4.24.

Design Problem: Adjusted Design Values

Several examples are given to illustrate the use of the NDS tables and the required adjustment factors. ASD and LRFD are
presented together for side-by-side comparison. Complete design problems are given later in this book, and the current
examples simply emphasize obtaining the correct adjusted design value or member resistance. The first requirement is to
obtain the correct reference value from the NDS Supplement for the given size, grade, and species group. The second step is
to apply the appropriate adjustment factors.

Example 4.15 deals with four different sizes of the same grade (No. 1) in a single species group (Douglas Fir-Larch).
Dimensions are obtained from NDS Supplement Tables lA and lB. The example clearly shows the effect of a number of
variables. Several different loading conditions and adjustment factors are illustrated. The reader is encouraged to verify the
reference design values and the adjustment factors from the NDS.

Some adjustment factors in NDS Table 4.3.1 for sawn lumber are not shown in this example. These factors do not apply to
the given problem. Other factors may have a default value of unity and are shown for information purposes.

Example

EXAMPLE 4.15 Determination of Adjusted Design Values

Determine the adjusted design values in both ASD and LRFD for the four members given below. All members are No. 1 DF-
L. Bending loads will be about the strong axis of the cross section (load applied to narrow face). Bracing conditions are
such that buckling is prevented (CL = 1.0 and CP = 1.0). Consider dry-service conditions (EMC ≤ 19 percent) unless
otherwise indicated. Normal temperature conditions apply.

For each member, a single load duration factor CD or time effect factor λ will be used to adjust the design values for the
given load combination. In practice, a number of loading conditions must be checked, and each load case will have an
appropriate CD or λ. Limiting each member to a single-load case is done for simplicity in this example.

Part a

Roof rafters are 2 × 8 at 24 in. o.c., and they directly support the roof sheathing. Loads are (D + L)
r for ASD and (1.2D +
1.6Lr ) for LRFD. See Figure 4.14A.

Figure 4.14A A 2 × 8 is a Dimension lumber size.

Reference design values of visually graded DF-L Dimension lumber are obtained from NDS Supplement Table 4A. The
framing arrangement qualifies for the 15 percent increase in bending stress for repetitive members. Dimension lumber
requires a size factor for Fb, Ft, and Fc.

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 ASD. The load duration factor is 1.25 for the combination of (D + Lr ).

Fb′ = Fb (CD × CM × Ct × CF × Cr × Ci)

= 1000 (1.25 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.2 × 1.15 × 1.0)
= 1725 psi
Ft =
′ Ft (CD × CM × Ct × CF × Ci)
= 675 (1.25 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.2 × 1.0) = 1012 psi
Fv =
′ Fv (CD × CM × Ct × Ci)
= 180 (1.25 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 225 psi
Fc =
′ Fc (CD × CM × Ct × CF × Ci)
= 1500 (1.25 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.05 × 1.0) = 1968 psi
E =′ E (CM × Ct × Ci)
= 1, 700, 000 (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0)
= 1, 700, 000 psi
′
Emin = Emin (CM × Ct × Ci)
= 620, 000 (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 620, 000 psi

This value would be used in all beam and column stability calculations.[1]

LRFD. The time effect factor λ is 0.8 for the combination (1.2D + 1.6Lr ). Also, LRFD is typically done using resistances
instead of stresses. Section properties (Sx and A) are obtained from NDS Supplement Table 1B.

Bending:

Fbn = Fb × K F
= 1000 (2.54) = 2540 psi = 2.54 ksi
′
Fbn = Fbn (ϕ b × λ × CM × Ct × CF × Cr × Ci)
= 2.54 (0.85 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.2 × 1.15 × 1.0) = 2.38 ksi
M n′ = Fbn
′ ×S
x

= 2.38 × 13.14 = 31.3 kip-in.

Tension:

Ftn = Ft × K F
= 675 (2.70) = 1820 psi = 1.82 ksi
′
Ftn = Ftn (ϕ t × λ × CM × Ct × CF × Ci)
= 1.82 (0.80 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.2 × 1.0) = 1.40 ksi
Tn′ = ′ ×A
Ftn
= 1.40 × 10.88 = 15.2 k

Shear:[2]

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 Fvn = Fv × K F
= 180 (2.88) = 518 psi = 0.518 ksi
Fvn =
′ Fvn (ϕ v × λ × CM × Ct × Ci)
= 0.518 (0.75 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 0.311 ksi
Vn′ ′ × (2/3 × A)7
= Fvn
= 0.311 × (2/3 × 10.88) = 2.26 k

Compression parallel to grain:

Fcn = Fc × K F
= 1500 (2.40) = 3600 psi = 3.60 ksi
′
Fcn = Fcn (ϕ c × λ × CM × Ct × CF × Ci)
= 3.60 (0.90 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.05 × 1.0) = 2.72 ksi
Pn′ = ′ ×A
Fcn
= 2.72 × 10.88 = 29.6 k

Modulus of elasticity:

E ′ = E(CM × Ct × Ci)8
= 1, 700, 000 (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 1, 700, 000 psi = 1700 ksi

Modulus of Elasticity for stability calculations:

Emin− n = Emin × K F
= 620, 000 (1.76) = 1, 090, 000 psi =1090 ksi
− n = Emin− n (ϕ s × CM × Ct × Ci)
′
Emin
= 1090 (0.85 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 928 ksi

This value would be used in all beam and column stability calculations.

Part b

Roof beams are 4 × 10 at 4 ft-0 in. o.c. Loads are (D + S) for ASD and (1.2D + 1.6S) for LRFD. SeeFigure 4.14B.

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 Figure 4.14B A 4 × 10 is a Dimension lumber size.

Reference design values for visually graded DF-L Dimension lumber are again obtained from NDS Supplement Table 4A. A
4-ft framing module exceeds the 24-in. spacing limit for repetitive members, and Cr = 1.0.

ASD. The load duration factor is 1.15 for the combination of (D + S).

Fb′ = Fb (CD × CM × Ct × CF × Cr × Ci)

= 1000 (1.15 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.2 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 1380 psi
Ft′ = Ft (CD × CM × Ct × CF × Ci)
= 675 (1.15 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.1 × 1.0) = 854 psi
Fv′ = Fv (CD × CM × Ct × Ci)
= 180 (1.15 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 207 psi
Fc′ = Fc (CD × CM × Ct × CF × Ci)
= 1500 (1.15 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.05 × 1.0) = 1725 psi
E′ = E (CM × Ct × Ci)
= 1, 700, 000 (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 1, 700, 000 psi
′
Emin = Emin (CM × Ct × Ci)
= 620, 000 (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 620, 000 psi

This value would be used in all beam and column stability calculations.[3]

LRFD. The time effect factor λ is 0.8 for the combination (1.2D + 1.6S). LRFD is typically done using resistances instead of
stresses, and section properties (S x and A) are obtained from NDS Supplement Table 1B.

Bending:

Fbn = Fb × K F
= 1000 (2.54) = 2540 psi = 2.54 ksi
′
Fbn = Fbn (ϕ b × λ × CM × Ct × CF × Cr × Ci)
= 2.54 (0.85 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.2 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 2.07 ksi
M n′ = Fbn
′ ×S
x

= 2.07 × 49.91 = 103.5 kip-in.

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 Tension:

Ftn = Ft × K F
= 675 (2.70) = 1820 psi = 1.82 ksi
′
Ftn = Ftn (ϕ t × λ × CM × Ct × CF × Ci)
= 1.82 (0.80 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.1 × 1.0) = 1.28 ksi
Tn′ = ′ ×A
Ftn
= 1.28 × 32.38 = 41.5 k

Shear:[4]

Fvn = Fv × K F
= 180 (2.88) = 518 psi = 0.518 ksi
′
Fvn = Fvn (ϕ v × λ × CM × Ct × Ci)
= 0.518 (0.75 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 0.311 ksi
′ × ( 2/3 × A2)
Vn′ = Fvn
= 0.311 × (2/3 × 32.38) = 6.71 k

Compression parallel to grain:

Fcn = Fc × K F
= 1500 (2.40) = 3600 psi = 3.60 ksi
′
Fcn = Fcn (ϕ c × λ × CM × CF × Ci)
= 3.60 (0.90 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.05 × 1.0) = 2.72 ksi
Pn′ = ′ ×A
Fcn
= 2.72 × 32.38 = 88.1 k

Modulus of Elasticity:[5]

E ′ = E(CM × Ct × Ci)10
= 1, 700, 000 (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 1, 700, 000 psi = 1700 ksi

Modulus of Elasticity for stability calculations:

Emin− n = Emin × K F
= 620, 000 (1.76) = 1, 090, 000 psi = 1090 psi
− n = Emin− n (ϕ s × CM × Ct × Ci)
′
Emin
= 1090 (0.85 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 928 ksi

This value would be used in all beam and column stability calculations.

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 Part c

A 6 × 16 floor beam supports loads from both the floor and the roof. Several load combinations have been studied, and the
critical loading for ASD is (D + 0.75(L + Lr)). For LRFD the critical load combination is (1.2D + 1.6Lr + L). See Figure 4.14C.

Figure 4.14C A 6 × 16 is a Beams and Stringers size.

A B&S has a minimum cross-sectional dimension of 5 in., and the width is more than 2 in. larger than the thickness.Beams
and Stringers sizes are described in Example 4.6 (Sec. 4.12). Reference design values are obtained from NDS Supplement
Table 4D. To be conservative, take the smaller tabulated design values listed for the two sets of grading rules (WCLIB and
WWPA). In this problem, the values are the same for both.

Unlike Dimension lumber, large members have one size factor, and it applies to the bending design value only. When the
depth of a Timber exceeds 12 in., the size factor is given by the following expression

/9 /9
12 1 12 1
CF = ( ) = ( ) = 0.972
d 15.5

ASD. The load duration factor for the combination of loads is based on the shortest duration load in the combination.
Therefore, CD = 1.25.

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 Fb′ = Fb (CD × CM × Ct × CF )
= 1350 (1.25 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.972) = 1640 psi
Ft′ = Ft (CD × CM × Ct)
= 675 (1.25 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 844 psi
Fv′ = Fv (CD × CM × Ct)
= 170 (1.25 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 212 psi
Fc′ = Fc (CD × CM × Ct)
= 925 (1.25 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 1156 psi
E′ = E (CM × Ct)
= 1, 600, 000 (1.0 × 1.0) = 1, 600, 000 psi
′
Emin = Emin (CM × Ct)
= 580, 000 (1.0 × 1.0) = 580, 000 psi

This value would be used in all beam and column stability calculations.

LRFD. The time effect factor λ is 0.8 for the combination (1.2D + 1.6Lr + L). Section properties to determine resistances
values for LRFD are obtained from NDS Supplement Table 1B.

Bending:

Fbn = Fb × K F
= 1350 (2.54) = 3430 psi = 3.43 ksi
Fbn = Fbn (ϕ b × λ × CM × Ct × CF )
′

= 3.43 (0.85 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.972) = 2.27 ksi

M n′ = Fbn
′ ×S
x

= 2.27 × 220.2 = 499 kip-in.

Tension:

Ftn = Ft × K F
= 675 (2.70) = 1820 psi = 1.82 ksi
′
Ftn = Ftn (ϕ t × λ × CM × Ct)
= 1.82 (0.80 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 1.17 ksi
Tn′ = ′ ×A
Ftn
= 1.17 × 85.25 = 99.4 k

Shear:[6]

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 Fvn = Fv × K F
= 170 (2.88) = 499 psi = 0.490 ksi
Fvn =
′ Fvn (ϕ v × λ × CM × Ct)
= 0.490 (0.75 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 0.294 ksi
′ × (2/3 × A)11
Vn′ = Fvn
= 0.294 × (2/3 × 85.25) = 16.7 k

Compression parallel to grain:

Fcn = Fc × K F
= 925 (2.40) = 2220 psi =2.22 ksi
′
Fcn = Fcn (ϕ c × λ × CM × Ct)
= 2.22 (0.90 × 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 1.60 ksi
Pn′ = ′ ×A
Fcn
= 1.60 × 85.25 = 136 k

Modulus of Elasticity:[7]

E ′ = E(CM × Ct)12
= 1, 600, 000 (1.0 × 1.0) = 1, 600, 000 psi = 1600 ksi

Modulus of Elasticity for stability calculations:

Emin− n = Emin × K F
= 580, 000 (1.76) = 1, 020, 000 psi = 1020 ksi
− n = Emin− n (ϕ s × CM × Ct)
′
Emin
= 1020 (0.85 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 868 ksi

This value would be used in all beam and column stability calculations.

Part d

A 6 × 8 is used as a column to support a roof. It also supports tributary wind forces, and the critical loading condition has
been determined for ASD to be D + 0.75(L + 0.6W) and for LRFD to be (1.2D + W + L). High humidity conditions exist, and
the moisture content of this member may exceed 19 percent. See Figure 4.14D.

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 Figure 4.14D A 6 × 8 is a Posts and Timbers size.

A P&T has a minimum cross-sectional dimension of 5 in., and the width is not more than 2 in. larger than the thickness.
Posts and Timbers sizes are described in Example 4.6 (Sec. 4.12). Reference design values are obtained from NDS
Supplement Table 4D. To be conservative, take the smaller tabulated design values listed for the two sets of grading rules
(WCLIB and WWPA). In this problem, the values are the same for both.

The depth of this member is less than 12 in., and CF defaults to unity. Recall that for Timbers the size factor applies only to
Fb.

ASD. The load duration factor for the combination of loads is based on the shortest-duration load in the combination.
Therefore, CD = 1.6.[8]

Fb′ = Fb (CD × CM × Ct × CF )
= 1200 (1.6 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 1920 psi
Ft′ = Ft (CD × CM × Ct)
= 825 (1.6 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 1320 psi
Fv′ = Fv (CD × CM × Ct)
= 170 (1.6 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 272 psi
13 ′
Fc = Fc (CD × CM × Ct)
= 1000 (1.6 × 0.91 × 1.0) = 1456 psi
E′ = E (CM × Ct)
= 1, 600, 000 (1.0 × 1.0) = 1, 600, 000 psi
′
Emin = Emin (CM × Ct)
= 580, 000 (1.0 × 1.0) = 580, 000 psi

This value would be used in all beam and column stability calculations.

LRFD. The time effect factor λ is 1.0 for the combination (1.2D + W + L). LRFD is typically done using resistances instead
of stresses, and section properties are obtained from NDS Supplement Table 1B.

Bending:

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 Fbn = Fb × K F
= 1200 (2.54) = 3050 psi = 3.05 ksi
′
Fbn = Fbn (ϕ b × λ × CM × Ct × CF )
= 3.05 (0.85 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 2.59 ksi
M n′ = Fbn
′ ×S
x

= 2.59 × 51.56 = 134 kip-in.

Tension:

Ftn = Ft × K F
= 825 (2.70) = 2230 psi = 2.23 ksi
′
Ftn = Ftn (ϕ t × λ × CM × Ct)
= 2.23 (0.80 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 1.78 ksi
Tn′ = ′ ×A
Ftn
= 1.78 × 41.25 = 73.5 k

Shear:[9]

Fvn = Fv × K F
= 170 (2.88) = 490 psi = 0.490 ksi
Fvn =
′ Fvn (ϕ v × λ × CM × Ct)
= 0.490 (0.75 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 0.367 ksi
′ × (2/3 × A)14
Vn′ = Fvn
= 0.367 × (2/3 × 41.25) = 10.1 k

Compression parallel to grain:[10]

Fcn = Fc × K F
= 1000 (2.40) = 2400 psi = 2.40 ksi
′
Fcn = Fcn (ϕ c × λ × CM × Ct)
= 2.40 (0.90 × 1.0 × 0.91 × 1.0) = 1.97 ksi
′ × A15
Pn′ = Fcn
= 1.97 × 41.25 = 81.1 k

Modulus of Elasticity:[11]

E ′ = E(CM × Ct)16
= 1, 600, 000 (1.0 × 1.0) = 1, 600, 000 psi = 1600 ksi

Modulus of Elasticity for stability calculations:

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 Emin− n = Emin × K F
= 580, 000 (1.76) = 1, 020, 000 psi = 1020 ksi
− n = Emin− n (ϕ s × CM × Ct)
′
Emin
= 1020 (0.85 × 1.0 × 1.0) = 868 ksi

This value would be used in all beam and column stability calculations.

[1] These modified loads are used to determine the critical load combination only. Actual design loads (for example, w = 360 lb/ft)
should be used in calculations, and C D = 1.25 should be applied to reference design values.
[2] For rectangular sections only.
[3] There is no difference between the E′ used in ASD and the E′ used in LRFD.
[4] For rectangular sections only.
[5] There is no difference between the E′ used in ASD and the E′ used in LRFD.
[6] For rectangular sections only.
[7] There is no difference between the E′ used in ASD and the E′ used in LRFD.
[8] The compression parallel to grain design value would also need to be adjusted for buckling using the column stability factor C P . See
Sec. 7.4.
[9] For rectangular sections only.
[10] The compression parallel to grain capacity (resistance) would also need to be adjusted for buckling using the column stability factor
C P . See Sec. 7.4.
[11] There is no difference between the E′ used in ASD and the E′ used in LRFD.

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