch stress refers to the actual stress at the bottom of the notch. The notch is usually
generated next to the weld or at some other structural discontinuity. The area affected by the
notch stress concentration is approximately 0,3 times the plate thickness [3]. To determine the
notch stress, the structural calculations must be performed using the FE method which
accurately takes into account the geometry of the structure, including the actual weld geometry
and corner radii. The design must not include non-rounded corners, since FE calculation
generates an infinite stress in them as the element size is decreased using shell elements (not
applicable to solid-elements).
The size and shape of the initial crack is also taken into account in the model based on
fracture mechanics. With this model, the rate of crack propagation can be calculated using
the geometry and the properties of the material.
The guidance in Eurocode 3 can be used in fatigue design, provided that the following
conditions apply [1]:
- the normal stress range is lower than 1,5 fy
- the shear stress range is lower than 0,866 fy
- the structure is corrosion-protected so that pit depth is less than 1,0 mm
- the temperature of the structure is below 150 °C
Fatigue strength need not be calculated if the stress range ∆σ fulfills the following
condition [1]:
26
γ Ff ⋅ ∆σ ≤ (4.1)
γ Mf
where
Fatigue need not be taken into account, either, if the number of stress cycles fulfills the
following condition [1]:
3
6 36
N ≤ 2 ⋅ 10
⋅ ∆σ E 2
(4.2)
γ Mf ⋅ γ Ff
where
111
Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Constant-amplitude load
For constant amplitude loading, the fatigue load design condition is presented in the following
form [1]:
∆σ R
γ Ff ⋅ ∆σ ≤ (4.3)
γ Mf
where
∆σ R is the fatigue strength which is dependent on the fatigue category and the
number of stress cycles
Variable-amplitude load
where
112
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 4
where
where
The combined load condition for normal stress and shear stress is [1]:
ni ( ∆σ i ) n ( ∆τ i )
Σ +Σ i ≤1 (4.10)
i Ni ( ∆σ i ) i Ni ( ∆τ i )
113
Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
When calculating the fatigue strength with the nominal stress method, the fatigue category of
the member or element must first be determined. The fatigue category number indicates the
fatigue strength of the detail [N/ mm2] at 2 ⋅106 stress cycles.
The fatigue strength curves for hollow section details (4.5) and (4.6) represent the stress
ranges for details in different fatigue categories. The determination of a detail's fatigue category
is explained in Appendix 9.5.
500
400
300
Normal stress range (N/mm2 ) ∆σ
200
100
Detail category
140
50 125
112
40 100
90
80
30 71
63
56
20 50
45
40
36
10
104 105 106 2·106 5·106 107 108 109
Figure 4.5 Fatigue strength curves for various normal stress ranges [1]
114
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 4
1000
500
400
300
Shear stress range (N/mm2 ) ∆τ
200
100
Detail category
50 100
40
80
30
20
10
104 105 106 2·106 107 108 109
Number of stress cycles N
Figure 4.6 Fatigue strength curves for various shear stress ranges [1]
For the design of hollow section lattice structures, the fatigue curves presented in Figure (4.7)
are used. Due to secondary bending moments, lattice structure members feature local stress
concentrations. To account for them, the forces in the brace members and chords are
multiplied by the factors presented in Table 4.1. The stresses obtained are compared with the
fatigue strength ∆σR. The values in Table 4.1 are approximate empirical values or values
based on testing. The nominal stress method yields only a rough estimate of the fatigue
strength of the structure. For instance, the combined effect of chord and brace member
stresses on the fatigue strength is difficult to account for in the nominal stress method. Chapter
4.4 presents the more accurate hot spot calculation method for the hollow section lattice joints.
115
Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
1000
500
Stress range (N/mm2 ) ∆σ
400
300
200
100
Detail category
50
40 90
71
30
56
50
20 45
36
10
104 105 106 2·106 107 108 109
Number of stress cycles N
Figure 4.7 Fatigue strength curves for lattice structure joints determined by nominal stress
method [1]
116
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Stress correction factors for lattice structure joints [1]
Joint type Chords Verticals Diagonals
Circular hollow sections
Gap K joint 1,5 - 1,3
N joint 1,5 1,8 1,4
Overlap K joint 1,5 - 1,2
N joint 1,5 1,65 1,25
Square and rectangular hollow sections
Gap K joint 1,5 - 1,5
N joint 1,5 2,2 1,6
Overlap K joint 1,5 - 1,3
N joint 1,5 2,0 1,4
For variable-amplitude loading, the number of stress cycles causing failure Ni is determined
from the following formulae:
117
Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
500
Hot spot stress range (N/mm2 ) ∆σ
400
300
200
100
Wall thickness mm
4
5
6
8
10
50 12,5
40
30
20
10
104 105 106 5·106 107 108 109
Figure 4.9 Hot spot fatigue strength curves for lattice structure joints of square and
rectangular hollow sections [8]. With wall thicknesses 2-4 mm, the 4 mm curve
can be used.
The calculation of stress concentration factors for hollow section lattice structure joints is dealt
with in source [7]. Concentration factors are expressed as functions of chord and brace
member dimensions and joint dimensions (gap or overlap and joint angle). Formulae for
determining stress concentration factors (Ks) for T, X and K jointed square hollow sections are
presented in Tables 4.2 and 4.3.
118
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 4
In the case of T or X joints, the concentration factors must be calculated for several points. The
governing point is the one with the greatest stress range. The stress range of the members in T
and X joints can be expressed as follows:
Chord:
K s 0. N ⋅ ∆N 0. max K s 0. M (ip) ⋅ ∆Mip.0. max K s 0. M ( op ) ⋅ ∆Mop.0. max
∆σ 0 = + + +
A0 Wip.0 Wop.0
K si. N ⋅ ∆Ni K si. M (ip) ⋅ ∆Mip.i K si. M ( op ) ⋅ ∆Mop.i
+ + (4.14)
Ai Wip Wop
Brace member:
where
The quantities marked with the subscript i are for the brace member, respectively.
The stresses in chord and brace members do not necessarily vary at the same phase. The
stress range of the chord is determined by using the maximum values for the chord’s stress
range. The brace member stress ranges are calculated from the forces acting at the same time
as the chord maximum forces and are added to the chord stress ranges. This is done similarly
for the brace members, except that the maximum values are attributed to the brace member
stress ranges.
With K joints, the maximum concentration factor values need not be calculated at several
points, since Table 4.3 gives the formulae needed for calculating the maximum concentration
factor for chords and brace members. An axially loaded K joint also generates secondary
bending moments, the effect of which is accounted for by multiplying the nominal stresses by
the correction factors given in Table 4.4 [7]. In other cases, the formulae (4.14) and (4.15) are
applied.
119
Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 4.2 Concentration factors for T and X joints with square hollow sections [7]
M1.ip M1.ip
N1 N1
t1 t1
b1 b1
;;;
;; ; E A
B
E A
B
D C D C
t0 t0
;
;
M0.ip N0 M0.ip N0
b0 b0
T joint X joint
Load Concentration factor SCF
In-plane bending Chord:
(
K si. M (ip ). A, E = 0, 390 − 1, 054β + 1, 115β 2 ( 2γ ) ) ( −0,154 + 4, 555 β − 3, 809 β 2 )
Brace member:
(
K si. N . A, E = 0, 013 + 0, 693β − 0, 278 β 2 ( 2γ ) ) ( 0,790 + 1, 898 β − 2,109 β 2 )
120
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 4
Table 4.3 Concentration factors for K joints with square hollow sections [7]
N1 N2 b1,2 N1 N2 b1,2
h1 h2
;;
;;
g
h2
1
θ1 t1,2 θ1 t1,2
h
θ2 θ2
N0 t0 t0
h0
h0
q
;
;
b0 b0
Gap joint Overlap joint
Joint type Member Concentration factor SCF
3,62τ ( 2 - τ ) + 0, 336ξ ⋅ γ 2 (0, 3 − 0, 01ξ ⋅ γ ) +
Gap Brace member
2
γ ⋅g
(
0, 044γ ⋅ β 6, 38 − γ ⋅ β 2
) − 4, 18 − 2, 2
100t0
Gap Chord
g g
1, 1τ 0, 00288γ 3 + + 5, 73ξ 1 − 0, 178ξ 2 −
t0 t0
2
g
0, 166 β 3 − 1, 73
t0
Table 4.4 Nominal stress correction factor for K joints (hot spot stress method) [7]
Joint type Chord Brace member
Gapped 1,5 1,5
Overlapped 1,3 1,3
Source [7] includes parametric concentration factor formulae also for circular hollow section
joints.
121
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 4
122
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 4
Stress reduction
σ2 < σ1 σ2 < σ1
σ1 σ1
> t1
t1
t2
Reduction of bending moment in
h1
flange plates h2 < h1
123
Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
In bolted joints subject to tension, the use of prestressed bolts increases the fatigue strength of
the joint significantly. The fatigue-inducing stress decreases, if the prestressing force is greater
than the tension load on the joint. Long and elastic bolts increase the fatigue strength, since
the elasticity of flange plates does not significantly reduce the prestressing force of long bolts.
In flange joints subject to tension, it is advisable to place the bolts as close to the weld as
possible in order to reduce additional stress caused by eccentricity.
The prestressing of bolts is also a useful practice in bolted joints that are subjected to shear
force. Prestressing reduces the stress in the material at the edge of the hole, since part of the
force is transferred through in friction between the splices. However, it is important to ensure
that the friction between the splices is sufficient to prevent the bolt from slipping towards the
edge of the hole, which would result in the loss of the prestressing benefits.
In lattice structure joints, increasing the chord wall thickness and decreasing the brace member
width improves the fatigue strength of the structure, as the bending stresses on the chord wall
are then reduced. The proportion of brace member width to chord width is expressed by the
parameter β. For fatigue strength, the optimal solution would be to have chords and brace
members of equal width, which would yield a β value of 1.0. In that case, the load is
transmitted from the brace member directly to the chord web. With a thick-walled chord,
however, the great corner radius may make it difficult to weld a brace member with equal width
to the chord. The increase in the β value improves fatigue strength in cases in which β is
greater than 0.5-0.7 [6].
Welds in lattice structures must be made so that the initiation and termination points do not
coincide with the brace member corners. To obtain the required weld throat thickness when the
joint angle is smaller than 60°, the brace member end must be tapered (chapter 7). The throat
thickness of lattice structure joints must be sufficient to prevent the weld root side from
governing the fatigue strength. The effect of joint eccentricities is more significant in fatigue
design than in static design, since the fatigue design of lattice structure joints must also
account for the secondary bending moments due to eccentricities. The need for reinforcing
plates in lattice structure joints must be judged on a case by case basis. Reinforcing plates
increase the static strength of the joint; on the other hand, they also generate discontinuities at
which stress concentrations are generated.
;;
Example 29 NSd
Calculate the fatigue strength of a hollow
section with dimensions 200 x 200 x 8, subjected
to a fatigue load ∆NSd. A non-loaded plate is
welded to the side of the hollow section. The
; 75
124
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 4
When determining the fatigue strength, stresses are calculated using elastic theory.
Calculate the nominal stress range caused by the first load fluctuation for the hollow
section:
∆N1.Sd 220000 N
∆σ 1 = = = 37 , 13
A 5924 mm 2
The fatigue strength of the structure is calculated using the Palmgren-Miner rule,
[formula (4.4)], since the load is not of constant-amplitude. The fatigue category for the
non-load bearing joined element is 71, when the plate length is 75 mm (Appendix 9.5,
Table 9.5.2). In fatigue category 71, the normal stress ranges of fatigue limits are the
following (Figure 4.5):
Let us assume a fail-safe structure and normal accessibility. A value of 1,0 (Table 2.2) is
obtained for the safety factor of the material in fatigue design γMf The number of stress
cycles resulting in failure is obtained by substituting in the formula (4.6):
5
∆σ D ∆σ D ∆σ L
N1 = 5 ⋅ 10 6 , when > γ Ff ⋅ ∆σ i ≥
γ Mf ⋅ γ Ff ⋅ ∆σ i γ Mf γ Mf
5
6 5
∆σ D 6 52
N1 = 5 ⋅ 10 = 5 ⋅ 10 = 2, 69 ⋅ 10
7
γ Mf ⋅ γ Ff ⋅ ∆σ 1 1, 0 ⋅ 1, 0 ⋅ 37 , 13
The strength of the hollow section is calculated from the summation equation (4.4):
ni 1, 5 ⋅ 10 7 1 ⋅ 10 6 1 ⋅ 10 7
Σ = + + = 0, 85 < 1, 0 OK !
i Ni 2, 69 ⋅ 10 7 3, 41 ⋅ 10 6 ∞
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Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Example 30
Check the fatigue strength of a gapped K N1.Sd N1.Sd b1
h1 h1
joint using the nominal stress method.
;;
g
Dimensions of the chord are 200 x 200 x t1
10 and those of the brace members are θ1 θ1
140 x 140 x 5. The axial force range for N0.Sd t0
brace members ∆N1.Sd is 190 kN and for
h0
the chord ∆N0.Sd is 590 kN. The axial
;
forces in the chord and the brace b0
member fluctuate, the chord axial force
being 100 kN when the axial force in the N (kN)
brace members is 190 kN. Similarly, the
axial force in the brace members is Chord
590
49 kN when the axial force in the chord
members is 590 kN.
190
The dimensions of the joint are as
follows: 100 Brace member
49
θ1 = 37° Time
g = 35 mm
e = 0,8 mm (≈ 0 mm)
When determining the stresses on lattice structure joints, the effect of secondary bending
moments must be taken into account. The corrected stress range value is obtained by
multiplying the uniform stress range by the correction factor presented in Table 4.1:
1, 5 ∆N1.Sd 1, 5 ⋅ 190000 N
Brace member: ∆σ 1 = = = 108
A1 2636 mm 2
1, 5 ∆N 0.Sd 1, 5 ⋅ 590000 N
Chord: ∆σ 0 = = = 122
A0 7260 mm 2
The fatigue category of the joint is determined by the ratio of the thickness of the chord
walls to brace member walls (Table 9.6.3):
Assume a fail-safe structure and a normal accessibility, which yields a material factor
for fatigue designl (γMf) of 1,0 (Table 2.2)
The fatigue strength at 5 ·104 stress cycles, for fatigue category 71, is as follows (Figure
4.7):
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 4
Compare the fatigue strength with chord and brace member stress ranges (4.3):
N ∆σ R 148 N
γ Ff ∆σ 0 = 1, 0 ⋅ 122, 0 = 122 2 < = = 148 OK !
mm γ Mf 1, 0 mm 2
N ∆σ R 148 N
γ Ff ∆σ 1 = 1, 0 ⋅ 108 = 108 < = = 148 OK !
mm 2 γ Mf 1, 0 mm 2
Example 31
Calculate the fatigue strength of the joint shown in example 30 using the hot spot stress
method. First determine the values of the parameters required in Table 4.3:
ti 5
τ= = = 0, 5
t 0 10
g 35
ξ= = = 0, 25
bi 140
b 200
γ = 0 = = 10
2t 0 20
b 140
β= i = = 0, 7
b0 200
The stress concentration factor (Ks) values for the brace member and the chord are
obtained separately by substituting in the formulae given in Table 4.3:
Brace member:
K si. N = 3, 62τ ( 2 − τ ) + 0, 336ξ ⋅ γ 2 (0, 3 − 0, 01ξ ⋅ γ ) +
2
γ ⋅g
(
0, 044γ ⋅ β 6, 38 − γ ⋅ β 2
) − 4, 18 − 2, 2
100t 0
= 3, 62 ⋅ 0, 5( 2 − 0, 5) + 0, 336 ⋅ 0, 25 ⋅ 10 2 (0, 3 − 0, 01 ⋅ 0, 25 ⋅ 10) +
10 ⋅ 35 2
(
0, 044 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 0, 7 6, 38 − 10 ⋅ 0, 7 2
) − 4, 18
100 ⋅ 10
− 2, 2 = 2, 77
Chord:
2
g g g
K s 0. N = 1, 1τ 0, 00288γ 3 + + 5, 73ξ 1 − 0, 178ξ 2 − 0, 166 β 3 − 1, 73
t0 t0 t0
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Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Now determine the hot spot stresses, multiplying nominal stress values by the
concentration factor and by the correction factors given in Table 4.4 (in this example,
1.5):
Brace member:
Ni. max N
γ Ff K si. N + γ Ff 0 K s 0. N
Ai A0
= 1, 0 ⋅ 1, 5
190000
⋅ 2, 77 + 1, 0 ⋅ 1, 5
100000 N
⋅ 2, 46 = 350
2636 7260 mm 2
Chord:
Ni N
γ Ff K si. N + γ Ff 0. max K s 0. N
Ai A0
= 1, 0 ⋅ 1, 5
49000
⋅ 2, 77 + 1, 0 ⋅ 1, 5
590000 N
⋅ 2, 46 = 377
2636 7260 mm 2
Considering the wall thickness, obtain the following fatigue strength values at
5 ·104 stress cycles (Figure 4.9):
Brace member:
∆σR.1= 543 N/ mm2
Chord:
∆σR.0= 447 N/ mm2
Now compare the fatigue strength with the chord and brace member stress ranges.
Brace member:
N ∆σ R.1 543 N
γ Ff ⋅ ∆σ 1 = 350 2 < = = 543 OK !
mm γ Mf 1, 0 mm 2
Chord:
N ∆σ R.0 447 N
γ Ff ⋅ ∆σ 0 = 377 2 < = = 447 OK !
mm γ Mf 1, 0 mm 2
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 4
A hollow section with high strength and thick walls is more sensitive to brittle fracture than one
with low strength and thin walls. A high loading rate increases the risk of brittle fracture, and so
does a low service temperature. A tougher steel grade is, however, better in low temperatures.
Vulnerability to brittle fracture is indicated by the parameters of transition temperature and
impact toughness.
The methods for calculating the minimum service temperature presented in different versions
of Eurocode 3 are contradictory and thus not recommended. This manual presents a simplified
method for calculating the minimum service temperature, which is based on tests made to cold
formed hollow sections at low temperatures [2].
The probability of brittle fracture in cold-formed hollow sections depends on both the material
and the dimensions of cross-sections and joints. This section presents conditions that must be
met to prevent brittle fracture. The conditions are valid for the Eurocode 3 service condition
category C, defined as follows:
C2: Fracture of critical members or joints, where local failure would cause complete structural
collapse with serious consequences to life or very high costs.
The ultimate strength and yield strength of structural steel must meet the following condition
[2]:
fu
≥ 1, 2 (4.16 )
fy
where
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Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The elongations, measured on coupons cut longitudinally from the hollow section flange, must
fulfill the following conditions [2]:
A5 ≥ 15 % (4.17 )
Ag ≥ 20ε y (4.18 )
where
A5 is the ultimate elongation when the measured length of the test piece is 5,65 S0
S0 is the cross-sectional area of the test piece
Ag is the uniform elongation corresponding to the ultimate tensile strength (%)
εy is the elongation at yield strain (%)
For the steel grade S355J2H, the required uniform elongation is Ag ≥ 3,38%.
The impact toughness KV measured on coupons cut longitudinally from the hollow section
flange must fulfill the following condition [2]:
The test is carried out at the minimum service temperature of the structure:
J
KV ≥ 35 (4.19)
cm 2
Table 4.6 Minimum values for the corner radius of hollow sections
Wall thickness Minimum internal corner radius Minimum external corner radius
(mm)
t ≤ 6 mm 0,6 t 1,6 t
6 < t ≤ 10 mm 1,0 t 2,0 t
t > 10 mm 1,4 t 2,4 t
Furthermore, the manufacturer must show that the manufacturing method used is feasible for
the constant production of hollow sections whose internal corners do not have cracks
exceeding the allowed values. The maximum depth allowed for a flaw with a blunt notch is 0.2
mm. For flaws with a sharp crack-like tip, the maximum depth allowed is 0,05 mm [2].
The slenderness of the walls of the hollow section must fulfill the following condition [2]:
b+h
≥ 25 (4.20)
t
where
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 4
In gapped N, K and KT joints, the actual gap ga (Figure 4.9) must fulfill the following condition
[2]:
ga ≥ 1, 5t 0 (4.21)
where
The gap g between brace members (Figure 4.9) must fulfill the following conditions [4]:
g ≥ t1 + t 2 (4.22)
g b
≥ 0, 5 1- i (4.23)
b0 b0
g b
≤ 1, 5 1- i (4.24)
b0 b0
where
Detail 1
;;
g
θ θ
t0
;
Detail 1 (θ ≤ 60°) Detail 1 (θ > 60°)
ga ga
t0
t0
g g
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Chapter 4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The Rautaruukki Metform hollow sections shown in Appendix 9.1 (steel grade S355J2H) fulfill
all the requirements for hollow section properties (section 1.1) stated in section 4.6.1.
According to the latest research [2], they can be used in welded structures down to a
temperature of - 40 °C.
4.7 References
[1] ENV 1993-1-1:Eurocode 3: Teräsrakenteiden suunnittelu. Osa 1-1: Yleiset säännöt ja
rakennuksia koskevat säännöt, 1993
(ENV 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1.1: General rules and rules
for buildings, 1993)
[2] CIDECT: Project 5AQ/2: Cold formed RHS in arctic steel structures, Final report 5AQ-5-96,
1996
[3] Niemi, E.:Stress determination for fatigue analysis of welded components, IIW/ 115-1991-
93, 1995
[4] CIDECT: Design guide for rectangular hollow section joints under predominantly static
loading, Verlag TÜV Rheinland GmbH, Köln 1992
[6] CIDECT: Design guide for structural hollow sections in mechanical applications, Verlag
TÜV Rheinland GmbH, Köln 1995
[7] CIDECT: Research Project 7M: Working draft: Design guide for hollow section structures
under fatigue loading, Aachen 1996
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 5
Often it is necessary to protect steel components in order to slow down the increase in
temperature during fire. Several fire retardant methods are applicable for use with hollow
sections, for instance, the use of protective materials such as mineral wool or fire-retardant
paint. The heat retention capacity of hollow sections can be improved for instance with a
concrete infill. Hollow sections are efficient in fire design, since their section factor (the ratio of
fire-exposed area to unit mass) is smaller than that of open sections. In addition, hollow
sections with their rounded corners are well-suited for fire-retardant painting. Fire retardant
methods are described in more detail in Section 5.6.
The strength of a hollow section in a fire situation can be calculated by two different methods:
either by the properties of the material (yield strength and modulus of elasticity) in a fire
situation or by determining the critical temperature of structural steel as a function of degree of
utilization. The non-uniform temperature distribution of the steel component can be taken into
account when carrying out fire design by the properties of the material. When using the critical
temperature method, the temperature distribution of structural steel is assumed uniform. The
methods are illustrated in Figures 5.1 and 5.2.
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Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
The temperature of fire compartment varies with time. In ISO-834, this is expressed with the
following formula [1]:
where
1100
1000
900
800
700
Temperature (°C)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (min)
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
An alternative method for calculating the evolution of temperature in fire compartment is the
parametric model presented in Eurocode 1, Section 2.2 [1]. This model also accounts for
openings in the fire compartment, the thermal properties of the wall materials and the
magnitude of the fire load in determining the development of the temperature. The parametric
model can be used if the fire compartment area is less than 100 m2, there are no openings in
the fire compartment ceiling, and the height of the fire compartment does not exceed 4 m [1].
The temperature of the fire compartment increases as long as there is flammable material.
Finally, the temperature reaches a maximum value of Θmax (Figure 5.4), after which the fire
compartment temperature starts decreasing. The parametric model is not explained more
extensively in this manual, since many buildings do not meet the conditions for using it.
Θmax
Figure 5.4 Temperature-time curves in standard and parametric fire models (sketch)
135
Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
The increase of temperature in unprotected steel members can be determined from the formula
(5.2), when the temperature distribution in the cross-section is assumed uniform [2]:
Am
∆θ a.t = V h˙net .d ⋅ ∆t (5.2)
ca ⋅ ρ a
where
Am is the section factor of an unprotected steel member (m-1), at least 10 m-1
V (Appendices 9.1 and 9.6)
Am is the exposed surface area of the member per unit length (m2)
V is the volume of the member per unit length (m3)
ca is the specific heat of steel (J/ kgK)
h˙net .d is the net heat flux per unit area (W/ m2)
∆t is the time interval (s), maximum 5 s
ρa is the unit mass of steel (7850 kg/m3)
The net heat flux consisting of radiation and convection can be expressed as follows [1]:
where
The convective net heat flux is obtained from the following formula [1]:
h˙net .c = α c (θ g − θ m ) 2
W
(5.4)
m
where
αc is the convective heat transfer coefficient (Eurocode 1 default value αc= 25 W/m2K
θg is the ambient gas temperature (°C)
θm is the steel surface temperature (°C)
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
Respectively, the radiative net heat flux is determined from the following equation [1]:
[ 4 4
]
h˙net .r = Φ ⋅ ε res 5, 67 ⋅ 10 −8 (θ r + 273) − (θ m + 273) 2
W
m
(5.5)
where
The constant ca= 600 J/ kgK can be used for the specific heat of steel. Alternatively, specific
heat can be determined from the following formulae [2]:
where
The increase of temperature in fire protected steel members is calculated from the formula,
when the temperature distribution in the cross section is considered uniform [2]:
where
137
Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
where
The delay in the increase in temperature of the steel member due to moisture evaporation can
be taken into account if the moisture content of the fire retardant material is great. During
moisture evaporation, the steel member temperature is constant (= 100°C). The delay time can
be expressed as follows [3]:
p p ⋅ ρ p ⋅ d p2
tv = ( min) (5.12)
5λ p
where
100
tv
t (min)
Figure 5.5 Effect of the moisture content of the fire retardant material to increase in
temperature
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
As the temperature increases, the strength and the modulus of elasticity of the steel changes.
However, the room temperature values for yield strength can be used up to 400 °C. The yield
strength correponds to a total elongation of 2%. The modulus of elasticity is constant up to
100 °C. The dependence of strength and modulus of elasticity on temperature is given in Table
5.1 and Figure 5.6.
Table 5.1 Effect of temperature on the strength and modulus of elasticity of steel [2]
Temperature θa (°C) Reduction factor for yield strength Reduction factor for modulus of
ky.θ elasticity kE.θ
(fy.θ/ fy) (Ea.θ/ Ea)
20 1,0 1,0
100 1,0 1,0
200 1,0 0,9
300 1,0 0,8
400 1,0 0,7
500 0,78 0,6
600 0,47 0,31
700 0,23 0,13
800 0,11 0,09
900 0,06 0,0675
1000 0,04 0,045
1100 0,02 0,0225
1200 0,0 0,0
Intermediate values can be determined by linear interpolation
0,9
k E.θ k y.θ
0,8
0,7
0,6
k y.θ , k E.θ
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Temperature (°C)
Figure 5.6 Relative strength of steel and modulus of elasticity as a function of temperature
139
Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
In critical temperature calculations, it is assumed that the temperature of the steel member is
distributed uniformly through the entire cross-section. However, the method gives a
conservative value even if the steel temperature distribution is non-uniform. For Class 4 cross-
sections of other than hollow sections in tension, the strength in fire situations is sufficient if the
steel temperature during fire is lower than 350 °C. The degree of utilization µ0 is determined
from the following formula:
E fi.d
µ0 = (5.14)
R fi.d .0
where
E fi.d is the design value for the loads in fire situations (Section 5.5.1)
R fi.d .0 is the design value of the strength at room temperature
The critical temperature for different degrees of utilization is presented in Table 5.2 and Figure
5.7.
Table 5.2 Critical temperature of steel θa.cr as a function of the degree of utilization µ0 [2]
µ0 θa.cr µ0 θa.cr µ0 θa.cr µ0 θa.cr
0,10 829 0,34 645 0,58 560 0,82 490
0,12 802 0,36 636 0,60 554 0,84 483
0,14 779 0,38 628 0,62 549 0,86 475
0,16 759 0,40 620 0,64 543 0,88 467
0,18 741 0,42 612 0,66 537 0,90 458
0,20 725 0,44 605 0,68 531 0,92 448
0,22 711 0,46 598 0,70 526 0,94 436
0,24 698 0,48 591 0,72 520 0,96 421
0,26 685 0,50 585 0,74 514 0,98 398
0,28 674 0,52 578 0,76 508 1,00 349
0,30 664 0,54 572 0,78 502
0,32 654 0,56 566 0,80 496
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
900
800
700
600
Critical temperature (°C)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
1,0
Degree of utilization µ0
where
E fi.d is the design value for the effect of loads in a fire situation
R fi.d . is the design value for hollow section strength in a fire situation (varies
according to time and temperature)
141
Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
The design value of loads in a fire situation is affected by the expansion and deformation of the
material due to temperature. The simpler method is to calculate the fire situation loads by
multiplying the design value of loads in normal temperature by the fire situation reduction factor
ηfi, so the effect of the structural heat expansion need not be taken into account. The design
value for the fire situation load is as follows [2]:
E fi.d = η fi ⋅ Ed (5.16 )
where
The fire design reduction factor ηfi is determined from the following formula [2]:
γ GA ⋅ Gk + ψ 1.1 ⋅ Qk .1
η fi = (5.17 )
γ G ⋅ Gk + γ Q ⋅ Qk .1
where
γ GA is the partial safety factor for permanent loads in an accident situation [7]
γG is the partial safety factor for permanent load [7]
γQ is the partial safety factor for variable load [7]
ψ 1.1 is the combination factor for variable loads [7]
Gk is the permanent load
Qk .1 is the principal variable load
Figure 5.8 shows various curves of the fire design reduction factor ηfi with different values of
combination factor ψ1.1 for γGA = 1,0, γG = 1,35 and γQ= 1,5 (Eurocode 3 basic values).
The values of partial safety factors may vary country by country. The partial safety
factors must be checked from national application documents (NADs).
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
0,8
0,7
ψ1,1 = 0,9
0,6
ψ1,1 = 0,7
0,5
ψ1,1 = 0,5
η fi
0,4
0,3
ψ1,1 = 0,2
0,2
0,1
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Qk
Gk
The formulae given in Sections 5.5.3 - 5.5.7 for the determination of strength are valid only for
hollow sections with Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections, and for hollow sections with Class 4
cross-sections in tension. Class 4 cross-sections of other than hollow sections in tension must
be fire protected so that the hollow section temperature does not exceed 350 °C during the fire.
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Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
The strength of a hollow section in tension is given by the following formula [2]:
γ M1
N fi.θ . Rd = k y.θ ⋅ N Rd (5.19)
γ M . fi
where
k y.θ is the reduction factor for the yield strength of steel in temperature θa
N Rd is the tension strength in normal temperature (Appendix 9.1)
γ M1 is the partial safety factor of the material
γ M . fi is the partial safety factor of the material in a fire situation (Eurocode 3 default
value γM.fi= 1,0)
The buckling strength for a hollow section in compression is given by the following formula [2]:
χ fi fy
N fi.θ . Rd = ⋅ A ⋅ k y.θ (5.20)
1, 2 γ M . fi
where
k y.θ is the reduction factor for the yield strength of steel in temperature θa
χ fi is the reduction factor for buckling in a fire situation (always calculated by the
buckling curve c)
γ M . fi is the partial safety factor of the material in a fire situation (Eurocode 3 default
value γM.fi = 1,0)
The modified strength properties of steel are taken into account when calculating the
slenderness of a hollow section in a fire situation [2]:
L fi k y.θ ⋅ f y
λθ = (5.21)
π ⋅ i k E.θ ⋅ E
where
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
The buckling length in a fire situation is calculated as at room temperatures, excluding the
following cases [2]:
- In a non-sway building in which each floor constitutes a separate fire compartment, the
buckling length of the column can be determined as follows:
The value of these buckling length may vary country by country. The values should be
checked from the national application documents (NAD's)
The bending strength of a hollow section is determined by the following formula [2]:
γ M1
M fi.θ . Rd = k y.θ ⋅ M Rd (5.22)
γ M . fi ⋅ κ 1 ⋅ κ 2
where
With a non-uniform temperature distribution of the hollow section cross-section, the values of
the adaptation factor κ1 are the following:
With a non-uniform longitudinal temperature distribution of the hollow section, the values of the
adaptation factor κ2 are as follows:
145
Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
The shear strength of a hollow section is given by the following formula [2]:
γ M1
M fi.θ . Rd = k y.θ ⋅ VRd (5.23)
γ M . fi ⋅ κ 1 ⋅ κ 2
where
k y.θ is the reduction factor for the yield strength of steel in temperature θa
VRd is the shear strength in normal temperature
γ M1 is the partial safety factor of the material
γ M . fi is the partial safety factor of the material in a fire situation (Eurocode 3 default
value γM.fi = 1,0)
The adaptation factors κ1 and κ2 are given as in the case of bending strength.
The interaction expression for hollow sections subjected to bending moment and compressive
axial force is as follows [2]:
N fi. Ed k y ⋅ M y. fi. Ed k z ⋅ M z. fi. Ed
+ + ≤1 (5.24)
N fi.θ . Rd M y. fi.θ . Rd M z. fi.θ . Rd
where
χ y. fi χ z. fi
λ y ⇒ λ y.θ λ z ⇒ λ z.θ χy ⇒ χz ⇒
1, 2 1, 2
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
As compared to unprotected structures, insulated structures are slower to heat and slower to
reach the critical temperature. Structures can be insulated with boards or sprayed materials.
The thermal conductivity λp of the fire retardant material depends on the temperature of the
material, which must be taken into account when calculating the temperature of the steel
member. The thermal conductivity characteristics of the fire retardant material are usually
shown in manufacturers' brochures. The following is a description of the properties and use of
the most common fire retardant materials.
The fire retardant properties of mineral wool are based on its good thermal conductivity. The
sintering temperature of fire protective mineral wool, that is, the temperature in which the fibres
melt, must be sufficiently high. Depending on the fire resistance period, a sintering temperature
of 800-1000 °C is required. The density of the boards varies between 100-400 kg/ m3, and their
thickness varies between 10-100 mm.
Mineral wool boards can be fixed mechanically or with glue. In mechanical fixing, nails and
bolts are used. Steel spikes and lock plates are also an alternative. Nails are fixed in place by
shooting or by resistance butt welding. Steel spikes must be fixed before installing the
insulation material. The insulation material is attached to the steel member by lock plates.
When using glue, the steel surface must be dry and clean from any dust or oil.
Vermiculite boards
The basic material in vermiculite boards is exfoliated mica. The moisture content of the boards
is high, as the binding agent is a mineral containing silicate. Vermiculite boards have a good
thermal insulation capacity, and the evaporation of moisture in fire situations increases the fire
resistance period. The density of boards varies between 350-500 kg/m3 and their thickness
between 16-80 mm.
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Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
Vermiculite boards can be fixed with glue or nails. Normally, boards are fixed to form a casing
around the tube. When using nails, an air slot of approximately 3 mm must be left between the
casing and the tube. When using glue, the work temperature must be over 0 °C. The surface of
a vermiculite board is smooth and fit for painting.
Sprayed vermiculite
The sprayed mass consists of vermiculite aggregate and cement, lime or plaster binding agent.
The mass is sprayed in a similar manner to mineral fibres. The thickness of the insulation layer
is normally 10 - 60 mm, and it can be sprayed in one or more layers of 10 - 15 mm. The density
of the sprayed layer is 300 - 800 kg/m3. Sprayed masses with greater density form a stronger
surface.
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
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Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
Sprinkler systems
A sprinkler is an automatic fire extinguishing system which starts operating as the temperature
increases in a fire situation. The fire compartment temperature does not increase after the
sprinkler system has started operating. National regulations include instructions on allowing for
sprinkler systems in the fire design. The profitability of installing a sprinkler system depends on
the ratio of its installation costs to the cost of other fire retardation methods.
With appropriate structural solutions, separate fire retardation of hollow section structures can
be reduced or completely omitted. The use of structural solutions to improve the fire resistance
of structural elements and joints reduces the need for fire retardant materials which increase
material and installation costs. Structural fire retardation must be applied individually for each
case, and it should be taken into account at the planning stage.
To obtain the space required for Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning installations, the
room height can be reduced with a false ceiling. False ceilings are also used to cover pipe
installations and other services, and a fire proof ceiling can be utilized for the fire protection of
structural components (e.g. floor joists) in the intermediate space. In such a case, the fire proof
ceiling must be designed and dimensioned appropriately. Also the fixtures that connect the the
fire proof ceiling to the floor above must be sufficiently strong to bear the loads during the fire.
In practice, the fixtures often constitute governing elements in a fire situation.
When placing columns outside the external walls, the increase in fire compartment temperature
need not be taken into account in column design. A prerequisite for this is that the column is
placed sufficiently far from window openings. In a fire situation, the hot gases and flames
exiting through window openings increasing the temperature of steel columns that are close to
the openings. Window openings are usually placed so close to one another that a flame
retardant must be used in the columns. Sheet steel is an example of a flame retardant material.
The size of the column cross-section exposed to fire is reduced if the column can be placed
partially or completely inside the fire retardant material used in the wall structure. The materials
used in the wall structure at column locations must be fire-resistant in order to be able to take
their protective effect into account in the fire design. A problem may be the connection of the
bracing members to the column placed inside the wall.
150
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
Example 32
Calculate the resistance of columns (180 x
180 x 5) to axial loads in the building shown
5000
in the adjacent figure. In a fire situation, the
compressive load on a hollow section is
Efi.d = Nfi.Ed = 550 kN.
600
building is 15 min. The steel grade used is
S355J2H and the buckling length of the
4000
column is Lfi 4,0 m. The temperature
evolution in the fire compartment is
determined with the standard time-
temperature curve [Formula (5.1)].
The net heat flux per area consists of convection and radiation:
h˙net .d = γ n.c ⋅ h˙net .c + γ n.r ⋅ h˙net .r
h˙net .c = α c (θ g − θ m ) = 25(θ g − θ m )
[
h˙net .r = Φ ⋅ ε res 5, 67 ⋅ 10 −8 (θ g + 273) − (θ m + 273)
4 4
]
[
= 1, 0 ⋅ 0, 5 ⋅ 5, 67 ⋅ 10 −8 (θ g + 273) − (θ m + 273)
4 4
]
By replacing the material constants and the section factor for steel in the formula (5.2),
we obtain:
Am
= 205m −1 (Appendix 9.6)
V
J
ca = 600
kgK
kg
ρa = 7850
m3
∆t = 5s
151
Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
Am
∆θ a.t = V h˙net .d ⋅ ∆t
ca ⋅ ρ a
[
= 1, 088 ⋅ 10 −3 (θ g − θ m )∆t + 1, 2339 ⋅ 10 −12 (θ g + 273) − (θ m + 273) ∆t
4 4
]
∆θ a.t = 5, 4406 ⋅ 10 −3 (θ g − θ m ) + 6, 1696 ⋅ 10 −12 [(θ g + 273) − (θ m
4
+ 273) ]
4
Figure 5.9 presents the evolution of an unprotected 180 x 180 x 5 hollow section in a
standard fire. The curve is calculated using the formula above with time steps of 5
seconds. The maximum temperature conforming to the required fire resistance period
(15 min) is:
θ a. max = 673 °C
(θ g.t − θ a.t )
Ap
λp φ
∆θ a.t = V ∆t − e 10 − 1 ∆θ g.t ≥ 0
φ
d p ⋅ ca ⋅ ρ a 1 +
3
Calculate the properties of the fire retardant material and steel using the formula above.
Ap
= 210 m -1 (appendix 9.6)
V
J
ca = 600
kgK
dp = 15 mm
∆t = 5s
W
λp = 0, 25 (for simplicity, heat conductivity is assumed constant)
mK
kg
ρa = 7850
m3
The parameter φ is determined with the formula (5.11):
cp ⋅ ρ p Ap 1000 ⋅ 150
φ = dp = 0, 015 ⋅ 210 = 0, 1003
ca ⋅ ρ a V 600 ⋅ 7850
cp = 1000 J/kgK
ρ = 150 kg/m 3
152
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
By replacing the values of material properties and the parameter φ in the formula
(5.10), the following expression is obtained:
Figure 5.9 shows the increase in temperature of a 180 x 180 x 5 hollow section protected
with 15-mm mineral wool boards during a standard fire. The curve is calculated using
the formula above with time steps of 5 seconds. The maximum temperature conforming
to the required fire resistance period (15 min) is:
θa.max = 301 °C
800
Fire compartment temperature
700
600
Temperature (°C)
500
Unprotected hollow section
temperature
400
Fire protected hollow section
temperature
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
t (min)
Figure 5.9 Increase in temperature of unprotected hollow sections and hollow sections
protected with mineral wool boards (t=15 mm) of dimensions 180 x 180 x 5
153
Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
The column can resist a 15 minute fire if a 15 mm layer of mineral wool is used, because
the compression resistance at 301°C is:
χ fi fy 0, 647 355
N fi.θ . Rd = A ⋅ k y.θ = 3436 ⋅ 1, 0 = 657 , 7 kN > N fi. Ed = 550 kN
1, 2 γ M . fi 1, 2 1, 0
An unprotected column does not meet the fire resistance requirements, because, becau-
se the compression resistance at 673°C is:
N fi.θ . Rd = 171, 4 kN < N fi. Ed = 550 kN
1 1
θ a.cr = 39, 19 ln − 1 + 482 = 39, 19 ln − 1 + 482
0, 9674 µ 0
3, 833
0, 9674 ⋅ 0,7713,833
= 505 °C
154
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
reinforcement
concrete
steel
time
When designing concrete-filled columns, it is recommendable that hollow sections with large
external dimensions and thin walls are used. In this way, the portion of the column's concrete-filled
interior area is large. In a fire situation, the concrete and the reinforcement bear more load in a
larger column, since the interior temperature is lower and the strength is higher (Figure 5.11).
R = 100 mm
temperature
;;
y
R = 150 mm
90 min
60 min
;
R 30 min
y/R
0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,0
155
Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
A simple conservative design method is presented in Table 5.5 which lists the minimum
dimensions for concrete-filled columns. Minimum dimensions depend on the degree of
utilization ηfi.t, calculated from the formula [5]:
N fi. Ed
η fi.t = ≤1 (5.25)
N b. Rd
where
In addition, reference [5] presents theoretical formulae for the fire design of concrete-filled
columns.
An alternative design method for concrete-filled columns is to use pre-calculated design tables.
Reference [4] lists the buckling strength values in a fire situation for hollow sections with
various reinforcement ratios and strength values of concrete. The tables include buckling
strength values for fire resistance periods of 60, 90 and 120 minutes.
156
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 5
157
Chapter 5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI HOLLOW SECTIONS
5.8 References
[1] ENV 1991-2-2: Eurocode 1. Suunnitteluperusteet ja rakenteiden kuormat: Osa 2-2 Palolle
altistettujen rakenteiden kuormat, 1995
(ENV 1991-2-2: Eurocode 1. Basis of design and actions on structures. Part 2-2: Actions
on structures. Actions on structures exposed to fire, 1995)
[3] ECCS: Tecnical Committee 3- Fire safety of steel stability: Design manual on the European
recommendations for the fire safety of steel structures, First edition, 1985
[4] CIDECT: Design guide for structural hollow section columns exposed to fire, Verlag TÜV
Rheinland GmbH, Köln 1994
158
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 6
gable beam
10500
eaves beam
door beam
14500
The model building is an exhibition hall shown in Figure 6.1. The building is used for arranging
fairs and meetings.
The frame of the building consists of hollow section columns and of primary and secondary
lattices. The building is stiffened with a horizontal lattice located in the roof and by wind bracing
in the walls.
Hollow sections were chosen as columns, because the wall structure is constructed of light-
weight wool elements which do not support the columns about the minor axis. Hollow sections
have high torsional and bending stiffness about the minor axis, which makes them a good
solution in this case.
159
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
A frame spacing of 10 m is chosen, as it produces an efficient solution for the model building.
Between the primary frames, there are purlin trusses with a spacing of 4 m, which enables the
use of a shallow profile for the roof. In addition, the purlin trusses are an easy way to provide
lateral restraint to the upper and lower chords of the primary lattice.
The building is braced using horizontal lattices in the roof plane (Figure 6.2). This solution
produces smaller foundations and external column dimensions than using a rigid portal solu-
tion. Hollow sections are used as bracing members due to their excellent compression
resistance.
bracing lattice
On the external walls, there are bracing elements constructed from hollow sections, functioning
as tension members. Here, too, hollow sections are an efficient solution, as their stiffness facili-
tates installation and the elements retain their shape well. However, regarding the foundations,
the best solution would be to dimension the bracing elements both as tension and compression
members, as the load on the foundations can then be divided into two (Figure 6.3).
160
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
apex
rafter
compression member
tension member
Figure 6.3 Stiffeners at the end wall of the building (load in the rafter is transferred
to the tension diagonal)
The wind columns on the side walls of the building, carrying wind load, are supported at the
upper end by roof bracing to make them non-sway. The supporting force at the upper end of
the wind columns is transferred to primary frames through the roof profile.
- imposed loads
- snow loads
- wind loads
- fire loads
- seismic loads
The design values of the loads are used in structural design. A design value is obtained by
multiplying the characteristic value of the load by the partial safety factor.
For load calculation, only the formulae applicable to the model building are shown. Load
calculation is handled in more detail in references [1], [2], [3] and [4].
161
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
When designing columns, the loads on storeys are assumed uniformly distributed. Also in the
case of multi-storey buildings, imposed loads can sometimes be reduced [1].
where
National application documents (NADs) may present different methods for calculating
the characteristic value of the snow load.
Reference [2] gives characteristic values for a snow load on the ground and snow load form
factor values.
where
162
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
qref = 0, 5 ρ ⋅ vref
2
70
60
IV
I
II
ry
III
ry
ry
go
ry
go
go
go
te
te
te
50
ca
te
ca
ca
Height of building (m)
ca
in
in
in
in
rra
rra
rra
rra
Te
Te
Te
Te
40
30
20
10
0
1,4 1,6 1,8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4
ce
Figure 6.4 Exposure coefficient ce when ct = 1,0 (building stands on level ground)
The formula for calculating the exposure coefficient ce when ct is not equal to 1,0 is given in
reference [3].
The values of the pressure coefficient cp for wall structures with wall area Aref greater than 10
m2 are shown in Table 6.3. The values for cp with Aref smaller than 10 m2 are given in
reference [3].
163
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
1. d > e 2. d < e
D wind D wind
A 0,2e A A 0,2e A
B 0,8e
d
B
d
B d-0,2e B
C d-e C
E E
b b
In addition to wind load, horizontal forces in the structure are generated by eccentricities and
installation tolerances. A further factor to be taken into account in the design are the horizontal
forces transmitted from structural member in compression to the members proving restraint.
The load caused by a compression structural member in compression (e.g. the upper chord of
the lattice) on restraining members (e.g. horizontal diagonal members) is determined as follows
[5]:
N L
q= when δ q ≤ (6.3)
50 L 2500
N (1 + α ) L
q= when δ q > (6.4)
60 L 2500
164
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
where
The use of the formula (6.4) leads to iteration. Formulae (6.3) and (6.4) are applicable for
stiffening system that support one member only. When there are several supported members,
the horizontal load is determined as follows [5]:
kr + 0, 2 L
q = ΣN when δ q ≤ (6.5)
60 L 2500
k +α L
q = ΣN r when δ q > (6.6)
60 L 2500
where
1
kr = 0, 2 +
nr
nr is the number of members
Chapter 2 presents combined loads in the ultimate limit state [4] [formulae (2.2a, 2.2b and
2.3)]. In the serviceability limit state, the equation for combined loads is the following [4]:
ψ0, ψ1 and ψ2 are load combination factors obtained from Eurocode 1 [4] or from national
application documents (NADs).
Permitted deflections for various structural elements are presented in Table 6.3.
165
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
δ0
δ0= pre-camber
δ1 = deflection due to permanent loads
δmax
Self-weight
The self-weight of the purlin trusses and roof is estimated at Gk = 0,5 kN/ m2.
Snow load
The characteristic value of the
snow load on the ground in the a)
building area is 1,5 kN/ m2. The µ2, α2 µ1, α2
166
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
Wind load
In the building area, the wind velocity vref = 23 m/s. The reference mean velocity
pressure qref is determined from the formula:
kN
qref = 0, 5 ρ ⋅ vref
2
= 0, 5 ⋅ 1, 25 ⋅ 23 3 = 0, 33
m2
In terrain category III, the exposure coefficient ce has the following value with a building
height of 10,5 m measured at the eaves level (Figure 6.4):
ce = 1,816
Thus the basic value for the wind load is obtained using the formula (6.2):
qwk = qref ⋅ ce ⋅ cd ⋅ c p = 0, 33 ⋅ 1, 816 ⋅ 1, 0c p = 0, 6 c p
The following pressure coefficient values are obtained for the model building
(Figure 6.5):
Reference [3] also shows separate pressure coefficients for roof structures.
The buckling length of the column is influenced by the actual length, the fixing method of the
ends and the lateral support to the member. Theoretical buckling lengths for columns are
presented in Table 6.4.
167
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
L
Lc = 1,0 L Lc = 2,0 L Lc = 0,5 L Lc = 1,0 L Lc = 0,7 L
In frame structures with rigid joints, the benefits of structural hollow sections can be utilized
when determining the column buckling length values. Another factor influencing the buckling
length in frames is the lateral support of the frame. A non-sway structure can be stiffened either
with lattices or by supporting it with a rigid structural element (a lift shaft or a stair well).
Generally speaking, a frame structure can be classified non-sway if the following condition is
met [5]:
VSd
≤ 0, 1 (6.10)
Vcr
where
The stiffening of a sway structure is based on columns functioning as cantilevers and fixed to
foundations with a rigid joint, or on the rigidity of the joints.
In the case of a continuous column, the buckling length can be determined using Figures 6.7
and 6.8. The distribution factors η1 and η2 in the figures are determined as follows [5]:
Kc + K1
η1 = (upper assembly point) (6.11)
K c + K 1 + K 11 + K 12
Kc + K 2
η2 = (lower assembly point) (6.12)
K c + K 2 + K 21 + K 22
168
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
where
K1
I
Kc =
L
I K11 K12
K1 = 1 η1
L1 column in question Kc
I η2
K2 = 2
L2 K21 K22
I , I1 and I 2 are the values of inertia for
corresponding columns parallel to frame
L, L1 and L2 are the values of height for corresponding columns K2
K 11 , K 12 , K 12 and K 22 are the effective stiffness
coefficients for corresponding hollow sections (Table 6.5)
Rotation equal and opposite to that of near end (single curvature) 0,5 Ib / Lb (1-1,0 N / Ne)
In Table 6.5, the moments in the hollow section are assumed to be elastic (MSd < Wel · fy /γM0).
The hollow section is assumed pinned if its moment exceeds the elastic moment [5].
The buckling length of columns in rigid jointed structures is obtained from Figure 6.7 for non-
sway frames and from Figure 6.8 for sway frames. The curve values represent the relation of
buckling length to the actual column length.
169
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Lc
L
=
pinned
1,
η1 1,0
0
0,
95
0,9
0,
9
0,8
0,
85
0,
0,7
8
0,
75
0,6
0,
7
0,5
0,
67
5
0,
65
0,4
0,
62
5
0,
6
0,3
0,
57
5
0,2
0,
55
0,1
0,
52
η2
5
rigid
0,
5
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
rigid pinned
Lc
L
=
1,0
∞
pinned
η1
5, 0
0
4,
0,9
3, ,8
0
2 ,6
2
0,8
2, 2
4
2,
2,
0,7
0
1, 8
9
1,
1,
7
0,6
1,
6
1,
5
0,5
1,
4
0,4
1,
3
1,
25
0,3
1,
2
1,
15
0,2
1,
1
0,1
1,
rigid
05
η2
1,
0
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
rigid pinned
170
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
The joints of a frame structure can be considered rigid if the joints are stiffened as shown in
Figure 6.9. A non-stiffened joint must be considered semi-rigid when determining the column
buckling length. The calculation of the rigidity for non-stiffened hollow section frame structures
is dealt with in Appendix 9.5. The effect of a semi-rigid joint on the column buckling length
(formulae 6.11 and 6.12) is accounted for in the value of effective inertia of the hollow section.
This is determined by the following formula [6]:
1
Ib.eff = I (6.13)
3 E ⋅ Ib b
1+
S j ⋅ Lb
where
The stiffness of the joint varies according to the applied moment, as the increasing moment
causes the plastification of the joint components that are subjected to the greatest loads. The
total moment-rotation curve should thus be known in order to utilize the effect of semi-rigid
joints on the calculation of the column buckling length. In case this is not known, the
;;
assumption that the support of the column is pinned at the location of the joint is conservative.
2,5h
M
h
3h
≥0,75b0 ≥0,75b0
0,75b0 0,7h
h b0
;
1,4t
t
M
h
M
t
0,85h
t
171
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The forces on the columns are determined simply by the area of load carried. The
resistance must be checked separately for two different load combinations, since at this
stage it is not known whether the dominant load is the snow load or the wind load.
8
5
Vsd = ⋅ 3, 6 ⋅ 10, 3 = 23, 2 kN
8
kN
sd = ψ 0.2 ⋅ γ Q.2 ⋅ Qk .2 = 0, 6 ⋅ 1, 5 ⋅ 1, 2 = 1, 08 2
m
(snow load)
kN
Gd = γ G.1 ⋅ Gk .1 = 1, 35 ⋅ 0, 5 = 0, 68 2 (self-weight)
m
N Sd = 0, 5(Gd + sd ) L f ⋅ B = 0, 5(0, 68 + 1, 08)10 ⋅ 48 = 422 kN
where
172
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
;
Gd = γ G.1 ⋅ Gk .1 = 1, 35 ⋅ 0, 5 = 0, 68
8
∆M = +
1 9
8 128
q ⋅ L2 =
25
128
⋅ qL2
= 1, 8 +
8 ⋅ 25
⋅ ( β MQ − β Mψ )
∆M
⋅ (1, 3 − 1, 8) = 1, 48
The column is designed using the formula shown in Section 2 (2.57). Try a hollow
section with dimensions 300 x 200 x 6 and steel grade S355J2H. The cross-section of the
hollow section is Class 4, as h/ t= 300/ 6 = 50 > 36,6. The calculation of the effective
cross-section and the determination of column compression and bending resistance are
detailed in Chapter 2, so only the results are presented here (Appendices 9.1 and 9.2):
∆M
y
z
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Next, determine the value for parameter ky. The wind load and the snow load are
calculated separately, since NSd affects the value of parameter ky .
Now we have determined the necessary parameters. The column resistance can be
checked using the following condition (2.57):
N Sd k y ⋅ M y.Sd 422 1, 246 ⋅ 47 , 7
+ = + = 0, 831 < 1 OK ! (if wind load is dominant)
N b. Rd M y. Rd 815, 3 189, 7
N Sd k y ⋅ M y.Sd 595 1, 347 ⋅ 28, 6
+ = + = 0, 933 < 1 OK ! (if snow load is dominant)
N b. Rd M y. Rd 815, 3 189, 7
Regarding shear resistance, the wind load is dominant. We need to calculate the plastic
shear resistance, since h / t = 47,6 < 59,1 (Section 2.4.1 and Appendix 9.1):
Force quantities
The column location is eccentric to the base plate (e1=75 mm), so the moment due to
axial force must be taken into account:
M Sd .tot = M Sd − N Sd ⋅ e1
= 47 , 7 − 422 ⋅ 0, 075 = 16, 05 kNm
(This moment direction is dominant in the design of the base plate.)
;
determined by the following formula (example 28):
y
= 1− 1−
= 1− 1−
2M Sd .tot
d
b ⋅ fcd ⋅ d 2
2 ⋅ 16, 05
350 = 8, 29 mm
400 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 0, 35 2
Fc.Sd =
N Sd . min
4
(example 28):
M + N Sd . min ⋅ e2 162
+ 0, 5 Sd
0, 3
Fv. Rd =
As ⋅ f y
3 ⋅γ M0
=
561 ⋅ 345
3 ⋅ 1, 1
Ø > 16 mm ⇒ f = 345 N
y
mm 2
=
V
4
= 101, 6 kN > Sd
4
+ 0, 5
175
400
150
100
47 , 7 + 162 ⋅ 0, 1
OK !
0, 3
e1=75
300
450
e2= 100
300
= 147 , 0 kN
(The direction of the dominant moment is now reversed as compared to the base plate
design. e2 is the eccentricity of the column to the group of holding down bolts.)
Design the holding down bolts of steel grade S355J2 for shear force and axial force
225
200
tp
300
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The buckling length of the holding down bolts is equal to the thickness of the second
stage concrete layer, that is, 70 mm:
Lc = 70 mm
i = 7, 5 mm ⇒ λ = 0,12 < 0, 2 ⇒ χ = 1, 0
As ⋅ f y 345
Fb.Rd = Ft.Rd = = 561 ⋅ = 176, 0 kN > Fc.Sd OK!
γ MO 1, 1
The size of holding down bolts is usually between Ø 24-36 mm. The combined load
criterion for a holding down bolt subjected to shear force and axial force is expressed as
follows:
Fv.Sd Fc.Sd 0, 25 ⋅ 23, 2 147 , 0
+ = + = 0, 612 < 1 OK!
Fv. Rd Fb. Rd 101, 6 176, 0
Using the previously calculated stresses, obtain the value for the base plate bending
moment at the column edge as follows:
a1 2 a12 150 2 150 2
M Sd = p2 + ( p1 − p2 ) b = 3, 53 + ( 3, 53 − 2, 74) 400 = 18, 26 kNm
2 3 2 3
The thickness of the base plate is obtained by substituting the bending moment MSd
in the formula (3.40):
6 ⋅ M Sd ⋅ γ MO 6 ⋅ 18, 26 ⋅ 1, 1
tp ≥ = = 29, 6 mm ⇒ provide t p = 30 mm
b ⋅ fy 400 ⋅ 345
t > 16 mm ⇒ f = 345 N
p y
mm 2
Thus, the resistance of the base plate tp = 30 mm and that of the holding down bolts of
Ø 30 are sufficient.
176
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
Rectangular hollow sections are a more efficient alternative when the axial force is small
compared to the bending moment and the bending moment is uniaxial. Even with hollow sec-
tions with a high h/b ratio, the resistance for lateral-torsional buckling is rarely governing.
Allowing for the continuity of the hollow sections reduces span moments, which often makes it
possible to select a smaller hollow section size. It is thus recommended that continuous hollow
sections as long as possible are used. However, the effect of shop manufacture, transport and
site installation on the length of structural elements must be taken into account. By placing the
splices appropriately, the forces affecting the joints can be kept to a minimum, which makes it
possible to also select a pinned joint.
177
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Loads
The compressive force on the gable beam is assumed constant along the entire length of
the section:
where
With dominant snow load, the following restraining force for the purlin truss is obtained:
Fy.Sd = 0, 5(γ G.1 ⋅ Gk .1 + γ Q.1 ⋅ Qk .1 ) L p ⋅ L f = 0, 5(1, 35 ⋅ 0, 4 + 1, 5 ⋅ 1, 2) ⋅ 4 ⋅ 10 = 46, 8 kN
(self-weight and snow load)
where
The self-weight Gk.1 can be assumed smaller (0,4 kN/ m2), since the weight of the primary
lattice need not be taken into account.
178
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
Calculate the forces and moments using plastic theory. For vertical loading, the
following static model is obtained:
FSd FSd
4000 4000 4000
L = 6000 L = 6000
FSd FSd
θ 2θ 2θ θ
3θ 3θ
By using equalizing the internal and external work, the plastic moment can be determined:
M Sd ( 3θ + 2θ ) = FSd L ⋅ θ ⇒ M Sd = 2FSd ⋅
2 L
= 37 , 44 kNm
3 15
2M Sd
VSd = = 37 , 44 kN
L
3
In the interaction expression, there is now only one bending load, so the effect of the
parameter α is omitted:
M Sd
M = 0, 686 < 1, 0 OK!
N . y. Rd
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Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Check that the hollow section will not buckle before the mechanism is generated. The
buckling length is 6 m. The buckling resistance is as follows (Appendix 9.2):
N b. y. Rd = 369, 9 kN > N Sd OK!
The gable beam is restrained laterally supported by the roof profile, so lateral buckling
need not be checked. In this case, the effect of bending moment on buckling need not be
taken into account, since vertical buckling leads to the expected failure mechanism.
door beam
a
do
5000
or
s
Mz
Vz
a-a
Mt
200
Vy
My
100
qwd
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
Loads
The hollow section is subjected to biaxial bending and to torsional moment. No axial
force is present. The force quantities are determined using elasticity theory. Consider a
hollow section with dimensions of 180 x 100 x 6 and steel grade S355J2H.
(torsional load due to the weight of the door and the wind load)
The interaction expression based on plasticity theory can be used, since there is no axial
force present and the hollow section has a Class 2 cross-section [formula (2.9)]. The
portion of torsion is checked separately, since the maximum value of the torsion moment
is at a different location than that of the bending moment:
1,66 1,66
M y.Sd M z.Sd 15, 8
1,66
4, 22
1,66
181
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The resistance of a 180 x 100 x 6 hollow section is thus sufficient for a door beam. It is
often necessary to restrict the deflection of the door beam to ensure smooth functioning
of the door mechanism.
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 6
the brace member load using the shear force value V0 = 2 Vmax = 2 (q · L/2)
of the section (V0 ≈ Vmax ). Check the resistance of M
Mmax
V
0,7-0,8.
183
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
N
the self-weight is advantageous. In the calculation
0k
-48
68 N
model, assume that the chord is continuous and that 2k
-48
2k
0k
N 68
N
the brace members is pinned. Check the resistance 1166 kN
of selected members to actual member forces.
Calculate the resistance of brace members in terms
of either tension or buckling resistance and check
the resistance of chords from the interaction expres-
sion for moment and axial force. If the member sizes
need to be adjusted, recalculate the member forces
using the new dimensions. Check that the
dimensions of the members meet the validity criteria
shown in the tables of Appendix 9.3.
N0
; t0
h0
θ1 θ2 t1, 2
b1, 2
h1 h2
;
N1 N2
In lattice design, it is recommended that design software package are used which include
resistance data for structural hollow sections (e.g. WinRAMI, Appendix 9.8).
The costs of a lattice does not only consist of the weight of the steel, but also of shop
fabrication and on-site installation. A lattice with gapped joints and few members may thus be
less costly than a lighter weight lattice with several members and overlapped joints. The most
advantageous type of lattice and joint shape must be decided on a case by case basis.
K truss
KT truss
N truss
A K truss is suitable for long-spanned structures where loads can be transferred directly to
lattice joint locations. In K type trusses, the number of members is small and joints are simple.
Wide spacings between members also leaves room for tube lead-throughs. However, the
buckling length of the upper chord is large, which may result in a heavier chord than in the
other lattice types. In general, a K truss is simple and very affordable in terms of fabrication
costs.
In a KT truss, the spacing of the upper chord supports is more dense, so the resistance of the
chord is better than that of a K truss. The joints in a KT truss are, however, more complex to
prepare. The joints in the lower chord must often be made overlapped, which increases
fabrication costs.
In an N truss, the number of members is larger as compared to that of a K truss. In deep and
short lattices, the brace member forces are great in comparison with the chord forces. In such
a case, an N truss is efficient, since the compressed brace members are shorter than the ones
in KT trusses. The joints must usually be made overlapped to avoid high values of eccentricity.
185
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
In long-spanned structures, there are big differences in the brace member loads. Close to the
support, the loads are greater than in the central area of the lattice. To reduce the weight of the
structure, the brace members subjected to smaller loads can be made of lighter-weight hollow
sections. However, to facilitate shop fabrication, it is not advisable to use more than 2 to 4
different brace member sizes. With hollow sections having the same external diameter, only
one wall thickness should be used in one lattice to avoid confusing them during construction.
For simplicity's sake, the chord is usually made of one hollow section size, although axial force
varies according to the length of the chord. The chord section can be constructed of hollow
sections of different sizes if the lattice is divided into assembly blocks. In such a case, the size
of the chord changes at the assembly joint.
At the intermediate support of a continuous lattice girder, the supporting force and the moment
are at their maximum values. The buckling length of the lower compression chord can be
reduced by placing a vertical brace member above the support. It is an advantage if the
supporting force is received by a vertical member, since the longer diagonal members are
subjected to tension. In subsequent diagonal compression members, axial force is reduced
from the value at the support (Figure 6.13).
Supports for pipes, ducts and working platforms are usually shaped as a bridge by joining the
primary lattices with horizontal wind lattices (Figure 6.14). The lattices can also be joined with
plates whose joints are designed according to the horizontal loads. It is advisable to brace a
structure constructed of two lattices with lacing perpendicular to the lattice plane if the lattices
are also subjected to torsion load. (Figure 6.14a). The distance between the lattice nodes
perpendicular to the lattice plane can be used as the buckling length of a laterally
nonsupported upper chord. In such a case, the transverse force generated by the upper chord
must be taken into account in the design. The transverse force can be estimated using the
formulae shown in Section 6.1.4. A laterally nonsupported upper chord is presented, for
instance, in Figure 6.14b.
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
a) b)
FN FN
Lc
;;;
;; ;
;;
FN FN
Mt
Figure 6.14 Laterally joined trusses (Fn is the transverse force preventing buckling)
Due to services, the lattice must sometimes be perforated. To guarantee a sufficient shear
resistance, the lattice must be reinforced at the openings. A lower lattice can be constructed
between the upper chord and the opening if the height of the opening is smaller than that of the
lattice. If the opening and the lattice are of equal height, the opening must be reinforced with a
frame. The bending moment due to shear force must be taken into account in the design of the
frame and chords. Usually, it is advisable to place the openings in areas with the least possible
shear force.
A decisive factor in the selection of chord section are the buckling lengths about different axes.
When the buckling lengths are close to equal in both directions, square hollow sections are the
most advantageous. The use of rectangular hollow sections can be efficient if the buckling
length values differ significantly. However, a broad and shallow chord is not a good solution
because of the local strength of the chord face and the shear resistance. It is advisable to
select a deep chord when the chord bears significant bending load between the lattice nodes.
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Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The in-plane buckling length of the chord equals the distance between nodes. When the
direction of buckling is out of the plane, the buckling length equals the distance between
laterally supported points. The above buckling length values can be multiplied by 0,9 if the
joints are welded all round and the brace members are not flattened [5]. Lateral stiffening
elements are designed for transverse loads and transverse forces due to compression chords
(Section 6.1.4). The bending moments generated by joint eccentrities must be taken into
account in the chord design. The joints of square and rectangular hollow sections are simpler
than the joints of circular hollow sections. Exceptional cases in which the use of circular hollow
sections is advisable are triangular lattice sections and space frames.
A thick chord wall is efficient in terms of joint resistance, but in terms of the compression
resistance of the chord the situation is quite the contrary. A feasible compromise must be
reached in the design, or the chord face must be reinforced.
Lattices that are subjected to heavy loads and that have a large spacing between the lateral
restraints of the compression chord can be constructed using a double chord. In a double
chord lattice, the chords are joined to each other directly (Figure 6.16b) or through diaphragm
members (Figures 6.16a and c). The horizontal inertia of the chord increases significantly if the
chords are joined by diaphragm members. Regarding the resistance of the joint, chord face
yield is not possible, since the forces from brace members are transferred directly to chord
webs. In the design of a joint shown in Figure 6.16c, forces due to three-dimensionality must be
taken into account. When designing the joint shown in Figure 6.16b, the same formulae as with
an I profile chord can be used if the space between corner roundings is welded at joint
locations. The web thickness value of the I profile tw is replaced with the combined thickness
value of both chord webs (2 t0), and the corner radius is the inner corner radius of the chord.
The dimensions of the joint shown in Figure 6.16a must be selected so that the brace member
welds are accessible. Regarding the shear resistance of the chords in Figure 16a, the following
sectional areas are used [7]:
Av = 2, 6 ho ⋅ to when ho / bo ≥ 1 (6.14)
Av = 2, 0 ho ⋅ to when ho / bo < 1 (6.15)
where
a) b)
hitsi
;
;;;
;; ;
c)
;
The selection of brace members is less complex, since a brace member with thin walls and
large outer dimensions is better in terms of both joint strength and member resistance.
However, the slenderness of a brace member should be kept within the limits specified in the
tables in Appendix 9.3. Special attention must be paid to the weld between the chord and the
brace member when the chord and brace member are of almost equal width (Section 7.4.4).
Usually, it is advisable to select such dimensions for the brace member so that the ratio
between its width and the chord width falls between 0,7 and 0,8.
It is always conservative to take the actual length of the brace member as its buckling length.
However, joints welded at all sides have rigidity, and thus a buckling length of 0,75 times the
actual length of the member can be used. The buckling length of the brace members can also
be calculated with the formulae presented in reference [5], if the b1/b0 ratio is less than 0,6.
However, in joints of completely overlapped (λov = 100 %) and flattened brace members, the
buckling length is always the actual length of the member.
With large values of the joint angle θi , it is advisable to use rectangular brace members to keep
the joint eccentrities to a minimum (Figure 6.17a). With small joint angles or near the support of
a single span lattice square brace members can be used. (Figure 6.17b). Near the support of a
single span lattice, the axial forces in the chord are small, so the chord can more easily carry
the bending moments due to joint eccentrities.
a) b)
θ θ θ θ
;;;
;
;
Truss joints can be divided into two main groups: gapped and overlapped. Gapped joints are
easier to make, since the brace members can be cut to the conect angle in one go. There is
also some tolerance when assembling the lattice. In a gapped joint made of square brace
members, the eccentricity is usually large when the brace members are of the same width as
the chord. The eccentricity increases the bending load on the chord. The shear resistance of
the joint may also govern in a gapped joint. An overlapped joint is more complex to prepare,
because the overlapping member must be cut to two different angles. The tolerances of the
elements are more restricted than in gapped joints. Respectively, the resistance of the joint is
greater, and eccentricity can be removed completely if an appropriate overlap is used.
189
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The smallest angle permitted for brace members in the tables is 30°. In practice, small joint
angles should be avoided, as they make the welding of the acute angle side quite difficult. With
small angles, even minor flaws in cutting the hollow section can result in large root gaps in the
joints. If the joint angle θI is smaller than 60°, the ends of brace members must be chamfered.
According to tables in Eurocode 3 Appendix K, the minimum gap for gap joints is (t1+ t2).
It is also advisable to check that the gap meets the condition given in reference [8], that is,
ga ≥ 1,5 t0, to obtain a sufficient plastic deformation capacity of the chord (ga is the distance
between the weld toes, see Figure 6.18).
t1 t2 t1 t2
ga >1,5 t0 ga >1,5 t0
θ1 > 60° θ2 > 60° θ1 ≤ 60° θ2 ≤ 60°
g > t1 + t2 g > t1 + t2
t0
t0
In the joints of hollow section lattices, local stress concentrations are generated at the joint.
However, the stress concentrations are somewhat evened out by the yielding of the brace
members and chords. Due to this, the welds at the joints must be designed to have the same
strength as the members. The welds that qualify are full penetration single-V butt welds or fillet
welds with a throat thickness meeting the following conditions [7]:
a ≥ 0, 95 t ( fy = 235 N mm 2 ) (6.16 )
a ≥ 1, 00 t ( fy = 275 N mm 2 ) (6.17 )
a ≥ 1, 07 t ( fy = 355 N mm 2 ) (6.18 )
In overlapped joints, the lower brace member need not usually be welded at the side which
remains hidden. However, in totally overlapped joints (λov = 100 %) even the hidden side must
always be welded. This is also the case when the components of the forces in the brace
member, parallel to the chord, differ from each other by more than 20 % [7].
Reinforcing the joint is advantageous if the number of joints to be reinforced is small compared
to that of members in the lattice. On one hand, the reinforcement of joints increases fabrication
costs; on the other, it reduces the weight of the structure and removes the need to use too
many hollow section sizes.
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
The chord face can be reinforced with plates (Figure 6.19a). This is an effective method for
structures with brace members distinctly narrower than the chords. When determining the
resistance of joints, the thickness of the chord face t0 is replaced with the thickness of the
bracing tp, and the width of the chord is replaced with the width of the bracing bp. The
resistance of joints reinforced on the chord face is shown in Tables 9.3.13 and 9.3.15. The
bracing is prone to lamellar tearing, which must be taken into account when selecting the
bracing material.
The shear resistance of the chord can be improved with plates welded to the chord side (Figure
6.19b). The height of the plates is equal to that of the chord. When calculating the sectional
area, the thickness of the chord web t0 is replaced with the sum t0+ tp. The resistance of joints
reinforced by the chord webs is given in Tables 9.3.14 and 9.3.16. The shear resistance of the
joint often governs when the brace member and the chord are of equal width.
Overlapping of brace members increases both the resistance of the chord face and the shear
resistance of the chord. Brace members of different widths can be overlapped with
reinforcement (Figure 6.19c). The thickness of the reinforcing plate must be at least twice the
thickness of the brace member wall (tp ≥ 2t1). A further advantage gained by the use of
reinforcement is a symmetrical joint. Preparing the joint shown in Figure 6.19c without
reinforcement is not advisable, as the resistance of the joint is smaller than the results shown in
the tables in Appendix 9.3. The resistance of reinforced overlapped joints is shown in Table
;;;
9.3.17.
; a)
c)
b)
191
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Usually, the deflection of the lattice is obtained directly from the output of the lattice design
software. In the software, the lattices can be modelled using continuous chords and pinned
brace members. In gapped joints, due to the flexibility of the joints the actual deflection can be
more than 12-15% greater than the calculated deflection [7]. In the preliminary planning stage
it may be necessary to estimate the lattice deflection by manual calculations. The stiffness of
the lattice can be calculated taking into account the effect of the chords only:
2 2
A2
A1 2 1
I = A1 ⋅ H 2 + A ⋅ H (6.19)
A2 2 A2
1+ 1+
A1 A1
A1
where
192
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
Now design the primary trusses in the model building. Loads on the lattice consist of the
self-weight of the structure and the snow load. The purlin spacing is 4 m, so it is an ad-
vantage to use the same spacing in the brace member joints. With the 10 m spacing of
primary lattices, the following load on the lattice is obtained:
where
Lf is the frame spacing
Lp is the purlin spacing
Truss shape
In a roof lattice, the lower chord can be made either straight or bent. Axial forces are
greater in a bent lower chord. With a straight lower chord, the height of the lattice is
greater in the centre of the span, which is also the location with the greatest moment.
Thus, the axial force is smaller in a straight lower chord. With to a straight lower chord,
the length of brace members is greater, which may increase the weight of the lattice as
compared to a lattice with a bent lower chord. In the model building, the lower chord is
bent, but the axial force of the lower chord is resisted by a tension rod. The use of the
tension rod reduces the amount of steel in the brace members, but increases the number
of joints in the lattice.
The span is long, which makes the shear force small compared to the bending moment.
An N lattice is thus too heavy to be used in the model building. For a better upper chord
resistance, a KT lattice is selected, since the spacing of the purlins is large. The height
of the lattice is estimated by the span. In practice, the optimal height varies between L/9-
L/12. In the model building, a lattice height of 6,5 m is selected.
N1.Sd = -480 kN
tension rod N0.Sd = 1166 kN
L N1.Sd = 682 kN
193
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The initial load on chords and brace members can be determined by calculating the
lattice forces with the formulae of a simply supported section:
qd ⋅ L2 24, 8 ⋅ 48 2
N 0.Sd ≈ = = 1099 kN (load on upper chord)
(8 H ) ( 8 ⋅ 6 , 5)
N1.Sd ≈ 0, 5qd ⋅ L 2 = 0, 5 ⋅ 24, 8 ⋅ 48 2 = 841, 7 kN (load on brace member)
Based on these values, select an upper chord of 200 x 200 x 8 and brace members of 120
x 120 x 6. For the buckling length of the upper chord, take 90% of the horizontal
distance between purlins and, 90% of the vertical distance between the lattice nodes.
Thus the following buckling length for the upper chord are obtained:
2
Lc. y = 0, 9 = 1, 83 m
cos 9, 5
4
Lc.z = 0, 9 = 3, 65 m
cos 9, 5
The size of the lower chord is more complex to define manually in this particular case, so
by considering the brace member joint, select a lower chord of dimensions 140 x 140 x 5.
The axial force on the tension rod can be assumed equal to that on the upper chord.
Select a tension rod of Ø80 mm (fy = 345 N/mm2). The output from the design software
gives the following maximum values for the forces:
Upper chord: N 0.Sd = −1431 kN (compression)
M0.Sd = 4, 0 kNm
Lower chord: N 0.Sd = −462 kN (compression)
Tension rod : N 0.Sd = 1166 kN (tension)
Brace members: N1.Sd = −480 kN (compression)
N1.Sd = 682 kN (tension)
First, consider the resistance of the upper chord with a 200 x 200 x 8 hollow section and
the steel designation S355J2H. The hollow section has a Class 1 cross-section and its re-
sistances are as follows (Appendix 9.2):
N b. Rd = N b.z. Rd = 1484 kN (buckling resistance, Lc= 3,65 m)
N b. y. Rd = 1806 kN (buckling resistance, Lc= 1,83 m)
M pl. y. Rd = 135, 8 kNm
Substituting the resistances in the interaction expression (2.57):
N Sd k y ⋅ M y.Sd 1431 1, 182 ⋅ 4, 0
+ = + = 0, 999 < 1, 0 OK !
N b. Rd M y. Rd 1484 135, 8
194
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
;
present only in the first diagonal spacing,
a
after which the lower chord is subjected to
tension. Support the compression element of a a-a
the lower chord laterally to the lattice
purlin with stays. This way, the buckling
length of the lower chord of dimensions 140
x 140 x 5 is equal in both directions:
4
Lc = 0, 9 = 3, 65 m
cos 9, 5
χ ⋅ A ⋅ fy 355
N b. Rd = = 0, 617 ⋅ 2636
γ M1 1, 1
= 525, 1 kN > 462 kN OK!
The resistance of the tension rod (Ø80 mm) is determined by the area and the yield
strength:
Lc = 0, 75 ⋅ 3, 54 = 2, 66 m
This buckling length is used to determine the buckling resistance:
In brace members subjected to smaller loads, a smaller hollow section can be used.
195
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
To simplify shop fabrication, the joints of the upper chord in the model building are
designed gapped and those of the lower chord overlapped. Thus, the eccentricities can
be kept small. In a simply supported lattice section, the shear force is at its greatest at
the supports, which is also where the brace member forces are at their greatest. Due to
this, the resistance values of joints at the two outermost purlins (corners 1 and 5 in the
calculation model) must be checked. In practical design, the resistance values of all
joints must be checked.
detail 1 b0
Joint of corner 1
;
N0 t0
h0
detail 1
t1
θ
b1
h1
N1
The joint at corner 1 is a Y joint with a tension brace member. The formulae for this type
of joint are shown in Table 9.3.1 The geometry and forces at the joint are as follows:
196
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
Since β = 0,6 < 0,85, the governing failure mode is the yielding of the chord face:
f y ⋅ t 0 2 2η
+ 4 1 − β kn
1, 1
N1. Rd =
(1 − β ) sin θ sin θ γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0
355 ⋅ 8 2 2 ⋅ 0, 6 + 4 1 − 0, 6 1, 0 1 = 256, 1 kN
=
(1 − 0, 6 ) sin 54 sin 54 1, 1
The joint resistance is not sufficient, since N1.Sd = 682 kN > N1.Rd. When the chord face
value governs, reinforcement welded to the chord face helps improve the resistance of
the joint. In the model building, reinforcement is an affordable solution, since only the
outermost joints must be reinforced.
b0
t0
N0
h0
Lp bp
;;
θ
tp
t1
h1 b1
N1
= 275mm ≥ 1, 5
120
Lp = 222 mm
sin 54
197
Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The dimensions of the chord and brace members must fall within the validity area given
in Table 9.3.13:
b1 h1 120 b0 + h0 400
= = = 0, 6 > 0, 25 OK! = = 50 > 25 OK!
b0 b0 200 t0 8
h b1 h1 120
0, 5 < 1 = 1 < 2 OK! = = = 20 < 35 OK!
b1 t1 t1 6
h b1 + h1 240
0, 5 < 0 = 1 < 2 OK! = = 40 > 25 OK!
b0 t1 6
b0 h0 200 b p = 185 mm > b0 − 2t 0 = 184 mm OK!
= = = 25 < 35 OK!
t0 t0 8
Joint at corner 5
det 5 b0
det 5
;
θ1
N1
e
h1
g
ga
h2
N0
θ2
The joint at corner 5 is a gapped K joint. The formulae for this type of joint are given in
Table 9.3.2. The geometry and forces at the joint are as follows:
N2
t0
t1, 2
b1, 2
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
Chord shear
Obtain the value for the shear resistance of the entire chord as follows:
Av = ( 2h0 + α ⋅ b0 )t 0 = ( 2 ⋅ 200 + 0, 137 ⋅ 200)8 = 3419 mm 2
1 1
α= 2 = = 0, 137
4g 4 ⋅ 50 2
1+ 2 1+
3t 0 3 ⋅ 82
f y ⋅ Av 1, 1 355 ⋅ 3419 1
N1. Rd = = = 787 , 4 kN
3 sin θ γ Mj ⋅ γ M 0 3 sin 54 1, 1
f y ⋅ Av
Vpl. Rd = = 637 , 1 kN
3 ⋅γ M0
VSd = 480 sin( 54) = 388, 3 kN
In the determination of the compression resistance of the chord, the effect of shear force
must be taken into account, since:
VSd > 0, 5VRd
2VSd fy
2
N 0. Rd = A0 − Av − 1
Vpl. Rd γ M 0
2 ⋅ 388, 3 355
2
= 5934 − 3419 − 1 = 1862 kN
637 , 1 1, 1
N 0. Rd > N 0.Sd = 859, 1 kN OK!
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Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
g
b1 h1 E
= = 20 < 1, 25 = 30, 4 OK!
t1 t1 fy L L
t0
L L
e 36, 5 θ1 ga θ2
−0, 55 < = = 0, 18 < 0, 25 OK!
h0 200 t1 t2
g 50
= = 0, 25 > 0, 5(1 − β ) = 0, 5(1 − 0, 6 ) = 0, 2 OK!
b0 200
g 50
= = 0, 25 < 1, 5(1 − β ) = 1, 5(1 − 0, 6 ) = 0, 6 OK!
b0 200
ga = g − 2 L = g − 2 tan( 90 − θ )t1 = 50 − 2 tan( 90 − 54)6 OK!
ga = 41, 3 mm > 1, 5t 0 = 1, 5 ⋅ 8 = 12 mm OK!
200 x 200 x 8
2 x 15
a-a
300 x 200 x 6
a
;
tp
120 x 120 x 6
The lattice-to-column joint is made using an end plate. To facilitate the fabrication of the
joint, eccentricity is allowed about the neutral axis of the column. As a result, the upper
chord must transfer the shear force to the column. The eccentricity also causes bending
moment in the upper chord. When the eccentricity is 200 mm, the forces loading the end
of the upper chord at the diagonal/chord intersection are as follows:
VSd = 595 kN
M Sd = 595 ⋅ 0, 2 = 119 kNm
N Sd = 78 kN (joint at corner 1)
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Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
[ (
M pl. Rd = Wpl + 2 0, 25t p ⋅ h 2 )]
fy
γ M0 [ (
= 420900 + 2 0, 25 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 200 2
355
1, 1
)]
= 168, 1 kNm
[
N pl.Rd = A + 2(t p ⋅ h) ]γ
fy 355
= [ 5924 + 2( 5 ⋅ 200)] = 2557 kN
M0 1, 1
The shear force now exceeds half of the shear resistance; thus, its effect must be taken
into account in the interaction expression. The effect of shear force is taken into account
when calculating the resistance to bending and axial force [formula (2.46)]:
ρ ⋅ Av2 0, 126 ⋅ 4962 2
pl
W − fy 520900 − 355
8t 8 ⋅ 13
MV . Rd = = = 158, 5 kNm
γ M0 1, 1
fy
NV . Rd = ( A − ρ ⋅ Av ) = 2356 kN
γ M0
The effect of axial force is taken into account in the interaction expression (2.49).
Bending moment now occurs only in the other direction, so the latter term in the
condition is omitted. Buckling need not be taken into account, as it is the local resistance
of the chord which is considered here. The following value for bending resistance with
the presence of axial force is obtained:
N
M N . Rd = 1, 26 MV . Rd 1 − Sd = 1, 26 ⋅ 158, 5 1 −
78
= 193, 1 kNm > M pl , Rd
NV . Rd 2356
⇒ M N . Rd = MV . Rd = 158, 5 kNm ⇒ M N . Rd > M Sd = 119 kNm OK!
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
In the previous resistance calculations, the web reinforecement was included in the
thickness of the webs. The web thickness used in calculations is then t = 8 + 5 = 13 mm.
At the serviceability limit state, loads are calculated using the characteristic values (6.7),
which gives the following load on the lattice:
kN
qk = (Gk + Qk ) L f = (0, 5 + 1, 2)10 = 17
m
where
Lf is the frame spacing
In mast stiffening, the columns function as masts fixed to the foundation with a rigid joint,
receiving the horizontal loads. When the height of the building increases, the foundations are
subjected to larger moments, and the buckling length factor of the columns is great. This
makes mast stiffening suitable only for low buildings. The advantage of this method is the
simplicity of the installation, as no separate supports are needed during installation.
Frame stiffening is a natural method to use when frame joints are rigid and lattice stiffening is
not feasible due to, for instance, openings in the walls. In frame stiffening, horizontal loads are
transferred as moments to the corners of the frame. Rigid joints are, however, more costly to
make than pinned ones.
In tower stiffening, horizontal loads are transferred through rigid elements such as lift shafts
or stairwells to the foundation. This method is well-suited for buildings in which stiffening
elements are made using slip casting. The problem is to produce a sufficiently firm joint when
joining the building frame to the stiffening elements.
In plate stiffening, horizontal forces are transferred to the ground through plates joined to the
frame. Plates can be vertical (e.g. walls cast on-site) or horizontal (e.g. profile). Plate stiffening
is an affordable method: since the plate already forms a part of the building, no separate
stiffening elements are needed. Horizontal loads must also be taken into account when
dimensioning the joining of the stiffening plates, as this makes the joining firmer than it would
be without taking the stiffening effect into account.
Lattice stiffening is an effective method in high buildings. Stiffening lattices transfer the
horizontal loads to the members as axial forces. Hollow sections make excellent stiffening
lattice members, since their radius of gyration is large about both axes. A disadvantage of the
lattice stiffening is the space needed for lacings at doors, windows and other openings made to
walls.
Several stiffening methods can be used in the same building. The buckling length values of the
structure can be determined using the model for non-sway frames (Figure 6.7) when using
tower, plate or lattice stiffening. In mast and frame stiffening, the buckling length values must
be determined using the sway-frame model (Figure 6.8).
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
Lateral stiffening
The wind loads in the side wall of the building are transferred to the stiffening lattices in
the end wall through the horizontal lattice in the roof parallel to the side walls. However,
the horizontal force of the side wall wind columns is transferred to the primary columns
through the roof profile. This way, the eaves section of the side wall can be made lighter.
The joints of the stiffening profile must be checked for the loads created by the horizontal
forces.
End wall bracing
Design the bracing elements of the end wall. The horizontal load is divided evenly in the
end walls, as the building is symmetrical and the bracing in the end walls is similar. In
the pressure coefficient of the wind load, the effect of negative pressure must also be
taken into account, so cp= 0,6 + 0,3= 0,9. Thus the following value for the horizontal
force of the end wall is obtained:
L 100
FSd = γ Q.1 ⋅ c p ⋅ qref ⋅ ce (0, 375 ⋅ H1 + H 2 ) = 1, 5 ⋅ 0, 9 ⋅ 0, 6(0, 375 ⋅ 10, 5 + 4) = 321, 5 kN
2 2
where
H1 is the height of the eaves
H2 is the height of the roof structure
L is the length of the building
The bracing is made with two members, one subjected to compression and the other to
tension. The total horizontal force is transferred by the tension lacing. The tensile force
is as follows:
NSd = 321,5 / cos 48 = 480 kN
Consider a hollow section of dimensions 100 x 100 x 4:
Nt.Sd = 1495⋅355 / 1,1 = 482,5 kN
FSd
Det 1
;;;
100 x 100 x 4
Det 1
250 x 150 x 12,5
Roof Bracing
qd.2
D2
D1
qd.1
eaves section wind column
purlin section main column
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 6
The roof bracing is subjected to transverse wind load. The loads on the wind columns
are transferred as reactions, so part of the wind load is transferred directly to the
foundation. The total wind load on the roof is transferred to the roof bracing. When
determining the wind load, it is important to distinguish between the effects of negative
and positive pressure due to the difference between the compression and tension
resistance values of hollow sections. The following wind load is obtained on the side
wall:
where
The axial force values in diagonal members D1 and D2 (Figure 6.27) is obtained from
the reaction at end of the roof bracing:
0, 5 L 0, 5 ⋅ 100
D1 : N Sd.1 = qd 1 = 4, 28 = 279, 4 kN (tension)
cos 40 cos 40
0, 5 L 0, 5 ⋅ 100
D2 : N Sd.2 = qd 2 = 2, 14 = 139, 7 kN (compression)
cos 40 cos 40
20 2 + 24 2
Lc. y = Lc.z = = 5, 2 m
6
Consider a hollow section of dimensions 120 x 120 x 5. The following values for
tension and buckling resistance is obtained:
355
Nt.Rd = 2236 = 721, 6 kN > N Sd.1 OK!
1, 1
355
N b.Rd = 0, 328 ⋅ 2236 = 236, 4 kN > N Sd.2 OK!
1, 1
The resistance of the upper chord of the purlin truss and that of the eaves beam, to the
axial force due to wind load, must also be checked, as well as the deflection of the roof
bracing.
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Chapter 6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
6.6 References
[1] ENV 1991-2-1: Eurocode 1: Suunnitteluperusteet ja rakenteiden kuormat, osa 2-1:
Rakenteiden kuormat, tiheydet, oma paino ja hyötykuorma, 1995
(ENV 1991-2-1:Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures. Part 2-1: Actions
on structures. densities, self-weight and imposed loads, 1995)
[6] ECCS: Technical Committee 8- Structural stability- Technical working group 8.1/ 8.2
Skeletal structures: Analysis and design of steel frames with semi-rigid joints, First edition
1992
[7] CIDECT: Design guide for rectangular hollow section joints under predominantly static
loading, Verlag TÜV Rheinland GmbH, Köln 1992
[8] CIDECT: Project 5AQ/2: Cold formed RHS in arctic steel structures, Final report 5AQ-5-
96,1996
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 7
The general principle is to perform the most demanding and complex phases in the workshop
to make the erection quick and cost-efficient. In practice this means that all welded joints are
made at the shop, and erection then consists of joining of preassembled units with bolts.
A circular hollow section can sometimes be joined to the edge of another circular section by
cutting the hollow section in one plane. A prerequisite for this is that the external dimensions of
the hollow sections differ distinctly. This way, the root gap remaining at the edges of the
smaller hollow section is sufficiently small with regard to welding. A circular hollow section can
be cut in one plane if the following conditions are met [1]:
g1 ≤ t 0 and g1 ≤ t1 (7.1)
g2 ≤ 3 mm (7.2)
where
g1 is the root gap at the external edge of the smaller hollow d1
;
section
g2 is the root gap at the internal edge of the smaller hollow t1
section
t0 is the wall thickness of the larger hollow section
g1
g2
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Chapter 7 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The size of the root gap in circular holllow sections can also be decreased by cutting the hollow
sections at different angles. Using the expressions in Figure 7.1, the following equations for
cutting angles αg and αd are obtained [1]:
h ⋅ sin θ
α g = 90 o − θ + arctan (7.3)
r1 + h ⋅ cos θ − L ⋅ sin θ
h sin θ
α d = −90 o + θ + arctan (7.4)
r1 − h ⋅ cos θ − L ⋅ sin θ
where
L = r12 − (r1 − t1 )
2
d0 d02
h= − − (r1 − t1 )
2
2 4
d − 2t1
r1 = 1
2
d0 is the diameter of the larger hollow section
d1 is the diameter of the smaller hollow section
t1 is the wall thickness of the smaller hollow section
L L
;;;; d0
h
;
θ αd
;
;;
αg
d1
t1
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 7
Sawing
Sawing is the most commonly used method for cutting hollow sections. Usually, a disc saw or a
band saw is used. An increase in the sawing speed usually decreases the accuracy in cutting
and generates burrs which then need to be removed. In addition to the sawing speed, the easy
transport of sections to and from the sawing site is a factor worth considering. It is also possible
to cut both ends of a hollow section simultaneously to save time. Saw blades must be changed
often, as the decreased sharpness of the saw blade increases the dimensional deviation and
the quality of the cut seam deteriorates.
The use of splices in bolted joints may require notches in the hollow section wall (Figure 7.2a).
In joints subjected to small loads however it is more better cut the plate rather than the hollow
section (Figure 7.2b). In order to transfer forces in joints subjected to heavy loads, it is, con-
versly, better to cut the hollow section and keep the splice intact, since it is difficult to make a
sufficiently long weld inside the hollow section. Also in joints using small hollow sections, it is
necessary to cut the section, since welding the interior is practically impossible.
a) b)
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Chapter 7 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
When using square and rectangular hollow sections, the effect of the distortion of the cross-
section shape to structural appearance must be evaluated on a case by case basis. The more
critical the appearance of the structure, the greater the bending radius must be. Hollow
sections with lower ultimate strength and yield strength are easier to bend. In addition, a
greater wall thickness in relation with the height and width of the hollow section facilitates
bending. A small radius is always more complicated to produce than a greater one.
The cross-sectional properties of square and rectangular hollow sections decrease during
bending. Reduced values for second moment of area are presented in Appendix 9.7. The
distortion of a hollow section’s wall during bending must also be taken into account when
determining its compression resistance.
More demanding bending procedures usually require practical expertise, a workshop that
specializes in bending and is equipped with appropriate machinery. For successful bending,
the cooperation and expertise of the designer and the manufacturer is important.
Roller bending
Induction bending
In induction bending, the hollow section is heated during bending with an induction coil. A small
portion at a time is simultaneously heated and bent. This is repeated until the entire hollow
section is processed. Compared to roller bending, induction bending is a more expensive
method, but it has the advantage of producing smaller minimum bending radii.
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 7
Curved lattice structures can be made from straight elements. The curved shape is produced
by joining the straight chord member elements together in an angle corresponding to the
bending radius (Figure 7.3).
Bolts are tightened such that the normal stress (or shank tension) Fp generated in the bolt is
equal to (7.5) [2]:
Fp = 0, 7 fub ⋅ As (7.5)
where
It is advisable to prevent the loosening of bolts by locking the nuts with an appropriate method
(e.g. torque type nuts, special washers or glue).
Holes can be made either by drilling or punching. However, in tension members the holes for
bolts must always be made by drilling. In joints subjected to lighter loads, self tapping bolts or
drill bolts can be used. With these types of bolts, the most commonly used sizes are 5,5 and
6,3 mm. The bolt is always fixed at the side of the thinner element side of the joint. The core
hole for a self tapping bolt must be slightly smaller than the bolt itself. The use of drill bolts is
simpler and faster, since no core hole needs to be drilled. When using self tapping bolts and
drill bolts, the instructions provided by the bolt manufacturer must be followed.
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Chapter 7 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
In Chapter 3, we looked at various joint details for bolted joints. The openings were usually
located in the structural element, usually a plate, joined to the hollow section. The simplest way
would be to drill the hole directly in the hollow section, but in practice, the slender walls of
hollow sections cannot bear much load. However, by using special drilling methods or special
bolts, the hollow section joints can be made directly via the hollow section wall.
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 7
Mn Cr + Mo + V Ni + Cu
CEV = C + + + (7.6 )
6 5 15
With normal wall thickness values of Rautaruukki longitudinally welded hollow sections (< 16
mm) and with steel grade S355J2H, no special welding methods are needed (CEV ≤ 0,39).
Special methods are necessary only when the carbon equivalent value is higher than 0,4. If the
carbon equivalent value is greater than 0,45, preheating is required. When welding two
different materials together, the parameters of the welding process (temperature, welding
method and filler material) must be selected according to the material which has higher
strength. The welded elements must be dry and free from grease and oil.
Table 7.2 Quality levels for arc welding according to the European standard
Level symbol Quality level
D Moderate
C Intermediate
B Stringent
The quality level is determined by the designer responsible, who must consider structural
safety requirements and the ease of inspection and manufacture.
When determining the weld quality level, factors to be considered include post-weld surface
finishing, type of structural loading (static or dynamic), operating conditions (temperature and
environment) and the consequences of potential failure. In addition to affecting the welding
costs, the choice of quality level also has an effect on the weld inspection and testing costs.
Two principal methods used in the welding of hollow sections are manual metal arc welding
with covered electrode and gas shielded arc welding. Metal arc welding is used principally in
on-site installations. Its advantage is the light-weight and easily transportable equipment
required.
Gas shielded arc welding is the most common method used in shop fabrication. Advantages
associated with gas shielded arc welding are better productivity and the possibility for the
automation of the welding procedure.
In the welding of hollow section members, the requirements set for the welder’s performance
by the standard EN-287-1 must be considered [9].
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Chapter 7 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Due to the stresses generated by welding and to the deformations of the joined elements, the
correct welding sequence is important. The welding of hollow sections should not be started or
finished in a comer. The maximum throat thickness generated in one pass is 5 mm. The
welding sequence used depends on the accessability of the weld and the ability to turn the
section.
In Figure 7.5a, the section can be rotated horizontally. The welding point thus remains the
same and the element is rotated a full circle. In Figure 7.5b, the element is positioned
horizontally and can also be rotated about its axis. The welding direction is at first from the
bottom upwards. The lower side is welded after rotating the section. In Figure 7.5c, the section
is fixed in a vertical position. The welding is performed continuously over the entire section. In
Figure 7.5d, the section is fixed in a horizontal position. Now, the lower seam must be welded
from below.
;;;;
;
;;;;
a) b)
2 1 3 4
360°
;;;; 180°
3 4
1 2 180°
;
c) d)
2
1
1
2 3
1
1
2
4
With hollow sections, the aim is to design joints in such a manner that fillet welds can be used.
Fillet weld are the simplest and most cost-efficient weld type, since no weld preparation is
needed. However, depending on the joint geometry, a groove must, in some cases, be made to
ensure a sufficient throat thickness of the weld. It is advisable to make the weld as symmetrical
as possible to minimize the consumption of the weld metal. Weld preparations for end-to-end
connections are treated in section 3.3. Fillet and butt welds for lattice joints made of square and
rectangular hollow sections are shown in Table 7.3.
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 7
Table 7.3 Fillet and butt welds in joints made of square and rectangular hollow sections
b1
X Z Y
t1
r0
;; θ
X
b0
t0
Z
θ ≤ 60° t1 < 8 mm
End chamfered after >60°
<2
cutting
<2
θ > 60°
<2
t1 < 8 mm
t1 ≥ 8 mm
> t1
t1
<2
t1 ≥ 8 mm
1-2,5
t1
<2
Y
b0-b1 ≥ 2r0
<2
r0
∗
root gap = r0 − (r0 − t1)(b0 − b1) − 0, 25(b0 − b1)2 + 2t1 ⋅ r0 − t12 , when b0 − b1 < 2(r0 − t1)
r0 is the external corner radius
217
Chapter 7 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
7.4.5 Preheating
The structural steels used in hollow sections do not require preheating when the maximum
nominell yield strength of the steel is 355 N/ mm2 and the wall thickness is less than 13 mm.
Hollow sections must, however, be preheated to the temperature of 40 °C for a minimum of 75
mm away from the joint, if the surface of the hollow section is damp or the temperature of the
structure to be welded is below 5 °C [1]. In thermal cutting, preheating is usually not needed if
the carbon equivalent value of steel is less than 0,45 [5].
During welding, residual stresses due to the temperature are always generated in the steel.
This may result in permanent deformations of the member.
Deformations are generated both parallel and perpendicular to the weld direction. The
magnitude of the deformation depends on the welded material, the number of passes and the
rigidity of the structure. In addition to deformation, there is also angular distortion, in which the
angle between welded elements changes due to welding stresses.
Figure 7.6 shows the angular distortions due to welding in their unrestricted form.
In practice, the elements are supported during welding in such a manner that the deformations
are restricted, which generates stresses in the material. The deformation is significantly
reduced if a fillet weld is made with a both side groove, or a double V groove is used instead of
a single V groove. In this case, welding is made from both sides in turns. A single side V
groove can also be made by placing the welded elements in an angle which eliminates the
deformation due to welding. The estimation of the angle magnitude is based on empirical
know-how.
When welding an entire structural element such as a lattice, it is recommendable to first tack
weld the joints, then make the fillet welds and finally the full penetration single-V butt welds [1].
Stress relief by heat-treatment is usually needed only in special cases. The normal stress relief
temperature is 550-650 °C [5].
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 7
For instance the following factors increase the residual stresses due to welding:
The determination of the weld quality depends on the required quality level, the structural
loading and the consequences of a potential failure. Non-destructive weld inspection methods
are presented in EN 10246. In fatigue loaded structures, welds are usually the weakest links,
and the improvement of the weld quality therefore increases the service life of the entire
structure. The weld quality can be ensured by various methods, which are selected on a case
by case basis.
Visual inspection
Visual inspection is the least expensive and least accurate inspection method. The inspector
must have sufficient experience in welding and the necessary expertise for the task. Visual
inspection can detect errors in the throat thickness and the largest flaws which reach the
surface. Visual inspection is not sufficient for detecting minor defects such as hairline cracks.
Magnetic particle testing is a method for detecting surface flaws. The inspected surface is
covered with a fine-grained ferrite powder, and a magnetic field is generated in the material by
an electric coil. The powder particles form a line at crack locations. Cracks as small as 0,1 µm
wide can be detected in the test.
Penetrant testing
Penetrant testing is another method for locating surface defects in welds. First, the inspected
surfaces are carefully cleaned, after which dye penetrant is applied on the surface. The dye
has low surface tension and high capillarity and can thus penetrate even the narrowest of
cracks. The dye is left on the surface for 5-10 minutes, after which time excess dye is wiped
off. The surface is dried and covered with developer which reacts with the dye penetrant,
bringing it to the surface. The pattern generated by the developing agent indicates the defect
types and their severity.
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Chapter 7 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Ultrasonic inspection
Ultrasonic inspection also serves to detect internal defects. Ultrasonic inspection is a very rapid
method but it requires an experienced and qualified inspector. The test consists of sending
high-frequency waves to the point being inspected. The spectrum of the waves is examined
with an oscilloscope which shows the weld defects as intensity peaks. The minimum material
thickness feasible for ultrasonic inspection is approximately 6 mm, but with current equipment,
welds connecting plate thicknesses as low as 4 mm can be inspected provided that the weld
material itself is thicker than 6 mm. The disadvantage of the method is that defects parallel to
the sound waves are difficult to detect. Due to this, ultrasonic inspection must always be
performed in various angles.
Radiographic inspection
Radiographic inspection can also detect internal defects in the weld. In this method, the weld is
radiated with x-rays or gamma rays, and the passage of rays through the weld location is
photographed. Radiographic inspection is not feasible for inspecting joints in structures with
varying wall thickness or lattice joints. X-rays are hazardous to health, and the inspection must
be conducted in a controlled environment.
7.5 Tolerances
Tolerances in the industrial manufacture of hollow sections are dealt with in Chapter 1. Tables
7.4, 7.5 and 7.6 give the tolerances for the geometry of fabricated elements. Erection toler-
ances are shown in Table 7.7. The tables concentrate on the most important tolerances
concerning hollow sections. Quality requirements regarding fabrication procedures and
erection are discussed in more detail in references [2], [6] and [7].
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 7
∆ = ± h / 1000
221
Chapter 7 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 7.5 Tolerances for openings and cuttings in workshop fabrication [2]
Tolerance Parameter Permitted deviation
Deviation of a single bolt opening ∆ = ± 2 mm
∆
from the designed location
dimension b: ∆ = ± 2 mm
b
dimension c: ∆ = ± 5 mm
dimension d: ∆ = ± 2 mm,
c when h ≤ 1000 mm
dimension d: ∆ = ± 4 mm.
when h > 1000 mm
d
h
* In reference [2] tolerance is ∆ = ± 5 mm, but a negative tolerance may cause a bearing
resistance remarkably smaller than the one determined by calculations
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 7
∆
Distance between corner points ∆p = ±5 mm
L
∑∆p = ±10 mm
*
∆g, ∆ga
Gap tolerance g ≥ t1 + t2 and ga ≥ 1,5 t0
+5 mm* +5 mm*
∆g = –0 mm
and ∆ga = –0 mm
X + ∆X
∆X = ±3 mm, when X ≤ 300 mm
∆X = ±5 mm, when 300 < X < 1000 mm
∆X = ±10 mm, when X ≥ 1000 mm
;
∆2 ∆3 ∆4 ∆5
∆1 ∆6
*
Deviates from tolerances in reference [6]
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Chapter 7 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 7.7 Installation tolerances of steel structures [2], [7]. The smallest tolerance value is
selected from the ones presented in references.
Tolerance Structure Permitted deviation
;;
Deviation of the distance between
adjacent columns
e = ± 0,002h
h is the height of a floor
h
Transverse deviation of a column in
e Σh
a multi-story building at all levels of e=±
intermediate floors 300 n
h3
Σh is the height in question
Σh
e1 e2
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 7
The jig must be made of sufficiently strong elements so that thermal and mechanical stresses
generated during the assembly do not distort it. The distances between lattice member
supports must be sufficiently short to avoid deformations in the lattice due to welding. In the jig,
it is advisable to join the flange plates of the lattice to the plates welded to the assembly frame
with bolts (Figure 7.7).
To speed up the shop fabrication phase, the members in the jig can be tack welded together,
and the final welding can be done at another worksite. In such a case, attention must be paid to
the firmness of tack welding to avoid the generation of high deformations during the final
welding.
In gapped joints, attention must be paid to retaining a sufficiently large gap. Even small gaps
must meet the minimum gap tolerances shown in Table 7.6. In overlapped joints, the larger
brace member that is overlapped must always be welded first.
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Chapter 7 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
The following issues should be considered in the transport of hollow sections [3]:
- the tarpaulins used to cover the load must be dry, clean, undamaged and sufficiently large
- hollow sections must be placed in the platform of the transport vehicle so that they are not
exposed to bumps, abrasion or any other type of damage
- when loading hollow sections one over the other, the sections with the thickest walls and the
greatest length and weight must be placed the lowermost
- heavy products which might cause damage to hollow sections must not be piled on them
- the platform must be clean, dry and even
- the load must be secured to prevent shifting during transport
- the load is tied with straps so that it does not touch the side or end columns of the platform
- straps or chains must not be attached so tightly that they cause dents on the hollow
sections; if necessary, the points of contact must be covered
- suitable props must be used in the transport
The following issues must be kept in mind in the storage of hollow sections [3]:
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 7
7.9 Erection
The erection of hollow section structures is similar to the erection of other steel structures.
However, the greater torsional stiffness of hollow sections and the greater bending stiffness
about both axes make them easier to lift and erect and the need for temporary lateral supports
is less than with conventional sections. Structures utilizing hollow sections are also less prone
to the effect of wind during erection compared to open sections.
A hollow section structure is erected according to an erection plan made by the designer or
fabricator. The plan must take into account the routes of vehicles and the craneage. Connec-
tions on site are usually bolted to allow speedy erection.
it is usual to commence erection from one of the braced bays, usually at one end. The first
frame may require temporary guys, but the usual practice is to provide 4 holding down bolts in
the baseplate to give temporary stability. Erection then proceeds witt the next frame are the
permanent bracing is erected between the frames. Purlins are then connected to provide rafter
stability. Having ensured that the end two frames are lined and levelled, erection of the other
frames can proceed. The purlins and bracing being erected to provide stability to each frame in
turn.
The stability of the roof structure under its own dead weight should be checked to ensure that it
can safetly be lifted into place. If necessary frames can be lifted in braced pairs to ensure sta-
bility of individual frames.
Hollow section structures are light-weight, and even large units can be easily lifted and installed
on the site. The bolts are tightened only after the positions of structural elements have been
checked. After this, the bolts are tightened. (Section 7.4). The assembly of large lattice
structures, especially that of space frames, is usually most easily carried out at ground level,
after which the finished lattice is erected to its final position.
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Chapter 7 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
7.10 References
[1] CIDECT: Design guide for fabrication, assembly and erection of hollow section structures,
1996
[2] ENV 1090-1: Teräsrakenteiden valmistus ja asennus- Osa 1: Yleiset säännöt ja raken-
nuksia koskevat säännöt, 1996
(ENV 1090-1: Execution of steel structures- Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings,
1996)
[4] CIDECT: Report 6G-14(A)/96: Hollofast and hollobolt system for hollow section
connections, 1996
[5] Rautaruukin teräkset: Hitsaajan opas (Rautaruukki´s Steels. The Welder Manual, in
finnish), 1995
[6] prENV 1090-4 Execution of steel structures: Part 4: Supplementary rules for hollow section
lattice structures, 1997
228
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Chapter 8
8 CORROSION PROTECTION
Corrosion of steel surfaces is caused by oxygen and moisture in the air. The corrosion rate of
steel depends on air temperature and moisture as well as air pollution. The pollution factor
having the greatest effect on corrosion is the chloride and sulphur content of the air. The
decrease of temperature below zero decelerates corrosion or may prevent it completely. The
shape of a hollow section is advantageous regarding corrosion protection, since the area
requiring protection is small compared to the weight of the section.
The effect of strong chemical agents (acids, alkalis, salts, organic solvents) must be taken into
account when designing the corrosion protection. The corrosion rate increases substantially if
the structure is exposed to simultaneous mechanical and chemical stress.
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Chapter 8 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Prefabrication primer is a rapidly drying paint applied on the section surface in a thin layer of
approximately 15 µm. The purpose of the primer is to protect hollow sections during storage
and transport, and it must always be removed before applying the final paint.
In normal conditions, internal corrosion of hollow sections is rare. The insides of hollow
sections usually need not be protected against corrosion. However, the seepage of rain water
into the sections must be prevented. Hollow section structures must be provided with openings
for the removal of water from condensation, especially if there is a possibility of freezing.
230
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 8
In designing to prevent corrosion, one of the central issues is to avoid recesses and pockets
where water might be trapped. For instance, reinforcing the lattice corner joints with plates
welded to brace member side generates a space where water and debris may accumulate. The
joining of two metals with different electrochemical potential (e.g. steel and copper) must be
avoided, or the metals must be insulated from each other, since corrosion will take place at the
joint in the less noble of metals.
The metal surfaces to be painted must be as smooth and rounded at corners as possible. Due
to their rounded corners, hollow sections are also suitable for blast-cleaning. Weld splatter and
other irregularities must be removed before painting. The welds must also be as smooth-
surfaced as possible to avoid spots remaining inadvertently unpainted. Joints must be
designed so that the structure can easily be painted from all sides. When painting with a brush,
the space between splices must be at least as wide as the brush. The corrosion resistance of
bolts and nuts must be at least as high as that of structural materials.
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Chapter 8 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 8.4 Applicability of different paint types for conditions requiring special
characteristics [4]
Required characteristic Paint type
PVC CR AY B AK PURp PURa EP ZnS PURc CTV
Gloss retention ++ ++ +++ + ++ + +++ + - + +
Colour retention ++ ++ +++ + ++ + +++ + - - -
Resistance to:
- water immersion ++ ++ + +++ + + ++ +++ ++ +++ +++
- condensate/rain +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
- solvents + + + + + ++ + ++ +++ + +
- solvents (splash) + + + + ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ + +
- acids + + + + + ++ + + + + +
- acids (splash) ++ ++ ++ + + ++ ++ ++ + ++ +
- alkalis + + + + + + + +++ + ++ +
- alkalis (splash) ++ ++ ++ ++ + + +++ +++ + +++ ++
Resistance to dry heat:
60- 70 °C +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
70- 120 °C + + ++ + ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +
120- 150 °C + + + + + ++ ++ ++ +++ + +
>150 °C + + + + + + + + +++ + +
Physical properties:
- abrasion resistance + + + + ++ +++ ++ +++ +++ ++ +
- impact resistance ++ ++ ++ ++ + +++ +++ ++ + +++ ++
- flexibility ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ +++ +++ + ++ ++
- hardness ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ +++ +++ ++ +
Application by:
- brushing ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ + ++ ++
- rollercoating + + + +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++
- spraying +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
PVC = Polyvinyl chloride PURp = Polyurethane, Zns = Zinc silicate - = not relevant
CR = Chlorinated rubber polyester type PURc = Coal tar + = poor
AY = Acrylic PURa = Polyurethane, polyurethane ++ = good
B = Bitumen acryl type CTV = Coal tar vinyl +++ = excellent
AK = Alkyd EP = Epoxy
Proper oxidation of zinc is prevented if hollow sections are placed in poorly ventilated and
humid premises directly after galvanizing. This may be the case, for instance, in tightly packed
stacks of sections where rain or water from condensation can accumulate. In such conditions,
white rust is generated on the galvanized surface. White rust can be removed by brushing or
using an appropriate detergent. To avoid white rust, hollow sections must always be stored on
props. It is also important to allow enough space between hollow sections to ensure sufficient
circulation of air and evaporation of moisture. If the zinc layer has already been oxidized, white
rust is no longer generated.
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DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Chapter 8
Hot-dip galvanized steel surfaces can be painted, for instance, using the paint combinations
shown in Table 8.5. However, the galvanized surface must be treated before painting by, for
instance, sand blasting (= light shot blasting). Sand blasting removes the impurities on the
surface and makes the surface rougher, which improves the adhesion of the paint coat. In case
shot blasting cannot be used, the galvanized surface must be cleaned with an alkaline
degreasant. After the cleaning, the surface is rinsed and dried and is then ready for painting.
Table 8.5 Recommended paint combinations for hot-dip galvanized steel surfaces [4]
Corrosivity category Priming coat(s) Top coat(s)
Paint type Number of Nominal Dry Paint type Number of Nominal Dry
coats Film Thickness coats Film Thickness
µm µm
C1, C2 - - - PVC 1 80
C1- C3 PVC 1 80 PVC 1 80
C1- C4 PVC 1 80 PVC 2 160
C1- C4 EP, PUR 1 80 EP, PUR 1 80
C1- C4, C5-I, C5-M EP, PUR 1 80 EP, PUR 2 160
Hot-dip galvanized structures must be made as open as possible to produce a smooth zinc
layer. Galvanized hollow section structures must be designed so that zinc can flow freely into
the hollow section and out of it. If necessary, the structure must be provided with openings to
ensure a sufficient flow of zinc. Site connections of hot-dip galvanized hollow sections should
preferably be bolted. Welded joints made on-site must be protected by applying zinc-rich paint
or by spraying them with zinc. Where galvanized sections are bolted the male thread must be
made slightly smaller than the female thread of the joined element to allow sufficient space for
the zinc layer. The female thread is usually made to the hot-dip galvanized element only after
galvanizing, since the galvanizing of the joined element protects the inner thread from
corrosion.
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Chapter 8 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
8.5 References
[1] ISO/ FDIS 12944-2: Paints and varnishes- Corrosion protection of steel structures by pro-
tective painting systems. Part 2: Classification of enviroments, 1997
[2] ISO/ FDIS 12944-3: Paints and varnishes- Corrosion protection of steel structures by pro-
tective painting systems. Part 3: Design considerations, 1997
[3] ISO/ FDIS 12944-4: Paints and varnishes- Corrosion protection of steel structures by pro-
tective painting systems. Part 4: Types of surfaces and surface preparation, 1997
[4] ISO/ FDIS 12944-5: Paints and varnishes- Corrosion protection of steel structures by pro-
tective painting systems. Part 5: Protective paint systems, 1997
234
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.1
9 APPENDIX
235
Table 9.1.1 Cross-sectional properties and resistance values for square hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H. (fy = 355 N/mm2).
Appendix 9.1
M = weight Wt = torsional section modulus PL = cross-section class in concentric compression
b
A = cross-section area I = moment of inertia Nc.Rd = compression resistance without buckling
t Au = external area Wel = elastic section modulus Mc.Rd = bending resistance
y Am/V = cross-section factor in fire design Wpl = plastic section modulus Vpl.Rd = shear resistance
h
x 70 70 2 4,19 5,34 0,273 512 63,96 17,48 40,73 11,64 13,52 2,76 3 172,2 3,76 49,72
x 70 70 2,5 5,17 6,59 0,271 412 78,49 21,22 49,41 14,12 16,54 2,74 1 212,7 5,34 61,39
x 70 70 3 6,13 7,81 0,270 345 92,42 24,74 57,53 16,44 19,42 2,71 1 252,0 6,27 72,74
x 70 70 4 7,97 10,15 0,266 262 118,5 31,11 72,12 20,61 24,76 2,67 1 327,5 7,99 94,54
80 80 2 4,82 6,14 0,313 510 96,34 23,16 61,70 15,42 17,85 3,17 4 180,1 4,70 57,17
x 80 80 2,5 5,96 7,59 0,311 410 118,5 28,22 75,15 18,79 21,90 3,15 2 244,9 7,07 70,70
x 80 80 3 7,07 9,01 0,310 344 139,9 33,02 87,84 21,96 25,78 3,12 1 290,7 8,32 83,92
x 80 80 4 9,22 11,75 0,306 261 180,4 41,84 111,0 27,76 33,07 3,07 1 379,1 10,67 109,5
x 80 80 5 11,3 14,36 0,303 211 217,8 49,68 131,4 32,86 39,74 3,03 1 463,3 12,82 133,8
90 90 2 5,45 6,94 0,353 509 138,1 29,64 88,86 19,75 22,78 3,58 4 187,9 5,73 64,63
x 90 90 2,5 6,74 8,59 0,351 409 170,3 36,23 108,6 24,12 28,00 3,56 3 277,2 7,79 80,02
x 90 90 3 8,01 10,21 0,350 343 201,4 42,51 127,3 28,29 33,04 3,53 2 329,5 10,66 95,10
x 90 90 4 10,5 13,35 0,346 259 260,8 54,17 161,9 35,98 42,58 3,48 1 430,8 13,74 124,4
x 90 90 5 12,8 16,36 0,343 210 316,3 64,70 192,9 42,87 51,41 3,43 1 527,9 16,59 152,4
x 90 90 6 15,1 19,23 0,339 176 367,8 74,16 220,5 49,00 59,54 3,39 1 620,7 19,22 179,2
90 90 6,3 15,5 19,73 0,333 169 382,3 76,21 221,1 49,14 60,30 3,35 1 636,7 19,46 183,8
100 100 2 6,07 7,74 0,393 508 190,5 36,92 123,0 24,60 28,30 3,99 4 194,0 6,84 72,08
x 100 100 2,5 7,53 9,59 0,391 408 235,2 45,23 150,6 30,13 34,86 3,96 4 281,4 9,17 89,33
x 100 100 3 8,96 11,41 0,390 342 278,7 53,19 177,0 35,41 41,21 3,94 2 368,2 13,30 106,3
x 100 100 4 11,7 14,95 0,386 258 362,0 68,10 226,4 45,27 53,30 3,89 1 482,4 17,20 139,3
x 100 100 5 14,4 18,36 0,383 209 440,5 81,72 271,1 54,22 64,59 3,84 1 592,4 20,85 171,0
x 100 100 6 17,0 21,63 0,379 175 514,2 94,12 311,5 62,29 75,10 3,79 1 698,2 24,24 201,5
100 100 6,3 17,5 22,25 0,373 168 536,0 97,02 314,2 62,83 76,38 3,76 1 718,1 24,65 207,3
100 100 7,1 19,4 24,65 0,370 150 589,2 105,6 340,1 68,03 83,59 3,71 1 795,6 26,98 229,7
x 100 100 8 21,4 27,24 0,366 134 644,5 114,2 365,9 73,19 91,05 3,67 1 879,2 29,38 253,8
110 110 2,5 8,31 10,59 0,431 407 314,9 55,23 202,4 36,80 42,47 4,37 4 291,3 10,78 98,65
x 110 110 3 9,90 12,61 0,430 341 373,5 65,07 238,3 43,33 50,27 4,35 3 406,9 13,98 117,5
x 110 110 4 13,0 16,55 0,426 258 486,5 83,63 305,9 55,62 65,21 4,30 1 534,1 21,05 154,2
x 110 110 5 16,0 20,36 0,423 208 593,6 100,7 367,9 66,90 79,27 4,25 1 657,0 25,58 189,6
x 110 110 6 18,9 24,03 0,419 175 694,9 116,5 424,6 77,19 92,46 4,20 1 775,6 29,84 223,9
110 110 6,3 19,4 24,77 0,413 167 725,8 120,4 430,1 78,21 94,36 4,17 1 799,4 30,45 230,8
x 120 120 3 10,8 13,81 0,470 340 487,7 78,15 312,3 52,06 60,24 4,76 4 405,1 15,85 128,6
x 120 120 4 14,3 18,15 0,466 257 636,6 100,8 402,3 67,05 78,33 4,71 2 585,7 25,28 169,1
x 120 120 5 17,6 22,36 0,463 207 778,5 121,8 485,5 80,91 95,45 4,66 1 721,5 30,80 208,3
x 120 120 5,6 19,5 24,82 0,461 186 860,3 133,6 532,3 88,71 105,3 4,63 1 800,9 33,97 231,2
x 120 120 6 20,8 26,43 0,459 174 913,5 141,2 562,2 93,69 111,6 4,61 1 853,1 36,02 246,3
x 150 150 4 18,0 22,95 0,586 255 1265 161,7 808,0 107,7 124,9 5,93 4 701,2 33,61 213,8
x 150 150 5 22,3 28,36 0,583 206 1554 196,8 982,0 130,9 153,0 5,89 2 915,1 49,37 264,2
x 150 150 6 26,4 33,63 0,579 172 1833 229,8 1146 152,8 179,9 5,84 1 1085 58,05 313,3
150 150 6,3 27,4 34,85 0,573 164 1922 238,8 1174 156,5 185,2 5,80 1 1125 59,75 324,7
150 150 7,1 30,5 38,85 0,569 147 2134 263,1 1289 171,9 204,8 5,76 1 1254 66,09 361,9
x 150 150 8 34,0 43,24 0,566 131 2364 289,0 1412 188,2 226,0 5,71 1 1396 72,92 402,9
150 150 8,8 36,9 47,04 0,562 120 2560 310,7 1513 201,7 243,9 5,67 1 1518 78,70 438,3
x 150 150 10 41,3 52,57 0,557 106 2839 341,0 1653 220,3 269,2 5,61 1 1696 86,87 489,7
160 160 4 19,3 24,55 0,626 255 1541 185,3 987,2 123,4 142,8 6,34 4 720,2 37,57 228,7
x 160 160 5 23,8 30,36 0,623 205 1896 225,8 1202 150,3 175,2 6,29 2 979,7 56,53 282,8
x 160 160 6 28,3 36,03 0,619 172 2239 264,2 1405 175,7 206,2 6,25 1 1163 66,56 335,7
160 160 6,3 29,3 37,37 0,613 164 2349 274,7 1442 180,3 212,6 6,21 1 1206 68,60 348,2
160 160 7,1 32,7 41,69 0,609 146 2611 303,2 1587 198,4 235,4 6,17 1 1345 75,97 388,4
x 160 160 8 36,5 46,44 0,606 130 2897 333,6 1741 217,7 260,1 6,12 1 1499 83,95 432,7
160 160 8,8 39,7 50,56 0,602 119 3141 359,2 1870 233,7 281,1 6,08 1 1632 90,73 471,1
x 160 160 10 44,4 56,57 0,597 106 3490 395,1 2048 256,0 311,0 6,02 1 1826 100,4 527,0
160 160 12 50,9 64,86 0,578 89 3997 443,1 2224 278,0 346,1 5,86 1 2093 111,7 604,3
160 160 12,5 52,6 67,04 0,576 86 4114 454,6 2275 284,4 355,7 5,83 1 2164 114,8 624,6
Appendix 9.1
1) h b t M A Au Am/V It Wt I Wel Wpl i PL Nc.Rd Mc.Rd Vpl.Rd
mm mm mm kg/m mm2 m2/m 1/m mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3 mm3 mm kN kNm kN
x x 102 x 104 x 103 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10
Table 9.1.1 Cross-sectional properties and resistance values for square hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2), continued.
Appendix 9.1
M = weight Wt = torsional section modulus PL = cross-section class in concentric compression
b A = cross-section area I = moment of inertia Nc.Rd = compression resistance without buckling
t Au = external area Wel = elastic section modulus Mc.Rd = bending resistance
Am/V = cross-section factor in fire design Wpl = plastic section modulus Vpl.Rd = shear resistance
h
y
It = torsional modulus i = radius of gyration
r0
z
r0 = 2,0 x t when t ≤ 6,0 mm The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
1) = recommended r0 = 2,5 x t when 6,0 mm < t ≤ 10,0 mm safety factor of material γM0 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
x 180 180 12,5 60,5 77,04 0,656 85 6050 600,1 3406 378,5 467,1 6,65 1 2486 150,7 717,8
x 200 200 5 30,1 38,36 0,783 204 3763 361,8 2410 241,0 278,9 7,93 4 1125 73,38 357,3
x 200 200 6 35,8 45,63 0,779 171 4459 425,5 2833 283,3 329,7 7,88 2 1473 106,4 425,1
200 200 6,3 37,3 47,45 0,773 163 4682 443,5 2922 292,2 341,2 7,85 2 1531 110,1 442,1
200 200 7,1 41,6 53,05 0,769 145 5223 491,6 3232 323,2 379,3 7,81 1 1712 122,4 494,2
x 200 200 8 46,5 59,24 0,766 129 5815 543,6 3566 356,6 420,9 7,76 1 1912 135,8 551,9
200 200 8,8 50,8 64,64 0,762 118 6328 588,1 3850 385,0 456,6 7,72 1 2086 147,4 602,2
x 200 200 10 57,0 72,57 0,757 104 7072 651,5 4251 425,1 508,1 7,65 1 2342 164,0 676,1
200 200 12 66,0 84,06 0,738 88 8230 743,4 4730 473,0 575,6 7,50 1 2713 185,8 783,1
x 200 200 12,5 68,3 87,04 0,736 85 8502 765,5 4859 485,9 593,5 7,47 1 2809 191,5 810,9
x 220 220 6 39,6 50,43 0,859 170 5976 520,6 3813 346,7 402,2 8,70 3 1628 111,9 469,9
220 220 6,3 41,2 52,49 0,853 163 6277 543,0 3940 358,2 416,8 8,66 3 1694 115,6 489,0
220 220 7,1 46,1 58,73 0,849 145 7010 602,9 4366 396,9 464,0 8,62 2 1895 149,7 547,1
x 220 220 8 51,5 65,64 0,846 129 7815 667,9 4828 438,9 515,6 8,58 1 2118 166,4 611,6
220 220 8,8 56,3 71,68 0,842 117 8514 723,6 5221 474,7 560,2 8,53 1 2313 180,8 667,8
x 220 220 10 63,2 80,57 0,837 104 9533 803,6 5782 525,7 624,7 8,47 1 2600 201,6 750,6
220 220 12 73,5 93,66 0,818 87 11149 922,3 6487 589,7 712,0 8,32 1 3023 229,8 872,6
220 220 12,5 76,2 97,04 0,816 84 11530 950,8 6674 606,7 734,9 8,29 1 3132 237,2 904,1
x 250 250 6 45,2 57,63 0,979 170 8843 681,2 5672 453,8 524,5 9,92 4 1646 136,0 536,9
250 250 6,3 47,1 60,05 0,973 162 9290 711,2 5873 469,8 544,4 9,89 4 1770 143,4 559,4
250 250 7,1 52,8 67,25 0,969 144 10388 791,0 6522 521,7 607,0 9,85 3 2170 168,4 626,5
x 250 250 8 59,1 75,24 0,966 128 11598 878,2 7229 578,3 675,8 9,80 2 2428 218,1 701,0
250 250 8,8 64,6 82,24 0,962 117 12653 953,3 7835 626,8 735,3 9,76 1 2654 237,3 766,2
x 250 250 10 72,7 92,57 0,957 103 14197 1062 8707 696,5 822,0 9,70 1 2987 265,3 862,4
250 250 12 84,8 108,1 0,938 87 16691 1226 9859 788,8 943,6 9,55 1 3487 304,5 1007
x 250 250 12,5 88,0 112,0 0,936 84 17283 1266 10161 812,9 975,2 9,52 1 3616 314,7 1044
260 260 6 47,1 60,03 1,019 170 9970 739,5 6405 492,7 568,8 10,33 4 1669 145,3 559,3
260 260 6,3 49,1 62,57 1,013 162 10475 772,3 6635 510,4 590,8 10,30 4 1797 153,4 582,9
260 260 7,1 55,0 70,09 1,009 144 11717 859,4 7373 567,1 658,9 10,26 3 2262 183,0 653,0
Appendix 9.1
Table 9.1.2 Cross-sectional properties and resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2).
Appendix 9.1
M = weight Wt = torsional section modulus PL = cross-section class in concentric compression
b A = cross-section area I = moment of inertia Nc.Rd = compression resistance without buckling
t Au = external area Wel = elastic section modulus Mc.y.Rd = bending resistance by y axis
Am/V = cross-section factor in fire design Wpl = plastic section modulus Mc.z.Rd = bending resistance by z axis
h
y
It = torsional modulus i = radius of gyration Vpl.y.Rd = shear resistance in the direction of y axis
r0
Vpl.z.Rd = shear resistance in the direction of z axis
z r0 = 2,0 x t when t ≤ 6,0 mm The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
1) = recommended r0 = 2,5 x t when 6,0 mm < t ≤ 10,0 mm safety factor of material γM0 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
x 80 40 2,5 4,39 5,59 0,231 413 37,58 13,24 45,11 11,28 14,15 2,84 15,26 7,63 8,72 1,65 2 1 180,4 4,56 2,81 34,71 69,43
x 80 60 2 4,19 5,34 0,273 511 61,22 17,08 49,53 12,38 14,73 3,05 31,87 10,62 12,11 2,44 4 2 163,2 4,75 3,22 42,62 56,82
x 80 60 2,5 5,17 6,59 0,271 411 75,07 20,73 60,13 15,03 18,02 3,02 38,61 12,87 14,81 2,42 2 1 212,7 5,82 4,78 52,62 70,16
x 80 60 3 6,13 7,81 0,270 346 88,35 24,14 70,05 17,51 21,16 3,00 44,89 14,96 17,37 2,40 1 1 252,0 6,83 5,61 62,35 83,14
x 80 60 4 7,97 10,15 0,266 262 113,1 30,32 87,92 21,98 26,99 2,94 56,12 18,71 22,12 2,35 1 1 327,5 8,71 7,14 81,04 108,1
80 70 2,5 5,56 7,09 0,291 410 96,21 24,47 67,64 16,91 19,96 3,09 55,11 15,75 18,23 2,79 2 1 228,8 6,44 5,88 61,64 70,45
80 70 3 6,60 8,41 0,290 345 113,4 28,58 78,94 19,74 23,47 3,06 64,26 18,36 21,43 2,76 1 1 271,4 7,57 6,91 73,11 83,56
80 70 4 8,59 10,95 0,286 261 145,9 36,08 99,48 24,87 30,03 3,01 80,84 23,10 27,40 2,72 1 1 353,3 9,69 8,84 95,19 108,8
80 70 5 10,5 13,36 0,283 212 175,5 42,67 117,4 29,34 35,99 2,96 95,21 27,20 32,81 2,67 1 1 431,0 11,61 10,59 116,1 132,7
90 50 2 4,19 5,34 0,273 511 53,37 15,88 57,88 12,86 15,74 3,29 23,37 9,35 10,50 2,09 4 1 154,2 5,08 2,66 35,52 63,93
x 90 50 2,5 5,17 6,59 0,271 411 65,3 19,24 70,26 15,61 19,25 3,27 28,24 11,29 12,82 2,07 3 1 212,7 6,21 3,64 43,85 78,92
x 90 50 3 6,13 7,81 0,270 346 76,67 22,36 81,85 18,19 22,60 3,24 32,74 13,10 15,03 2,05 2 1 252,0 7,29 4,85 51,96 93,53
90 60 2,5 5,56 7,09 0,291 410 88,99 23,48 79,84 17,74 21,44 3,36 42,75 14,25 16,24 2,46 3 1 228,8 6,92 4,60 52,84 79,25
90 60 3 6,60 8,41 0,290 345 104,8 27,39 93,21 20,71 25,21 3,33 49,77 16,59 19,08 2,43 2 1 271,4 8,14 6,16 62,67 94,00
90 60 4 8,59 10,95 0,286 261 134,4 34,50 117,5 26,11 32,26 3,28 62,40 20,80 24,36 2,39 1 1 353,3 10,41 7,86 81,60 122,4
90 70 2 4,82 6,14 0,313 510 93,2 22,76 73,37 16,30 19,26 3,46 49,98 14,28 16,24 2,85 4 3 178,8 5,26 4,11 50,03 64,32
90 70 2,5 5,96 7,59 0,311 410 114,6 27,73 89,41 19,87 23,63 3,43 60,81 17,37 19,91 2,83 3 1 244,9 7,63 5,61 61,86 79,54
90 70 3 7,07 9,01 0,310 344 135,3 32,43 104,6 23,24 27,82 3,41 71,00 20,29 23,44 2,81 2 1 290,7 8,98 7,56 73,43 94,41
90 70 4 9,22 11,75 0,306 260 174,2 41,05 132,3 29,40 35,70 3,36 89,57 25,59 30,04 2,76 1 1 379,1 11,52 9,69 95,77 123,1
90 70 5 11,3 14,36 0,303 211 210,1 48,70 156,8 34,84 42,91 3,30 105,8 30,23 36,06 2,71 1 1 463,3 13,85 11,64 117,0 150,5
90 80 2 5,13 6,54 0,333 509 115,2 26,20 81,11 18,03 21,02 3,52 67,78 16,95 19,41 3,22 4 4 184,0 5,50 4,90 57,32 64,48
90 80 2,5 6,35 8,09 0,331 409 141,8 31,98 98,98 22,00 25,81 3,50 82,66 20,66 23,83 3,20 3 2 261,1 8,33 6,67 70,93 79,79
90 80 3 7,54 9,61 0,330 343 167,6 37,47 115,9 25,76 30,43 3,47 96,74 24,19 28,09 3,17 2 1 310,1 9,82 9,07 84,25 94,78
90 80 4 9,85 12,55 0,326 260 216,5 47,61 147,1 32,69 39,14 3,42 122,6 30,65 36,11 3,13 1 1 405,0 12,63 11,65 110,0 123,8
90 80 5 12,1 15,36 0,323 210 261,9 56,70 174,9 38,86 47,16 3,37 145,5 36,38 43,49 3,08 1 1 495,6 15,22 14,03 134,7 151,5
90 80 6 14,2 18,03 0,319 177 303,8 64,78 199,3 44,28 54,50 3,32 165,6 41,41 50,23 3,03 1 1 582,0 17,59 16,21 158,1 177,9
90 80 6,3 14,5 18,47 0,313 169 315,2 66,43 199,0 44,23 55,03 3,28 165,7 41,41 50,75 2,99 1 1 596,1 17,76 16,38 162,0 182,2
100 40 2 4,19 5,34 0,273 511 41,47 13,89 65,38 13,08 16,54 3,50 15,61 7,81 8,69 1,71 4 1 144,4 5,34 2,07 28,41 71,03
x 100 40 2,5 5,17 6,59 0,271 411 50,52 16,76 79,32 15,86 20,23 3,47 18,78 9,39 10,59 1,69 4 1 198,6 6,53 2,81 35,08 87,69
100 50 2 4,50 5,74 0,293 510 61,59 17,73 74,98 15,00 18,50 3,62 25,67 10,27 11,46 2,12 4 1 157,3 5,97 2,75 35,63 71,26
x 100 80 3 8,01 10,21 0,350 343 196,1 41,91 148,8 29,76 35,39 3,82 105,6 26,41 30,40 3,22 2 1 329,5 11,42 9,81 84,54 105,7
x 100 80 4 10,5 13,35 0,346 259 253,8 53,38 189,5 37,89 45,62 3,77 134,2 33,54 39,15 3,17 1 1 430,8 14,72 12,64 110,5 138,2
x 100 80 5 12,8 16,36 0,343 210 307,6 63,72 225,9 45,19 55,09 3,72 159,6 39,90 47,24 3,12 1 1 527,9 17,78 15,24 135,5 169,3
x 100 80 6 15,1 19,23 0,339 176 357,4 72,98 258,4 51,68 63,82 3,67 182,1 45,53 54,67 3,08 1 1 620,7 20,60 17,64 159,3 199,1
100 80 6,3 15,5 19,73 0,333 169 371,4 74,97 258,8 51,75 64,58 3,62 182,8 45,70 55,39 3,04 1 1 636,7 20,84 17,88 163,4 204,2
110 40 2 4,50 5,74 0,293 510 46,87 15,34 83,29 15,14 19,31 3,81 17,06 8,53 9,45 1,72 4 1 146,9 6,23 2,13 28,51 78,39
110 40 2,5 5,56 7,09 0,291 410 57,12 18,52 101,2 18,41 23,65 3,78 20,54 10,27 11,53 1,70 4 1 203,6 7,63 2,92 35,22 96,86
110 40 3 6,60 8,41 0,290 345 66,77 21,45 118,1 21,47 27,80 3,75 23,73 11,86 13,49 1,68 3 1 271,4 8,97 3,83 41,78 114,9
110 50 2 4,82 6,14 0,313 510 69,94 19,57 94,95 17,26 21,47 3,93 27,98 11,19 12,42 2,14 4 1 159,8 6,93 2,83 35,73 78,61
110 50 2,5 5,96 7,59 0,311 410 85,65 23,75 115,7 21,03 26,34 3,90 33,88 13,55 15,20 2,11 4 1 219,7 8,50 3,87 44,19 97,22
110 50 3 7,07 9,01 0,310 344 100,6 27,66 135,3 24,59 31,01 3,88 39,38 15,75 17,85 2,09 3 1 290,7 10,01 5,08 52,45 115,4
110 60 2 5,13 6,54 0,333 509 95,89 23,80 106,6 19,39 23,63 4,04 41,97 13,99 15,59 2,53 4 2 172,7 7,63 3,58 42,99 78,81
110 60 2,5 6,35 8,09 0,331 409 117,8 28,99 130,1 23,66 29,03 4,01 51,02 17,01 19,12 2,51 4 1 235,9 9,37 4,89 53,20 97,52
110 60 3 7,54 9,61 0,330 343 138,9 33,89 152,5 27,72 34,22 3,98 59,52 19,84 22,50 2,49 3 1 310,1 11,04 6,40 63,19 115,8
110 60 4 9,85 12,55 0,326 260 178,5 42,86 193,5 35,19 44,01 3,93 74,96 24,99 28,84 2,44 1 1 405,0 14,20 9,31 82,52 151,3
110 70 2 5,45 6,94 0,353 509 124,2 28,04 118,3 21,51 25,79 4,13 59,23 16,92 18,96 2,92 4 3 184,4 6,94 4,37 50,27 78,99
110 70 2,5 6,74 8,59 0,351 409 152,9 34,23 144,6 26,29 31,72 4,10 72,20 20,63 23,29 2,90 4 1 252,0 10,24 5,95 62,24 97,8
110 70 3 8,01 10,21 0,350 343 180,7 40,12 169,6 30,84 37,43 4,08 84,48 24,14 27,46 2,88 3 1 329,5 12,08 7,79 73,97 116,2
Appendix 9.1
110 70 4 10,5 13,35 0,346 259 233,3 51,00 216,0 39,27 48,25 4,02 107,0 30,57 35,32 2,83 1 1 430,8 15,57 11,40 96,72 152,0
110 70 5 12,8 16,36 0,343 210 282,1 60,76 257,6 46,84 58,27 3,97 127,0 36,28 42,56 2,79 1 1 527,9 18,81 13,73 118,5 186,2
1) h b t M A Au Am/V It Wt Iy Wel.y Wpl.y iy Iz Wel.z Wpl.z iz PL Nc.Rd Mc.y.Rd Mc.z.Rd Vpl.y.Rd Vpl.z.Rd
mm mm mm kg/m mm2 m2/m 1/m mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3 mm3 mm mm4 mm3 mm3 mm h b kN kNm kNm kN kN
x x 102 x 104 x 103 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10
Table 9.1.2 Cross-sectional properties and resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2), continued.
Appendix 9.1
M = weight Wt = torsional section modulus PL = cross-section class in concentric compression
b A = cross-section area I = moment of inertia Nc.Rd = compression resistance without buckling
t Au = external area Wel = elastic section modulus Mc.y.Rd = bending resistance by y axis
Am/V = cross-section factor in fire design Wpl = plastic section modulus Mc.z.Rd = bending resistance by z axis
h
y It = torsional modulus i = radius of gyration Vpl.y.Rd = shear resistance in the direction of y axis
r0 Vpl.z.Rd = shear resistance in the direction of z axis
z r0 = 2,0 x t when t ≤ 6,0 mm The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
1) = recommended r0 = 2,5 x t when 6,0 mm < t ≤ 10,0 mm safety factor of material γM0 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
110 100 2,5 7,92 10,09 0,411 407 271,8 49,98 187,9 34,17 39,78 4,32 162,5 32,50 37,30 4,01 4 4 286,3 10,42 9,49 89,52 98,47
110 100 3 9,43 12,01 0,410 341 322,2 58,83 221,2 40,21 47,06 4,29 191,2 38,23 44,12 3,99 3 2 387,5 15,19 12,34 106,6 117,2
110 100 4 12,4 15,75 0,406 258 419,1 75,47 283,5 51,54 60,97 4,24 244,8 48,96 57,14 3,94 1 1 508,2 19,68 18,44 139,7 153,7
110 100 5 15,2 19,36 0,403 208 510,7 90,74 340,4 61,88 74,02 4,19 293,7 58,74 69,34 3,90 1 1 624,7 23,89 22,38 171,7 188,9
110 100 6 17,9 22,83 0,399 175 596,9 104,7 392,1 71,29 86,22 4,14 338,0 67,60 80,74 3,85 1 1 736,9 27,82 26,06 202,6 222,9
110 100 6,3 18,5 23,51 0,393 167 622,9 108,1 396,2 72,04 87,82 4,11 341,9 68,37 82,29 3,81 1 1 758,7 28,34 26,56 208,6 229,5
120 40 2 4,82 6,14 0,313 510 52,32 16,78 104,1 17,34 22,28 4,12 18,50 9,25 10,21 1,74 4 1 148,9 7,19 2,19 28,59 85,76
120 40 2,5 5,96 7,59 0,311 410 63,77 20,27 126,7 21,12 27,32 4,09 22,30 11,15 12,47 1,71 4 1 207,7 8,82 3,01 35,35 106,1
120 40 3 7,07 9,01 0,310 344 74,56 23,51 148,0 24,67 32,16 4,05 25,79 12,89 14,60 1,69 4 1 270,5 10,38 3,85 41,96 125,9
120 50 2 5,13 6,54 0,333 509 78,39 21,41 118,0 19,67 24,64 4,25 30,28 12,11 13,38 2,15 4 1 161,8 7,95 2,90 35,82 85,98
120 50 2,5 6,35 8,09 0,331 409 96,03 26,01 144,0 23,99 30,26 4,22 36,70 14,68 16,39 2,13 4 1 223,8 9,77 3,99 44,33 106,4
120 50 3 7,54 9,61 0,330 343 112,9 30,32 168,6 28,10 35,67 4,19 42,69 17,08 19,26 2,11 4 1 289,8 11,51 5,12 52,65 126,4
120 60 2 5,45 6,94 0,353 509 107,9 26,05 131,9 21,99 27,00 4,36 45,33 15,11 16,75 2,56 4 2 174,7 8,71 3,67 43,08 86,17
120 60 2,5 6,74 8,59 0,351 409 132,6 31,75 161,2 26,87 33,20 4,33 55,15 18,38 20,56 2,53 4 1 240,0 10,71 5,04 53,35 106,7
x 120 60 3 8,01 10,21 0,350 343 156,3 37,14 189,1 31,52 39,18 4,30 64,40 21,47 24,21 2,51 4 1 309,2 12,64 6,45 63,40 126,8
x 120 60 4 10,5 13,35 0,346 259 201,1 47,05 240,7 40,12 50,49 4,25 81,25 27,08 31,08 2,47 2 1 430,8 16,29 10,03 82,90 165,8
120 80 2 6,07 7,74 0,393 508 175,0 35,32 159,8 26,63 31,72 4,54 86,04 21,51 24,09 3,33 4 4 191,6 8,18 5,34 57,66 86,50
120 80 2,5 7,53 9,59 0,391 408 215,8 43,23 195,8 32,63 39,07 4,52 105,2 26,30 29,65 3,31 4 2 272,2 12,61 7,29 71,47 107,2
x 120 80 3 8,96 11,41 0,390 342 255,5 50,80 230,2 38,37 46,20 4,49 123,4 30,86 35,02 3,29 4 1 347,9 14,91 9,32 85,03 127,5
x 120 80 4 11,7 14,95 0,386 258 331,2 64,93 294,6 49,10 59,77 4,44 157,3 39,32 45,23 3,24 2 1 482,4 19,29 14,60 111,4 167,1
x 120 80 5 14,4 18,36 0,383 209 402,3 77,77 353,1 58,86 72,45 4,39 187,8 46,94 54,74 3,20 1 1 592,4 23,38 17,66 136,8 205,2
x 120 80 6 17,0 21,63 0,379 175 468,5 89,40 406,1 67,68 84,25 4,33 215,0 53,76 63,55 3,15 1 1 698,2 27,19 20,51 161,2 241,9
120 80 6,3 17,5 22,25 0,373 168 487,8 92,07 408,5 68,08 85,57 4,28 217,1 54,28 64,68 3,12 1 1 718,1 27,61 20,87 165,8 248,7
120 90 2 6,39 8,14 0,413 507 211,8 39,96 173,7 28,95 34,08 4,62 112,1 24,91 28,06 3,71 4 4 195,5 8,51 6,24 64,98 86,64
120 90 2,5 7,92 10,09 0,411 407 261,5 48,98 213,0 35,50 42,01 4,59 137,3 30,51 34,56 3,69 4 3 284,2 11,46 8,50 80,57 107,4
120 90 3 9,43 12,01 0,410 341 309,9 57,64 250,7 41,79 49,71 4,57 161,4 35,86 40,87 3,67 4 2 367,3 16,04 10,85 95,89 127,9
120 90 4 12,4 15,75 0,406 258 402,8 73,88 321,5 53,58 64,41 4,52 206,3 45,85 52,90 3,62 2 1 508,2 20,79 17,07 125,8 167,7
120 90 5 15,2 19,36 0,403 208 490,4 88,76 386,2 64,37 78,20 4,47 247,2 54,93 64,16 3,57 1 1 624,7 25,24 20,71 154,6 206,1
120 90 6 17,9 22,83 0,399 175 572,7 102,3 445,1 74,18 91,09 4,42 284,1 63,13 74,66 3,53 1 1 736,9 29,40 24,10 182,3 243,1
120 90 6,3 18,5 23,51 0,393 167 597,3 105,6 449,3 74,88 92,73 4,37 287,5 63,88 76,12 3,50 1 1 758,7 29,93 24,57 187,7 250,3
120 100 2,5 8,31 10,59 0,431 407 309,4 54,73 230,3 38,38 44,95 4,66 174,4 34,88 39,73 4,06 4 4 290,5 11,73 9,77 89,68 107,6
120 100 3 9,90 12,61 0,430 341 367,0 64,47 271,3 45,21 53,22 4,64 205,3 41,06 47,03 4,04 4 2 386,7 17,17 12,45 106,8 128,1
x 140 80 3 9,90 12,61 0,430 341 317,1 59,69 334,4 47,77 58,20 5,15 141,2 35,31 39,64 3,35 4 1 359,2 18,78 9,86 85,43 149,5
x 140 80 4 13,0 16,55 0,426 257 411,6 76,48 429,6 61,37 75,51 5,10 180,4 45,10 51,31 3,30 3 1 534,1 24,37 14,56 112,1 196,2
x 140 80 5 16,0 20,36 0,423 208 500,5 91,83 517,1 73,87 91,80 5,04 215,9 53,99 62,24 3,26 1 1 657,0 29,63 20,09 137,9 241,4
x 140 80 6 18,9 24,03 0,419 174 583,8 105,8 597,00 85,29 107,1 4,98 248,0 61,99 72,43 3,21 1 1 775,6 34,56 23,37 162,8 285,00
x 140 80 6,3 19,4 24,77 0,413 167 608,5 109,2 602,7 86,10 109,1 4,93 251,4 62,85 73,97 3,19 1 1 799,4 35,20 23,87 167,8 293,7
140 100 2,5 9,10 11,59 0,471 406 387,3 64,23 331,1 47,30 56,04 5,35 198,2 39,63 44,61 4,14 4 4 296,8 14,51 10,23 89,97 126,00
140 100 3 10,8 13,81 0,470 340 459,6 75,76 390,7 55,82 66,42 5,32 233,5 46,70 52,85 4,11 4 2 397,9 21,44 13,16 107,2 150,1
140 100 4 14,3 18,15 0,466 257 599,3 97,57 503,6 71,94 86,39 5,27 300,1 60,02 68,66 4,07 3 1 585,7 27,88 19,37 140,9 197,3
140 100 5 17,6 22,36 0,463 207 732,1 117,8 608,2 86,89 105,3 5,22 361,4 72,29 83,59 4,02 1 1 721,5 33,98 26,98 173,6 243,00
140 100 6 20,8 26,43 0,459 174 858,0 136,5 704,8 100,7 123,2 5,16 417,7 83,53 97,66 3,97 1 1 853,1 39,75 31,52 205,2 287,3
140 100 6,3 21,4 27,29 0,453 166 896,9 141,2 715,4 102,2 125,9 5,12 425,0 84,99 100,0 3,95 1 1 880,7 40,64 32,27 211,9 296,6
140 110 2,5 9,49 12,09 0,491 406 451,3 70,98 354,7 50,67 59,47 5,42 245,7 44,68 50,53 4,51 4 4 301,8 14,98 11,61 99,11 126,1
140 110 3 11,3 14,41 0,490 340 536,1 83,80 418,9 59,84 70,53 5,39 289,9 52,70 59,90 4,49 4 3 409,1 19,31 14,92 118,1 150,3
140 110 4 14,9 18,95 0,486 256 700,0 108,1 540,6 77,23 91,83 5,34 373,4 67,89 77,93 4,44 3 1 611,5 29,64 21,91 155,3 197,7
140 110 5 18,3 23,36 0,483 207 856,4 130,8 653,8 93,4 112,1 5,29 450,7 81,95 95,02 4,39 1 1 753,8 36,16 30,67 191,5 243,7
140 110 6 21,7 27,63 0,479 173 1005 151,8 758,7 108,4 131,2 5,24 522,0 94,91 111,2 4,35 1 1 891,8 42,34 35,88 226,5 288,3
140 110 6,3 22,4 28,55 0,473 166 1052 157,3 771,8 110,3 134,4 5,20 531,9 96,71 114,0 4,32 1 1 921,4 43,36 36,78 234,1 297,9
140 120 3 11,8 15,01 0,510 340 615,4 91,84 447,00 63,86 74,64 5,46 353,4 58,90 67,26 4,85 4 4 416,4 19,51 16,73 129,1 150,6
Appendix 9.1
140 120 4 15,5 19,75 0,506 256 804,5 118,7 577,6 82,52 97,27 5,41 456,1 76,02 87,61 4,81 3 2 637,3 31,39 24,53 169,8 198,1
140 120 5 19,1 24,36 0,503 206 985,5 143,8 699,4 99,91 118,8 5,36 551,6 91,94 107,0 4,76 1 1 786,00 38,34 34,51 209,5 244,4
140 120 6 22,6 28,83 0,499 173 1158 167,2 812,6 116,1 139,3 5,31 640,2 106,7 125,3 4,71 1 1 930,5 44,94 40,44 248,0 289,3
140 120 6,3 23,4 29,81 0,493 165 1213 173,3 828,1 118,3 142,8 5,27 653,1 108,9 128,6 4,68 1 1 962,00 46,08 41,49 256,4 299,1
1) h b t M A Au Am/V It Wt Iy Wel.y Wpl.y iy Iz Wel.z Wpl.z iz PL Nc.Rd Mc.y.Rd Mc.z.Rd Vpl.y.Rd Vpl.z.Rd
mm mm mm kg/m mm2 m2/m 1/m mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3 mm3 mm mm4 mm3 mm3 mm h b kN kNm kNm kN kN
x x 102 x 104 x 103 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10
Table 9.1.2 Cross-sectional properties and resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2), continued.
Appendix 9.1
M = weight Wt = torsional section modulus PL = cross-section class in concentric compression
b A = cross-section area I = moment of inertia Nc.Rd = compression resistance without buckling
t Au = external area Wel = elastic section modulus Mc.y.Rd = bending resistance by y axis
Am/V = cross-section factor in fire design Wpl = plastic section modulus Mc.z.Rd = bending resistance by z axis
h
y It = torsional modulus i = radius of gyration Vpl.y.Rd = shear resistance in the direction of y axis
r0 Vpl.z.Rd = shear resistance in the direction of z axis
z r0 = 2,0 x t when t ≤ 6,0 mm The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
1) = recommended r0 = 2,5 x t when 6,0 mm < t ≤ 10,0 mm safety factor of material γM0 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
150 70 4 13,0 16,55 0,426 257 357,7 70,92 466,7 62,22 78,15 5,31 141,9 40,54 45,88 2,93 4 1 514,4 25,22 12,55 98,11 210,2
150 70 5 16,0 20,36 0,423 208 433,6 84,92 561,5 74,86 94,98 5,25 169,3 48,37 55,56 2,88 2 1 657,0 30,65 17,93 120,7 258,6
150 90 2,5 9,10 11,59 0,471 406 358,9 61,74 362,9 48,38 58,27 5,60 166,0 36,89 41,13 3,78 4 3 293,1 15,61 9,08 80,98 135,0
150 90 3 10,8 13,81 0,470 340 425,7 72,77 428,2 57,10 69,07 5,57 195,4 43,43 48,70 3,76 4 2 383,0 22,29 11,74 96,48 160,8
150 90 4 14,3 18,15 0,466 257 554,2 93,60 552,0 73,59 89,83 5,51 250,7 55,72 63,22 3,72 4 1 566,0 28,99 17,29 126,8 211,3
150 90 5 17,6 22,36 0,463 207 676,0 112,8 666,6 88,88 109,5 5,46 301,4 66,99 76,91 3,67 2 1 721,5 35,33 24,82 156,2 260,4
150 90 6 20,8 26,43 0,459 174 791,1 130,6 772,4 103,0 128,0 5,41 347,7 77,27 89,78 3,63 1 1 853,1 41,32 28,98 184,7 307,8
150 90 6,3 21,4 27,29 0,453 166 826,3 135,0 783,2 104,4 130,8 5,36 353,8 78,62 91,94 3,60 1 1 880,7 42,22 29,67 190,7 317,8
x 150 100 3 11,3 14,41 0,490 340 507,2 81,40 460,6 61,42 73,48 5,65 247,6 49,53 55,76 4,15 4 2 402,4 23,71 13,46 107,4 161,1
x 150 100 4 14,9 18,95 0,486 256 661,6 104,9 594,6 79,28 95,67 5,60 318,6 63,71 72,50 4,10 4 1 591,8 30,87 19,79 141,2 211,8
x 150 100 5 18,3 23,36 0,483 207 808,7 126,8 719,2 95,89 116,7 5,55 384,0 76,80 88,34 4,05 2 1 753,8 37,67 28,51 174,1 261,1
x 150 100 6 21,7 27,63 0,479 173 948,3 147,1 834,7 111,3 136,7 5,50 444,2 88,84 103,3 4,01 1 1 891,8 44,11 33,34 206,0 308,9
x 150 100 6,3 22,4 28,55 0,473 166 991,6 152,3 848,3 113,1 139,9 5,45 452,7 90,53 105,9 3,98 1 1 921,4 45,14 34,18 212,8 319,2
150 100 7,1 24,9 31,75 0,469 148 1096 166,7 926,6 123,6 154,1 5,40 493,5 98,69 116,5 3,94 1 1 1024,6 49,72 37,61 236,6 354,9
x 150 100 8 27,7 35,24 0,466 132 1206 181,9 1008 134,4 169,2 5,35 535,7 107,1 127,9 3,90 1 1 1137,4 54,59 41,26 262,7 394,0
150 110 2,5 9,88 12,59 0,511 406 498,8 76,23 417,3 55,64 65,64 5,76 260,2 47,30 53,22 4,55 4 4 304,3 16,49 11,83 99,24 135,3
150 110 3 11,8 15,01 0,510 340 592,6 90,04 493,1 65,74 77,89 5,73 307,1 55,83 63,11 4,52 4 3 413,5 21,22 15,25 118,3 161,3
150 110 4 15,5 19,75 0,506 256 774,2 116,3 637,3 84,97 101,5 5,68 395,9 71,98 82,17 4,48 4 1 617,6 32,76 22,38 155,7 212,3
150 110 5 19,1 24,36 0,503 206 947,7 140,8 771,8 102,9 124,0 5,63 478,3 86,96 100,3 4,43 2 1 786,0 40,01 32,36 192,0 261,8
150 110 6 22,6 28,83 0,499 173 1113 163,6 896,9 119,6 145,3 5,58 554,5 100,8 117,4 4,39 1 1 930,5 46,90 37,89 227,3 309,9
150 110 6,3 23,4 29,81 0,493 165 1165 169,6 913,4 121,8 148,9 5,54 565,8 102,9 120,5 4,36 1 1 962,0 48,07 38,88 235,0 320,4
160 40 2,5 7,53 9,59 0,391 408 90,78 27,31 269,0 33,63 44,5 5,30 29,34 14,67 16,22 1,75 4 1 218,7 14,36 3,27 35,73 142,9
160 40 3 8,96 11,41 0,390 342 106,2 31,74 315,9 39,49 52,57 5,26 34,02 17,01 19,04 1,73 4 1 290,0 16,97 4,27 42,51 170,1
160 50 3 9,43 12,01 0,410 341 162,8 40,93 352,9 44,11 57,28 5,42 55,97 22,39 24,90 2,16 4 1 309,4 18,49 5,67 53,27 170,5
160 60 3 9,90 12,61 0,430 341 228,2 50,14 389,9 48,73 61,99 5,56 83,91 27,97 31,05 2,58 4 1 328,7 20,01 7,14 64,07 170,9
160 60 4 13,0 16,55 0,426 257 294,0 63,79 500,4 62,54 80,38 5,50 106,4 35,46 40,04 2,54 4 1 498,1 25,94 10,61 84,09 224,2
160 70 3 10,4 13,21 0,450 341 301,0 59,36 426,8 53,35 66,70 5,68 118,2 33,76 37,51 2,99 4 1 348,1 21,53 8,68 74,9 171,2
160 70 4 13,6 17,35 0,446 257 389,7 75,90 549,0 68,63 86,62 5,63 150,6 43,04 48,52 2,95 4 1 523,9 27,96 12,91 98,38 224,9
160 70 5 16,8 21,36 0,443 207 472,5 90,96 661,6 82,70 105,4 5,57 179,9 51,39 58,81 2,90 2 1 689,2 34,02 18,98 121,1 276,8
160 80 3 10,8 13,81 0,470 340 380,3 68,59 463,8 57,98 71,41 5,80 159,0 39,76 44,26 3,39 4 1 367,5 23,05 10,29 85,76 171,5
x 160 80 4 14,3 18,15 0,466 257 494,1 88,03 597,7 74,71 92,86 5,74 203,5 50,89 57,39 3,35 4 1 549,7 29,97 15,29 112,7 225,4
x 160 80 5 17,6 22,36 0,463 207 601,3 105,9 721,7 90,21 113,2 5,68 244,1 61,03 69,74 3,30 2 1 721,5 36,52 22,51 138,9 277,7
x 160 80 6 20,8 26,43 0,459 174 702,1 122,3 836,0 104,5 132,3 5,62 280,9 70,22 81,31 3,26 1 1 853,1 42,70 26,24 164,2 328,3
160 80 6,3 21,4 27,29 0,453 166 732,3 126,3 846,5 105,8 135,1 5,57 285,7 71,43 83,25 3,24 1 1 880,7 43,60 26,87 169,5 339,0
160 120 6 24,5 31,23 0,539 173 1414 193,2 1121 140,1 169,3 5,99 718,3 119,7 139,0 4,80 1 1 1008 54,63 44,85 249,4 332,5
160 120 6,3 25,4 32,33 0,533 165 1481 200,4 1144 143,0 173,8 5,95 734,6 122,4 142,9 4,77 1 1 1043 56,10 46,11 258,2 344,2
160 120 7,1 28,3 36,01 0,529 147 1641 220,3 1255 156,9 192,0 5,90 804,5 134,1 157,7 4,73 1 1 1162 61,96 50,90 287,5 383,4
160 120 8 31,4 40,04 0,526 131 1814 241,4 1371 171,4 211,5 5,85 877,9 146,3 173,7 4,68 1 1 1292 68,26 56,04 319,8 426,3
160 120 8,8 34,2 43,52 0,522 120 1960 258,9 1467 183,4 227,9 5,81 938,0 156,3 187,0 4,64 1 1 1405 73,55 60,36 347,6 463,4
160 120 10 38,1 48,57 0,517 106 2166 283,0 1597 199,6 251,0 5,73 1019 169,9 205,8 4,58 1 1 1567 80,99 66,42 387,8 517,1
180 100 4 16,8 21,35 0,546 256 853,9 127,1 926,0 102,9 125,9 6,59 373,9 74,78 84,02 4,18 4 1 616,9 40,63 21,26 142,1 255,7
x 180 100 5 20,7 26,36 0,543 206 1045 153,9 1124 124,9 154,0 6,53 451,8 90,35 102,6 4,14 3 1 850,6 49,71 29,16 175,4 315,7
180 100 5,6 23,0 29,30 0,541 185 1155 169,1 1237 137,4 170,3 6,50 495,7 99,14 113,3 4,11 2 1 945,5 54,95 36,56 195,0 350,9
x 180 100 6 24,5 31,23 0,539 173 1227 178,9 1310 145,5 180,8 6,48 523,8 104,8 120,2 4,10 2 1 1008 58,36 38,80 207,8 374,1
180 100 6,3 25,4 32,33 0,533 165 1283 185,5 1335 148,3 185,5 6,43 535,8 107,2 123,6 4,07 1 1 1043 59,88 39,89 215,1 387,3
x 180 100 7,1 28,3 36,01 0,529 147 1420 203,5 1463 162,6 204,9 6,38 585,6 117,1 136,3 4,03 1 1 1162 66,11 44,00 239,6 431,3
x 180 100 8 31,4 40,04 0,526 131 1565 222,5 1598 177,6 225,6 6,32 637,5 127,5 149,9 3,99 1 1 1292 72,81 48,39 266,5 479,6
180 120 4 18,0 22,95 0,586 255 1160 154,6 1050 116,7 140,0 6,76 563,8 93,97 106,2 4,96 4 2 668,6 45,17 26,88 171,0 256,6
180 120 5 22,3 28,36 0,583 206 1424 187,8 1277 141,9 171,5 6,71 684,0 114,0 130,0 4,91 3 1 915,1 55,35 36,79 211,3 317,0
180 120 6 26,4 33,63 0,579 172 1677 219,1 1491 165,7 201,7 6,66 796,3 132,7 152,7 4,87 2 1 1085 65,10 49,27 250,7 376,0
180 120 6,3 27,4 34,85 0,573 164 1757 227,6 1525 169,5 207,4 6,62 816,1 136,0 157,2 4,84 1 1 1125 66,94 50,73 259,7 389,6
180 120 7,1 30,5 38,85 0,569 146 1949 250,5 1676 186,2 229,4 6,57 895,2 149,2 173,8 4,80 1 1 1254 74,04 56,07 289,5 434,3
Appendix 9.1
180 120 8 34,0 43,24 0,566 131 2156 274,8 1835 203,9 253,1 6,51 978,4 163,1 191,6 4,76 1 1 1396 81,70 61,83 322,3 483,4
180 120 8,8 36,9 47,04 0,562 119 2332 295,1 1967 218,6 273,2 6,47 1047 174,5 206,6 4,72 1 1 1518 88,16 66,68 350,6 525,9
180 120 10 41,3 52,57 0,557 106 2582 323,3 2149 238,8 301,5 6,39 1141 190,1 227,8 4,66 1 1 1696 97,31 73,52 391,8 587,7
1) h b t M A Au Am/V It Wt Iy Wel.y Wpl.y iy Iz Wel.z Wpl.z iz PL Nc.Rd Mc.y.Rd Mc.z.Rd Vpl.y.Rd Vpl.z.Rd
mm mm mm kg/m mm2 m2/m 1/m mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3 mm3 mm mm4 mm3 mm3 mm h b kN kNm kNm kN kN
x x 102 x 104 x 103 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10
Table 9.1.2 Cross-sectional properties and resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2), continued.
Appendix 9.1
M = weight Wt = torsional section modulus PL = cross-section class in concentric compression
b A = cross-section area I = moment of inertia Nc.Rd = compression resistance without buckling
t Au = external area Wel = elastic section modulus Mc.y.Rd = bending resistance by y axis
Am/V = cross-section factor in fire design Wpl = plastic section modulus Mc.z.Rd = bending resistance by z axis
h
y It = torsional modulus i = radius of gyration Vpl.y.Rd = shear resistance in the direction of y axis
r0 Vpl.z.Rd = shear resistance in the direction of z axis
z r0 = 2,0 x t when t ≤ 6,0 mm The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
1) = recommended r0 = 2,5 x t when 6,0 mm < t ≤ 10,0 mm safety factor of material γM0 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
x 200 100 8 34,0 43,24 0,566 131 1811 249,6 2091 209,1 267,3 6,95 705,4 141,1 164,7 4,04 1 1 1396 86,25 53,14 268,6 537,2
x 200 120 5 23,8 30,36 0,623 205 1652 209,9 1649 164,9 200,9 7,37 750,1 125,0 141,5 4,97 4 1 923,4 64,83 37,69 212,1 353,5
x 200 120 6 28,3 36,03 0,619 172 1947 245,1 1929 192,9 236,6 7,32 874,4 145,7 166,3 4,93 2 1 1163 76,34 53,68 251,8 419,6
200 120 6,3 29,3 37,37 0,613 164 2040 254,7 1976 197,6 243,5 7,27 897,7 149,6 171,5 4,90 2 1 1206 78,60 55,36 261,1 435,2
200 120 7,1 32,7 41,69 0,609 146 2265 280,7 2174 217,4 269,7 7,22 985,8 164,3 189,8 4,86 1 1 1345 87,03 61,25 291,3 485,5
x 200 120 8 36,5 46,44 0,606 130 2507 308,3 2386 238,6 298,0 7,17 1079 179,8 209,5 4,82 1 1 1499 96,17 67,61 324,5 540,8
200 120 8,8 39,7 50,56 0,602 119 2714 331,4 2562 256,2 322,0 7,12 1156 192,7 226,2 4,78 1 1 1632 103,9 72,99 353,3 588,8
x 200 120 10 44,4 56,57 0,597 106 3007 363,7 2806 280,6 356,1 7,04 1262 210,4 249,8 4,72 1 1 1826 114,9 80,62 395,2 658,7
220 120 5 25,4 32,36 0,663 205 1885 231,9 2082 189,3 232,2 8,02 816,3 136,1 153,0 5,02 4 1 943,4 74,95 39,09 212,8 390,1
x 220 120 6 30,2 38,43 0,659 171 2222 271,1 2439 221,7 273,8 7,97 952,4 158,7 180,0 4,98 3 1 1240 88,36 51,23 252,7 463,4
220 120 6,3 31,3 39,89 0,653 164 2329 281,9 2501 227,4 282,2 7,92 979,2 163,2 185,9 4,95 3 1 1287 91,06 52,67 262,3 480,9
220 120 7,1 35,0 44,53 0,649 146 2586 310,8 2756 250,6 312,8 7,87 1076 179,4 205,8 4,92 2 1 1437 101,0 66,42 292,8 536,8
x 220 120 8 39,0 49,64 0,646 130 2864 341,7 3029 275,4 346,0 7,81 1179 196,6 227,4 4,87 1 1 1602 111,7 73,39 326,5 598,5
220 120 8,8 42,5 54,08 0,642 119 3102 367,7 3258 296,1 374,3 7,76 1265 210,9 245,8 4,84 1 1 1745 120,8 79,31 355,7 652,1
x 220 120 10 47,5 60,57 0,637 105 3440 404,1 3576 325,1 414,7 7,68 1383 230,6 271,8 4,78 1 1 1955 133,8 87,72 398,3 730,2
x 250 150 5 30,1 38,36 0,783 204 3285 336,9 3304 264,3 319,8 9,28 1508 201,1 225,5 6,27 4 2 1064 103,2 54,35 268,0 446,7
x 250 150 6 35,8 45,63 0,779 171 3886 395,7 3886 310,8 378,1 9,23 1768 235,8 266,3 6,23 4 1 1366 122,0 69,73 318,9 531,4
250 150 6,3 37,3 47,45 0,773 163 4078 412,2 4001 320,1 390,9 9,18 1825 243,3 275,7 6,20 4 1 1447 126,2 73,55 331,5 552,6
250 150 7,1 41,6 53,05 0,769 145 4543 456,3 4427 354,1 434,5 9,13 2015 268,7 306,2 6,16 3 1 1712 140,2 86,70 370,7 617,8
x 250 150 8 46,5 59,24 0,766 129 5050 504,0 4886 390,9 482,2 9,08 2219 295,9 339,6 6,12 2 1 1912 155,6 109,6 413,9 689,9
250 150 8,8 50,8 64,64 0,762 118 5488 544,5 5274 422,0 523,1 9,03 2392 318,9 368,1 6,08 1 1 2086 168,8 118,8 451,7 752,8
x 250 150 10 57,0 72,57 0,757 104 6121 602,1 5825 466,0 582,0 8,96 2634 351,2 409,2 6,02 1 1 2342 187,8 132,1 507,0 845,1
250 150 12 66,0 84,06 0,738 88 7088 684,4 6458 516,6 658,0 8,77 2925 390,0 463,3 5,90 1 1 2713 212,3 149,5 587,3 978,9
x 250 150 12,5 68,3 87,04 0,736 85 7315 704,1 6633 530,6 678,3 8,73 3002 400,3 477,5 5,87 1 1 2809 218,9 154,1 608,2 1014
x 260 140 6 35,8 45,63 0,779 171 3646 382,5 4082 314,0 385,9 9,46 1567 223,9 251,8 5,86 4 1 1339 124,6 64,79 297,6 552,7
260 140 6,3 37,3 47,45 0,773 163 3825 398,4 4202 323,2 399,0 9,41 1617 231,0 260,7 5,84 4 1 1420 128,8 68,41 309,4 574,7
260 140 7,1 41,6 53,05 0,769 145 4259 440,8 4647 357,5 443,4 9,36 1785 254,9 289,5 5,80 3 1 1712 143,1 82,27 345,9 642,5
x 260 140 8 46,5 59,24 0,766 129 4731 486,5 5129 394,5 492,0 9,30 1964 280,6 320,9 5,76 2 1 1912 158,8 103,6 386,3 717,5
260 140 8,8 50,8 64,64 0,762 118 5138 525,3 5536 425,9 533,7 9,25 2115 302,2 347,8 5,72 1 1 2086 172,3 112,2 421,6 782,9
x 260 140 10 57,0 72,57 0,757 104 5724 580,4 6113 470,2 593,8 9,18 2328 332,5 386,4 5,66 1 1 2342 191,6 124,7 473,2 878,9
x 260 180 6 39,6 50,43 0,859 170 5566 501,4 4856 373,5 446,9 9,81 2763 307,1 347,9 7,40 4 2 1494 144,2 89,50 384,4 555,3
260 180 6,3 41,2 52,49 0,853 163 5844 523,0 5013 385,6 462,9 9,77 2856 317,4 360,6 7,38 4 1 1583 149,4 94,52 400,1 577,9
260 180 7,1 46,1 58,73 0,849 145 6523 580,3 5556 427,4 515,3 9,73 3162 351,4 401,3 7,34 3 1 1895 166,3 113,4 447,6 646,6
x 260 180 8 51,5 65,64 0,846 129 7267 642,4 6145 472,7 572,7 9,68 3493 388,1 445,8 7,29 2 1 2118 184,8 143,9 500,4 722,7
260 180 8,8 56,3 71,68 0,842 117 7912 695,6 6647 511,3 622,2 9,63 3774 419,4 484,1 7,26 1 1 2313 200,8 156,2 546,4 789,3
x 300 200 6 45,2 57,63 0,979 170 8115 651,2 7370 491,4 587,8 11,31 3962 396,2 446,1 8,29 4 2 1609 189,7 107,7 429,5 644,3
300 200 6,3 47,1 60,05 0,973 162 8524 679,8 7624 508,3 609,9 11,27 4104 410,4 463,2 8,27 4 2 1709 196,8 114,1 447,6 671,3
300 200 7,1 52,8 67,25 0,969 144 9524 755,7 8469 564,6 680,0 11,22 4553 455,3 516,2 8,23 4 1 2007 219,5 134,0 501,2 751,8
x 300 200 8 59,1 75,24 0,966 128 10627 838,4 9389 626,0 757,1 11,17 5042 504,2 574,5 8,19 4 1 2350 244,3 156,5 560,8 841,2
300 200 8,8 64,6 82,24 0,962 117 11586 909,5 10178 678,6 823,8 11,12 5459 545,9 624,9 8,15 3 1 2654 265,9 176,2 613,0 919,5
x 300 200 10 72,7 92,57 0,957 103 12987 1012 11313 754,2 920,9 11,05 6058 605,8 698,1 8,09 2 1 2987 297,2 225,3 689,9 1035
300 200 12 84,8 108,06 0,938 87 15236 1167 12788 852,5 1056 10,88 6854 685,4 801,2 7,96 1 1 3487 340,8 258,6 805,4 1208
x 300 200 12,5 88,0 112,04 0,936 84 15768 1204 13179 878,6 1091 10,85 7060 706,0 827,9 7,94 1 1 3616 352,2 267,2 835,1 1253
400 100 6 45,2 57,63 0,979 170 3421 412,4 10132 506,6 669,6 13,26 1108 221,6 244,3 4,38 4 1 1283 216,1 48,10 214,8 797,7
400 100 6,3 47,1 60,05 0,973 162 3579 429,1 10447 522,3 693,6 13,19 1145 229,0 253,5 4,37 4 1 1373 223,9 51,20 223,8 860,9
400 100 7,1 52,8 67,25 0,969 144 3968 473,5 11587 579,4 772,8 13,13 1261 252,2 281,4 4,33 4 1 1652 249,4 60,98 250,6 1002
400 120 6 47,1 60,03 1,019 170 4831 505,2 11063 553,2 716,9 13,58 1655 275,8 303,1 5,25 4 1 1360 231,4 60,57 258,1 797,7
400 120 6,3 49,1 62,57 1,013 162 5062 526,3 11423 571,2 743,2 13,51 1713 285,5 314,8 5,23 4 1 1455 239,9 64,50 269,0 860,9
400 120 7,1 55,0 70,09 1,009 144 5628 582,5 12683 634,2 828,6 13,45 1892 315,3 350,1 5,20 4 1 1743 267,4 76,84 301,4 1005
400 120 8 61,6 78,44 1,006 128 6245 643,1 14056 702,8 922,4 13,39 2084 347,4 388,7 5,15 4 1 2086 297,7 91,12 337,3 1124
400 120 8,8 67,3 85,76 1,002 117 6774 694,6 15231 761,6 1004 13,33 2246 374,4 421,9 5,12 4 1 2403 323,9 103,9 368,8 1229
x 400 200 6 54,7 69,63 1,179 169 12069 877,1 14789 739,5 906,0 14,57 5092 509,2 562,5 8,55 4 2 1670 292,4 116,5 432,5 797,7
400 200 6,3 57,0 72,65 1,173 161 12673 916,2 15330 766,5 941,7 14,53 5286 528,6 585,2 8,53 4 2 1780 303,9 124,0 451,2 860,9
Appendix 9.1
400 200 7,1 63,9 81,45 1,169 144 14169 1020 17068 853,4 1052 14,48 5875 587,5 653,2 8,49 4 1 2110 339,4 147,3 505,9 1012
x 400 200 8 71,6 91,24 1,166 128 15820 1133 18974 948,7 1173 14,42 6517 651,7 728,1 8,45 4 1 2499 378,7 174,4 566,7 1133
400 200 8,8 78,4 99,84 1,162 116 17260 1231 20619 1031 1279 14,37 7069 706,9 793,1 8,41 4 1 2857 412,8 199,0 620,1 1240
x 400 200 10 88,4 112,6 1,157 103 19368 1373 23003 1150 1434 14,30 7864 786,4 888,1 8,36 4 1 3408 462,7 236,2 699,1 1398
400 200 12 104 132,1 1,138 86 22782 1591 26248 1312 1656 14,10 8977 897,7 1027 8,24 2 1 4262 534,5 331,4 820,2 1640
x 400 200 12,5 108 137,0 1,136 83 23594 1644 27101 1355 1714 14,06 9260 926,1 1062 8,22 2 1 4423 553,1 342,8 851,2 1702
1) h b t M A Au Am/V It Wt Iy Wel.y Wpl.y iy Iz Wel.z Wpl.z iz PL Nc.Rd Mc.y.Rd Mc.z.Rd Vpl.y.Rd Vpl.z.Rd
mm mm mm kg/m mm2 m2/m 1/m mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3 mm3 mm mm4 mm3 mm3 mm h b kN kNm kNm kN kN
x x 102 x 104 x 103 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10
Table 9.1.3 Cross-sectional properties and resistance values for circular longitudinally welded hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2).
Appendix 9.1
M = weight Wt = torsional section modulus PL = cross-section class in concentric compression
A = cross-section area I = moment of inertia Nc.Rd = compression resistance without buckling
Au = external area Wel = elastic section modulus Mc.Rd = bending resistance
Am/V = cross-section factor in fire design Wpl = plastic section modulus The effect of shear buckling has not been accounted for
d
It = torsional modulus i = radius of gyration hollow sections of cross-section class 4 (section 2.4.2.2)
t
The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial safety factor of material γM0 used in Eurocode 3.
1) = recommended The partial safety factor values may differ in each country. National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
48,3 2,6 2,93 3,73 0,152 408 19,55 8,10 9,78 4,05 5,44 1,62 1 120,5 1,75 44,28
48,3 2,9 3,25 4,14 0,152 367 21,40 8,86 10,70 4,43 5,99 1,61 1 133,5 1,93 49,06
x 48,3 3 3,35 4,27 0,152 356 22,00 9,11 11,00 4,55 6,17 1,61 1 137,8 1,99 50,64
48,3 3,2 3,56 4,53 0,152 336 23,17 9,59 11,59 4,80 6,52 1,60 1 146,3 2,10 53,78
x 60,3 2 2,88 3,66 0,189 516 31,16 10,34 15,58 5,17 6,80 2,06 1 118,2 2,19 43,45
x 60,3 2,5 3,56 4,54 0,189 416 37,99 12,60 18,99 6,30 8,36 2,05 1 146,5 2,70 53,85
60,3 2,6 3,70 4,71 0,189 401 39,31 13,04 19,65 6,52 8,66 2,04 1 152,1 2,80 55,91
60,3 2,9 4,11 5,23 0,189 361 43,18 14,32 21,59 7,16 9,56 2,03 1 168,8 3,09 62,03
x 60,3 3 4,24 5,40 0,189 350 44,45 14,74 22,22 7,37 9,86 2,03 1 174,3 3,18 64,06
60,3 3,2 4,51 5,74 0,189 329 46,94 15,57 23,47 7,78 10,44 2,02 1 185,3 3,37 68,09
x 60,3 4 5,55 7,07 0,189 267 56,35 18,69 28,17 9,34 12,70 2,00 1 228,3 4,10 83,92
76,1 2 3,65 4,66 0,239 513 63,96 16,81 31,98 8,40 10,98 2,62 2 150,3 3,54 55,23
x 76,1 2,5 4,54 5,78 0,239 413 78,37 20,60 39,19 10,30 13,55 2,60 1 186,6 4,37 68,57
76,1 2,6 4,71 6,00 0,239 398 81,18 21,34 40,59 10,67 14,05 2,60 1 193,8 4,53 71,21
76,1 2,9 5,24 6,67 0,239 358 89,48 23,52 44,74 11,76 15,55 2,59 1 215,2 5,02 79,11
x 76,1 3 5,41 6,89 0,239 347 92,19 24,23 46,10 12,11 16,04 2,59 1 222,3 5,18 81,72
76,1 3,2 5,75 7,33 0,239 326 97,56 25,64 48,78 12,82 17,02 2,58 1 236,5 5,49 86,93
x 76,1 4 7,11 9,06 0,239 264 118,1 31,04 59,06 15,52 20,81 2,55 1 292,4 6,72 107,5
x 76,1 5 8,77 11,17 0,239 214 141,8 37,28 70,92 18,64 25,32 2,52 1 360,4 8,17 132,5
88,9 2 4,29 5,46 0,279 511 103,1 23,20 51,57 11,60 15,11 3,07 2 176,2 4,88 64,77
x 88,9 2,5 5,33 6,79 0,279 411 126,8 28,51 63,37 14,26 18,67 3,06 2 219,0 6,02 80,49
88,9 2,6 5,53 7,05 0,279 396 131,4 29,55 65,68 14,78 19,37 3,05 2 227,5 6,25 83,62
88,9 2,9 6,15 7,84 0,279 356 145,0 32,63 72,52 16,31 21,46 3,04 1 252,9 6,92 92,94
x 88,9 3 6,36 8,10 0,279 344 149,5 33,64 74,76 16,82 22,15 3,04 1 261,3 7,15 96,03
88,9 3,2 6,76 8,62 0,279 324 158,4 35,64 79,21 17,82 23,51 3,03 1 278,1 7,59 102,2
x 88,9 4 8,38 10,67 0,279 261 192,7 43,35 96,34 21,67 28,85 3,00 1 344,3 9,31 126,6
x 88,9 5 10,4 13,18 0,279 212 232,8 52,36 116,4 26,18 35,24 2,97 1 425,3 11,37 156,3
88,9 6 12,3 15,63 0,279 179 269,9 60,72 134,9 30,36 41,31 2,94 1 504,3 13,33 185,4
88,9 6,3 12,8 16,35 0,279 171 280,5 63,10 140,2 31,55 43,07 2,93 1 527,6 13,90 193,9
101,6 2 4,91 6,26 0,319 510 155,3 30,56 77,63 15,28 19,84 3,52 3 202,0 4,93 74,23
x 108 3 7,77 9,90 0,339 342 273,0 50,55 136,5 25,28 33,08 3,71 2 319,4 10,68 117,4
108 3,2 8,27 10,54 0,339 322 289,6 53,62 144,8 26,81 35,16 3,71 2 340,0 11,35 125,0
x 108 4 10,3 13,07 0,339 259 353,9 65,54 177,0 32,77 43,29 3,68 1 421,8 13,97 155,0
108 5 12,7 16,18 0,339 210 430,1 79,65 215,1 39,83 53,09 3,65 1 522,2 17,13 191,9
108 6 15,1 19,23 0,339 176 501,8 92,93 250,9 46,46 62,50 3,61 1 620,5 20,17 228,1
108 6,3 15,8 20,13 0,339 168 522,5 96,75 261,2 48,38 65,24 3,60 1 649,6 21,06 238,8
114,3 2 5,54 7,06 0,359 508 222,5 38,94 111,3 19,47 25,23 3,97 3 227,7 6,28 83,70
x 114,3 2,5 6,89 8,78 0,359 409 274,5 48,03 137,3 24,02 31,25 3,95 2 283,4 10,09 104,2
114,3 2,6 7,16 9,12 0,359 394 284,8 49,82 142,4 24,91 32,45 3,95 2 294,5 10,47 108,2
114,3 2,9 7,97 10,15 0,359 354 315,1 55,13 157,6 27,57 36,00 3,94 2 327,5 11,62 120,4
x 114,3 3 8,23 10,49 0,359 342 325,1 56,88 162,6 28,44 37,17 3,94 2 338,5 12,00 124,4
114,3 3,2 8,77 11,17 0,359 321 344,9 60,36 172,5 30,18 39,51 3,93 2 360,5 12,75 132,5
114,3 4 10,9 13,86 0,359 259 422,1 73,86 211,1 36,93 48,69 3,90 1 447,3 15,71 164,4
x 114,3 5 13,5 17,17 0,359 209 513,8 89,91 256,9 44,96 59,77 3,87 1 554,1 19,29 203,7
x 114,3 6 16,0 20,41 0,359 176 600,4 105,1 300,2 52,53 70,45 3,83 1 658,8 22,73 242,2
114,3 6,3 16,8 21,38 0,359 168 625,4 109,4 312,7 54,72 73,57 3,82 1 689,8 23,74 253,6
1) d t M A Au Am/V It Wt I Wel Wpl i PL Nc.Rd Mc.Rd Vpl.Rd
mm mm kg/m mm2 m2/m 1/m mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3 mm3 mm kN kNm kN
Appendix 9.1
x x 102 x 104 x 103 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10
Table 9.1.3 Cross-sectional properties and resistance values for circular longitudinally welded hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2)
Appendix 9.1
continued.
M = weight Wt = torsional section modulus PL = cross-section class in concentric compression
A = cross-section area I = moment of inertia Nc.Rd = compression resistance without buckling
Au = external area Wel = elastic section modulus Mc.Rd = bending resistance
Am/V = cross-section factor in fire design Wpl = plastic section modulus The effect of shear buckling has not been accounted for
d
t It = torsional modulus i = radius of gyration hollow sections of cross-section class 4 (section 2.4.2.2)
The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial safety factor of material γM0 used in Eurocode 3.
127 5 15,0 19,16 0,399 208 714,3 112,5 357,1 56,24 74,46 4,32 1 618,5 24,03 227,3
127 6 17,9 22,81 0,399 175 836,9 131,8 418,4 65,90 87,92 4,28 1 736,1 28,37 270,6
127 6,3 18,8 23,89 0,399 167 872,4 137,4 436,2 68,70 91,86 4,27 1 771,0 29,65 283,4
133 2 6,46 8,23 0,418 508 353,2 53,11 176,6 26,56 34,32 4,63 4 233,9 7,59 97,64
x 133 2,5 8,05 10,25 0,418 408 436,5 65,64 218,3 32,82 42,58 4,61 3 330,8 10,59 121,6
133 2,6 8,36 10,65 0,418 392 453,0 68,12 226,5 34,06 44,22 4,61 3 343,7 10,99 126,3
133 2,9 9,30 11,85 0,418 353 501,8 75,46 250,9 37,73 49,09 4,60 2 382,5 15,84 140,6
133 3 9,62 12,25 0,418 341 517,9 77,88 259,0 38,94 50,71 4,60 2 395,4 16,37 145,3
133 3,2 10,2 13,05 0,418 320 550,0 82,70 275,0 41,35 53,92 4,59 2 421,1 17,40 154,8
x 133 4 12,7 16,21 0,418 258 675,1 101,5 337,5 50,76 66,59 4,56 2 523,2 21,49 192,3
133 5 15,8 20,11 0,418 208 824,8 124,0 412,4 62,02 81,96 4,53 1 648,9 26,45 238,5
133 6 18,8 23,94 0,418 175 967,4 145,5 483,7 72,74 96,85 4,50 1 772,6 31,25 284,0
133 6,3 19,7 25,08 0,418 167 1008,9 151,7 504,4 75,85 101,2 4,49 1 809,3 32,67 297,5
139,7 2,9 9,78 12,46 0,439 352 583,4 83,52 291,7 41,76 54,28 4,84 3 402,2 13,48 147,8
x 139,7 3 10,1 12,88 0,439 341 602,2 86,21 301,1 43,11 56,07 4,83 3 415,8 13,91 152,8
139,7 3,2 10,8 13,72 0,439 320 639,6 91,56 319,8 45,78 59,63 4,83 2 442,9 19,25 162,8
x 139,7 4 13,4 17,05 0,439 257 785,7 112,5 392,9 56,24 73,68 4,80 2 550,3 23,78 202,3
x 139,7 5 16,6 21,16 0,439 207 961,1 137,6 480,5 68,80 90,76 4,77 1 682,9 29,29 251,0
x 139,7 6 19,8 25,20 0,439 174 1129 161,6 564,3 80,78 107,3 4,73 1 813,3 34,64 298,9
139,7 6,3 20,7 26,40 0,439 166 1177 168,5 588,6 84,27 112,2 4,72 1 852,1 36,21 313,2
x 139,7 8 26,0 33,10 0,439 133 1441 206,2 720,3 103,1 138,9 4,66 1 1068 44,84 392,6
x 139,7 10 32,0 40,75 0,439 108 1724 246,8 861,9 123,4 168,6 4,60 1 1315 54,40 483,3
152 2,9 10,7 13,58 0,478 352 755,2 99,37 377,6 49,69 64,48 5,27 3 438,4 16,04 161,1
152 3 11,0 14,04 0,478 340 779,7 102,6 389,9 51,30 66,61 5,27 3 453,2 16,56 166,6
152 3,2 11,7 14,96 0,478 320 828,4 109,0 414,2 54,50 70,86 5,26 3 482,8 17,59 177,4
152 4 14,6 18,60 0,478 257 1019 134,1 509,6 67,05 87,64 5,23 2 600,2 28,28 220,6
152 5 18,1 23,09 0,478 207 1249 164,3 624,4 82,16 108,1 5,20 1 745,2 34,88 273,9
152 6 21,6 27,52 0,478 174 1469 193,3 734,5 96,65 128,0 5,17 1 888,2 41,30 326,4
152 6,3 22,6 28,84 0,478 166 1533 201,8 766,6 100,9 133,8 5,16 1 930,7 43,19 342,1
159 2,9 11,2 14,22 0,500 352 866,7 109,0 433,3 54,51 70,67 5,52 3 459,0 17,59 168,7
159 3 11,5 14,70 0,500 340 894,8 112,6 447,4 56,28 73,02 5,52 3 474,5 18,16 174,4
159 3,2 12,3 15,66 0,500 319 950,9 119,6 475,4 59,8 77,69 5,51 3 505,5 19,30 185,8
x 159 4 15,3 19,48 0,500 257 1171 147,3 585,3 73,63 96,12 5,48 2 628,6 31,02 231,1
193,7 5 23,3 29,64 0,609 205 2640 272,6 1320 136,3 178,1 6,67 2 956,6 57,47 351,6
x 193,7 6 27,8 35,38 0,609 172 3119 322,1 1560 161,1 211,5 6,64 1 1142 68,24 419,7
193,7 6,3 29,1 37,09 0,609 164 3260 336,6 1630 168,3 221,3 6,63 1 1197 71,43 440,0
x 193,7 8 36,6 46,67 0,609 130 4031 416,2 2016 208,1 276,1 6,57 1 1506 89,09 553,6
x 193,7 10 45,3 57,71 0,609 106 4883 504,2 2442 252,1 337,8 6,50 1 1862 109,0 684,6
193,7 12 53,8 68,50 0,609 89 5678 586,3 2839 293,2 396,8 6,44 1 2211 128,0 812,5
193,7 12,5 55,9 71,16 0,609 86 5869 606,0 2934 303,0 411,1 6,42 1 2296 132,7 844,1
219,1 4 21,2 27,03 0,688 255 3128 285,5 1564 142,8 185,1 7,61 3 872,3 46,07 320,6
219,1 5 26,4 33,63 0,688 205 3856 352,0 1928 176,0 229,2 7,57 2 1085 73,98 398,9
x 219,1 6 31,5 40,17 0,688 171 4564 416,6 2282 208,3 272,5 7,54 2 1296 87,96 476,5
219,1 6,3 33,1 42,12 0,688 163 4772 435,6 2386 217,8 285,4 7,53 2 1359 92,10 499,6
x 219,1 8 41,7 53,06 0,688 130 5919 540,3 2960 270,2 356,7 7,47 1 1712 115,1 629,3
x 219,1 10 51,6 65,69 0,688 105 7197 657,0 3598 328,5 437,6 7,40 1 2120 141,2 779,2
219,1 12 61,3 78,07 0,688 88 8400 766,8 4200 383,4 515,3 7,33 1 2520 166,3 926,1
x 219,1 12,5 63,7 81,13 0,688 85 8689 793,2 4345 396,6 534,2 7,32 1 2618 172,4 962,4
1) d t M A Au Am/V It Wt I Wel Wpl i PL Nc.Rd Mc.Rd Vpl.Rd
mm mm kg/m mm2 m2/m 1/m mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3 mm3 mm kN kNm kN
x x 102 x 104 x 103 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10
Appendix 9.1
Table 9.1.3 Cross-sectional properties and resistance values for circular longitudinally welded hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2),
Appendix 9.1
continued.
M = weight Wt = torsional section modulus PL = cross-section class in concentric compression
A = cross-section area I = moment of inertia Nc.Rd = compression resistance without buckling
Au = external area Wel = elastic section modulus Mc.Rd = bending resistance
Am/V = cross-section factor in fire design Wpl = plastic section modulus The effect of shear buckling has not been accounted for
d
It = torsional modulus i = radius of gyration hollow sections of cross-section class 4 (section 2.4.2.2)
t
The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial safety factor of material γM0 used in Eurocode 3.
323,9 5 39,3 50,09 1,018 203 12739 786,6 6369 393,3 508,5 11,28 4 1427 112,6 594,2
x 323,9 6 47,0 59,92 1,018 170 15145 935,2 7572 467,6 606,4 11,24 3 1934 150,9 710,8
323,9 6,3 49,3 62,86 1,018 162 15858 979,2 7929 489,6 635,6 11,23 3 2029 158,0 745,6
x 323,9 8 62,3 79,39 1,018 128 19820 1224 9910 611,9 798,5 11,17 2 2562 257,7 941,8
x 323,9 10 77,4 98,61 1,018 103 24317 1501 12158 750,8 985,7 11,10 1 3183 318,1 1170
323,9 12 92,3 117,6 1,018 87 28639 1768 14320 884,2 1168 11,04 1 3795 376,9 1395
x 323,9 12,5 96,0 122,3 1,018 83 29693 1833 14847 916,7 1213 11,02 1 3947 391,4 1451
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.1
253
Table 9.1.4 Cross-sectional properties and resistance values for circular spirally welded hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2).
Appendix 9.1
(Technical delivery conditions to be agreed when ordering)
M = weight I = moment of inertia PL = cross-section class in concentric compression
A = cross-section area Wel = elastic section modulus Nc.Rd = compression resistance without buckling
Au = external area Wpl = plastic section modulus Mc.Rd = bending resistance
Am/V = cross-section factor in fire design i = radius of gyration Vpl.Rd = shear resistance
d
It = torsional modulus The effect of shear buckling has not been accounted for
t
Wt = torsional section modulus hollow sections of cross-section class 4 (section 2.4.2.2)
The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial safety factor of material γM0 used in Eurocode 3.
406,4 6 59,3 75,47 1,277 169 30257 1489 15128 744,5 962 14,16 4 2141 212,4 895,3
406,4 6,3 62,2 79,19 1,277 161 31699 1560 15849 780,0 1009 14,15 4 2256 223,5 939,3
406,4 8 78,6 100,1 1,277 128 39748 1956 19874 978,1 1270 14,09 3 3231 315,6 1188
406,4 10 97,8 124,5 1,277 103 48952 2409 24476 1205 1572 14,02 2 4019 507,2 1477
406,4 12 117 148,7 1,277 86 57874 2848 28937 1424 1867 13,95 2 4798 602,6 1764
406,4 12,5 121 154,7 1,277 83 60061 2956 30031 1478 1940 13,93 1 4992 626,1 1835
457 6 66,7 85,01 1,436 169 43236 1892 21618 946,1 1220 15,95 4 2383 267,0 1008
457 6,3 70,0 89,20 1,436 161 45308 1983 22654 991,4 1280 15,94 4 2513 281,1 1058
457 8 88,6 112,9 1,436 127 56893 2490 28446 1245 1613 15,88 3 3642 401,8 1339
457 10 110 140,4 1,436 102 70183 3071 35091 1536 1998 15,81 2 4532 645,0 1666
457 12 132 167,8 1,436 86 83113 3637 41556 1819 2377 15,74 2 5414 767,1 1990
457 12,5 137 174,6 1,436 82 86290 3776 43145 1888 2470 15,72 2 5633 797,3 2071
508 6 74,3 94,62 1,596 169 59623 2347 29812 1174 1512 17,75 4 2622 327,8 1122
508 6,3 78,0 99,30 1,596 161 62493 2460 31246 1230 1586 17,74 4 2767 345,3 1178
508 8 98,7 125,7 1,596 127 78560 3093 39280 1546 2000 17,68 4 3586 443,6 1491
508 10 123 156,5 1,596 102 97040 3820 48520 1910 2480 17,61 3 5049 616,5 1856
508 12 147 187,0 1,596 85 115072 4530 57536 2265 2953 17,54 2 6035 952,9 2218
508 12,5 153 194,6 1,596 82 119511 4705 59755 2353 3070 17,52 2 6280 990,7 2308
559 6 81,8 104,2 1,756 168 79702 2852 39851 1426 1835 19,55 4 2856 394,0 1236
559 6,3 85,9 109,4 1,756 161 83552 2989 41776 1495 1925 19,54 4 3015 415,3 1298
559 8 109 138,5 1,756 127 105130 3761 52565 1881 2429 19,48 4 3916 535,1 1643
559 10 135 172,5 1,756 102 130002 4651 65001 2326 3014 19,41 3 5566 750,5 2046
559 12 162 206,2 1,756 85 154327 5522 77164 2761 3591 19,34 3 6655 891,0 2446
559 12,5 169 214,6 1,756 82 160324 5736 80162 2868 3734 19,33 2 6926 1205 2546
610 8 119 151,3 1,916 127 137103 4495 68551 2248 2899 21,29 4 4242 634,3 1795
610 10 148 188,5 1,916 102 169693 5564 84847 2782 3600 21,22 4 5398 800,6 2236
610 12 177 225,4 1,916 85 201627 6611 100814 3305 4292 21,15 3 7276 1067 2674
610 12,5 184 234,6 1,916 82 209509 6869 104755 3435 4463 21,13 3 7572 1108 2783
610 14,2 209 265,8 1,916 72 236008 7738 118004 3869 5042 21,07 2 8578 1627 3153
660 8 129 163,9 2,073 127 174176 5278 87088 2639 3401 23,05 4 4555 738,9 1944
660 10 160 204,2 2,073 102 215741 6538 107870 3269 4225 22,98 4 5806 934,7 2422
660 12 192 244,3 2,073 85 256534 7774 128267 3887 5039 22,91 3 7884 1254 2898
660 12,5 200 254,3 2,073 82 266613 8079 133306 4040 5241 22,90 3 8206 1304 3016
813 12 237 302,0 2,554 85 484469 11918 242235 5959 7700 28,32 4 8565 1700 3582
813 12,5 247 314,4 2,554 81 503721 12392 251860 6196 8011 28,31 4 8951 1774 3729
813 14,2 280 356,4 2,554 72 568630 13988 284315 6994 9062 28,25 3 11500 2257 4227
813 16 315 400,6 2,554 64 636443 15657 318222 7828 10165 28,18 3 12929 2526 4752
914 10 223 284,0 2,871 101 580294 12698 290147 6349 8172 31,96 4 7800 1758 3369
914 12 267 340,1 2,871 84 691779 15137 345890 7569 9764 31,89 4 9534 2136 4034
914 12,5 278 354,0 2,871 81 719417 15742 359708 7871 10159 31,88 4 9967 2230 4199
914 14,2 315 401,4 2,871 72 812689 17783 406344 8892 11498 31,82 4 11440 2548 4761
914 16 354 451,4 2,871 64 910283 19919 455142 9959 12904 31,75 3 14567 3214 5354
1016 10 248 316,0 3,192 101 799699 15742 399850 7871 10121 35,57 4 8562 2153 3749
1016 12 297 378,5 3,192 84 953969 18779 476984 9389 12097 35,50 4 10490 2622 4490
1016 12,5 309 394,1 3,192 81 992246 19532 496123 9766 12588 35,48 4 10972 2739 4674
1016 14,2 351 446,9 3,192 71 1121524 22077 560762 11039 14252 35,42 4 12610 3134 5301
1016 16 395 502,7 3,192 64 1256959 24743 628479 12372 16001 35,36 4 14343 3549 5962
1219 10 298 379,8 3,830 101 1388029 22773 694014 11387 14617 42,75 4 10017 3040 4505
1219 12 357 455,0 3,830 84 1657432 27193 828716 13597 17483 42,68 4 12328 3719 5398
1219 12,5 372 473,8 3,830 81 1724362 28291 862181 14146 18196 42,66 4 12906 3888 5620
1219 14,2 422 537,5 3,830 71 1950668 32004 975334 16002 20613 42,60 4 14872 4462 6375
Appendix 9.1
1219 16 475 604,7 3,830 63 2188182 35901 1094091 17951 23157 42,54 4 16953 5066 7173
d t M A Au Am/V It Wt I Wel Wpl i PL Nc.Rd Mc.Rd Vpl.Rd
mm mm kg/m mm2 m2/m 1/m mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3 mm3 mm kN kNm kN
x 102 x 104 x 103 x 104 x 103 x 103 x 10
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.1
256
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.2
257
Buckling resistance values for square hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.1
b 1) = recommended series
The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
t
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 70 70 4 327,5 320,0 277,9 230,2 180,6 138,1 106,2 83,15 66,48 54,20 44,96 32,30 70 70 4
80 80 2 180,1 180,1 162,2 142,4 120,7 98,89 79,76 64,39 52,49 43,37 36,31 26,40 20,00 80 80 2
x 80 80 2,5 244,9 244,0 217,8 189,0 157,4 126,8 101,0 80,79 65,49 53,89 45,00 32,61 24,65 80 80 2,5
x 80 80 3 290,7 289,3 257,9 223,3 185,4 148,9 118,3 94,51 76,54 62,95 52,54 38,05 28,76 80 80 3
x 80 80 4 379,1 376,6 334,9 288,8 238,6 190,6 150,8 120,2 97,23 79,87 66,62 48,20 36,41 80 80 4
x 80 80 5 463,3 459,5 407,9 350,6 288,3 229,4 181,0 144,0 116,3 95,45 79,56 57,52 43,43 80 80 5
90 90 2 187,9 187,9 175,0 158,1 139,6 120,0 100,9 84,03 69,99 58,67 49,63 36,56 27,92 21,97 90 90 2
x 90 90 2,5 277,2 277,2 253,4 225,6 194,8 163,0 133,8 109,3 89,9 74,67 62,77 45,87 34,86 27,34 90 90 2,5
x 90 90 3 329,5 329,5 300,7 267,2 230,2 192,2 157,4 128,4 105,5 87,54 73,54 53,71 40,80 31,99 90 90 3
x 90 90 4 430,8 430,8 392,0 347,4 298,2 247,9 202,2 164,6 134,9 111,8 93,88 68,49 51,99 40,75 90 90 4
x 90 90 5 527,9 527,9 478,8 423,2 361,8 299,4 243,4 197,5 161,6 133,8 112,3 81,81 62,06 48,62 90 90 5
x 90 90 6 620,7 620,7 561,5 495,1 421,9 347,8 281,9 228,4 186,6 154,4 129,4 94,22 71,44 55,95 90 90 6
90 90 6,3 636,7 636,7 574,5 505,3 429,1 352,5 284,8 230,2 187,9 155,3 130,1 94,63 71,72 56,15 90 90 6,3
100 100 2 194,0 194,0 185,2 170,6 154,9 137,8 120,3 103,4 88,28 75,35 64,57 48,37 37,29 29,52 23,91 100 100 2
x 100 100 2,5 281,4 281,4 264,9 241,4 215,9 188,5 161,0 135,8 114,2 96,39 81,94 60,75 46,55 36,71 29,66 100 100 2,5
x 100 100 3 368,2 368,2 343,4 310,7 274,9 236,8 199,5 166,4 138,8 116,4 98,55 72,67 55,51 43,69 35,24 100 100 3
x 100 100 4 482,4 482,4 448,9 405,4 357,7 307,0 257,9 214,5 178,5 149,6 126,5 93,14 71,10 55,93 45,10 100 100 4
x 100 100 5 592,4 592,4 549,9 495,7 436,0 372,9 312,2 259,0 215,1 180,0 152,1 111,9 85,33 67,09 54,08 100 100 5
x 100 100 6 698,2 698,2 646,4 581,5 510,0 434,6 362,6 300,0 248,7 207,8 175,4 128,9 98,23 77,20 62,21 100 100 6
100 100 6,3 718,1 718,1 663,8 596,4 522,1 443,9 369,6 305,3 252,8 211,1 178,1 130,7 99,61 78,26 63,05 100 100 6,3
100 100 7,1 795,6 795,6 733,6 657,6 573,8 486,1 403,3 332,2 274,6 229,0 193,0 141,5 107,8 84,62 68,15 100 100 7,1
x 100 100 8 879,2 879,2 808,9 723,8 629,9 532,0 440,1 361,7 298,6 248,7 209,5 153,5 116,8 91,68 73,82 100 100 8
110 110 2,5 291,3 291,3 280,0 259,1 236,8 212,7 187,5 162,8 140,1 120,4 103,6 78,12 60,45 47,97 38,91 32,16 110 110 2,5
x 110 110 3 406,9 406,9 386,0 353,9 319,2 281,7 243,4 207,4 175,8 149,3 127,4 94,97 73,01 57,69 46,66 38,49 110 110 3
x 110 110 4 534,1 534,1 505,7 463,0 416,7 366,7 316,1 268,6 227,3 192,6 164,3 122,3 93,91 74,17 59,97 49,45 110 110 4
x 110 110 5 657,0 657,0 620,9 567,6 509,7 447,4 384,5 326,0 275,2 232,9 198,4 147,5 113,2 89,35 72,22 59,54 110 110 5
x 110 110 6 775,6 775,6 731,6 667,8 598,4 523,8 448,8 379,5 319,7 270,2 229,9 170,7 130,9 103,3 83,44 68,77 110 110 6
110 110 6,3 799,4 799,4 753,1 686,8 614,6 537,0 459,3 387,8 326,3 275,5 234,3 173,8 133,2 105,1 84,88 69,95 110 110 6,3
x 120 120 3 405,1 405,1 392,3 365,0 336,0 304,7 271,7 238,7 207,5 179,7 155,7 118,3 91,99 73,22 59,52 49,27 120 120 3
x 120 120 4 585,7 585,7 562,5 520,3 475,2 426,4 375,5 325,7 280,1 240,4 206,9 155,8 120,5 95,61 77,54 64,08 120 120 4
x 120 120 5 721,5 721,5 691,9 639,3 582,9 521,9 458,5 396,7 340,5 291,8 250,8 188,6 145,8 115,6 93,71 77,42 120 120 5
x 120 120 5,6 800,9 800,9 767,3 708,5 645,3 577,1 506,3 437,4 375,0 321,1 275,8 207,2 160,1 126,9 102,8 84,94 120 120 5,6
x 120 120 6 853,1 853,1 816,7 753,7 686,1 613,1 537,2 463,8 397,2 339,9 291,8 219,1 169,2 134,1 108,7 89,75 120 120 6
x 150 150 4 701,2 701,2 696 657,6 618,2 576,5 532,1 485,6 438,4 392,5 349,5 276,1 219,8 177,6 145,9 121,6 150 150 4
x 150 150 5 915,1 915,1 904,8 853 799,4 742,6 682,0 618,8 555,2 494,2 437,8 343,3 272,0 219,1 179,6 149,5 150 150 5
x 150 150 6 1085 1085 1072 1010 946,0 877,8 805,1 729,4 653,5 580,8 513,9 402,2 318,3 256,3 209,9 174,7 150 150 6
150 150 6,3 1125 1125 1110 1045 978,0 907,0 831,0 752,0 672,8 597,3 528,0 412,6 326,3 262,5 214,9 178,8 150 150 6,3
150 150 7,1 1254 1254 1236 1164 1088 1008 922,7 833,9 745,2 660,7 583,5 455,3 359,7 289,2 236,7 196,9 150 150 7,1
x 150 150 8 1396 1396 1375 1293 1208 1118 1022 922,0 822,7 728,4 642,4 500,4 394,9 317,3 259,6 215,8 150 150 8
150 150 8,8 1518 1518 1494 1405 1312 1213 1107 998,0 889,1 786,2 692,7 538,8 424,8 341,1 279,0 231,9 150 150 8,8
x 150 150 10 1696 1696 1668 1567 1461 1349 1230 1106 983,0 867,9 763,6 592,6 466,7 374,4 306,0 254,3 150 150 10
160 160 4 720,2 720,2 720,2 685,4 648,7 610,3 569,7 526,9 482,7 438,4 395,6 319,0 257,5 210,0 173,5 145,2 160 160 4
x 160 160 5 979,7 979,7 975,6 923,8 870,7 814,7 755,3 692,8 628,9 566,0 506,4 403,0 322,4 261,3 215,0 179,5 160 160 5
x 160 160 6 1163 1163 1157 1095 1032 964,9 893,7 818,9 742,6 667,6 596,7 474,2 379,0 307,0 252,5 210,7 160 160 6
160 160 6,3 1206 1206 1199 1135 1068 998,4 923,9 845,8 766,1 688,0 614,4 487,4 389,2 315,0 259,0 216,1 160 160 6,3
160 160 7,1 1345 1345 1337 1264 1190 1111 1027 939,4 850,0 762,5 680,2 538,9 429,9 347,8 285,8 238,4 160 160 7,1
x 160 160 8 1499 1499 1488 1407 1323 1234 1140 1041 940,5 842,5 750,7 593,6 472,9 382,3 314,0 261,9 160 160 8
160 160 8,8 1632 1632 1619 1530 1438 1340 1237 1128 1018 911,1 811,0 640,4 509,7 411,8 338,1 281,8 160 160 8,8
x 160 160 10 1826 1826 1809 1708 1604 1494 1377 1254 1129 1009 896,7 706,4 561,5 453,2 371,9 309,9 160 160 10
160 160 12 2093 2093 2068 1949 1826 1695 1556 1410 1264 1124 995,2 779,4 617,2 497,0 407,1 338,9 160 160 12
160 160 12,5 2164 2164 2137 2013 1885 1749 1603 1452 1301 1156 1022 799,7 632,8 509,4 417,1 347,1 160 160 12,5
Appendix 9.2
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Buckling resistance values for square hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.1
b 1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
t
h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
200 200 6,3 1531 1531 1531 1492 1427 1360 1291 1218 1141 1062 981,7 826,5 688,8 574,1 481,4 407,4 200 200 6,3
200 200 7,1 1712 1712 1712 1667 1594 1519 1441 1358 1272 1183 1093 919,0 765,0 637,1 534,0 451,7 200 200 7,1
x 200 200 8 1912 1912 1912 1860 1778 1694 1605 1513 1415 1315 1214 1019 847,3 704,9 590,4 499,2 200 200 8
200 200 8,8 2086 2086 2086 2029 1938 1846 1749 1647 1540 1430 1319 1106 918,3 763,4 639,1 540,1 200 200 8,8
x 200 200 10 2342 2342 2342 2275 2172 2067 1957 1841 1720 1595 1469 1229 1019 845,6 707,3 597,4 200 200 10
200 200 12 2713 2713 2713 2628 2507 2382 2251 2113 1969 1821 1673 1392 1149 951,4 794,2 669,8 200 200 12
x 200 200 12,5 2809 2809 2809 2719 2594 2464 2328 2184 2034 1881 1727 1435 1184 979,3 817,2 689,0 200 200 12,5
x 220 220 6 1628 1628 1628 1606 1544 1481 1416 1348 1277 1203 1127 974,0 829,8 703,3 597,1 509,7 220 220 6
220 220 6,3 1694 1694 1694 1671 1606 1540 1472 1400 1326 1248 1169 1009 859,0 727,6 617,3 526,7 220 220 6,3
220 220 7,1 1895 1895 1895 1869 1795 1721 1644 1564 1480 1393 1304 1124 956,0 809,0 686,0 585,1 220 220 7,1
x 220 220 8 2118 2118 2118 2087 2005 1922 1835 1745 1651 1553 1452 1251 1063 898,7 761,5 649,2 220 220 8
220 220 8,8 2313 2313 2313 2278 2188 2096 2001 1902 1798 1690 1580 1359 1153 973,7 824,5 702,5 220 220 8,8
x 220 220 10 2600 2600 2600 2558 2456 2352 2244 2132 2014 1892 1766 1517 1285 1084 917,1 780,9 220 220 10
220 220 12 3023 3023 3023 2967 2846 2723 2595 2461 2321 2176 2027 1733 1462 1230 1038 882,6 220 220 12
220 220 12,5 3132 3132 3132 3073 2947 2819 2686 2547 2401 2249 2095 1789 1508 1268 1070 909,3 220 220 12,5
x 250 250 6 1646 1646 1646 1646 1606 1554 1501 1447 1391 1333 1273 1147 1019 895,6 782,3 682,5 250 250 6
250 250 6,3 1770 1770 1770 1770 1722 1665 1607 1548 1486 1422 1356 1218 1078 943,7 821,9 715,2 250 250 6,3
250 250 7,1 2170 2170 2170 2170 2098 2024 1949 1871 1791 1707 1620 1441 1262 1094 945,7 818,0 250 250 7,1
x 250 250 8 2428 2428 2428 2428 2345 2263 2178 2091 2000 1906 1808 1606 1405 1217 1051 908,6 250 250 8
250 250 8,8 2654 2654 2654 2653 2562 2471 2378 2283 2183 2079 1972 1750 1530 1324 1143 987,3 250 250 8,8
x 250 250 10 2987 2987 2987 2984 2881 2778 2673 2564 2451 2334 2212 1960 1711 1480 1276 1101 250 250 10
250 250 12 3487 3487 3487 3477 3356 3234 3109 2979 2845 2704 2559 2260 1967 1696 1458 1257 250 250 12
x 250 250 12,5 3616 3616 3616 3605 3478 3351 3221 3086 2946 2800 2649 2338 2033 1751 1506 1297 250 250 12,5
260 260 6 1669 1669 1669 1669 1639 1590 1539 1488 1435 1380 1323 1204 1081 960,0 846,0 743,5 260 260 6
260 260 6,3 1797 1797 1797 1797 1761 1706 1651 1594 1536 1475 1412 1281 1146 1014 890,7 780,7 260 260 6,3
260 260 7,1 2262 2262 2262 2262 2199 2125 2050 1973 1894 1811 1725 1547 1367 1195 1039 903,2 260 260 7,1
260 260 8 2532 2532 2532 2532 2459 2376 2292 2206 2116 2023 1926 1725 1523 1330 1156 1004 260 260 8
260 260 8,8 2768 2768 2768 2768 2687 2596 2504 2409 2310 2208 2102 1881 1659 1448 1257 1092 260 260 8,8
260 260 10 3116 3116 3116 3116 3023 2920 2816 2708 2596 2480 2359 2109 1858 1619 1405 1219 260 260 10
260 260 11 3368 3368 3368 3368 3263 3151 3037 2919 2797 2670 2538 2265 1991 1732 1501 1301 260 260 11
260 260 12,5 3777 3777 3777 3777 3655 3529 3398 3265 3126 2982 2832 2523 2214 1923 1664 1440 260 260 12,5
x 300 300 6 1746 1746 1746 1746 1746 1710 1667 1624 1580 1535 1489 1393 1292 1187 1082 979,0 300 300 6
300 300 6,3 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1843 1795 1748 1699 1650 1599 1492 1380 1264 1148 1036 300 300 6,3
300 300 7,1 2303 2303 2303 2303 2295 2235 2175 2114 2051 1987 1921 1784 1638 1490 1343 1203 300 300 7,1
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.2 Buckling resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c.
Appendix 9.2
b 1) = recommended series
The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
t h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
x 70 50 2,5 y-y 180,4 175,7 151,9 124,9 97,10 73,78 56,49 44,12 35,22 28,68 23,77 17,06 70 50 2,5
z-z 180,4 168,8 136,1 99,90 69,97 49,88 36,85 28,18 22,20 17,91 14,75
x 70 50 3 y-y 213,3 207,5 178,9 146,5 113,4 85,86 65,61 51,18 40,82 33,23 27,53 19,75 70 50 3
z-z 213,3 199,3 160,1 116,8 81,57 58,04 42,84 32,74 25,78 20,80
x 80 40 2,5 y-y 180,4 177,6 156,0 131,7 105,8 82,49 64,18 50,62 40,66 33,25 27,64 19,92 15,01 80 40 2,5
z-z 180,4 162,2 120,2 79,14 51,98 35,92 26,10 19,77 15,47
x 80 60 2 y-y 163,2 162,5 145,0 125,6 104,5 84,04 66,82 53,43 43,29 35,61 29,73 21,54 16,28 80 60 2
z-z 163,2 158,2 135,6 109,8 84,04 63,12 48,00 37,34 29,73 24,17 20,01 14,34
x 80 60 2,5 y-y 212,7 210,8 187,0 160,6 131,9 104,9 82,68 65,75 53,09 43,57 36,31 26,25 19,81 80 60 2,5
z-z 212,7 205,0 174,4 139,3 105,1 78,17 59,12 45,83 36,42 29,56 24,45 17,50
x 80 60 3 y-y 252,0 249,7 221,2 189,7 155,4 123,3 97,07 77,12 62,23 51,05 42,53 30,74 23,20 80 60 3
z-z 252,0 242,7 206,0 164,0 123,3 91,50 69,13 53,56 42,53 34,52 28,54
x 80 60 4 y-y 327,5 323,7 286,0 243,9 198,4 156,4 122,6 97,10 78,21 64,09 53,35 38,51 29,05 80 60 4
z-z 327,5 314,4 265,5 209,6 156,2 115,3 86,84 67,16 53,27 43,20 35,70
80 70 2,5 y-y 228,8 227,4 202,4 174,9 144,7 115,9 91,85 73,29 59,30 48,74 40,66 29,43 22,24 80 70 2,5
z-z 228,8 224,8 196,8 165,3 131,9 102,3 79,29 62,40 50,05 40,89 33,97 24,46
80 70 3 y-y 271,4 269,4 239,5 206,4 170,3 135,9 107,5 85,64 69,23 56,86 47,42 34,30 25,91 80 70 3
z-z 271,4 266,2 232,6 194,8 154,8 119,6 92,5 72,73 58,29 47,60 39,53 28,44
80 70 4 y-y 353,3 350,2 310,5 266,4 218,6 173,6 136,7 108,7 87,73 71,98 59,98 43,35 32,72 80 70 4
z-z 353,3 346,0 301,6 251,3 198,6 152,8 117,9 92,48 74,03 60,41 50,14 36,06
80 70 5 y-y 431,0 426,4 377,1 322,1 262,8 207,5 162,9 129,2 104,1 85,34 71,07 51,32 38,71 80 70 5
z-z 431,0 421,2 365,7 302,9 237,7 181,9 139,8 109,5 87,51 71,35 59,18 42,52
90 50 2 y-y 154,2 154,2 140,3 124,4 106,7 88,68 72,35 58,87 48,25 40,00 33,58 24,49 18,59 14,57 90 50 2
z-z 154,2 146,7 121,8 93,60 68,03 49,48 36,95 28,43 22,49 18,20 15,01
x 90 50 2,5 y-y 212,7 212,6 190,8 167,0 140,8 114,8 92,18 74,21 60,39 49,83 41,68 30,28 22,92 17,94 90 50 2,5
z-z 212,7 200,1 162,9 121,3 85,95 61,63 45,67 35,00 27,59 22,29 18,36
x 90 50 3 y-y 252,0 251,7 225,6 197,0 165,6 134,6 107,9 86,74 70,52 58,15 48,62 35,30 26,71 20,90 90 50 3
z-z 252,0 236,7 192,1 142,4 100,5 71,92 53,24 40,77 32,14 25,95 21,38
90 60 2,5 y-y 228,8 228,8 206,6 181,8 154,5 127,1 102,7 83,09 67,83 56,08 46,98 34,19 25,91 20,29 90 60 2,5
z-z 228,8 221,1 188,7 151,8 115,3 86,12 65,29 50,70 40,32 32,75 27,10 19,41
90 60 3 y-y 271,4 271,4 244,5 214,8 182,1 149,3 120,5 97,28 79,33 65,54 54,88 39,91 30,24 23,67 90 60 3
z-z 271,4 261,8 222,8 178,4 134,8 100,4 75,94 58,9 46,81 38,01 31,44 22,50
90 80 2 y-y 184,0 184,0 170,2 152,9 134,0 114,0 94,99 78,50 65,04 54,32 45,83 33,65 25,65 20,15 90 80 2
z-z 184,0 184,0 167,1 147,8 126,6 104,9 85,40 69,39 56,81 47,07 39,49 28,79 21,85 17,12
90 80 2,5 y-y 261,1 261,1 237,8 211,0 181,4 151,1 123,4 100,6 82,48 68,42 57,45 41,93 31,84 24,96 90 80 2,5
z-z 261,1 260,5 233,0 202,9 169,9 137,6 109,9 88,20 71,61 58,99 49,30 35,76 27,05
90 80 3 y-y 310,1 310,1 282,0 249,8 214,2 177,9 145,1 118,0 96,68 80,14 67,26 49,06 37,24 29,18 90 80 3
z-z 310,1 309,1 276,1 240,0 200,3 161,7 128,9 103,3 83,78 68,98 57,61 41,77 31,58
90 80 4 y-y 405,0 405,0 367,1 324,3 277,0 229,0 186,0 150,9 123,4 102,2 85,70 62,44 47,37 37,10 90 80 4
z-z 405,0 403,1 359,5 311,5 259,0 208,2 165,5 132,3 107,2 88,17 73,60 53,31 40,30
90 80 5 y-y 495,6 495,6 447,8 394,4 335,4 276,1 223,4 180,8 147,6 122,1 102,3 74,46 56,44 44,20 90 80 5
z-z 495,6 492,4 438,1 378,2 312,7 250,1 198,1 158,0 127,8 105,0 87,59 63,39 47,88
90 80 6 y-y 582,0 582,0 524,0 460,0 389,6 319,1 257,3 207,6 169,3 139,8 117,1 85,11 64,48 50,47 90 80 6
z-z 582,0 577,2 512,3 440,3 362,1 288,1 227,3 180,8 146,0 119,9 99,92 72,25 54,54
90 80 6,3 y-y 596,1 596,1 535,2 468,7 395,4 322,7 259,4 208,9 170,1 140,4 117,4 85,32 64,61 50,55 90 80 6,3
z-z 596,1 590,3 522,9 447,9 366,6 290,5 228,5 181,4 146,4 120,0 100,0 72,25 54,52
100 40 2 y-y 144,4 144,4 133,9 120,6 106,0 90,58 75,74 62,78 52,11 43,59 36,81 27,06 20,64 16,23 100 40 2
z-z 144,4 133,3 104,6 73,79 50,37 35,44 26,00 19,80 15,56 12,53
Appendix 9.2
x 100 40 2,5 y-y 198,6 198,6 181,9 162,2 140,3 117,8 96,87 79,29 65,26 54,25 45,62 33,37 25,37 19,90 100 40 2,5
z-z 198,6 180,9 137,9 93,8 62,68 43,65 31,86 24,19 18,96 15,25
axis
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Buckling resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.2
b 1) = recommended series
The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
t
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 100 60 3 y-y 290,7 290,7 267,3 239,1 208,0 175,5 145,1 119,2 98,34 81,90 68,96 50,51 38,43 30,17 24,29 100 60 3
z-z 290,7 281,0 239,8 192,9 146,5 109,4 82,97 64,42 51,23 41,62 34,44 24,66
x 100 60 4 y-y 379,1 379,1 347,5 309,9 268,4 225,4 185,5 151,9 125,1 104,0 87,48 63,99 48,65 38,17 30,72 100 60 4
z-z 379,1 365,6 310,9 248,4 187,4 139,4 105,4 81,72 64,93 52,71 43,60 31,20
100 70 2 y-y 181,9 181,9 170,8 155,4 138,6 120,5 102,6 86,26 72,37 60,98 51,77 38,32 29,34 23,12 18,67 100 70 2
z-z 181,9 181,0 161,3 139,5 115,8 92,90 73,78 58,93 47,72 39,24 32,75 23,71 17,92
100 70 2,5 y-y 247,0 247,0 229,7 207,3 182,8 156,7 131,5 109,3 90,93 76,16 64,38 47,40 36,17 28,45 22,94 100 70 2,5
z-z 247,0 244,3 215,9 184,3 150,1 118,5 92,9 73,64 59,34 48,63 40,49 29,23 22,05
100 70 3 y-y 310,1 310,1 286,4 257,1 224,8 190,8 158,7 130,9 108,3 90,41 76,23 55,94 42,61 33,47 26,97 100 70 3
z-z 310,1 305,3 268,1 226,4 181,9 141,8 110,3 87,02 69,89 57,16 47,52 34,24 25,80
100 70 4 y-y 405,0 405,0 373,0 334,1 291,1 246,2 204,0 167,9 138,7 115,6 97,36 71,36 54,32 42,66 34,35 100 70 4
z-z 405,0 398,0 348,7 293,2 234,3 181,9 141,1 111,1 89,12 72,83 60,51 43,57 32,81
100 70 5 y-y 495,6 495,6 455,2 406,8 353,3 297,7 245,7 201,7 166,3 138,4 116,5 85,29 64,88 50,92 40,99 100 70 5
z-z 495,6 486,0 424,4 354,9 281,7 217,4 168,1 132,1 105,8 86,38 71,73 51,60
100 80 2 y-y 187,0 187,0 176,7 161,4 144,9 127,1 109,1 92,42 77,97 65,97 56,17 41,74 32,02 25,28 20,43 100 80 2
z-z 187,0 187,0 171,1 152,3 131,6 110,2 90,51 74,00 60,85 50,56 42,50 31,06 23,61 18,52
100 80 2,5 y-y 263,1 263,1 245,4 222,1 196,5 169,3 142,7 119,0 99,24 83,26 70,48 51,97 39,70 31,24 25,20 100 80 2,5
z-z 263,1 263,1 237,0 208,2 176,4 144,6 116,6 94,10 76,75 63,40 53,09 38,60 29,25 22,89
x 100 80 3 y-y 329,5 329,5 305,5 275,2 241,8 206,5 172,6 143,1 118,7 99,31 83,86 61,66 47,02 36,96 29,79 100 80 3
z-z 329,5 328,9 294,5 256,9 215,5 174,8 139,9 112,4 91,29 75,23 62,89 45,64 34,53 27,01
x 100 80 4 y-y 430,8 430,8 398,5 358,1 313,7 267,0 222,4 183,8 152,3 127,2 107,3 78,80 60,05 47,18 38,02 100 80 4
z-z 430,8 429,4 383,6 333,4 278,3 224,7 179,1 143,5 116,4 95,80 80,03 58,02 43,88
x 100 80 5 y-y 527,9 527,9 487,0 436,8 381,4 323,3 268,4 221,3 183,0 152,6 128,6 94,35 71,85 56,43 45,45 100 80 5
z-z 527,9 525,2 468,2 405,4 336,7 270,4 214,8 171,6 139,0 114,3 95,40 69,10 52,22
110 50 2,5 y-y 219,7 219,7 206,5 188,1 167,9 146,2 124,7 105,0 88,14 74,32 63,13 46,76 35,81 28,23 22,80 110 50 2,5
z-z 219,7 209,3 174,2 134,3 98,00 71,39 53,37 41,10 32,51 26,32 21,72
110 50 3 y-y 290,7 290,7 270,4 244,1 215,2 184,6 155,0 128,8 107,2 89,79 75,92 55,89 42,66 33,56 27,05 110 50 3
z-z 290,7 274,0 223,8 167,4 119,1 85,55 63,47 48,66 38,39 31,01 25,56
110 60 2 y-y 172,7 172,7 164,5 151,3 137,1 121,7 105,8 90,71 77,25 65,81 56,32 42,11 32,44 25,66 20,78 17,15 110 60 2
z-z 172,7 169,7 148,7 125,0 99,80 77,44 60,07 47,29 37,93 31,00 25,75 18,54
110 60 2,5 y-y 235,9 235,9 222,6 203,4 182,4 159,8 137,1 116,0 97,83 82,73 70,42 52,30 40,12 31,66 25,58 21,09 110 60 2,5
z-z 235,9 230,1 199,4 164,6 128,6 98,02 75,21 58,81 46,98 38,28 31,75 22,80
110 60 3 y-y 310,1 310,1 289,7 262,6 232,8 201,0 169,9 142,0 118,6 99,61 84,38 62,28 47,60 37,48 30,24 110 60 3
z-z 310,1 300,2 256,9 207,6 158,4 118,8 90,21 70,13 55,81 45,36 37,55 26,90
110 60 4 y-y 405,0 405,0 377,5 341,5 302,0 259,9 218,9 182,5 152,1 127,6 108,0 79,59 60,79 47,84 38,58 110 60 4
z-z 405,0 390,9 333,1 267,0 202,1 150,7 114,1 88,51 70,35 57,14 47,27 33,83
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
axis
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Appendix 9.2
Buckling resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.2
b 1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
t h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
110 90 2 y-y 193,4 193,4 186,6 173,2 158,9 143,4 127,2 111,1 96,13 82,91 71,61 54,19 42,03 33,40 27,13 22,44 110 90 2
z-z 193,4 193,4 182,2 166,2 148,7 130,0 111,1 93,80 78,97 66,69 56,71 42,06 32,24 25,43 20,54
110 90 2,5 y-y 280,1 280,1 266,9 245,5 222,3 197,4 171,7 147,2 125,3 106,8 91,38 68,33 52,63 41,64 33,71 27,82 110 90 2,5
z-z 280,1 280,1 260,0 234,3 206,1 176,2 147,5 122,3 101,6 85,00 71,81 52,81 40,28 31,67 25,53
110 90 3 y-y 368,2 368,2 347,7 317,7 285,0 249,9 214,5 181,7 153,3 129,6 110,4 82,00 62,92 49,66 40,13 33,08 110 90 3
z-z 368,2 368,2 338,0 301,9 262,0 220,6 181,9 149,2 123,0 102,4 86,14 63,05 47,96 37,64 30,30
110 90 4 y-y 482,4 482,4 454,7 414,8 371,3 324,7 277,8 234,7 197,6 166,9 142,0 105,3 80,74 63,69 51,46 42,41 110 90 4
z-z 482,4 482,4 441,6 393,4 340,3 285,3 234,5 191,8 157,8 131,2 110,3 80,63 61,29 48,07
110 90 5 y-y 592,4 592,4 557,2 507,5 453,3 395,2 337,1 284,1 238,7 201,3 171,0 126,7 97,08 76,55 61,82 50,93 110 90 5
z-z 592,4 592,4 540,7 480,5 414,0 345,6 283,1 231,0 189,7 157,4 132,3 96,6 73,38 57,54
110 90 6 y-y 698,2 698,2 655,2 595,8 530,9 461,4 392,4 329,7 276,5 232,9 197,6 146,2 112,0 88,23 71,23 58,67 110 90 6
z-z 698,2 698,2 635,6 563,7 484,2 402,8 328,9 267,8 219,6 182,1 152,9 111,5 84,69 66,38
110 90 6,3 y-y 718,1 718,1 672,7 610,9 543,3 471,0 399,6 335,0 280,5 236,0 200,1 147,9 113,2 89,15 71,96 59,26 110 90 6,3
z-z 718,1 718,1 652,1 577,0 494,1 409,6 333,5 270,9 221,9 183,8 154,2 112,4 85,32 66,85
110 100 2 y-y 196,5 196,5 190,4 177,2 163,3 148,2 132,3 116,3 101,2 87,75 76,07 57,85 45,01 35,83 29,13 24,12 110 100 2
z-z 196,5 196,5 188,5 174,2 158,9 142,3 125,1 108,3 93,00 79,74 68,56 51,58 39,87 31,61 25,63 21,18
110 100 2,5 y-y 286,3 286,3 274,1 253,0 230,2 205,7 180,2 155,6 133,2 114,0 97,86 73,48 56,73 44,95 36,43 30,09 110 100 2,5
z-z 286,3 286,3 270,9 247,9 222,8 195,9 168,6 143,1 120,9 102,5 87,32 64,95 49,87 39,38 31,83 26,25
110 100 3 y-y 387,5 387,5 366,8 335,8 302,0 265,7 228,9 194,4 164,4 139,3 118,8 88,38 67,88 53,61 43,34 35,74 110 100 3
z-z 387,5 387,5 362,3 328,4 291,3 251,8 212,9 178,0 148,7 125,0 105,9 78,17 59,76 47,05 37,96
110 100 4 y-y 508,2 508,2 480,1 438,8 393,9 345,6 296,8 251,5 212,2 179,6 152,9 113,6 87,21 68,84 55,64 45,87 110 100 4
z-z 508,2 508,2 474,0 428,9 379,5 326,8 275,5 229,7 191,6 160,7 136,1 100,3 76,63 60,31 48,65
110 100 5 y-y 624,7 624,7 589,0 537,5 481,4 421,2 360,6 304,8 256,7 216,9 184,5 136,9 105,0 82,84 66,93 55,16 110 100 5
z-z 624,7 624,7 581,5 525,4 463,8 398,4 334,9 278,7 232,1 194,5 164,5 121,2 92,51 72,78 58,68
120 50 2,5 y-y 223,8 223,8 213,9 197,2 179,2 159,7 139,6 120,2 102,7 87,77 75,27 56,43 43,54 34,48 27,93 23,06 120 50 2,5
z-z 223,8 214,2 179,9 140,7 104,0 76,35 57,31 44,25 35,06 28,41 23,46
120 50 3 y-y 289,8 289,8 274,8 251,9 227,0 200,1 172,8 147,1 124,6 105,8 90,25 67,24 51,68 40,83 33,02 27,23 120 50 3
z-z 289,8 275,1 227,7 174,0 125,8 91,26 68,04 52,32 41,35 33,45 27,59
120 60 2 y-y 174,7 174,7 169,0 157,0 144,3 130,6 116,2 101,8 88,36 76,37 66,08 50,12 38,93 30,97 25,16 20,82 120 60 2
z-z 174,7 172,4 152,0 129,1 104,5 81,97 64,05 50,65 40,74 33,36 27,75 20,02
120 60 2,5 y-y 240,0 240,0 230,1 212,5 193,8 173,5 152,3 131,8 113,1 96,88 83,27 62,61 48,38 38,36 31,09 25,69 120 60 2,5
z-z 240,0 235,0 204,8 170,6 134,9 103,7 80,02 62,78 50,25 41,00 34,04 24,47
x 120 60 3 y-y 309,2 309,2 294,3 270,5 244,7 216,9 188,4 161,3 137,2 116,8 99,89 74,64 57,46 45,45 36,79 30,36 120 60 3
z-z 309,2 300,9 259,8 213,0 165,1 125,2 95,70 74,72 59,61 48,53 40,22 28,86
x 120 60 4 y-y 430,8 430,8 407,1 372,2 334,3 293,4 252,1 213,8 180,5 152,8 130,1 96,71 74,23 58,60 47,36 39,05 120 60 4
z-z 430,8 416,6 355,9 286,7 218,0 163,1 123,7 96,10 76,45 62,12 51,4 36,81
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
axis
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Appendix 9.2
Buckling resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.2
b 1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
t
h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 120 80 6 y-y 698,2 698,2 661,8 606,5 546,4 481,7 415,9 354,0 299,8 254,4 217,0 161,7 124,2 98,16 79,39 65,47 120 80 6
z-z 698,2 695,4 620,7 538,6 448,7 361,5 287,8 230,3 186,7 153,6 128,3 92,95 70,27
120 80 6,3 y-y 718,1 718,1 679,4 621,7 559,0 491,5 423,1 359,3 303,7 257,2 219,3 163,1 125,2 98,90 79,96 65,93 120 80 6,3
z-z 718,1 714,5 636,9 551,4 457,9 367,8 292,1 233,4 189,1 155,5 129,8 93,98 71,03
120 90 2 y-y 195,5 195,5 191,1 178,8 166,0 152,3 137,6 122,7 108,1 94,70 82,78 63,68 49,87 39,88 32,52 26,98 120 90 2
z-z 195,5 195,5 185,1 169,5 152,5 134,3 115,7 98,40 83,20 70,53 60,14 44,76 34,39 27,16 21,96
120 90 2,5 y-y 284,2 284,2 274,6 255,1 234,4 211,9 188,4 164,9 142,9 123,5 106,8 80,92 62,82 49,96 40,58 33,58 120 90 2,5
z-z 284,2 284,2 265,2 240,1 212,5 183,1 154,4 128,9 107,5 90,22 76,38 56,33 43,04 33,88 27,32
120 90 3 y-y 367,3 367,3 352,6 326,0 297,6 266,9 234,8 203,5 174,9 150,1 129,1 97,19 75,16 59,61 48,34 39,95 120 90 3
z-z 367,3 367,3 339,7 305,3 267,5 227,6 189,6 156,7 129,8 108,4 91,50 67,18 51,19 40,23 32,41
120 90 4 y-y 508,2 508,2 485,1 446,7 405,4 360,8 314,7 270,5 230,9 197,0 168,8 126,4 97,46 77,15 62,48 51,58 120 90 4
z-z 508,2 508,2 466,3 416,3 361,0 303,7 250,3 205,2 169,1 140,7 118,4 86,61 65,87 51,69 41,61
120 90 5 y-y 624,7 624,7 595,2 547,5 496,0 440,3 383,1 328,4 279,8 238,3 204,0 152,6 117,5 92,98 75,27 62,13 120 90 5
z-z 624,7 624,7 571,5 508,9 439,8 368,4 302,6 247,4 203,5 169,1 142,1 103,9 78,96 61,94 49,84
120 90 6 y-y 736,9 736,9 700,9 643,8 582,1 515,5 447,3 382,5 325,2 276,6 236,5 176,6 135,9 107,5 86,98 71,77 120 90 6
z-z 736,9 736,9 672,5 597,7 515,0 429,9 352,0 287,2 235,9 195,8 164,5 120,1 91,25 71,55 57,56
120 90 6,3 y-y 758,7 758,7 720,3 660,8 596,4 526,8 455,8 388,8 329,9 280,2 239,3 178,4 137,2 108,5 87,74 72,38 120 90 6,3
z-z 758,7 758,7 691,2 613,3 527,2 439,0 358,7 292,2 239,7 198,8 167,0 121,9 92,52 72,53 58,34
120 100 2,5 y-y 290,5 290,5 281,8 262,4 241,9 219,9 196,6 173,1 150,9 130,9 113,6 86,51 67,34 53,64 43,63 36,13 120 100 2,5
z-z 290,5 290,5 276,1 253,5 229,1 202,7 175,7 150,2 127,6 108,5 92,70 69,20 53,24 42,10 34,06 28,11
120 100 3 y-y 386,7 386,7 371,9 344,4 315,0 283,2 250,0 217,4 187,3 161,0 138,7 104,6 81,01 64,31 52,17 43,13 120 100 3
z-z 386,7 386,7 363,9 331,6 296,4 258,6 220,8 186,2 156,5 132,1 112,2 83,2 63,75 50,27 40,60 33,46
120 100 4 y-y 534,1 534,1 510,9 471,3 428,8 382,8 335,1 289,0 247,4 211,5 181,5 136,2 105,2 83,31 67,50 55,75 120 100 4
z-z 534,1 534,1 499,2 452,6 401,5 346,9 293,4 245,3 205,0 172,2 145,9 107,7 82,35 64,84 52,31
120 100 5 y-y 657,0 657,0 627,5 578,2 525,1 467,7 408,4 351,4 300,1 256,2 219,7 164,6 126,9 100,5 81,42 67,22 120 100 5
z-z 657,0 657,0 612,7 554,5 490,5 422,5 356,1 297,0 247,7 207,8 175,9 129,7 99,06 77,96 62,88
120 100 6 y-y 775,6 775,6 739,5 680,5 616,9 548,2 477,5 409,7 349,3 297,8 255,0 190,8 147,0 116,3 94,19 77,75 120 100 6
z-z 775,6 775,6 721,7 651,8 575,0 493,6 414,6 344,8 287,0 240,5 203,3 149,7 114,3 89,91 72,50
140 70 2,5 y-y 262,5 262,5 258,3 242,8 226,7 209,5 191,2 172,2 153,4 135,6 119,4 92,86 73,20 58,77 48,05 39,94 140 70 2,5
z-z 262,5 262,5 236,3 207,5 175,7 143,9 116,0 93,60 76,32 63,04 52,78 38,37 29,07
140 70 3 y-y 339,8 339,8 332,5 311,4 289,2 265,6 240,4 214,5 189,3 166,0 145,3 111,9 87,70 70,16 57,22 47,48 140 70 3
z-z 339,8 338,5 302,2 262,2 218,5 176,0 140,1 112,1 90,90 74,80 62,46 45,26 34,22
x 140 70 4 y-y 508,2 508,2 492,1 457,8 421,4 382,2 340,8 299,3 260,2 225,3 195,2 148,3 115,3 91,79 74,61 61,76 140 70 4
z-z 508,2 501,8 442,5 376,3 305,0 239,6 187,4 148,3 119,3 97,71 81,30 58,66 44,23
x 140 70 5 y-y 624,7 624,7 604,1 561,4 516,1 467,2 415,7 364,3 316,2 273,3 236,5 179,4 139,4 110,9 90,08 74,54 140 70 5
z-z 624,7 615,5 541,2 458,0 368,9 288,2 224,6 177,3 142,5 116,6 96,9 69,87 52,65
x 140 80 3 y-y 359,2 359,2 352,1 330,2 307,3 282,8 256,7 229,8 203,5 178,9 156,9 121,2 95,18 76,24 62,23 51,67 140 80 3
z-z 359,2 359,2 328,5 292,5 252,7 211,6 173,7 142,0 116,8 97,02 81,56 59,61 45,30 35,53
x 140 80 4 y-y 534,1 534,1 518,7 483,5 446,2 406,2 363,8 321,0 280,3 243,5 211,5 161,3 125,7 100,2 81,50 67,50 140 80 4
z-z 534,1 534,1 480,2 421,1 355,9 291,0 234,3 188,9 153,9 127,1 106,3 77,29 58,54 45,81
x 140 80 5 y-y 657,0 657,0 637,0 593,1 546,7 496,6 443,7 390,5 340,2 295,1 255,9 194,8 151,6 120,7 98,17 81,29 140 80 5
z-z 657,0 656,7 589,0 515,1 433,8 353,4 283,6 228,2 185,7 153,2 128,1 93,03 70,43 55,1
x 140 80 6 y-y 775,6 775,6 750,8 698,3 642,6 582,5 519,2 455,8 396,2 342,9 297,0 225,6 175,4 139,6 113,4 93,89 140 80 6
z-z 775,6 774,1 692,8 603,8 506,0 410,1 328,0 263,2 213,8 176,2 147,2 106,8 80,81 63,2
Appendix 9.2
x 140 80 6,3 y-y 799,4 799,4 772,8 718,1 659,9 597,2 531,1 465,3 403,6 348,8 301,8 228,8 177,7 141,4 114,8 95,03 140 80 6,3
z-z 799,4 797,3 713,0 620,5 519 419,8 335,2 268,8 218,2 179,7 150,1 108,9 82,35
axis
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Buckling resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.2
b 1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
t h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
140 100 6,3 y-y 880,7 880,7 855,8 798,0 736,9 671,1 601,5 531,2 464,2 403,5 350,7 267,6 208,6 166,3 135,3 112,1 140 100 6,3
z-z 880,7 880,7 821,8 743,9 658,5 567,5 478,6 399,4 333,2 279,6 236,7 174,6 133,4 105,0 84,68
140 110 2,5 y-y 301,8 301,8 299,9 283,6 266,8 249,2 230,3 210,6 190,5 170,8 152,4 120,7 96,25 77,86 63,98 53,37 140 110 2,5
z-z 301,8 301,8 293,3 273,5 252,7 230,2 206,4 182,3 159,3 138,6 120,4 91,93 71,67 57,14 46,50 38,52
140 110 3 y-y 409,1 409,1 403,3 379,6 354,9 328,7 300,7 271,6 242,6 215,1 189,9 148,1 117,0 94,02 76,94 63,99 140 110 3
z-z 409,1 409,1 393,8 364,9 334,0 300,6 265,7 231,3 199,5 171,7 148,0 111,7 86,54 68,72 55,76 46,11
140 110 4 y-y 611,5 611,5 597,5 559,1 518,9 475,7 429,8 382,8 337,2 295,2 258,0 198,3 155,3 124,1 101,2 83,95 140 110 4
z-z 611,5 611,5 582,0 534,9 484,1 429,1 372,7 319,1 271,5 231,1 197,6 147,7 113,7 89,93 72,79 60,07
140 110 5 y-y 753,8 753,8 735,6 687,8 637,6 583,7 526,5 468,1 411,6 359,8 314,0 241,0 188,5 150,6 122,7 101,8 140 110 5
z-z 753,8 753,8 716,2 657,4 593,7 525,0 454,8 388,4 329,7 280,2 239,4 178,7 137,4 108,6 87,90 72,52
140 110 6 y-y 891,8 891,8 869,2 812,1 752,0 687,4 618,9 549,1 482,0 420,6 366,6 280,9 219,5 175,2 142,7 118,3 140 110 6
z-z 891,8 891,8 846,0 775,7 699,5 617,3 533,5 454,6 385,3 327,1 279,2 208,1 160,0 126,4 102,3 84,35
140 110 6,3 y-y 921,4 921,4 897,2 837,7 775,0 707,6 636,1 563,5 493,9 430,5 374,9 286,8 223,9 178,7 145,5 120,6 140 110 6,3
z-z 921,4 921,4 873,1 799,9 720,4 634,8 547,7 466,0 394,5 334,6 285,4 212,6 163,3 129,0 104,3 86,05
140 120 3 y-y 416,4 416,4 411,7 388,1 363,7 337,9 310,3 281,5 252,6 224,8 199,2 156,2 123,7 99,68 81,68 68,00 140 120 3
z-z 416,4 416,4 405,8 379,1 350,9 320,7 288,6 256,0 224,7 196,0 170,8 130,8 102,2 81,59 66,45 55,09
140 120 4 y-y 637,3 637,3 623,7 584,3 543,0 498,7 451,7 403,4 356,2 312,5 273,6 210,8 165,3 132,3 107,9 89,55 140 120 4
z-z 637,3 637,3 614,0 569,1 521,3 469,7 415,5 362,1 312,6 269,2 232,2 175,4 135,9 108,0 87,62 72,46
140 120 5 y-y 786,0 786,0 768,4 719,3 667,7 612,5 553,8 493,6 435,2 381,2 333,3 256,4 200,8 160,6 130,9 108,6 140 120 5
z-z 786,0 786,0 756,1 700,2 640,4 575,8 508,3 441,9 380,8 327,3 282,0 212,7 164,7 130,7 106,1 87,69
140 120 6 y-y 930,5 930,5 908,5 849,8 788,1 721,8 651,5 579,6 510,1 446,1 389,5 299,1 234,1 187,0 152,5 126,4 140 120 6
z-z 930,5 930,5 893,7 826,7 754,9 677,4 596,5 517,4 444,9 381,9 328,6 247,5 191,5 151,9 123,2 101,8
140 120 6,3 y-y 962,0 962,0 938,4 877,2 812,8 743,6 670,2 595,4 523,2 457,0 398,6 305,7 239,0 190,9 155,5 129,0 140 120 6,3
z-z 962,0 962,0 923,1 853,3 778,5 697,7 613,5 531,4 456,4 391,4 336,6 253,3 195,8 155,3 125,9 104,0
150 70 3 y-y 344,3 344,3 340,0 320,4 300,0 278,4 255,3 231,3 207,2 184,1 162,9 127,5 100,9 81,24 66,54 55,38 150 70 3
z-z 344,3 343,8 307,9 268,8 225,7 183,3 146,7 117,9 95,80 78,98 66,03 47,92 36,26
150 70 4 y-y 514,4 514,4 503,4 471,6 438,3 402,6 364,6 325,6 287,5 252,3 220,8 170,2 133,4 106,8 87,11 72,29 150 70 4
z-z 514,4 509,3 451,0 386,2 315,9 250,2 196,8 156,2 126,0 103,3 86,08 62,19 46,93
150 70 5 y-y 657,0 657,0 640,5 598,5 554,3 506,9 456,5 405,3 355,8 310,6 270,8 207,6 162,2 129,5 105,5 87,49 150 70 5
z-z 657,0 647,9 570,3 483,6 390,5 305,8 238,6 188,5 151,6 124,1 103,2 74,41 56,08
150 90 2,5 y-y 293,1 293,1 292,1 276,7 260,9 244,3 226,6 208,0 189,0 170,3 152,5 121,5 97,29 78,90 64,95 54,24 150 90 2,5
z-z 293,1 293,1 277,2 253,6 227,9 200,3 172,3 146,2 123,6 104,6 89,18 66,32 50,92 40,20 32,50
150 90 3 y-y 383,0 383,0 379,5 358,3 336,4 313,2 288,5 262,7 236,5 211,2 187,7 147,8 117,5 94,80 77,76 64,80 150 90 3
z-z 383,0 383,0 359,1 326,3 290,4 252,0 214,0 179,6 150,4 126,6 107,4 79,44 60,79 47,89 38,66
150 90 4 y-y 566,0 566,0 556,4 522,6 487,5 450,0 410,0 368,7 327,8 289,3 254,5 197,5 155,5 124,7 101,9 84,71 150 90 4
z-z 566,0 566,0 523,9 471,2 413,1 351,9 293,5 242,7 201,2 168,1 141,9 104,2 79,43 62,42 50,29
150 90 5 y-y 721,5 721,5 706,9 662,7 616,5 567,0 514,3 460,2 407,1 357,7 313,5 242,0 190,0 152,1 124,2 103,1 150 90 5
z-z 721,5 721,5 663,8 594,0 517,0 436,6 361,2 296,9 245,1 204,1 171,9 125,9 95,8 75,25 60,59
150 90 6 y-y 853,1 853,1 834,9 782,1 726,8 667,5 604,5 539,9 476,8 418,3 366,1 282,2 221,2 177,0 144,4 119,8 150 90 6
z-z 853,1 853,1 783,1 699,4 607,0 511,0 421,5 345,7 284,9 237,1 199,5 146,1 111,1 87,18 70,18
Appendix 9.2
150 90 6,3 y-y 880,7 880,7 860,9 805,9 748,2 686,2 620,4 553,1 487,6 427,1 373,4 287,2 225,0 179,9 146,7 121,7 150 90 6,3
z-z 880,7 880,7 807,1 719,8 623,4 523,5 430,9 352,9 290,5 241,6 203,2 148,6 113,0 88,66 71,35
axis
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Buckling resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.2
b 1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
t
h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
150 100 7,1 y-y 1025 1025 1002 939,0 872,4 801,1 725,3 647,5 571,6 501,3 438,7 338,0 265,0 212,0 172,9 143,5 150 100 7,1
z-z 1025 1025 955,6 864,7 765,0 658,9 555,3 463,1 386,2 324,0 274,3 202,2 154,5 121,6 98,1
x 150 100 8 y-y 1137 1137 1112 1040 965,6 885,4 800,3 713,1 628,4 550,3 481,0 369,9 289,6 231,6 188,8 156,6 150 100 8
z-z 1137 1137 1059 957,0 844,4 725,3 609,7 507,4 422,4 354,0 299,4 220,6 168,4 132,5 106,8
150 110 2,5 y-y 304,3 304,3 304,3 289,6 274,2 258,0 240,8 222,8 204,1 185,4 167,3 135,0 109,0 88,85 73,41 61,46 150 110 2,5
z-z 304,3 304,3 296,7 277,3 256,9 235,0 211,7 187,9 165,1 144,1 125,7 96,4 75,31 60,14 49,00 40,62
150 110 3 y-y 413,5 413,5 411,2 389,0 366,2 342,2 316,6 289,7 262,4 235,6 210,3 166,8 133,2 107,8 88,61 73,93 150 110 3
z-z 413,5 413,5 399,3 370,8 340,4 307,6 273,2 238,9 206,9 178,6 154,4 116,9 90,75 72,14 58,60 48,48
150 110 4 y-y 617,6 617,6 609,2 573,5 536,5 497,0 455,1 411,4 367,7 326,1 288,1 224,9 177,7 142,9 117,0 97,31 150 110 4
z-z 617,6 617,6 590,1 543,9 494,1 440,3 384,7 331,2 283,0 241,7 207,2 155,4 119,8 94,90 76,87 63,47
150 110 5 y-y 786,0 786,0 773,1 726,4 677,9 626,1 570,9 513,8 457,2 403,8 355,5 276,1 217,5 174,6 142,7 118,6 150 110 5
z-z 786,0 786,0 747,9 687,2 621,6 550,8 478,2 409,1 347,9 296,1 253,2 189,1 145,6 115,1 93,19 76,90
150 110 6 y-y 930,5 930,5 914,2 858,4 800,3 738,3 672,2 603,9 536,5 473,1 415,9 322,4 253,7 203,5 166,3 138,1 150 110 6
z-z 930,5 930,5 884,1 811,5 732,9 648,1 561,4 479,3 407,0 345,9 295,5 220,5 169,6 134,1 108,5 89,51
150 110 6,3 y-y 962,0 962,0 944,3 886,2 825,7 760,9 692,0 620,8 550,8 485,1 426,0 329,8 259,3 207,9 169,8 141,0 150 110 6,3
z-z 962,0 962,0 913,0 837,4 755,4 667,0 576,8 491,8 417,0 354,1 302,3 225,4 173,3 137,0 110,8 91,39
160 40 2,5 y-y 218,7 218,7 217,9 206,3 194,5 182,1 168,8 154,9 140,7 126,6 113,4 90,25 72,23 58,56 48,19 40,24 160 40 2,5
z-z 218,7 206 168,0 125,5 89,09 63,95 47,42 36,35 28,67
160 40 3 y-y 290,0 290,0 286,9 270,6 253,8 235,9 216,9 197,0 177,0 157,7 139,8 109,8 87,06 70,17 57,52 47,90 160 40 3
z-z 290,0 270,0 215,3 155,4 107,7 76,32 56,21 42,92 33,76
160 50 3 y-y 309,4 309,4 306,9 289,9 272,4 253,9 234,2 213,6 192,7 172,3 153,4 121,0 96,30 77,79 63,86 53,23 160 50 3
z-z 309,4 298,3 253,6 202,5 152,7 113,6 85,87 66,57 52,89 42,93 35,51
160 60 3 y-y 328,7 328,7 326,8 309,1 290,9 271,8 251,4 230,0 208,2 186,8 166,7 132,2 105,5 85,34 70,14 58,52 160 60 3
z-z 328,7 324,1 285,1 241,5 194,8 152,4 118,8 93,84 75,43 61,72 51,33 37,01
160 60 4 y-y 498,1 498,1 490,5 461,3 431,0 398,7 364,2 328,5 292,9 259,2 228,5 177,9 140,4 112,8 92,23 76,68 160 60 4
z-z 498,1 485,7 420,5 346,6 270,3 205,9 157,8 123,4 98,5 80,28 66,56 47,79
160 70 3 y-y 348,1 348,1 346,7 328,2 309,3 289,4 268,3 246,1 223,3 201,0 179,8 143,1 114,4 92,75 76,31 63,71 160 70 3
z-z 348,1 348,1 313,2 274,8 232,5 190,2 153,2 123,6 100,7 83,18 69,63 50,61 38,34
160 70 4 y-y 523,9 523,9 517,2 487,2 456,1 423,1 387,9 351,2 314,4 279,3 247,0 193,2 152,8 123,0 100,7 83,81 160 70 4
z-z 523,9 520,0 462,0 397,7 327,8 261,4 206,5 164,5 132,9 109,1 90,99 65,81 49,70
160 70 5 y-y 689,2 689,2 677,0 635,6 592,5 546,5 497,4 446,7 396,7 349,8 307,4 238,2 187,4 150,3 122,8 102,0 160 70 5
z-z 689,2 680,2 599,5 509,3 412,4 323,6 252,9 200,0 160,9 131,7 109,6 79,05 59,6
160 90 4 y-y 575,5 575,5 570,4 538,6 505,7 471,0 434,0 395,2 356,0 318,1 282,7 222,7 177,0 142,9 117,2 97,69 160 90 4
z-z 575,5 575,5 534,6 482,2 424,6 363,5 304,6 252,9 210,2 176,0 148,7 109,4 83,48 65,65 52,92
160 90 5 y-y 753,8 753,8 743,8 700,4 655,4 607,5 556,5 503,3 450,3 399,6 353,1 275,9 218,1 175,4 143,6 119,5 160 90 5
z-z 753,8 753,8 694,6 622,4 542,8 459,5 380,9 313,6 259,2 216,0 182,0 133,5 101,6 79,79 64,26
160 90 6 y-y 891,8 891,8 878,9 826,9 773,0 715,6 654,4 590,8 527,5 467,2 412,3 321,4 253,7 203,9 166,9 138,8 160 90 6
z-z 891,8 891,8 819,6 732,7 636,8 536,9 443,5 364,2 300,3 250,1 210,5 154,2 117,3 92,06 74,11
160 90 6,3 y-y 921,4 921,4 907,1 852,9 796,7 736,6 672,7 606,4 540,5 478,1 421,3 327,8 258,5 207,6 169,8 141,2 160 90 6,3
z-z 921,4 921,4 845,8 755,4 655,7 551,9 455,3 373,4 307,8 256,1 215,5 157,8 120,0 94,17 75,81
x 160 90 7,1 y-y 1025 1025 1008 946,8 883,6 816,1 744,2 669,7 595,9 526,3 463,3 359,8 283,5 227,5 186,0 154,6 160 90 7,1
z-z 1025 1025 938,4 836,5 724,0 607,4 499,6 409,0 336,6 279,8 235,3 172,1 130,8 102,6
160 100 3 y-y 406,2 406,2 406,2 385,5 364,5 342,4 319,0 294,3 268,9 243,6 219,2 176,1 141,8 115,4 95,20 79,64 160 100 3
z-z 406,2 406,2 388,3 358,0 325,4 290,1 253,7 218,5 186,8 159,6 136,9 102,7 79,22 62,74 50,83 41,97
160 100 4 y-y 601,3 601,3 596,9 564,1 530,4 494,7 456,7 416,9 376,5 337,2 300,3 237,3 189,0 152,8 125,5 104,6 160 100 4
z-z 601,3 601,3 568,4 519,7 466,7 409,7 352,1 298,5 252,1 213,4 181,7 135,1 103,7 81,85 66,16 54,54
160 100 5 y-y 786,0 786,0 777,0 732,4 686,4 637,4 585,3 530,9 476,2 423,7 375,3 294,2 233,0 187,7 153,8 128,0 160 100 5
z-z 786,0 786,0 738,0 671,4 598,6 520,5 443,0 372,4 312,4 263,2 223,5 165,4 126,6 99,80 80,58 66,37
Appendix 9.2
160 100 6 y-y 930,5 930,5 918,9 865,7 810,6 752,0 689,5 624,5 559,3 496,9 439,6 343,9 272,1 219,0 179,4 149,3 160 100 6
z-z 930,5 930,5 871,8 791,7 704,1 610,4 517,8 434,1 363,4 305,8 259,3 191,7 146,6 115,5 93,24 76,78
160 100 6,3 y-y 962,0 962,0 949,1 893,6 836,0 774,7 709,5 641,6 573,7 509,0 449,7 351,2 277,6 223,2 182,7 152,0 160 100 6,3
z-z 962,0 962,0 900,1 816,6 725,1 627,4 531,2 444,7 371,8 312,6 264,9 195,7 149,6 117,8 95,10 78,31
axis
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Buckling resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.2
b 1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
t
h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
160 120 8 y-y 1292 1292 1277 1203 1127 1046 959,5 869,5 779,2 692,7 613,1 480,0 380,0 305,9 250,6 208,6 160 120 8
z-z 1292 1292 1240 1146 1046 937,0 824,1 713,8 613,1 525,7 452,1 340,2 263,0 208,6 169,1 139,7
160 120 8,8 y-y 1405 1405 1387 1306 1222 1134 1039 940,3 841,6 747,3 660,8 516,5 408,6 328,8 269,2 224,0 160 120 8,8
z-z 1405 1405 1346 1243 1133 1013 889,4 768,9 659,4 564,7 485,2 364,7 281,7 223,3 181,0 149,5
160 120 10 y-y 1567 1567 1545 1453 1359 1258 1150 1038 927,1 821,3 724,7 564,9 446,0 358,5 293,3 243,9 160 120 10
z-z 1567 1567 1499 1383 1257 1122 982,0 846,2 724,0 618,9 531,0 398,4 307,4 243,5 197,3 163,0
180 100 4 y-y 616,9 616,9 616,9 591,3 561,4 530,4 497,7 463,1 427,2 390,9 355,2 289,8 235,9 193,4 160,3 134,6 180 100 4
z-z 616,9 616,9 586,7 538,9 487,3 431,5 374,3 320,1 272,0 231,4 197,8 147,7 113,7 89,90 72,75 60,03
x 180 100 5 y-y 850,6 850,6 850,4 807,1 762,9 716,6 667,4 615,7 562,4 509,3 458,3 368,0 296,1 241,0 198,8 166,3 180 100 5
z-z 850,6 850,6 800,3 729,2 651,7 568,4 485,2 409,0 343,8 290,1 246,5 182,7 140,0 110,4 89,15 73,45
180 100 5,6 y-y 945,5 945,5 944,9 896,5 847,1 795,3 740,4 682,5 622,9 563,7 506,9 406,5 326,9 265,9 219,3 183,4 180 100 5,6
z-z 945,5 945,5 888,5 808,8 721,8 628,4 535,5 450,6 378,3 318,9 270,9 200,6 153,6 121,1 97,78 80,56
x 180 100 6 y-y 1008 1008 1007 955,2 902,4 846,9 788,1 726,1 662,4 599,1 538,5 431,6 346,9 282,0 232,5 194,4 180 100 6
z-z 1008 1008 946,8 861,6 768,4 668,7 569,4 478,9 401,9 338,7 287,6 212,9 163,0 128,5 103,8 85,48
180 100 6,3 y-y 1043 1043 1041 987,5 932,3 874,4 812,9 748,1 681,6 615,7 552,7 442,1 355,0 288,3 237,6 198,6 180 100 6,3
z-z 1043 1043 978,8 889,8 792,5 688,3 585,0 491,3 411,8 346,7 294,3 217,7 166,6 131,3 106,0 87,29
x 180 100 7,1 y-y 1162 1162 1159 1098 1036 971,2 902,0 829,2 754,5 680,6 610,3 487,3 390,7 317,2 261,2 218,2 180 100 7,1
z-z 1162 1162 1088 987,9 878,1 760,8 645,0 540,5 452,3 380,5 322,6 238,4 182,4 143,6 115,9 95,47
x 180 100 8 y-y 1292 1292 1288 1220 1150 1077 998,6 916,6 832,7 750,0 671,5 535,0 428,3 347,3 285,9 238,7 180 100 8
z-z 1292 1292 1208 1095 971,4 839,4 709,8 593,6 495,9 416,7 353,0 260,6 199,2 156,9 126,6
180 120 4 y-y 668,6 668,6 668,6 642,8 611,2 578,4 543,9 507,5 469,6 431,1 393,0 322,5 263,5 216,6 179,9 151,2 180 120 4
z-z 668,6 668,6 651,3 608,4 563,1 514,4 462,8 410,4 359,9 313,9 273,5 209,4 163,5 130,5 106,3 88,13
180 120 5 y-y 915,1 915,1 915,1 872,1 826,0 777,8 726,8 673,0 617,4 561,6 507,4 410,2 331,7 270,7 223,8 187,4 180 120 5
z-z 915,1 915,1 884,2 821,3 754,4 682,2 606,2 530,6 459,9 397,2 343,5 260,3 202,1 160,7 130,5 108,0
180 120 6 y-y 1085 1085 1085 1033 978,0 920,3 859,2 794,8 728,2 661,6 597,1 481,8 389,0 317,2 262,1 219,5 180 120 6
z-z 1085 1085 1047 972,2 892,0 805,4 714,5 624,2 540,2 466,0 402,5 304,7 236,4 187,9 152,6 126,2
180 120 6,3 y-y 1125 1125 1125 1069 1012 951,7 887,9 820,7 751,2 681,8 614,8 495,3 399,6 325,6 268,9 225,1 180 120 6,3
z-z 1125 1125 1084 1006 922,1 831,7 736,8 642,9 555,7 478,9 413,4 312,6 242,4 192,6 156,3 129,3
180 120 7,1 y-y 1254 1254 1254 1191 1126 1058 986,4 910,7 832,7 754,8 679,9 546,7 440,5 358,6 296,0 247,7 180 120 7,1
z-z 1254 1254 1207 1119 1025 922,8 816,0 710,7 613,4 528,0 455,3 343,9 266,4 211,6 171,7 142,0
200 80 6,3 y-y 1043 1043 1043 996,8 945,1 891,3 834,4 774,3 712,1 649,4 588,2 477,5 387,1 316,6 262,0 219,7 200 80 6,3
z-z 1043 1043 938,8 823,7 696,9 570,4 459,5 370,7 302,1 249,4 208,8 151,8 115,0 89,99
x 200 100 5 y-y 858,9 858,9 858,9 830,4 791,5 751,4 709,3 664,9 618,6 571,0 523,6 434,1 357,4 295,4 246,2 207,5 200 100 5
z-z 858,9 858,9 814,1 745,9 671,9 592,2 511,1 435,0 368,4 312,5 266,6 198,6 152,6 120,5 97,50 80,40
x 200 100 6 y-y 1085 1085 1085 1044 992,4 939,3 883,3 824,3 762,8 700,2 638,4 523,9 428,2 352,0 292,4 245,8 200 100 6
z-z 1085 1085 1021 930,5 831,5 725,3 619,1 521,9 438,7 370,1 314,5 233,1 178,6 140,8 113,7 93,7
200 100 6,3 y-y 1125 1125 1125 1080 1026 970,9 912,2 850,4 786,0 720,6 656,2 537,4 438,4 360,0 298,9 251,1 200 100 6,3
z-z 1125 1125 1057 962,8 859,6 748,9 638,5 537,6 451,5 380,7 323,4 239,6 183,5 144,7 116,8 96,20
200 100 7,1 y-y 1254 1254 1254 1203 1143 1080 1014 944,4 872,0 798,6 726,4 593,8 483,9 397,0 329,3 276,6 200 100 7,1
z-z 1254 1254 1177 1070 953,5 828,6 704,7 592,2 496,5 418,2 355,0 262,7 201,1 158,5 127,9 105,4
x 200 100 8 y-y 1396 1396 1396 1337 1269 1199 1125 1046 965,0 882,6 801,8 653,9 532,0 436,0 361,5 303,4 200 100 8
z-z 1396 1396 1307 1187 1056 915,4 776,5 651,1 545,1 458,6 388,9 287,5 219,9 173,3 139,8 115,2
axis
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Appendix 9.2
Buckling resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.2
b 1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
t
h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
200 120 8,8 y-y 1632 1632 1632 1569 1492 1412 1328 1239 1147 1053 959,7 787,7 643,7 529,2 439,6 369,5 200 120 8,8
z-z 1632 1632 1571 1455 1332 1198 1059 921,1 794,4 683,3 589,0 444,6 344,3 273,4 221,8 183,4
x 200 120 10 y-y 1826 1826 1826 1752 1665 1575 1479 1378 1273 1167 1062 869,2 708,8 581,9 482,9 405,6 200 120 10
z-z 1826 1826 1754 1623 1482 1331 1172 1017 875,3 751,5 646,8 487,3 377,0 299,1 242,6 200,5
220 120 5 y-y 943,4 943,4 943,4 927,8 890,5 852,7 813,4 772,4 729,5 684,9 639,2 548,3 464,1 391,3 330,9 281,7 220 120 5
z-z 943,4 943,4 920,5 860,6 797,6 730,0 658,2 585,0 514,3 449,4 392,1 300,8 235,3 187,9 153,1 127,0
x 220 120 6 y-y 1240 1240 1240 1211 1159 1106 1051 992,6 931,7 868,8 804,9 680,4 568,8 475,1 399,1 338,1 220 120 6
z-z 1240 1240 1201 1117 1028 932 830,3 728,9 633,6 548,4 475,0 360,8 280,5 223,2 181,4 150,2
220 120 6,3 y-y 1287 1287 1287 1256 1202 1146 1088 1027 963,8 898,0 831,2 701,5 585,7 488,8 410,3 347,4 220 120 6,3
z-z 1287 1287 1245 1157 1064 964 857,9 752,2 653,1 564,7 488,8 370,9 288,2 229,2 186,3 154,2
220 120 7,1 y-y 1437 1437 1437 1401 1340 1277 1212 1144 1072 998,1 923,2 777,8 648,5 540,7 453,6 383,9 220 120 7,1
z-z 1437 1437 1389 1290 1185 1072 953,0 834,8 723,9 625,4 540,9 410,1 318,4 253,2 205,7 170,2
x 220 120 8 y-y 1602 1602 1602 1560 1492 1421 1348 1271 1190 1107 1023 860,0 715,9 596,2 499,7 422,7 220 120 8
z-z 1602 1602 1546 1435 1317 1189 1055 921,0 797,4 687,8 594,2 449,7 348,9 277,3 225,2 186,3
220 120 8,8 y-y 1745 1745 1745 1698 1623 1546 1466 1381 1292 1201 1108 930,4 773,4 643,5 539,0 455,7 220 120 8,8
z-z 1745 1745 1683 1561 1431 1291 1143 998,0 862,4 743,2 641,6 485,2 376,1 298,8 242,6 200,7
x 220 120 10 y-y 1955 1955 1955 1899 1814 1727 1635 1539 1439 1335 1231 1030 854,6 709,9 594,0 501,8 220 120 10
z-z 1955 1955 1881 1743 1595 1435 1268 1103 952,0 818,5 705,6 532,6 412,5 327,5 265,7 219,7
x 250 150 5 y-y 1064 1064 1064 1064 1031 995,1 959 921,7 883,1 842,9 801,2 714,9 628,3 546,6 473,5 410,4 250 150 5
z-z 1064 1064 1064 1015 961,9 906,4 847,8 785,9 721,8 657,4 594,7 481,7 390,0 318,6 263,5 220,9
x 250 150 6 y-y 1366 1366 1366 1362 1315 1267 1218 1168 1116 1061 1004 887,8 772,9 666,9 573,9 494,8 250 150 6
z-z 1366 1366 1364 1294 1222 1147 1067 982,9 896,4 810,5 728,3 583,5 468,9 381,1 314,2 262,7
250 150 6,3 y-y 1447 1447 1447 1442 1391 1339 1287 1232 1175 1116 1055 929,7 806,8 694,1 596,0 513,0 250 150 6,3
z-z 1447 1447 1444 1368 1291 1210 1123 1032 939,4 847,4 759,8 606,6 486,3 394,7 325,1 271,6
250 150 7,1 y-y 1712 1712 1712 1699 1637 1574 1509 1442 1371 1298 1223 1069 921,0 787,5 672,9 577,1 250 150 7,1
z-z 1712 1712 1701 1609 1513 1413 1306 1194 1080 968,7 864,0 684,2 545,7 441,4 362,7 302,5
x 250 150 8 y-y 1912 1912 1912 1896 1826 1755 1683 1607 1528 1446 1361 1188 1022 873,3 745,6 639,2 250 150 8
z-z 1912 1912 1898 1794 1687 1574 1454 1328 1200 1075 957,6 757,2 603,3 487,7 400,5 334,0
260 140 7,1 y-y 1712 1712 1712 1703 1643 1581 1518 1453 1385 1315 1242 1092 945,6 812,3 696,5 599,0 260 140 7,1
z-z 1712 1712 1690 1591 1489 1381 1265 1145 1024 909,0 803,7 628,1 496,7 399,6 327,2 272,2
x 260 140 8 y-y 1912 1912 1912 1901 1833 1764 1693 1620 1543 1464 1381 1213 1049 899,9 771,0 662,5 260 140 8
z-z 1912 1912 1885 1775 1660 1537 1407 1272 1136 1008 889,8 694,3 548,6 441,1 361,0 300,3
260 140 8,8 y-y 2086 2086 2086 2073 1998 1923 1845 1764 1680 1593 1502 1317 1138 975,0 835,0 717,1 260 140 8,8
z-z 2086 2086 2056 1934 1807 1673 1529 1380 1232 1091 962,5 749,9 592,0 475,7 389,2 323,6
x 260 140 10 y-y 2342 2342 2342 2325 2241 2155 2067 1976 1880 1781 1679 1469 1267 1085 928,0 796,0 260 140 10
z-z 2342 2342 2305 2167 2023 1870 1706 1537 1369 1210 1066 828,9 653,5 524,7 429,0 356,6
axis
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Appendix 9.2
Buckling resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.2
b 1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
t
h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
x 260 180 10 y-y 2600 2600 2600 2593 2503 2412 2318 2222 2122 2017 1909 1687 1468 1266 1089 939,0 260 180 10
z-z 2600 2600 2600 2504 2383 2257 2125 1986 1841 1692 1546 1272 1042 857,7 713,2 599,9
260 180 12 y-y 3023 3023 3023 3008 2901 2793 2682 2568 2448 2324 2195 1931 1673 1438 1233 1061 260 180 12
z-z 3023 3023 3023 2903 2760 2610 2453 2287 2114 1939 1766 1447 1181 969,7 805,0 676,4
x 300 100 5 y-y 930,8 930,8 930,8 930,8 921,0 895,0 868,8 842,1 814,8 786,6 757,5 696,5 632,7 568,5 506,6 449,3 300 100 5
z-z 930,8 930,8 901,7 839,0 772,6 701,0 625,4 549,7 478,2 414,3 359,0 272,9 212,3 169,0 137,4 113,7
x 300 100 6 y-y 1222 1222 1222 1222 1202 1165 1129 1092 1053 1013 972,3 886,2 797,1 708,9 625,8 550,7 300 100 6
z-z 1222 1222 1174 1086 992 890,8 784,9 681,1 585,9 503,1 433,0 326,3 252,4 200,3 162,4 134,2
300 100 6,3 y-y 1302 1302 1302 1302 1278 1238 1199 1158 1116 1073 1028 934,1 837,3 742,1 653,1 573,2 300 100 6,3
z-z 1302 1302 1248 1153 1050 940,0 824,8 713,1 611,6 523,8 450,0 338,3 261,3 207,1 167,9 138,7
300 100 7,1 y-y 1549 1549 1549 1549 1513 1464 1415 1364 1312 1258 1202 1085 965,6 849,9 743,4 649,2 300 100 7,1
z-z 1549 1549 1475 1356 1228 1090 947 811,8 691,1 588,6 503,6 376,5 290,0 229,4 185,7 153,2
x 300 100 8 y-y 1833 1833 1833 1833 1782 1722 1662 1600 1535 1468 1399 1254 1108 968,6 842,4 732,3 300 100 8
z-z 1833 1833 1735 1588 1429 1257 1082 919 777,5 658,8 561,6 417,9 320,9 253,5 204,9 169,0
300 150 6 y-y 1416 1416 1416 1416 1400 1360 1319 1279 1237 1193 1148 1055 956,8 858,4 763,9 676,7 300 150 6
z-z 1416 1416 1416 1355 1285 1213 1137 1057 973,0 888,8 806,3 656,2 533,0 436,3 361,5 303,2
300 150 6,3 y-y 1506 1506 1506 1506 1486 1443 1399 1355 1309 1262 1214 1112 1006 900,1 798,9 706,1 300 150 6,3
z-z 1506 1506 1506 1437 1362 1284 1201 1114 1024 933,0 844,1 684,3 554,3 452,9 374,7 314,1
300 150 7,1 y-y 1778 1778 1778 1778 1748 1696 1642 1588 1532 1475 1415 1290 1160 1032 910,8 801,4 300 150 7,1
z-z 1778 1778 1778 1689 1597 1501 1399 1292 1181 1071 965,0 775,7 625,0 508,9 420,0 351,4
300 150 8,8 y-y 2370 2370 2370 2370 2315 2241 2165 2088 2009 1926 1840 1662 1479 1302 1139 994,7 300 150 8,8
z-z 2370 2370 2357 2230 2100 1962 1816 1662 1506 1352 1207 958,0 764,8 619,1 509,0 424,7
300 150 10 y-y 2665 2665 2665 2665 2600 2516 2431 2343 2253 2159 2062 1859 1652 1452 1269 1107 300 150 10
z-z 2665 2665 2647 2503 2355 2198 2032 1857 1679 1505 1342 1063 847,2 685,2 562,9 469,5
300 200 12 y-y 3487 3487 3487 3487 3415 3309 3201 3090 2976 2858 2736 2480 2217 1960 1721 1508 300 200 12
z-z 3487 3487 3487 3405 3259 3109 2953 2789 2618 2441 2261 1910 1597 1334 1120 948,9
x 300 200 12,5 y-y 3616 3616 3616 3616 3540 3429 3317 3202 3083 2961 2833 2567 2294 2027 1779 1558 300 200 12,5
z-z 3616 3616 3616 3529 3377 3222 3059 2889 2711 2526 2339 1976 1650 1378 1157 980,0
400 100 6 y-y 1283 1283 1283 1283 1283 1280 1253 1226 1199 1172 1144 1087 1027 965,0 899,6 833,6 400 100 6
z-z 1283 1283 1252 1170 1084 992,0 894,2 794,5 698,2 609,9 532,1 408,1 319,1 254,9 207,7 172,2
400 100 6,3 y-y 1373 1373 1373 1373 1373 1367 1338 1309 1279 1250 1219 1157 1091 1022 950,9 878,9 400 100 6,3
z-z 1373 1373 1337 1248 1154 1054 947,0 838,6 734,8 640,3 557,4 426,4 332,8 265,6 216,2 179,2
400 100 7,1 y-y 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1637 1601 1564 1527 1490 1452 1372 1289 1201 1112 1022 400 100 7,1
z-z 1652 1652 1598 1486 1367 1238 1103 967,7 841 727,2 629,6 478 371,4 295,5 240,2 198,8
axis
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
mm mm mm Lc (m) mm mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Appendix 9.2
Buckling resistance values for rectangular hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.2
b 1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the partial
t
h = height safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each country.
b = width National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in question.
y
h
t = wall thickness
r0 Lc = buckling length
z Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) h b t Nb.Rd (kN) h b t
x 400 200 6 y-y 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1643 1610 1577 1544 1510 1441 1368 1292 1214 1133 400 200 6
z-z 1670 1670 1670 1670 1616 1560 1502 1443 1382 1318 1252 1115 978,0 849,0 734,4 635,7
400 200 6,3 y-y 1780 1780 1780 1780 1780 1780 1748 1712 1677 1641 1604 1529 1451 1368 1283 1196 400 200 6,3
z-z 1780 1780 1780 1779 1719 1658 1596 1532 1465 1396 1324 1176 1029 891,3 769,4 665,0
400 200 7,1 y-y 2110 2110 2110 2110 2110 2107 2064 2021 1977 1933 1888 1795 1698 1597 1491 1384 400 200 7,1
z-z 2110 2110 2110 2102 2028 1954 1877 1798 1716 1630 1541 1359 1180 1016 873,1 751,8
x 400 200 8 y-y 2499 2499 2499 2499 2499 2488 2435 2381 2328 2274 2219 2104 1985 1859 1729 1598 400 200 8
z-z 2499 2499 2499 2481 2391 2299 2205 2108 2006 1900 1790 1567 1351 1156 988,6 848,3
400 200 8,8 y-y 2857 2857 2857 2857 2857 2836 2774 2711 2649 2585 2520 2385 2243 2095 1942 1789 400 200 8,8
z-z 2857 2857 2857 2828 2722 2614 2503 2388 2267 2142 2012 1750 1500 1278 1088 931,5
x 400 200 10 y-y 3408 3408 3408 3408 3408 3370 3294 3217 3139 3060 2979 2812 2635 2450 2261 2073 400 200 10
z-z 3408 3408 3408 3360 3229 3096 2958 2814 2663 2507 2346 2024 1722 1457 1236 1054
400 200 12 y-y 4262 4262 4262 4262 4262 4192 4092 3991 3889 3784 3677 3455 3220 2976 2728 2483 400 200 12
z-z 4262 4262 4262 4179 4007 3831 3648 3457 3257 3050 2838 2419 2037 1711 1443 1226
x 400 200 12,5 y-y 4423 4423 4423 4423 4423 4349 4245 4139 4033 3924 3813 3581 3337 3082 2824 2570 400 200 12,5
z-z 4423 4423 4423 4335 4156 3973 3783 3584 3376 3160 2939 2505 2108 1770 1492 1267
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.2
281
Buckling resistance values for circular longitudinally welded hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.3
1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the
d = external diameter partial safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in
d
t = wall thickness each country. National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the
t country in question.
Lc = buckling length
Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
1) d t Nb.Rd (kN) d t
x 60,3 2 118,2 111,1 90,33 67,08 47,43 33,97 25,16 19,27 15,19 12,27 10,11 60,3 2
x 60,3 2,5 146,5 137,6 111,7 82,77 58,42 41,81 30,95 23,70 18,68 15,08 12,43 60,3 2,5
60,3 2,6 152,1 142,7 115,7 85,47 60,21 43,04 31,85 24,38 19,21 15,51 12,78 60,3 2,6
60,3 2,9 168,8 158,3 128,0 94,39 66,39 47,41 35,07 26,83 21,14 17,07 14,06 60,3 2,9
x 60,3 3 174,3 163,4 132,2 97,47 68,55 48,96 36,21 27,71 21,83 17,62 14,51 60,3 3
60,3 3,2 185,3 173,6 140,2 103,1 72,36 51,63 38,16 29,20 23,00 18,56 15,29 60,3 3,2
x 60,3 4 228,3 213,5 171,8 125,7 87,90 62,59 46,22 35,34 27,83 22,45 18,49 60,3 4
76,1 2 150,3 146,5 126,7 104,3 81,25 61,82 47,36 37,01 29,55 24,07 19,95 14,33 76,1 2
x 76,1 2,5 186,6 181,6 156,9 128,8 100,0 75,89 58,07 45,33 36,18 29,46 24,41 17,52 76,1 2,5
76,1 2,6 193,8 188,7 162,9 133,7 103,8 78,79 60,28 47,06 37,56 30,58 25,34 18,19 76,1 2,6
76,1 2,9 215,2 209,5 180,8 148,2 114,9 87,11 66,61 51,98 41,47 33,76 27,98 20,08 76,1 2,9
x 76,1 3 222,3 216,4 186,8 153,1 118,7 89,98 68,80 53,69 42,84 34,88 28,90 20,74 76,1 3
76,1 3,2 236,5 230,1 198,4 162,4 125,7 95,22 72,76 56,76 45,27 36,85 30,53 21,91 76,1 3,2
x 76,1 4 292,4 284,0 244,3 199,1 153,4 115,8 88,31 68,80 54,84 44,61 36,95 26,50 76,1 4
x 76,1 5 360,4 349,5 299,9 243,4 186,7 140,4 106,9 83,17 66,23 53,86 44,60 31,96 76,1 5
88,9 2 176,2 175,0 155,6 134,2 110,9 88,59 70,1 55,88 45,19 37,12 30,96 22,40 16,92 88,9 2
x 88,9 2,5 219,0 217,5 193,3 166,6 137,4 109,7 86,77 69,13 55,89 45,90 38,28 27,69 20,92 88,9 2,5
88,9 2,6 227,5 225,8 200,6 172,7 142,4 113,5 89,69 71,43 57,72 47,40 39,52 28,59 21,59 88,9 2,6
88,9 2,9 252,9 250,9 222,8 191,7 157,8 125,7 99,27 79,02 63,84 52,41 43,70 31,60 23,86 88,9 2,9
x 88,9 3 261,3 259,3 230,2 198,1 163,1 129,9 102,6 81,64 65,96 54,15 45,15 32,65 24,65 88,9 3
88,9 3,2 278,1 275,8 244,8 210,4 173,0 137,7 108,6 86,44 69,81 57,31 47,77 34,54 26,08 88,9 3,2
x 88,9 4 344,3 341,1 302,3 259,2 212,4 168,5 132,6 105,4 85,02 69,75 58,11 41,99 31,69 88,9 4
x 88,9 5 425,3 420,9 372,4 318,4 260,0 205,6 161,5 128,1 103,3 84,68 70,53 50,94 38,43 88,9 5
88,9 6 504,3 498,5 440,4 375,5 305,5 240,8 188,7 149,5 120,4 98,69 82,16 59,30 44,73 88,9 6
88,9 6,3 527,6 521,3 460,3 392,1 318,6 250,9 196,5 155,6 125,3 102,6 85,43 61,65 46,49 88,9 6,3
101,6 2 202,0 202,0 184,2 163,6 140,9 117,5 96,18 78,43 64,38 53,43 44,88 32,77 24,89 19,52 101,6 2
x 108 3 319,4 319,4 294,5 264,0 230,4 195,2 161,9 133,4 110,3 91,95 77,49 56,83 43,27 33,98 27,37 108 3
108 3,2 340,0 340,0 313,5 281,1 245,3 207,8 172,4 142,0 117,4 97,89 82,50 60,50 46,07 36,18 29,14 108 3,2
x 108 4 421,8 421,8 388,3 347,6 302,7 255,8 211,8 174,2 143,8 119,8 100,9 73,97 56,30 44,20 35,59 108 4
108 5 522,2 522,2 479,9 429,0 372,9 314,4 259,7 213,2 175,9 146,4 123,3 90,27 68,68 53,91 43,40 108 5
108 6 620,5 620,5 569,0 507,7 440,0 369,8 304,6 249,6 205,6 171,0 143,8 105,2 80,02 62,79 50,54 108 6
108 6,3 649,6 649,6 595,3 530,9 459,8 386,1 317,8 260,3 214,3 178,2 149,9 109,6 83,35 65,40 52,63 108 6,3
114,3 2 227,7 227,7 212,7 192,7 170,7 147,4 124,5 104,0 86,81 72,89 61,74 45,55 34,82 27,41 22,11 114,3 2
x 114,3 2,5 283,4 283,4 264,4 239,4 211,9 182,6 154,0 128,5 107,2 89,96 76,16 56,17 42,91 33,78 27,25 114,3 2,5
114,3 2,6 294,5 294,5 274,7 248,7 220,1 189,7 160,0 133,5 111,4 93,45 79,12 58,35 44,58 35,09 28,30 114,3 2,6
114,3 2,9 327,5 327,5 305,5 276,4 244,6 210,6 177,5 148,1 123,5 103,6 87,68 64,65 49,39 38,87 31,35 114,3 2,9
x 114,3 3 338,5 338,5 315,7 285,7 252,8 217,7 183,5 153,0 127,6 107,1 90,62 66,82 51,04 40,17 32,40 114,3 3
114,3 3,2 360,5 360,5 336,0 304,0 268,8 231,3 194,8 162,4 135,4 113,6 96,10 70,84 54,11 42,58 34,34 114,3 3,2
114,3 4 447,3 447,3 416,4 376,2 332,1 285,3 239,8 199,5 166,1 139,2 117,8 86,75 66,23 52,10 42,01 114,3 4
x 114,3 5 554,1 554,1 515,1 464,8 409,6 351,1 294,5 244,7 203,5 170,4 144,1 106,0 80,92 63,65 51,31 114,3 5
x 114,3 6 658,8 658,8 611,2 550,7 484,2 413,8 346,2 287,0 238,3 199,3 168,4 123,8 94,43 74,24 59,84 114,3 6
114,3 6,3 689,8 689,8 639,7 576,2 506,3 432,4 361,5 299,6 248,7 207,9 175,6 129,1 98,46 77,40 62,38 114,3 6,3
x d t Nb.Rd (kN) d t
mm mm Lc (m) mm mm
Appendix 9.2
0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Buckling resistance values for circular longitudinally welded hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.3
1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the
d = external diameter partial safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in
d
t = wall thickness each country. National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the
t country in question.
Lc = buckling length
Nb.Rd = buckling resistance
x d t Nb.Rd (kN) d t
x 133 2,5 330,8 330,8 316,7 292,3 266,1 237,7 208,3 179,8 154,0 131,8 113,2 84,98 65,61 51,99 42,14 34,80 133 2,5
133 2,6 343,7 343,7 329,1 303,7 276,5 247,0 216,5 186,9 160,1 137,0 117,6 88,30 68,18 54,02 43,78 36,16 133 2,6
133 2,9 382,5 382,5 366,1 337,8 307,4 274,5 240,4 207,5 177,6 151,9 130,4 97,90 75,58 59,88 48,52 40,08 133 2,9
133 3 395,4 395,4 378,4 349,2 317,7 283,8 248,5 214,4 183,6 157,1 134,8 101,2 78,13 61,90 50,16 41,43 133 3
133 3,2 421,1 421,1 402,9 371,7 338,1 301,8 264,2 227,9 195,0 166,8 143,1 107,4 82,92 65,69 53,23 43,96 133 3,2
x 133 4 523,2 523,2 500,0 460,9 418,9 373,4 326,4 281,1 240,3 205,3 176,1 132,0 101,8 80,66 65,34 53,95 133 4
133 5 648,9 648,9 619,6 570,7 518,1 461,3 402,6 346,2 295,6 252,3 216,2 162,0 124,9 98,90 80,10 66,13 133 5
133 6 772,6 772,6 736,9 678,3 615,1 546,9 476,5 409,2 348,9 297,6 254,8 190,8 147,0 116,4 94,22 77,77 133 6
133 6,3 809,3 809,3 771,7 710,1 643,8 572,1 498,2 427,6 364,5 310,7 266,1 199,1 153,4 121,4 98,31 81,15 133 6,3
139,7 2,9 402,2 402,2 387,8 359,7 329,8 297,4 263,5 229,9 198,7 171,2 147,8 111,8 86,67 68,86 55,90 46,23 139,7 2,9
x 139,7 3 415,8 415,8 400,8 371,7 340,6 307,1 271,9 237,1 204,9 176,5 152,3 115,2 89,30 70,92 57,57 47,61 139,7 3
139,7 3,2 442,9 442,9 426,9 395,9 362,8 327,1 289,6 252,6 218,3 188,0 162,3 122,7 95,09 75,54 61,33 50,72 139,7 3,2
x 139,7 4 550,3 550,3 530,0 491,2 449,8 405,0 358,2 312,0 269,2 231,7 199,8 150,9 116,9 92,86 75,37 62,32 139,7 4
x 139,7 5 682,9 682,9 657,0 608,6 556,8 500,8 442,3 384,7 331,6 285,1 245,7 185,4 143,6 114,0 92,49 76,46 139,7 5
x 139,7 6 813,3 813,3 781,6 723,3 661,0 593,6 523,2 454,2 390,9 335,7 289,1 217,8 168,6 133,8 108,5 89,67 139,7 6
139,7 6,3 852,1 852,1 818,6 757,4 691,9 621,1 547,2 474,8 408,5 350,7 301,9 227,4 176,0 139,6 113,2 93,58 139,7 6,3
x 139,7 8 1068 1068 1024 946,5 863,0 772,7 678,8 587,4 504,2 432,0 371,4 279,3 215,8 171,1 138,7 114,6 139,7 8
x 139,7 10 1315 1315 1259 1161 1057 943,8 826,7 713,3 610,7 522,4 448,4 336,6 259,9 205,9 166,9 137,8 139,7 10
152 2,9 438,4 438,4 427,6 399,7 370,4 338,8 305,4 271,3 238,4 208,2 181,6 139,3 108,9 86,97 70,86 58,76 152 2,9
152 3 453,2 453,2 442,1 413,2 382,9 350,3 315,7 280,5 246,4 215,2 187,8 144,0 112,6 89,92 73,26 60,75 152 3
152 3,2 482,8 482,8 470,8 440,0 407,6 372,8 335,9 298,3 262,0 228,8 199,5 153,0 119,6 95,5 77,80 64,50 152 3,2
152 4 600,2 600,2 584,9 546,4 505,8 462,2 416,0 369,0 323,8 282,5 246,1 188,5 147,3 117,6 95,76 79,38 152 4
152 5 745,2 745,2 725,6 677,5 626,8 572,3 514,5 455,8 399,5 348,2 303,2 232,0 181,1 144,5 117,7 97,53 152 5
152 6 888,2 888,2 864,2 806,4 745,6 680,1 610,7 540,4 473,1 412,0 358,5 274,0 213,8 170,5 138,8 115,0 152 6
152 6,3 930,7 930,7 905,3 844,7 780,8 712,0 639,1 565,3 494,7 430,7 374,6 286,3 223,3 178,1 145,0 120,1 152 6,3
159 2,9 459,0 459,0 450,3 422,5 393,5 362,4 329,4 295,3 261,8 230,4 202,3 156,5 123,0 98,56 80,48 66,84 159 2,9
159 3 474,5 474,5 465,5 436,8 406,8 374,7 340,5 305,3 270,6 238,2 209,1 161,8 127,1 101,9 83,20 69,09 159 3
159 3,2 505,5 505,5 495,8 465,1 433,1 398,8 362,4 324,7 287,8 253,3 222,2 171,9 135,0 108,2 88,35 73,37 159 3,2
x 159 4 628,6 628,6 616,2 577,8 537,7 494,8 449,1 402,1 356,0 313,0 274,5 212,0 166,5 133,4 108,9 90,38 159 4
159 5 780,7 780,7 764,7 716,8 666,7 613,0 555,9 497,1 439,6 386,2 338,4 261,1 204,9 164,1 133,9 111,1 159 5
159 6 930,7 930,7 910,9 853,3 793,0 728,4 659,6 589,1 520,2 456,4 399,5 307,9 241,4 193,2 157,6 130,8 159 6
159 6,3 975,4 975,4 954,3 893,9 830,5 762,6 690,4 616,3 544,1 477,2 417,6 321,7 252,2 201,8 164,6 136,6 159 6,3
168,3 2,9 486,3 486,3 480,4 452,7 424,0 393,6 361,1 327,2 293,3 260,7 230,7 180,6 143,0 115,1 94,32 78,50 168,3 2,9
168,3 3 502,8 502,8 496,7 468,0 438,4 406,9 373,3 338,3 303,2 269,5 238,6 186,8 147,9 119,0 97,51 81,16 168,3 3
168,3 3,2 535,7 535,7 529,1 498,5 466,8 433,2 397,3 360,0 322,5 286,6 253,6 198,5 157,1 126,5 103,6 86,21 168,3 3,2
168,3 4 666,3 666,3 657,8 619,5 579,9 537,7 492,9 446,1 399,3 354,6 313,5 245,1 193,9 156,0 127,7 106,3 168,3 4
219,1 4 872,3 872,3 872,3 846,6 808,3 768,9 727,6 684,1 638,7 591,9 544,9 455,1 376,8 312,6 261,3 220,6 219,1 4
219,1 5 1085 1085 1085 1053 1005 955,3 903,6 849,1 792,2 733,7 674,9 562,9 465,5 385,9 322,4 272,1 219,1 5
x 219,1 6 1296 1296 1296 1257 1199 1140 1078 1012 944 873,8 803,4 669,3 553,1 458,2 382,7 322,9 219,1 6
219,1 6,3 1359 1359 1359 1317 1257 1195 1129 1061 989,1 915,3 841,4 700,7 578,9 479,5 400,4 337,8 219,1 6,3
x 219,1 8 1712 1712 1712 1658 1581 1502 1419 1331 1240 1146 1052 874,7 721,5 597,0 498,1 420,0 219,1 8
x 219,1 10 2120 2120 2120 2050 1954 1855 1751 1641 1527 1409 1292 1071 882,0 728,8 607,6 511,9 219,1 10
219,1 12 2520 2520 2520 2433 2318 2198 2073 1941 1804 1663 1523 1259 1035 853,9 711,2 598,9 219,1 12
x 219,1 12,5 2618 2618 2618 2528 2408 2284 2153 2016 1873 1726 1580 1306 1073 885,5 737,5 621,0 219,1 12,5
273 5 1359 1359 1359 1354 1306 1258 1209 1158 1105 1050 992,8 875,5 760,4 654,7 562,5 484,4 273 5
x 273 6 1624 1624 1624 1618 1560 1503 1444 1383 1319 1253 1184 1043 905,1 778,7 668,6 575,5 273 6
273 6,3 1704 1704 1704 1696 1636 1576 1514 1450 1383 1313 1241 1093 948,3 815,7 700,2 602,7 273 6,3
x 273 8 2149 2149 2149 2139 2063 1986 1907 1825 1740 1651 1560 1372 1189 1021 875,8 753,2 273 8
x 273 10 2667 2667 2667 2652 2557 2460 2362 2260 2153 2042 1928 1693 1465 1257 1077 925,5 273 10
273 12 3175 3175 3175 3155 3041 2926 2807 2684 2556 2423 2285 2003 1730 1483 1269 1090 273 12
x 273 12,5 3301 3301 3301 3280 3161 3040 2917 2789 2655 2516 2373 2079 1795 1537 1315 1129 273 12,5
323,9 5 1427 1427 1427 1427 1414 1374 1335 1294 1253 1210 1166 1074 977,9 880,5 786,2 698,5 323,9 5
x 323,9 6 1934 1934 1934 1934 1902 1844 1787 1728 1667 1604 1539 1403 1262 1123 991,4 872,4 323,9 6
323,9 6,3 2029 2029 2029 2029 1994 1934 1874 1812 1748 1682 1614 1471 1323 1177 1039 914,1 323,9 6,3
Appendix 9.2
x 323,9 8 2562 2562 2562 2562 2517 2441 2364 2285 2204 2121 2034 1852 1664 1479 1304 1147 323,9 8
x 323,9 10 3183 3183 3183 3183 3125 3029 2933 2834 2733 2628 2519 2292 2057 1825 1608 1413 323,9 10
323,9 12 3795 3795 3795 3795 3723 3609 3493 3375 3253 3127 2997 2723 2442 2165 1905 1673 323,9 12
x 323,9 12,5 3947 3947 3947 3947 3871 3752 3632 3508 3382 3250 3114 2829 2536 2247 1978 1735 323,9 12,5
1) d t Nb.Rd (kN) d t
mm mm Lc (m) mm mm
x 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Buckling resistance values for circular spirally welded hollow sections of steel grade S355J2H (fy = 355 N/mm2) in buckling category c, continued.
Appendix 9.2
Table 9.2.4
(Technical delivery conditions to be agreed when ordering)
1) = recommended series The calculated resistance values are design values (section 2.1) based on the default value (1.1) of the
d = external diameter partial safety factor of material γM1 used in Eurocode 3. The partial safety factor values may differ in each
t = wall thickness country. National values must be checked from the NAD (National Application Document) of the country in
d
406,4 10 4019 4019 4019 3855 3663 3462 3250 3027 2795 2560 2329 2108 1903 1718 1551 1403 1273 406,4 10
406,4 12 4798 4798 4798 4600 4368 4127 3873 3605 3326 3044 2767 2503 2259 2037 1839 1663 1508 406,4 12
406,4 12,5 4992 4992 4992 4784 4543 4292 4027 3748 3457 3163 2874 2600 2346 2115 1909 1726 1565 406,4 12,5
457 6 2383 2383 2383 2348 2255 2161 2063 1962 1855 1744 1631 1517 1404 1295 1192 1096 1007 457 6
457 6,3 2513 2513 2513 2475 2377 2277 2174 2066 1953 1836 1716 1595 1476 1361 1252 1151 1058 457 6,3
457 8 3642 3642 3642 3554 3401 3245 3081 2910 2730 2545 2356 2170 1990 1820 1662 1518 1388 457 8
457 10 4532 4532 4532 4421 4229 4033 3829 3614 3390 3157 2922 2689 2465 2253 2057 1878 1716 457 10
457 12 5414 5414 5414 5278 5048 4813 4567 4310 4040 3761 3478 3199 2930 2677 2443 2230 2037 457 12
457 12,5 5633 5633 5633 5491 5252 5006 4750 4482 4200 3909 3615 3325 3045 2781 2538 2316 2116 457 12,5
508 6 2622 2622 2622 2616 2525 2433 2339 2242 2141 2036 1928 1816 1704 1592 1483 1378 1279 508 6
508 6,3 2767 2767 2767 2759 2663 2566 2466 2364 2257 2145 2030 1912 1793 1675 1560 1449 1345 508 6,3
508 8 3586 3586 3586 3570 3443 3315 3184 3048 2907 2760 2607 2452 2295 2140 1990 1846 1710 508 8
508 10 5049 5049 5049 4990 4799 4606 4407 4199 3982 3756 3523 3288 3054 2827 2610 2406 2217 508 10
508 12 6035 6035 6035 5961 5732 5500 5261 5011 4751 4479 4200 3917 3637 3365 3105 2861 2635 508 12
508 12,5 6280 6280 6280 6203 5964 5722 5473 5213 4941 4658 4367 4073 3781 3497 3227 2973 2738 508 12,5
559 6 2856 2856 2856 2856 2788 2699 2608 2514 2418 2318 2214 2108 1998 1888 1778 1669 1564 559 6
559 6,3 3015 3015 3015 3015 2942 2847 2751 2652 2550 2444 2334 2221 2105 1988 1871 1756 1645 559 6,3
559 8 3916 3916 3916 3916 3814 3688 3561 3430 3295 3154 3008 2858 2705 2550 2396 2246 2100 559 8
559 10 5566 5566 5566 5560 5369 5177 4981 4779 4568 4349 4122 3889 3654 3419 3190 2969 2759 559 10
559 12 6655 6655 6655 6645 6416 6186 5951 5707 5454 5191 4918 4639 4356 4075 3800 3536 3284 559 12
559 12,5 6926 6926 6926 6915 6677 6437 6192 5939 5675 5401 5117 4826 4532 4239 3953 3677 3416 559 12,5
610 8 4242 4242 4242 4242 4179 4055 3931 3804 3673 3538 3399 3255 3106 2955 2803 2651 2501 610 8
610 10 5398 5398 5398 5398 5309 5149 4989 4824 4655 4481 4300 4113 3921 3726 3529 3333 3140 610 10
610 12 7276 7276 7276 7276 7100 6871 6638 6400 6153 5898 5633 5359 5080 4797 4516 4239 3970 610 12
610 12,5 7572 7572 7572 7572 7389 7150 6908 6659 6403 6136 5860 5575 5284 4989 4696 4408 4128 610 12,5
610 14,2 8578 8578 8578 8578 8366 8095 7820 7538 7246 6943 6629 6305 5974 5640 5306 4979 4662 610 14,2
660 8 4555 4555 4555 4555 4530 4408 4286 4162 4035 3905 3771 3632 3489 3343 3194 3043 2893 660 8
660 10 5806 5806 5806 5806 5765 5608 5450 5289 5125 4956 4781 4601 4416 4226 4033 3838 3644 660 10
660 12 7884 7884 7884 7884 7770 7541 7310 7075 6833 6584 6325 6058 5784 5504 5222 4940 4661 660 12
660 12,5 8206 8206 8206 8206 8087 7848 7608 7363 7112 6851 6582 6304 6019 5727 5433 5139 4850 660 12,5
660 14,2 9298 9298 9298 9298 9159 8889 8616 8338 8051 7756 7450 7134 6809 6478 6144 5810 5481 660 14,2
813 12,5 8951 8951 8951 8951 8951 8872 8675 8477 8278 8075 7868 7656 7439 7216 6988 6754 6515 813 12,5
813 14,2 11500 11500 11500 11500 11500 11315 11045 10773 10497 10216 9928 9633 9329 9017 8697 8370 8039 813 14,2
813 16 12929 12929 12929 12929 12929 12717 12412 12105 11795 11478 11153 10820 10478 10125 9765 9396 9023 813 16
914 10 7800 7800 7800 7800 7800 7800 7694 7544 7394 7243 7090 6935 6776 6614 6448 6279 6105 914 10
914 12 9534 9534 9534 9534 9534 9534 9391 9206 9020 8833 8643 8450 8253 8052 7846 7635 7420 914 12
914 12,5 9967 9967 9967 9967 9967 9967 9815 9621 9426 9230 9031 8828 8622 8411 8195 7974 7748 914 12,5
914 14,2 11440 11440 11440 11440 11440 11440 11254 11030 10804 10577 10347 10112 9873 9628 9378 9121 8859 914 14,2
914 16 14567 14567 14567 14567 14567 14522 14217 13912 13605 13294 12977 12654 12324 11985 11638 11282 10919 914 16
1016 10 8562 8562 8562 8562 8562 8562 8552 8406 8259 8112 7964 7814 7663 7508 7351 7191 7027 1016 10
1016 12 10490 10490 10490 10490 10490 10490 10463 10281 10099 9916 9732 9546 9357 9165 8969 8770 8566 1016 12
1016 12,5 10972 10972 10972 10972 10972 10972 10941 10749 10559 10367 10174 9979 9780 9579 9373 9163 8949 1016 12,5
1016 14,2 12610 12610 12610 12610 12610 12610 12563 12342 12120 11898 11674 11448 11218 10983 10745 10501 10252 1016 14,2
1016 16 14343 14343 14343 14343 14343 14343 14278 14025 13771 13517 13260 13000 12736 12467 12193 11913 11627 1016 16
1219 10 10017 10017 10017 10017 10017 10017 10017 10017 9908 9767 9626 9485 9343 9200 9055 8908 8759 1219 10
1219 12 12328 12328 12328 12328 12328 12328 12328 12328 12172 11997 11821 11644 11466 11287 11105 10922 10735 1219 12
1219 12,5 12906 12906 12906 12906 12906 12906 12906 12906 12739 12554 12369 12184 11997 11808 11618 11425 11228 1219 12,5
1219 14,2 14872 14872 14872 14872 14872 14872 14872 14872 14663 14448 14233 14018 13800 13581 13359 13133 12905 1219 14,2
1219 16 16953 16953 16953 16953 16953 16953 16953 16947 16700 16453 16206 15958 15708 15455 15200 14940 14677 1219 16
Appendix 9.2
d t Nb.Rd (kN) d t
mm mm Lc (m) mm mm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Appendix 9.2 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
288
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.3
289
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.3
Symbols
290
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
βp = bi/ bp
• fy ≤ 355 N/ mm2
• t0 ≥ 2,5 mm
• ti ≥ 2,5 mm
• θi ≥ 30° (also for the angle between brace members)
• -0,55 ≤ e/h0 ≤ 0,25 or -0,55 ≤ e/d0 ≤ 0,25
• the cross-sections of compression elements of members must belong to
Class 1 or 2 when subjected to bending only (section 2.2)
• the brace member ends must not be flattened
Depending on the joint type, the tables may include additional limitations.
291
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.1 Resistance of T, Y and X joints. Chords are square or rectangular hollow
sections. Brace members are square, rectangular or circular hollow sections
[1], [3].
N1
h1
θ1
N0 N0
h0
M0 M0
h1
N1 b1
t1
;;
t0
;
b0
292
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
Compression chord: ti
kn = 1,3- (0,4 / β)n ≤ 1 bi / b0, hi / b0 ≥ 0,25 3)
γ M0 ⋅ γ Mj N0.Sd M 0,5 ≤ hi / bi ≤ 2
n= + 0.Sd
11
, A 0 ⋅ fy0 W0 ⋅ fy0 Tension brace
member:
0,85 < β < 1,0 bi / ti, hi / ti ≤ 35
Use the values β = 0,85 and β =1,0 when calculating Compression brace
the resistance. Resistance is defined by linear member:
interpolation based on the original value of β. bi / ti, hi / ti ≤ 35
3)
β = 1,0, chord web buckling or yield bi hi E
, ≤ 1, 25
fb ⋅ t 0 2hi 11
, Tension chord: fb = fy0 ti ti fyi
Ni.Rd = + 10t 0 Compression chord:
sin θi sin θi γ Mj ⋅ γ M0 Circular brace
fb = χ· fyo (T and Y joints)
members:
fb = 0,8χ(sinθi)fy0 (X joints)
Brace members in
χ = reduction factor for buckling general:
using buckling curve when the 0,4 ≤ di / b0 ≤ 0,8
slenderness is:
Tension brace
member:
h fy0 1 3)
10 ≤ di / ti ≤ 50 2)
λ = 3, 46 0 − 2
0
t E(sin θ i ) π Compression brace
member:
0,85 ≤ β ≤ 1 - (1/γ), punching shear failure of the chord face
10 ≤ di / ti ≤ 50 2)
fy0 ⋅ t 0 2hi 10t 0 ⋅ b1
11
, b ep = ≤ b1 3)
Ni.Rd = + 2b ep b0 di
≤ 1, 5
E
3 sin θi sin θ i γ Mj γ M0
⋅ ti fyi
b0
γ=
2t 0 Chords:
b 0 + h0
β > 0,85, brace member failure ≥ 25
t0
Ni.Rd = fyi ⋅ ti (2hi − 4ti + 2b eff )
11
, 10b1 ⋅ t 02 ⋅ fy0
γ Mj ⋅ γ M0 b eff = ≤ b1 h
0, 5 ≤ 0 ≤ 2
b 0 ⋅ t1 ⋅ fy1 b0
β = 1,0, X joints when θ < 90°, chord shear b 0 h0
, ≤ 35
t0 t0
fy0 ⋅ A v 11
, Av = 2h0 · t0
Ni.Rd =
3 sin θi γ Mj ⋅ γ M0
With circular brace members, the resistance values are multiplied by π / 4, and bi and hi are replaced with the
diameter di.
fy ≤ 355 N/ mm2, 30° ≤ θi ≤ 90°, t0 ≥ 2,5 mm, ti ≥ 2,5 mm
1
These limit values are defined in reference [2].
2)
Eurocode 3 does not define a lower limit for this parameter.
3)
These limit values are defined in reference [3].
293
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.2 Resistance of gap N, K and KT lattice joints. Chords are square or
rectangular hollow sections. Brace members are square, rectangular or
circular hollow sections [1], [3].
b1, 2
N1 N2
;; ;
Det 1
h
g 2
t1, 2
θ1 h1 θ2
M0
; N0
M0 t0
h0
b0
N3
N1 N2
g1 g2
h3 h
2
θ3
h1
θ1 θ2
M0 N0 M0
e
Det 1
Det 1
θ ≤ 60° θ > 60°
ga ga
t0
g g
294
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
With circular brace members, the resistance values are multiplied by π/ 4, and bi and hi are replaced with the
diameter di.
If g / b0 > 1,5(1-β), the joint is treated as two separate T or Y joints in calculations.
fy ≤ 355 N/ mm2 , 30° ≤ θi ≤ 90°, t0 ≥ 2,5 mm, ti ≥ 2,5 mm
1)
These limit values are defined in reference [2].
2)
Eurocode 3 does not define a lower limit for this value
3)
These limit values are defined in reference [3].
295
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.3 Resistance of overlap N, K and KT lattice joints. Chords are square or
rectangular hollow sections. Brace members are square, rectangular or
circular hollow sections [1], [3]. With in the range of validity presented in this
table, only brace member failure is considered a failure mode. The
resistance needs to be checked for the overlapping brace member only.
b1, 2
N1 N2
;; ;
h
2 t1, 2
θ1 h1 θ2
M0 q
; N0
M0 t0
h0
-e
b0
N3
N1 N2
h3
h
2
h1 θ3
θ1 θ2
M0 N0 M0
q1 q2
-e
296
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
10b1 ⋅ t 22 ⋅ fy 2
(i = 1,2) b e(ov ) = ≤ b1 N and K joints:
b 2 ⋅ t1 ⋅ fy1 t1 / t2 ≤ 1,0
KT joint: b1 / b2 ≥ 0,75
q ⋅ sin(θi ) KT joints:
λ ov = i (i = 1,2) t / t ≤ 1,0 (i = 1,2)
hi i 3
b i / b3 ≥ 0,75 (i = 1,2)
10bi ⋅ t 02 ⋅ fy0
b eff = ≤ bi (i = 1,2) Tension brace member:
b 0 ⋅ ti ⋅ fyi bi / ti, hi / ti ≤ 35
2
10bi ⋅ t 3 ⋅ fy 3 Compression brace mem-
b e(ov ) = ≤ b1 (i = 1,2) ber:
b 3 ⋅ ti ⋅ fyi
bi / ti, hi / ti ≤ 35
0,5 ≤ λov < 0,8, brace member failure 3)
bi hi E
N and K joints , ≤ 11
,
[ ]γ 11
, ti ti fyi
N1.Rd = fy1 ⋅ t1 2h1 − 4t1 + b eff + b e(ov )
Mj γ M0
⋅ Circular brace members:
KT joints Brace members in general:
0,4 ≤ di / b0 ≤ 0,8
[
Ni.Rd = fyi ⋅ ti 2hi − 4ti + b eff + b e(ov ) ]γ 11
,
Mj γ M0
⋅ Tension brace member:
10 ≤ di / ti ≤ 50 2)
(i = 1,2)
Compression brace mem-
λov ≥ 0,8, brace member failure ber:
N and K joints 10 ≤ di / ti ≤ 50 2)
(
N1.Rd = fy1 ⋅ t1 2h1 − 4t1 + b1 + b e(ov ) )γ 11
,
Mj γ M0
⋅
di
≤ 1, 5
E
3)
ti fyi
KT joints
( )γ 11
, Chords:
Ni.Rd = fyi ⋅ ti 2hi − 4ti + bi + b e(ov ) 0,5 ≤ h0 / b0 ≤ 2
Mj ⋅ γ M0
b0 / t0, h0 / t0 ≤ 35
(i = 1,2) b 0 + h0
≥ 25 )
1
In a KT joint, also check the following conditions: t0
N1.Rd · sinθ1 ≥ N1.Sd · sinθ1 + N3.Sd · sinθ3
Overlap:
N1.Rd · sinθ1 ≥ N2.Sd · sinθ2
0,25 ≤ λov ≤ 1,0
Overlap:
With circular brace members, the resistance values are multiplied by π/ 4, and bi and hi are replaced with the
diameter di. 0,25 ≤ λov ≤ 1,0
fy ≤ 355 N/ mm2 , 30° ≤ θi ≤ 90°, t0 ≥ 2,5 mm, ti ≥ 2,5 mm
1)
These limit values are defined in reference [2].
2)
Eurocode 3 does not define a lower limit for this value.
3)
These limit values are defined in reference [3].
297
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.4 Resistance of T, Y, and X joints. Chords and brace members are circular
hollow sections [1].
;; ; N1
;;
;
d1 θ1 t1
;;;
;
t0
Np Np
M0 M0
;;
;;
;
d0
;
298
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
0,2 ≤ di / d0 ≤ 1,0
β = di / d0
Ni.Rd =
fy0 ⋅ t 0 2
sin θi
(2, 8 + 14, 2β )γ
2 0,2
kp
11
,
γ Mj ⋅ γ M0
γ = d0 / (2 t0)
10 ≤ di / ti ≤ 50
Tension chord:
kp = 1
Compression chord:
kp = 1,0- 0,3(np + np ) ≤ 1
2
γ M0 ⋅ γ Mj Np.Sd M
np = + 0.Sd T and Y joints:
11
, A 0 ⋅ fy0 W0 ⋅ fy0
10 ≤ d0 / t0 ≤ 50
fy0 ⋅ t 0 2 5, 2 11
, β = di / d0 10 ≤ d0 / t0 ≤ 40
Ni.Rd = kp γ = d0 / (2 t0)
sin θi 1 − 0, 81β γ Mj ⋅ γ M0
Tension chorde
kp = 1
Compression chord:
( )
k p = 1, 0 − 0, 3 np + np2 ≤ 1
γ M0 ⋅ γ Mj Np.Sd M
np = + 0.Sd
11
, A 0 ⋅ fy W0 ⋅ fy0
299
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.5 Resistance of gap N, K and KT joints. Chords and brace members are
circular hollow sections [1].
N1 N2
d1, 2
;
;;
; ;;;
;; g
d2
; t1, 2
;;;
d1
θ1 θ2
Det 1 t0
Np
M0 M0
;;
;
e
;
d0
N3
N1 N2
g1 g2
;
;
;
d3
d
;
;
θ3 2
d1
θ1 θ2
M0 Np M0
;;;
;
e
Det 1
;
;;
Det 1
θ ≤ 60° θ > 60°
ga ga
t0
g g
300
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
γ = d0 / (2 t0) 10 ≤ di / ti ≤ 50
fy0 ⋅ t 0 2 11
,
Ni.Rd = (1, 8 + 10, 2β)k g ⋅ k p Tension chord:
sin θ1 γ Mj ⋅ γ M0 10 ≤ d0 / t0 ≤ 50
kp = 1
Compression chord: Gap:
( )≤1
Tension member:
N2.Rd = N1.Rd [sin(θ1)/ sin(θ2)] k p = 1, 0 − 0, 3 np + np2
g ≥ t1+ t2
γ M0 ⋅ γ Mj Np.Sd M0.Sd
np = A ⋅f + W ⋅f
0 y 0 ga / t0 ≥ 1,5
1)
11
, 0 y0
0, 024 ⋅ γ 12
,
k g = γ 0,2 1 +
g
,
−133
1+ e 2t 0
m
∑ di
β= i =1
m ⋅ d0
m is the number of brace mem-
bers
301
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.6 Resistance of overlap N, K and KT joints. Chords and brace members
are circular hollow sections [1].
d1, 2
N1 N2
;;
;
;;
;;;;
; θ1
1
d
2
θ2
t1, 2
d
t0
Np M0
;;; ;;;
M0
;;;
q
-e
;
;
; N1
N3
N2
d0
;
;; ;
; ;
;
d3
d2
θ3
d1
θ1 θ2
-e
M0 Np M0
;
;
;
q1 q2
302
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
Compression member: m
10 ≤ d0 / t0 ≤ 50
N1.Rd =
fy0 ⋅ t 0 2
(1, 8 + 10, 2β)k g ⋅ k p
11
, ∑ di 10 ≤ d1 / t1 ≤ 50
β= i =1
sin θ1 γ Mj ⋅ γ M0
m ⋅ d0
m is the number of brace members Overlap:
Tension member: γ = d0 / (2 t0) λov ≥ 0,25
sin(θ1) Tension chord:
N2.Rd = N1.Rd
sin(θ 2 ) kp = 1
Compression chord:
( )
k p = 1, 0 − 0, 3 np + np2 ≤ 1
γ M0 ⋅ γ Mj Np.Sd M
np = + 0.Sd
11
, A 0 ⋅ fy0 W0 ⋅ fy0
0, 024 ⋅ γ 12 ,
k g = γ 0,2 1 +
−q
−
133
,
2t 0
1 + e
q ⋅ sin(θi )
λ ov =
di
303
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.7 Resistance of T, Y and X joints and gap N and K joints. Chords are I
profiles. Brace members are square, rectangular or circular hollow sections
[1].
N1 N2 b1, 2
h
g 2
t1, 2
1
h
θ1 θ2
;; ;;;
;;;;;
Det 1 r tw
dw
e
tf
; ; h
1
N1
θ1
t1
r
b0
b1, 2
tw
dw
tf
b0
Det 1
θ ≤ 60° θ > 60°
ga ga
tf
g g
304
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
305
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.8 Resistance of overlap N, K and KT joints. Chords are I profiles. Brace
members are square, rectangular or circular hollow sections [1]. The
resistance needs to be checked for the overlapping brace member only.
N1 N2 b1, 2
h
2 t1, 2
θ1 θ2
1
h
;;
;; ; q
r tw
dw
-e
; tf
b0
306
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
[
N1.Rd = fy1 ⋅ t1 2h1 − 4t1 + b eff + b e(ov ) ]γ 11
,
Mj ⋅ γ M0
λ ov =
q ⋅ sin θ1
h1 10 ≤
di
ti
≤ 1, 5
E
fyi
fy0
b eff = t w + 2r + 7t f ≤ b1 Tension brace member:
fyi
hi / ti ≤ 35
10b1 ⋅ t 22 ⋅ fy 2 bi / ti ≤ 35
b e(ov ) = ≤ b1
b 2 ⋅ t1 ⋅ fy1 10 ≤ di / ti ≤ 50 2)
Chords:
λov ≥ 0,8, brace member failure dw E
≤ 1, 2
[
N1.Rd = fy1 ⋅ t1 2h1 − 4t1 + b1 + b e(ov ) ]γ 11
,
Mj ⋅ γ M0
λ ov =
q ⋅ sin θ1
h1
tw fy0
d w ≤ 400 mm
10b1 ⋅ t 22 ⋅ fy 2
b e(ov ) = ≤ b1 b0
≤ 0, 75
E
b 2 ⋅ t1 ⋅ fy1 tf fy0
Overlap:
With circular brace members, the resistance values are multiplied by π/ 4, and b1 and h1 are replaced with the
section diameter d1.
fy ≤ 355 N/ mm2 , 30° ≤ θi ≤ 90°, ti ≥ 2,5 mm
Member 1 = overlapping member
Member 2 = overlapped member
1)
This limit value is defined in reference [2].
2)
Eurocode 3 does not define a lower limit for this value.
307
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.9 Bending resistance of T and X joints. Chords and brace members are
square or rectangular hollow sections [1], [3].
Mip.1 Mop.1
h1 b1
M0 N0
;;;
; θ1
N0 M0
t1
t0
h0
b0
308
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
0, 4 t1
k n = 1, 3 − n ≤ 1
β Tension brace
γ M0 ⋅ γ Mj N0.Sd M member:
n= + 0.Sd b1 / t1, h1 / t1 ≤ 35
11
, A 0 ⋅ fy0 W0 ⋅ fy0
In-plane bending moment, 0,85 < β ≤ 1,0, brace member failure Compression brace
member:
b 11
, 10bi ⋅ t 02 ⋅ fy0
Mip.1.Rd = fy1Wpl.1 − 1 − eff b1 ⋅ h1 ⋅ t1 b eff = ≤ bi b1 / t1, h1 / t1 ≤ 35
b1 Mj γ M0
γ ⋅ b 0 ⋅ ti ⋅ fyi 2)
b1 h1 E
, ≤ 1, 25
t1 t1 fyi
In-plane bending moment, 0,85 < β ≤ 1,0, chord web yield
11
, T joints:
Mip.1.Rd = 0, 5fyk ⋅ t 0 (h1 + 5t 0 )
2 Chords:
γ ⋅γ fyk = fy0
b 0 + h0
≥ 25 )
Mj M0 1
X joints: t0
fyk = 0,8fy0 h
0, 5 ≤ 0 ≤ 2
b0
Out-of-plane bending moment,
β ≤ 0,85, chord face yield [3] b 0 h0
, ≤ 35
t0 t0
h1(1 + β) 2b 0 ⋅ b1(1 + β) ,
11
Mop.1.Rd = fy0 ⋅ t 02 + kn
(
2 1 − β ) 1 − β γ Mj γ M0
⋅
b
2
11
, 10bi ⋅ t 02 ⋅ fy0
Mop.1.Rd = fy1Wpl.1 − 0, 5t1 ⋅ b12 1 − eff b eff = ≤ bi
b1 Mj γ M0
γ ⋅ b 0 ⋅ ti ⋅ fyi
11
, T joints:
Mop.1.Rd = 0, 5fyk ⋅ t 0 (h1 + 5t 0 )(b 0 − t 0 ) fyk = fy0
γ Mj ⋅ γ M0
X joints:
fyk = 0,8fy0
Out-of-plane bending moment,
T joints, distortion of the chord section
[
Mop.1.Rd = 2fy0 ⋅ t 0 h1 ⋅ t 0 + b 0 ⋅ h0 ⋅ t 0 (b 0 + h0 ) ]γ 11
,
Mj γ M0
⋅
309
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.10 Bending resistance of T, Y and X joints. Chords and brace members are
circular hollow sections [1].
Mip.1 Mop.1
;; ;
;;
;
d1 d1
θ1
;;;
;
t1
M0 M0 t0
Np Np
;;
; ;
;
d0
;
310
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
γ M0 ⋅ γ Mj Np.Sd M
np = + 0.Sd
11
, A 0 ⋅ fy0 W0 ⋅ fy0
Out-of-plane bending moment, T and Y joints:
chord face yield
10 ≤ d0 / t0 ≤ 50
kp 2, 7 11
,
Mop.1.Rd = fy0 ⋅ t 02 ⋅ di ⋅
sin(θi ) 1 − 0, 81β γ Mj ⋅ γ M0
311
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.11 Joints between plates and square or rectangular hollow sections [1].
Mip.1
N1
;; ; ; ;
h1
t1
M0 N0
; N0 M0 t0
h0
b0
N1
b1
t1
;
t0
h0
b0
312
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
γ M0 ⋅ γ Mj N0.Sd M
n= + 0.Sd
11
, A 0 ⋅ fy0 W0 ⋅ fy0
11
,
N1.Rd = fy0 ⋅ t 0 (2t1 + 10t 0 )
b1
β=
γ Mj ⋅ γ M0 b0
2
fy ≤ 355 N/ mm , t0 ≥ 2,5 mm
1)
This limit value is defined in reference [2].
313
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.12 Joints between plates and circular hollow sections [1].
Mip.1
N1
h1
;;; ;;;
t1
t0
;;; M0 Np Np M0
;;;
;
;
;
d0
Mop.1
N1
t1 b1
t0
M0 Np Np M0
;; ;
;; ;
;
;
d0
314
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
Mop.1.Rd = 0
Transverse plate on one side of the hollow section,
chord face yield
(
N1.Rd = k p ⋅ fy0 ⋅ t 02 4 + 20β 2 )γ 11
,
Mj ⋅ γ M0
β = b1/ d0
Mop.1.Rd = 0, 5N1.Rd ⋅ b1
Mip.1.Rd = 0
5k p ⋅ fy0 ⋅ t 02 ,
11
N1.Rd =
1 − 0, 81β γ Mj ⋅ γ M0
Mop.1.Rd = 0, 5N1.Rd ⋅ b1
Mip.1.Rd = 0
315
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.13 Resistance of T, Y and X joints with chord flange plate reinforcement.
Chords are square or rectangular hollow sections. Brace members are
square, rectangular or circular hollow sections [1], [3].
N1 b1
h1
t1
θ1
M0
N0
;;; Lp
N0
M0
tp
bp
h0
t0
;
b0
316
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
Plate:
X-joints when θ < 90°, tie beam shear yield 4)
Lp ≥ 1,5 hi / sinθi
fy0 ⋅ A v 11
, Av = 2h0 · t0
Ni.Rd =
3 sin θi Mj γ M0
γ ⋅ bp ≥ b0 - 2t0
Lp ≥
hi
sinθi
(
+ b p b p − bi )
With circular brace members, resistance values are multiplied by π/ 4, and bi and hi are replaced with the
diameter di.
fy ≤ 355 N/ mm2 , 30° ≤ θi ≤ 90°, t0 ≥ 2,5 mm, ti ≥ 2,5 mm
1)
These limit values are defined in reference [2].
2)
Eurocode 3 does not define a lower limit for this value.
3)
These limit values are defined in reference [3].
4) The values in the table are valid, when β ≤ 0,85. The smallest value calculated from the different failure
p
modes is selected to be the joints strength.
317
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.14 Resistance of T, Y and X joints with chord side plate reinforcement. Chords
are square or rectangular hollow sections. Brace members are square,
rectangular or circular hollow sections [1], [3].
N1 b1
h1
t1
θ1
M0
N0
;; ;;; N0
M0 t0
h0
hp
;
;
Lp tp b0
318
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
With circular brace members, resistance values are multiplied by π/ 4, and bi and hi are replaced with the
diameter di.
fy ≤ 355 N/ mm2 , 30° ≤ θi ≤ 90°, t0 ≥ 2,5 mm, ti ≥ 2,5 mm
1)
These limit values are defined in reference [2].
2)
Eurocode 3 does not define a lower limit for this value.
3)
These limit values are defined in reference [3].
319
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.15 Resistance of gap K, N and KT joints with chord flange plate reinforcement.
Chords are square or rectangular hollow sections. Brace members are
square, rectangular or circular hollow sections [1].
b1, 2
N1 N2
;;;
Det 1
g h
2
t1, 2
1
h
θ1 θ2
; M0 bp
tp
M0
N0
h0
t0
e
Lp b0
N3
N1 N2
g1 g2
h3 h2
θ3
1
h
θ1 θ2
M0
tp
M0 N0
Det 1
e
Lp
ga ga
tp
t0
g g
320
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
With circular brace members, resistance values are multiplied by π/ 4, and bi and hi are replaced with the
diameter di . If g/ b0 > 1,5(1-β), the joint is treated as two separate T or Y joints in the calculation.
fy ≤ 355 N/ mm2 , 30° ≤ θi ≤ 90°, t0 ≥ 2,5 mm, ti ≥ 2,5 mm
1)
These limit values are defined in reference [2].
2)
Eurocode 3 does not define a lower limit for this value.
3)
These limit values are defined in reference [3].
321
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.16 Resistance of gap K, N and KT joints with chord side plate reinforcement.
Chords are square or rectangular hollow sections. Brace members are
square, rectangular or circular hollow sections [1], [3].
N1 N2 b1, 2
;;;
Det 1
h
g 2
t1, 2
1
θ1 θ2
h
;;
M0 M0
; N0 t0
hp
h0
;
e
Lp tp b0
N3
N1 N2
g1 g2
h3 h2
θ3 θ2
1
θ1
h
M0 N0 M0
Det 1
e
Lp
ga ga
t0
g g
322
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
With circular brace members, the resistance values are multiplied by π / 4, and bi and hi are replaced with the
diameter di. If g/ b0 > 1,5(1-β), the joint is treated as two separate T or Y joints in the calculation.
fy ≤ 355 N/ mm2 , 30° ≤ θi ≤ 90°, t0 ≥ 2,5 mm, ti ≥ 2,5 mm
1)
These limit values are defined in referencereference [2].
2)
Eurocode 3 does not define a lower limit for this value.
3)
These limit values are defined in referencereference [3].
323
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.3.17 Resistance of reinforced overlap N and K joints. Chords are square or
rectangular hollow sections. Brace members are square, rectangular or
circular hollow sections [1]. In the validity area presented in this table, only
the brace member failure is a governing failure mode.
b1, 2
N1 h1 N2
h2
M0
θ1
tp
;;;
;
q
θ2
N0 M0
t1, 2
bp
h0
t0
-e
b0
324
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.3
[ ]γ q ⋅ sin θi
11
, Tension brace member:
Ni.Rd = fyi ⋅ ti 2hi − 4ti + b eff + b e(ov ) λ ov = bi / ti, hi / ti ≤ 35
Mj ⋅ γ M0 hi
Compression brace
10bi ⋅ t 02 ⋅ fy0
b eff = ≤ bi member:
b 0 ⋅ ti ⋅ fyi bi / ti, hi / ti ≤ 35
3)
10bi ⋅ t p2 ⋅ fyp bi hi E
b e(ov ) = ≤ bi , ≥ 11
,
bp ⋅ ti ⋅ fyi ti ti fyi
325
Appendix 9.3 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
References
[1] ENV 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Teräsrakenteiden suunnittelu: Liite K: Putkipalkeista
valmistettujen tasoristikoiden liitokset, 1994
(ENV 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures: Annex K: Hollow section lattice
girder connections, 1994)
[2] CIDECT: Project 5AQ/2: Cold formed RHS in arctic steel structures, Final report 5AQ-5-96,
1996
[3] CIDECT: CIDECT: Design guide for rectangular hollow section joints under predominantly
static loading, Verlag TÜV Rheinland GmbH, Köln 1992
326
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.4
where
Sj ⋅ L
c=
E ⋅I
Sj Sj
q
M1 M1
M0
The rotational stiffness of a welded T joint in square and rectangular hollow sections can be
determined according to the guidance in reference [2]:
1000 ⋅ C* ⋅ t 03
Sj = (9.4.3)
52
where
327
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.4
With square hollow sections, the constant C* is taken from figure 9.4.3 when b1/ b0 is less than
or equal to 0.7. In other cases, it is taken from figures 9.4.4- 9.4.7.
With rectangular hollow sections, the constant C* is calculated as for square hollow sections.
This result is multiplied by the correction factor shown in figure 9.4.7.
Formula (9.4.3) yields for rotational stiffness an approximation which best corresponds with the
bending moment values of the joint, up to the yield moment (Mel.c) of the joint.
Mc
Mel.c
Sj
Ø
328
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.4
1000/ C*
b1
25
h1
t1
20
t0
h0
t0
/t
15 1=
2, b0
1,7 0
5
1,5
1,2
5
10 1,0
0,7
5
0,5
Figure 9.4.3 Values of constant 1000/ C* for T joints in square hollow sections,
when b1/ b0 ≤ 0,7 and b0/ t0 ≥ 10 [2].
329
Appendix 9.4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 b1/b0 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 b1/b0
1000· C* 1000· C*
b0/t0 = 25 b0/t0 = 30
b1/b0 ≥ 0,7 b1/b0 ≥ 0,7 0,5
2,5 2,5
0,5
0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 b1/b0 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 b1/b0
330
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.4
0,5
0,75
3,0 3,0
t0 / t 1
1,0
t0 / t 1 0,75
2,0 1,0 2,0 1,5
2,0
1,5
3,0
1,0 2,0 1,0
3,0
0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 b1/b0 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 b1/b0
C* / C*
5 h1
4
b1 b1 h1
b1/h1
Figure 9.4.7 Values of constant C* for rectangular hollow sections to those for square,
hollow sections [2].
331
Appendix 9.4 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
References
[1] ECCS: Technical Committee 8- Structural stability- Technical working group 8.1/ 8.2 Skele-
tal structures: Analysis and design of steel frames with semi-rigid joints, First edition 1992
[2] Mang, F et al: The development of recommendations for the design of welded joints bet-
ween steel structural hollow sections (T- and X- type joints). Final Report No. 5 AD. CI-
DECT Düsseldorf, 1983
332
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.5
Table 9.5.1 Fatigue categories for hollow sections and splice joints [3].
Fatigue category Structure Description
140 Cold-formed machine-welded hollow
sections.
;; ;;;;
Weld must be free from defects [1] with no
stop/start positions.
71
; ;; ;
;
End-to-end joint with circular hollow
sections.
333
Appendix 9.5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
;; ; ;; ;
45 End-to-end joint with intermediate plate with
;
;; ;; ;;
square and rectangular hollow sections.
Weld must be free from defects [1] with no
discontinuities.
A fatigue category of 50 can be selected if
the wall thickness is greater than 8 mm.
40
36
;
;; ; ; End-to-end joint with intermediate plate
(fillet weld) with circular hollow sections.
Wall thickness is less than 8 mm.
Weld is non-load-carrying.
334
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.5
80
71
;;;;
;
t ≤ 12 mm
t > 12 mm
; L
> 10 mm
t
> 10 mm
Transverse non-load-carrying plates welded
to hollow section.
335
Appendix 9.5 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.5.3 Fatigue categories for joints of hollow section lattice structures [3].
Fatigue category Structure Description
90 t0 / ti ≥ 2,0 N1 N2 Gap K or N joints. Members are
;;;;
circular hollow sections.
45 t0 / ti = 1 d1,2
ga 1)
d1 d2 ga ≥ 1,5t0
;
;; ;
Intermediate
θ1
t1,2
;
;;
71
36
values
determined by
linear
;
interpolation
t0 / ti ≥ 2,0
t0 / ti = 1
Intermediate
values
determined by
linear
interpolation
h0
d0
N1
;; ;
θ1
; e
e
h1
ga
N0
h2
N0
g
g
θ2
t0
N2
θ2
t1,2
b1,2
t0
b0
Gap K or N joints. Members are
square and rectangular hollow
sections.
The gap must meet the following
conditions:
0,5(b0- b1) ≤ g ≤ 1,1(b0- b1)
g ≥ 2 t0
ga ≥ 1,5t0
1)
interpolation
-e
N0
Circular hollow sections:
;
b0 q · sin(θ1)
λov =
d1
N1 N2 d1,2
;
; ; ;;
; ;;
d1 d2 t1,2
;;
θ1 θ2
t0
N0
d0
-e
336
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.5
;;
h2
Intermediate t1,2
θ1 θ2
values
determined by q N0 t0
linear h0
-e
interpolation
;;;;
;;; ;
;;
d0
;
N1
d1
θ1
q
N0
d2
N2
-e
θ2
t1,2
t0
d1,2
b0
337
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.5
[2] CIDECT: Project 5AQ/2: Cold formed RHS in arctic steel structures,
Final report 5AQ-5-96, 1996
338
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.6
;
;;;; Fire protection follows
the surface Am / V
t
h
Fire protection does not follow
the surface Am / V
h
ri ri
;
r0 r0
b
b
;
t
d
Hollow section Am / V Ap / V
Square or 2(b + h − 4r0 + πr0 ) 2(b + h)
339
Appendix 9.6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
t
Fire protection does not follow
the surface Am / V
;; r0
ri
b
h
r0
ri
h
;
t t
b
b
ri ri
r0 r0
h h
Hollow section Am / V Ap / V
Square (b + 2h − 6r0 + 2πr0 ) b + 2h
2t(b + h − 2t) − (4 − π) (
r02 − ri2 ) (
2t(b + h − 2t) − (4 − π) r02 − ri2 )
Rectangular with (b + 2h − 6r0 + 2πr0 ) b + 2h
340
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS Appendix 9.6
t
Fire protection does not follow
the surface Am / V
;; r0
ri
b
h
r0
ri
h
;
t t
b
b
ri ri
r0 r0
h h
Hollow section Am / V Ap / V
Square (2h − 4r0 + 2π ⋅ r0 ) 2h
2t(b + h − 2t) − (4 − π)(r02 − ri2 ) (
2t(b + h − 2t) − (4 − π) r02 − ri2 )
Rectangular with (2h − 4r0 + 2π ⋅ r0 ) 2h
341
Appendix 9.6 DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
t
Fire protection does not follow
the surface Am / V
;
Hollow section
Square or
rectangular
r0
Am / V
ri
b
h
(b + h − 4r0 + 1, 5π ⋅ r0 )
2t(b + h − 2t) − (4 − π)(r02 − ri2 )
r0
ri
Ap / V
b
b+h
h
(
2t(b + h − 2t) − (4 − π) r02 − ri2 )
342
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.7
Table 9.7.1 Guideline values for minimum bending radii of square hollow sections
in three-roller cold bending [1]
b b1 Pb is the flow of cross-section [%]
b1 − b
t Pb = 100
b Pe is the inverted deflection of the compression flange [%]
h2
h1
;h
mm
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
80
80
80
90
b
mm
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
80
80
80
90
t
mm
4,0
4,0
5,0
4,0
5,0
4,0
5,0
4,0
5,0
6,3
4,0
Pb = 1 %
Rt
m
1,44
2,88
2,72
5,07
4,79
8,17
7,72
12,36
11,68
11,02
17,80
%
e
Ired Rt
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
Pb = 2,5 %
m
0,31
0,61
0,58
1,08
1,02
1,74
1,65
2,64
2,49
2,35
3,80
Ired Rt
%
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
Pe = 100
m
h
Pb = 5 %
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,34
0,32
0,54
0,51
0,82
0,77
0,73
1,18
%
1
3
2
3
3
5
3
6
5
3
7
Ired is the reduction of the second moment of inertia
Iy due to cross-sectional distortion [%]
Ired Rt
Pb = 7,5 %
m
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,27
0,26
0,41
0,39
0,73
0,60
%
1
3
2
5
3
7
6
8
7
5
10
Pe = 0,5 %
Ired Rt
m
0,22
0,79
0,43
2,55
1,37
6,85
3,68
16,12
8,66
4,55
34,29
Ired Rt
%
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Pe = 1 %
m
0,22
0,29
0,22
0,95
0,51
2,55
1,37
5,99
3,22
1,69
12,75
%
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Pe = 2,5 %
Ired Rt
m
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,26
0,22
0,69
0,37
1,62
0,87
0,46
3,45
Ired Rt
%
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
Pe = 5 %
m
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,26
0,22
0,60
0,32
0,22
1,28
Ired
%
8
7
8
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
6
90 90 5,0 16,83 2 3,59 3 1,11 6 0,56 8 18,42 1 6,85 2 1,85 4 0,69 7
90 90 6,3 15,87 1 3,38 3 1,05 4 0,53 6 9,68 1 3,60 2 0,97 4 0,36 7
100 100 4,0 24,67 2 5,26 4 1,63 8 0,82 12 67,38 1 25,05 2 6,77 3 2,52 6
100 100 5,0 23,32 2 4,97 4 1,54 6 0,78 9 36,20 1 13,46 2 3,64 4 1,35 6
100 100 6,3 22,00 1 4,69 3 1,46 6 0,74 7 19,03 1 7,07 2 1,91 4 0,71 7
100 100 8,0 20,71 1 4,42 2 1,37 3 0,69 6 9,78 1 3,64 2 0,98 4 0,37 7
120 120 4,0 43,41 3 9,26 6 2,88 12 1,45 18 216,84 1 80,60 2 21,79 3 8,10 6
120 120 5,0 41,03 3 8,75 5 2,72 8 1,37 13 116,51 1 43,31 2 11,71 3 4,35 6
120 120 6,3 38,70 2 8,25 4 2,56 7 1,29 11 61,23 1 22,76 2 6,15 4 2,29 7
120 120 8,0 36,44 1 7,77 3 2,41 6 1,22 7 31,49 1 11,70 2 3,16 4 1,18 7
150 150 5,0 81,91 3 17,47 7 5,43 13 2,74 20 487,11 1 181,06 2 48,94 3 18,19 6
150 150 6,3 77,27 3 16,48 5 5,12 9 2,58 14 255,98 1 95,15 2 25,72 3 9,56 6
150 150 8,0 72,75 2 15,51 4 4,82 7 2,43 11 131,64 1 48,93 2 13,23 4 4,92 7
150 150 10,0 68,76 2 14,66 3 4,55 6 2,30 8 70,73 1 26,29 2 7,11 4 2,64 7
180 180 6,3 123,65 3 20,04 6 5,06 11 2,26 17 831,60 1 251,71 2 51,86 3 15,70 6
180 180 8,0 81,47 3 13,21 6 3,33 10 1,49 15 416,40 1 126,03 2 25,96 4 7,86 6
180 180 10,0 55,18 3 8,94 6 2,26 10 1,01 14 218,22 1 66,05 2 13,61 4 4,12 7
200 200 6,3 176,76 3 28,66 6 7,24 10 3,23 16 1046,76 1 316,83 2 65,27 3 19,76 6
200 200 8,0 116,47 3 18,88 5 4,77 9 2,13 14 524,13 1 158,64 2 32,68 3 9,89 6
200 200 10,0 78,88 3 12,79 5 3,23 9 1,44 13 274,69 1 83,14 2 17,13 4 5,18 7
250 250 6,3 376,81 3 61,08 5 15,42 9 6,89 14 1704,11 1 515,80 2 106,26 3 32,16 6
250 250 8,0 248,27 3 40,25 4 10,16 8 4,54 12 853,27 1 258,27 2 53,21 3 16,10 6
250 250 10,0 168,15 2 27,26 4 6,88 7 3,08 10 447,18 1 135,35 2 27,88 3 8,44 6
300 300 8,0 460,71 2 74,69 4 18,86 7 8,43 11 1270,17 1 384,45 2 79,20 3 23,97 6
300 300 10,0 312,03 2 50,58 3 12,77 6 5,71 9 665,71 1 201,50 2 41,51 3 12,56 6
343
;;
Appendix 9.7
t
b
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Table 9.7.2 Guideline values for minimum bending radii of rectangular hollow sections
in three-roller cold bending [1]
b1
h2
b1 − b
b
Pb =100
Pb is the flow of cross-section [%]
Pe is the inverted deflection of the compression flange [%]
Rt is internal bending radius [m]
h1
e
;H
y
mm
50
60
80
80
90
90
100
100
100
100
100
120
120
120
120
120
120
150
150
150
B
mm
30
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
60
60
60
60
60
60
80
80
80
100
100
100
y
T
h
mm m
4,0
4,0
4,0
5,0
4,0
5,0
4,0
5,0
4,0
5,0
6,3
4,0
5,0
6,3
4,0
5,0
6,3
4,0
5,0
6,3
y
Pb = 1 %
Rt
2,18
4,07
8,48
8,01
12,93
12,22
16,92
15,99
18,69
17,66
16,66
29,77
28,14
26,54
34,81
32,90
31,04
69,50
65,69
61,97
e
% m
y
Ired Rt
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
Pe = 100
0,47
0,87
1,81
1,71
2,76
2,61
3,61
3,41
3,98
3,77
3,55
6,35
6,00
5,66
7,42
7,02
6,62
3 14,82
3 14,01
2 13,21
h
% m
1
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
4
3
3
5
5
3
0,22
0,27
0,56
0,53
0,86
0,81
1,12
1,06
1,24
1,17
1,10
1,97
1,86
1,76
2,31
2,18
2,06
Ired is the reduction of the second moment of inertia
Iy due to cross-sectional distortion [%]
Pb = 2,5 % Pb = 5 %
Ired Rt
% m
4,60 11
4,35
4,10
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
5
4
3
5
5
3
7
6
4
8
6
Pb = 7,5 %
Ired Rt
0,22
0,22
0,28
0,27
0,43
0,41
0,57
0,53
0,62
0,59
0,56
1,00
0,94
0,89
% m
2
3
4
3
5
4
5
Pe = 0,5 %
Ired Rt
0,26
1,06
3,59
1,93
9,61
5,16
5 15,02
8,07
7 22,30
6 11,98
4
1,16 11 90,14
1,10
1,04
6,30
8 48,35
6 25,98
6 13,65
9 48,43
6 25,45
2,32 18 376,84
2,20 12 202,48
2,07 9 106,41
% m
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Pe = 1 %
Ired Rt
0,22
0,39
1,34
0,72
3,57
1,92
5,58
3,00
8,29
4,45
2,34
1 17,97
1 9,66
5,07
1 33,50
1 18,00
9,46
1 140,08
1 75,26
1 39,55
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
Pe = 2,5 %
Ired Rt
% m
0,22
0,22
0,36
0,22
0,97
0,52
1,51
0,81
2,24
1,20
0,63
4,86
2,61
1,37
9,06
4,87
2,56
2 37,86
2 20,34
2 10,69
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Pe = 5 %
Ired Rt
% m
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,36
0,22
0,56
0,30
0,83
0,45
0,24
1,81
0,97
0,51
3,37
1,81
0,95
3 14,07
7,56
3,97
Ired
%
7
6
5
6
5
6
5
5
5
6
6
5
5
6
5
6
6
5
5
6
150 100 8,0 58,34 1 12,44 3 3,86 6 1,95 7 54,72 1 20,34 2 5,50 3 2,04 6
160 80 4,0 176,59 1 28,63 2 7,23 5 3,23 7 244,29 1 73,94 1 15,23 3 4,61 5
160 80 5,0 119,60 1 19,39 2 4,90 5 2,19 6 128,03 1 38,75 1 7,98 3 2,42 5
160 80 6,3 79,88 1 12,95 2 3,27 4 1,46 5 65,56 1 19,85 1 4,09 3 1,24 5
160 80 8,0 52,63 1 8,53 3 2,15 3 0,96 5 32,83 1 9,94 2 2,05 3 0,62 5
200 100 5,0 254,95 1 41,33 3 10,44 4 4,66 5 208,42 1 63,09 1 13,00 3 3,93 5
200 100 6,3 170,28 1 27,60 3 6,97 3 3,12 5 106,74 1 32,31 1 6,66 3 2,01 5
200 100 8,0 112,19 1 18,19 2 4,59 3 2,05 5 53,45 1 16,18 2 3,33 3 1,01 5
200 100 10,0 75,98 1 12,32 2 3,11 3 1,39 4 28,01 1 8,48 2 1,75 3 0,53 6
250 150 6,3 366,57 1 59,42 3 15,00 4 6,71 5 316,79 1 95,89 1 19,75 3 5,98 5
250 150 8,0 241,53 1 39,15 3 9,89 3 4,42 5 158,62 1 48,01 2 9,89 3 2,99 5
250 150 10,0 163,58 1 26,52 2 6,70 3 2,99 5 83,13 1 25,16 2 5,18 3 1,57 6
300 200 6,3 684,25 1 110,92 3 28,01 5 12,52 6 667,45 1 202,02 1 41,62 3 12,60 5
300 200 8,0 450,84 1 73,09 3 18,45 4 8,25 5 334,20 1 101,16 2 20,84 3 6,31 5
300 200 10,0 305,34 1 49,50 3 12,50 3 5,59 5 175,15 1 53,01 2 10,92 3 3,31 6
400 200 8,0 1177,85 1 190,94 1 48,21 2 21,55 3 242,86 1 73,51 1 15,14 3 4,58 5
400 200 10,0 797,71 1 129,32 1 32,65 3 14,60 3 127,28 1 38,52 1 7,94 3 2,40 5
References
[1] Kennedy John B: Minimum bending radii for square & rectangular hollow sections (3-roller
cold bending). CIDECT report 11C-88/14-E.
344
DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR RAUTARUUKKI STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
Appendix 9.8
Hardware requirements
The program functions well with Pentium 100Mhz processor and 16MB RAM. Operating
system can be either Windows 3.xx, 95 or NT.
Static processor: Structural element modules:
WinRAMI
Structural model, loads, actions
Hollow section
and displacements
Hollow section cross-sectional
properties and resistance
values
ink
2l
E
OL
Joint modules:
Moncont
Liicont
moment-rigid joints
lattice chord and brace
member joints
For additional information on WinRAMI, please contact Rautaruukki technical customer service
(see page 351).
345