Lateral Strain

------------------- = A Constant
Linear strain
The Constant is known as poisson’s Ratio and denoted by 1 / m or µ .

Importance of bond in RCC -

One of the most important assumptions in the behavior of reinforced concrete structures is that
there is proper bond between concrete and reinforcing bars. When steel bars are embedded in
concrete, the concrete after setting adheres to the surface of the bars and thus resist any force
that tends to pull or push this rod. The intensity of this adhesive force is called bond stress.
Thus the term bond is used to describe the means by which slip between steel and concrete is
prevented. The bond stresses are the longitudinal shearing stresses acting on the surface
between the steel and concrete.
The bond between steel and concrete comprise of three resistance –
i. Pure adhesive resistance.
ii. Frictional resistance.
iii. Mechanical resistance.

*************************************

Q. 27 – Give in brief the current specification for –

i. Reinforced Cement Concrete. [ LDCE 1992 ]

Ans.- Specification for Reinforced Cement Concrete –

1. Cement to be used for RCC as per ISI Specification.
2. Water used for RCC work shall be free from curtly, vegetable or organic matters, oils acids
and alkaline substance in solution or suspension and impurities and shall be fit for drinking,
No sea or brackish water shall be used.
3. Aggregate to be with in the limit for combined fine course.
4. Proportion of water to be as per specification 701.
5. The maximum permissible slump for ordinary RCC 100 mm and if vibrator is used shall not
exceed 40 mm.
6. Mixing of concrete to be as for as possible mechanical batch mixer.
7. Transport of concrete to quick to prevent segregation of the ingredients. These should be
continuing flow in chute.
8. Reinforcement shall have concrete cover -
i. At ends not less than 25 mm or twice the dia of the bar.
ii. For longitudinal reinforcement bar in a column not less then 40 mm, nor less then the dia
of bar.
iii. For longitudinal reinforcement bar in a beam not less than 25 mm, nor less then 12 mm,
nor less then the dia of the bar.
iv. For tensile compressive shear or other reinforcement in a slab not less then 12 mm, nor
less then the dia of the bar.
v. For any other reinforcement not less than 12 mm or less than the dia of such
reinforcement.
9. Interior of the form work shall be treated with an approved composition.
10. Cleaning of rods and shuttering by air pressure if possible or even washing before
concreting.
11. Placing of concrete -
i. To be placed early and within 30 minutes.
ii. Construction joints to be as per drawing.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 25

 iii. Before concrete is resumed the surface of construction joint to be thoroughly cleaned by
wire brush and excess water drained out before next layer is laid a layer of 15 mm
mortar of 1 : 2 mortar to be laid.
iv. Compaction – By rodding tamping or vibrator to get dense concrete. Compaction to be
stopped when air bubbles eases to brake in the surface.
v. When working in extreme temperature – While placing concrete the temperature should
be at least 4.50C and the temperature of the concrete after having been placed and
compacted is maintained above 20C . In hot weather temperature of wet concrete should
not exceed 380C while placing.
vi. Curing - The concrete to be covered with a layer of soaking canvas Hessian and kept
wet for 14 days continuously or such longer period as prescribed by Engineer.
vii. Form work not be removed unless the concrete reaches a strength of at least twice the
stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of striking.

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Q. 28 – What advantage can be derived by making a beam continuous ? [ LDCE 1997 ]

Ans.- A Beam is said to be continuous when it rests on at least three supports. The main
advantage of continuous Beam are as under –
i. The monolithic pouring of concrete to form a monolithic continuous member of a rigid
frame is fully utilized in continuous beams in reducing the maximum bending moments,
without in most cases, affecting the shear force.
ii. The shear force remains unaffected.
iii. The fiber stress is reduced to half.
iv. Continuous beam when loaded will deflect with convexity upwards over the intermediate
supports and with concavity upwards over the mid of the spans.
v. The intermediate supports of a continuous beam are always subjected to some bending
moment. The end supports if simply supported will not be subjected to any bending
moment. But the end supports if fixed will be subjected to fixing moments and the slope
of the beam at the fixed ends will be zero.
vi. Sometimes a continuous beam is simply supported on its one or both the end supports.
In such a case the fixing moment on the simply supported is Zero.
vii. Sometimes a continuous beam is simply supported curve on one or both the end
supports. We know that the fixing moment on a simply supported end is zero. Therefore
in such a case the simply supported ends are released by applying equal and opposite
moments and their effects are carried over on the opposite joints. It may also noted that
no moment is carried over from the opposite joint to the simply supported end.

***********************************
Q. 29 – Write Short notes on –
i. Water Cement Ratio. [ LDCE 1987, 89, 92, 2008 LGS 1987,91,98 ]
Importance of Water Cement ratio in concrete. [ LGS 2008 ]
ii. Prestressed Concrete. [ LGS 1987, 1998 ]
iii. Advantage of Prestressed Concrete. [ LDCE 1989 ]
iv. Cover in RCC. [ LGS 1993, 98 ]
Ans. –
Water Cement Ratio –

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 26

The ratio of the volume of water to volume of cement used in concrete mix is termed as water
cement ratio. As a result of experiments it is observed that for a given proportion of ingredients
in a concrete mix, there is almost a fixed amount of water, which gives maximum strength of
concrete. In case the water used is less, the resultant concrete will be comparatively dry, difficult
to place in position and may pose problems in compaction. Moreover with less water complete
setting of cement can not be ensured and hence the strength of concrete get reduced
appreciably. On the other hand, in case the water is more it would result in formation of
excessive voids and honey combing in the set concrete, there by reducing its density, strength
and durability. Thus water cement ratio serves as a yard stick for obtaining concrete of desired
strength. The lower the ratio, the greater is the strength of the mix. A rich mix of concrete gives
higher strength than a lean mix, not because of more cement but it is on account of the fact that
concrete can be used with a lower water cement ratio.

Prestressed Concrete –
With the introduction of prestressing it has become possible to avoid the formation of cracks in
tension concrete and to use high strength steel most economical.
The essence of prestressing a concrete member in the induction of sufficient compressive
stress in concrete prior to the member being subjected to loads in the zones, which will be
tensile when the loads are applied. Thus when the prestressed concrete member is subjected to
external loads. The already induced compressive stress in concrete will neutralize the tensile
stress developed in the member on loading. Hence the resultant stresses in concrete in tensile
zone will be eliminated altogether or get reduced to a great extent. Thus in a prestressed
concrete member the entire cross section of the member becomes effective for resisting
bending and at the same time the danger of cracking when the member is loaded is minimized
or even avoided.

Advantage of Prestressed Concrete –

i. By the method of prestressing it is possible take full advantage of high compressive
strength of concrete and high tensile strength of the steel used. Hence the combination
of the two materials results in most economical sections.
ii. On account of its higher strength it can be safely recommended for structures having
longer spans and subjected to heavy loads and those subjected to impact and vibration.
iii. Since it is possible to eliminate the formation of cracks in prestressed concrete
members, they have increased resistance to atmospheric and other chemical action and
hence they prove more durable.
iv. Prestressed concrete members are, thinner in section and hence these are a great
reduction of the self weight of the structure, which ultimately effects economy in the cost
of foundation.

Cover in RCC -
Reinforcement shall have concrete cover as follows:
i. For each end of a reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm, nor less then twice the diameter
of the bar.
ii. For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column, not less than 40 mm, nor less than the
diameter of the bar.
iii. For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a beam, not less than 25 mm, nor less than the
diameter of the bar.
iv. For tensile, compressive, shear or other reinforcement in a slab, not less than 12 mm,
nor less than the diameter of the reinforcement.
v. For any other reinforcement, not less than 12 mm, nor less than the diameter of such
reinforcement.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 27

 ****************************************

Q. 30 – A Beam A B 10 meter long is simply supported at 2m and 1 m from A and B

respectively. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 200 kg per meter and
concentrated loads of 1500 kg and 2000 kg at A & B respectively.
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams and also calculate the maximum
bending moment. [ LGS 1998 ]
Ans.- Taking moments about C
RD x 7 = (2000 x 8 ) + (200 x 8 x 4) – (1500 x 2) – (200 x 2 x 1)
= 16000 + 6400 – 3000 - 400 = 22400 – 3400 = 19000
RD = 19000 / 7 = 2714.29 kg.
And RC = ( 2000 + 1500 + 200 x 10 ) – 2714.29 = 5500 – 2714.29 = 2785.71 kg.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = + 1500Kg, FC = +1500 + 400 – 2785.71= + 1900 – 2785.71 = - 885.71 Kg,
FD = - 885.71 + 200 x 7 – 2714.29 = - 3600 + 1400 = - 2200 Kg, FB = - 2000 kg.
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = - (1500 x 2) – ( 200 x 2 x 1 ) = - 3000 – 400 = -3400 kgm ,
MD = - ( 2000 x 1 ) – (200 x 1 x 0.50 ) = - 2000 – 100 = - 2100 kgm. MB = 0

Maximum Bending Moment –

X / 885.71 = (7 – x) / 514.29 , 514.29 x = 7 x 885.71 – 885.71 x ,
514.29 x + 885.71 x = 6199.97 , 1400 x = 6199.97 , x = 6199.97 / 1400 = 4.43 m.
MM = - ( 1500 x 6.43 ) + ( 2785.71 x 4.43 ) – ( 200 x 6.43 x 6.43 / 2 )
= - 9645 + 12340.70 – 4134.49 = - 13779.49 + 12340.70 = + 1438.79 kgm.

***************************************

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 28

Q. 31 - A retaining wall 5 m height is shown in the sketch. Density of the back fill is 1.9 T / m3 its
angle of shear resistance is 30o and cohesion is zero. Work out the resultant earth
pressure on the wall and its point of application. [ LDCE 1996 ]

Ans.- W H2 1 – sin f
Earth pressure on the Wall P = --------- X ---------------
2 1 + sin f
Where H = Total height in meters = 5 m. , W = Density of earth = 1.9 T / m3
+ surcharge load on earth = 2.5 T / m3 , Total W = 1.9 + 2.5 = 4.4 T / m3.
f = angle of shear resistance = 300
4.4 x 52 1 – sin 300 4.4 x 52 1 – 0.50
P = ------------ X ------------------ = ------------ x ----------------- ,
2 1 + sin 300 2 1 + 0.50
= 2.2 x 25 x 0.33 = 18.34 T.
Point of application of P at H / 3 = 5 / 3 = 1.67 m from Bottom.
Now that the weight of Dam per unit length w = r x ( a + b ) / 2 x H ,
Where a = 0.50 m. b = 2.00 m. H = 5.00 m. r = specific wt of Dam = 2400 kg / m3
W = 2400 x ( 0.50 + 2.00 ) / 2 x 5 = 15000 kg / m. = 15 T / m.
And the horizontal distance between the center of gravity of Dam and the point where the
resultant R cuts the base
X = P / w x H / 3 = 18.34 / 15 x 5 / 3 = 2.04 m.
The distance of center of gravity from the toe of the dam
Y = [ a2 + ab + b2 ] / 3 ( a + b ) = [ 0.502 + 0.50 x 2.00 + 2.002 ] / 3 ( 0.50 + 2.00 ) = 0.70 m.
The distance between the toe of the dam and the point the resultant R cuts the base –
D = Y + X = 2.04 + 0.70 = 2.74 m.
Since the point the resultant cuts the base at outer of dam hence dam is unstable.

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Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 29

Q.32.- Draw the Shear force and Bending movement diagrams in the following cases duly
indicating the values at various critical locations. [ WCR LDCE 2005 ]
a)

b)

Ans.- a) Taking moment about A

RB x 10 = ( 3 x 8 ) + 1.5 x 4 x 4/2 = 24 + 12 = 36, RB = 36 / 10 = 3.6 T .
And RA = ( 3 + 1.5 x 4 ) – 3.6 = 9 – 3.6 = 5.4 t.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = - 5.4T, FC = 3.6 - 3 = + 0.6T, FD = + 3.6T, FB = + 3.6 T

Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = ( 3.6 x 6 ) – ( 3 x 4 ) = 21.6 – 12 = 9.6 Tm., MD = 3.6 x 2 = 7.2 Tm., MB = 0
Maximum Bending Moment –
X / 5.4 = (4 – x) / 0.6 , 0.6 x = 21.6 – 5.4 x , 0.6 x + 5.4 x = 21.6 , 6 x = 21.6 ,
x = 21.6 / 6 = 3.6 m.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 30

MM = ( 3.6 x 6.4 ) – ( 3 x 4.4 ) – ( 0.4 x 1.5 x 0.4 / 2 ) = 23.04 – 13.20 – 0.12 = 23.04 – 13.32 =
9.72 Tm.
b) Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = - (3 + 1.5 x 1.5 )T= - 5.25 T, FB = -( 5.25 – 3 ) – 2.25 T, FC = - 2.25T, FD = 0.

Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MD = 0 , MC = 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 / 2 = 1.69Tm, MB = 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.75 = 3.94 Tm., MA = 2 x 3 +
1.5 x 1.5 x 3.75 = 14.44Tm.

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Q.33.- Design a simply supported RCC slab to carry 6000 N /m2 inclusive of its own weight on
an effective span of 4 m. The maximum stresses in concrete and steel are not to exceed
c = 5.00 N / mm2 , zt = 140 N / mm2, m = 18.

Ans.- N = mc / t + mc = 18 x 5 / 140 + 18 x 5 = 90 / 140 + 90 = 90 / 230 = 0.39.

j = ( 1 – N / 3 ) = 1 – 0.39 / 3 = 0.87, Q = ½ Ncj = ½ x 0.39 x 50 x 0.87 = 8.48.
Span = 4 m. D = span / 32 = 4 / 32 = 0.125 m. = 12.5 cm.
Effective span = 4 + 0.125 = 4.125 m. and effective depth = 12.5 – 0.25 = 12.25 cm.
Weight on slab = 6000 N /m2 , = 600 kg / m2 , including self weight
Bending Moment – BM = wl2/ 8 = 600 x 4.1252 / 8 = 1276.17 kgm = 127617 kgcm.
BM = MR = Qbd2 , d = Ö MR / Qb = Ö 127617 / 8.48 x 100 = 12.26 cm.
Hence slab depth can be used = 12.5 cm.
At = MR / tjd = 127617 / 1400 x 0.87 x 12.26 = 127617 / 14932.68 = 8.55 cm2.
[ t = 140 140 N / mm2 = 1400 kg / cm2 , c = 5.00 N / mm2 = 50 kg / cm2 , ]
10 mm f bar used at C / C P = 100 x 0.78 / 8.55 = 9.12 cm. Say 9 cm. C / C.

********************************

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 31

Q.34.- What is meant by balanced design in RCC.

Ans.- Balanced reinforced concrete sections are designed on the assumption that the
maximum stresses in concrete and steel reach their permissible stresses at the same time both
the materials are stressed to their fullest allowable stress at one end the same time as such
section is called balanced or critical or economic. The neutral axis of this section is called critical
neutral axis and may be denoted by xc, critical NA is calculated as follow –
scbc xc
--------- = ---------
sst / m d – xc
scbc = Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression.
sst / m = Permissible stress in steel in tension / modular ratio.

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Q.35.- What items will you check before casting of a RCC slab of a building? [ LGS 2007 ]

Ans.- Following items to be checked before casting of a RCC slab of a building –

i. Adequate quantity of material of material of approved quality available at site.
ii. The form work props are in order.
iii. The reinforcement is as per approved drawing and spacers for cover is provided.
iv. Concrete is mixed in a mechanical mixture.
v. Least time less between mixing of laying of concrete.
vi. Foreign material such as wood shaving etc. are removed from form work before lay
concrete.
vii. Water cement ratio is controlled.
viii. Cement added to the correct proportion.
ix. Compaction mechanically.
x. Provide opening / cavities wherever indicated.
xi. Laying to be done continuously. If unavailable take necessary precautions.

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Q. 36 - Design an RCC lintel across an opening of 3 m clear span in brick wall 35 cms. Thick, 6
m high above the lintel level. Assume reasonable values for permissible stresses in
concrete and steel.
Draw neat sketches (not to scale) showing the construction details of the above lintel
adequate for field execution. [ LDCE 1986 ]

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 32

Ans.- Let bearing of lintel = 20 cm. = 0.20 m. , Clear span of lintel = 3.00 m. Given
Width of lintel b = 0.35 m. Wall thickness ,
Depth of Lintel D = Span / 10 = 3.00 / 10 = 0.30 m. , Take Cover 3 cm = 0.03 m.
Effective depth of lintel d = 0.30 – 0.03 = 0.27 m.
Effective span – which is less –
i. C/C to distance of support = 3.00 + 0.20 = 3.20 m.
ii. Clear span + effective depth = 3.00 + 0.27 = 3.27 m.
Hence effective span = 3.20 m.
Let Triangle masonry angle = 600 [ For law quality brick masonry ]
[ Since Brick masonry quality not given in question for good masonry triangle angle will be given
as 450 ]
Height of Triangle = 3.20 / 2 x tan 600 = 1.60 x 1.732 = 2.77 m.
Masonry height above lintel 6.00 m. more than 2.77 m.
Hence Triangle masonry weight can be taken – ½ x 3.20 x 3.20 sin 60 x 0.35 x1920,
i. Weight of masonry - ½ x 3.20 x 3.20 x 0.866 x 0.35 x1920 = 2979.59 kg. Say – 2980 kg.
ii. Self weight of Lintel – 0.35 x 0.30 x 2500 = 262.50 kg / meter, Say 263 kg / meter.
Note – Density of RCC = 2500 kg / m3, Density of Brick Masonry = 1920 kg / m3,
BM due to masonry height - BM = WL / 6 = 2980 x 3.20 / 6 x 100 = 158933.33 kg cm.
BM due to self weight of Lintel – wl2 / 8 = 263 x 3.202 / 8 x 100 = 33664 kg cm.
Total Maximum BM = 158933 + 33664 = 192597 kg cm.
BM = MR = Qbd2 , d = √ MR / Qb = √ 192597 / 8.48 x 0.35 = 25.47 cm. Say – 26 cm.[ Q = 8.48 ]
Area of Reinforcement Steel – At = MR / tjd = 192597 / 1400 x 25.47 x 0.87 = 6.20 cm2 .
Use 16 mm Φ Bar – Nos of Bar = 6.20 / 2.0096 = 3.085. Say 4 Nos of Bars.

**************************************

Q.37 - Design a double reinforced RCC roof slab for a room of size 16’ x 16’. [ LDCE 1984 ]

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 33

Ans.- Let thickness of slab = 14 cm. Effective depth of slab d = 14 – 2 = 12 cm.
Effective width lx = 4.80 + 0.12 = 4.92 m. Effective length ly = 4.80 + 0.12 = 4.92 m.
r = ly / lx = 4.92 / 4.92 = 1,
Weight on slab - i) Self weight of slab = 0.14 x 2500 x 1 x 1 = 350 kg.
ii) Weight of finishing = 50 kg. iii) Live load = 300 kg.
Total load = 350 + 50 + 300 = 700 kg.
Wx = r4 / 1 + r4 x w = 14 / 1 + 14 x 700 = ½ x 700 = 350 kg.
Wy = W – Wx = 700 – 350 = 350 kg.
Mx = My = Wx lx2 / 8 x 100 = 350 x 4.922 / 8 x 100 = 105903 kg cm.
Maximum BM = 105903 kg cm.
Effective depth of slab d = √ M / Qb = √ 105903 / 8.48 x 100 = 11.17 cm. [ Q = 8.48 ]
Total depth of slab = 11.17 + 1.5 + 1.0/2 = 13.17 cm. Say – 14 cm.
Effective depth 14 – 2 = 12 cm.
Area of Reinforcement Steel – At = MR / tjd = 105903 / 1400 x 12 x 0.87 = 7.25 cm2 .
[ t = 1400 , j = 0.87 ]
10 mm dia bar c / c distance Px = 100 x 0.785 / 7.25 = 10 82 cm. say 10 cm. c / c .
Atx = Aty = 7.25 cm2 . Py = 100 x 0.785 / 7.25 = 10 82 cm. say 10 cm. c / c

*************************************

Q.38.- Design a RCC column and footing to carry a load of 100 tones. Soil at 8 ft. depth has a
safe bearing capacity of 15 tones per M2. propose the quality of concrete, footing and
illustrate by a dimensional sketch. [ LDCE 1989 ]

Ans.- Weight on column = 100 tones.

Self weight of column foundation = 20% of weight on column = 20 / 100 x 100 = 20 tones.
Total weight on column = 100 + 20 = 120 Tones.
Bearing capacity of soil at 8’ ( 2.40 m. ) depth = 15 Tones /m2.
Hence depth of column foundation will be taken = 2.40 m.
Area of foundation bed A = Total Load / bearing capacity = 120 / 15 = 8 m2.
Size of footing a = √ 8 = 2.828 m. Say 2.90 m.
P1 = Load / Area = 100 / 8 = 12.5 T/ m2 = 12500 kg / m2.
Let size of column b = 45 cm.
i ) Force = P1 ( a2 – b2 ) = 12500 x ( 2.902 – 0.452 ) = 102625 kg. Let foundation depth d,
Force = 4 bd x Bearing capacity of soil , 102625 = 4 x 45 x d x 15 ,
d = 102625 / 4 x 45 x 15 = 38 cm.
ii ) M = p’ x a/8 x ( a – b )2 x 100 = 12500 x 2.90 / 8 ( 2.90 – 0.45 )2 x 100 = 2719882 kg cm.
MR = Qb1d2, b1 = b + 1/8 ( a – b ) = 45 + 1/8 ( 290 –45 ) = 75.62 cm. Say 76 cm.
Proposed Mix M150 – 1 : 2 : 4, For M150 Q = 8.48 and t = 1400 kg / cm2.
d = √ MR / Qb1 = √ 2719882 / 8.48 x 76 = 64.96 cm.
Depth of footing - D = d + cover = 64.96 + 7.5 = 72.46 cm. Say – 75 cm.
At = M / tjd = 2719882 / 1400 x 0.87 x 64.96 = 34.376 cm2.
Proposed 16 mm Φ bar in column footing – Nos of bar = 34.376 / 2.01 = 17.10 say 18 Nos. @
at 2.90 – 0.10 / 18 = 0.15 cm. C / C.
Reinforcement in column 0.8% of column section = 0.8 / 100 x 452 = 16.20 cm2.
Provide 16 mm Φ bar in column , Nos of bar = 16.20 / 2.01 = 8.05 bars. Say 8 bars
Lateral ties –Diameter of ties shall not be less than –
i. 1/ 4 x Dia of longitudinal bars = 16 / 4 = 4 mm.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 34

 ii. 5 mm.
Provide 8 mm dia ties.
Pitch of ties - Pitch of ties shall not exceed –
i. Least lateral dimension of column – 450 mm.
ii. 16 x Diameter of longitudinal bars = 16 x 16 = 256 mm.
iii. 48 x diameter of ties = 48 x 8 = 384 mm.
Provide 8 mm dia tie @ 180 mm C / C.

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Q.39 - A retaining wall 6 m high has smooth vertical back. The backfill has a horizontal surface
in level with the top of wall . There is a uniformly distributed surcharge load of 3.6 t / m2
intensity over the backfill. The density of back fill is 1.8 t / m2 its angle of shear resistance
is 30o and rise cohesion is zero.
Determine the magnitude and point of application of active pressure per meter length of
the wall. [ LDCE 2000 ]

Ans.- Given Surcharge = 3.6 t / m2 , Weight of Soil W1 = 1.8 t / m3

Depth of Soil h1 = 6.00 m. , Angle of shear resistance = 300
Resultant Lateral pressure per meter length of the retaining wall .
The pressure diagram on the retaining wall is shown in fig.
P1 - Total pressure due to soil. , P2 - Total pressure due to surcharge.
We know that the pressure BC
1 – Sin ø 1 – Sin 300
= W1 h1 x -------------- = 1.8 x 6 x ---------------- = 3.6 t / m2
1 + Sin ø 1 + Sin 300

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 35

 And Pressure DB
1 – Sin 300
= 3.6 x ------------------ = 1.2 t / m2
1 + Sin 300
Total pressure due to soil –
P1 = Area of Triangle ABC x length of wall = ½ x 3.6 x 6 x 1 = 10.8 t.
P2 = Area of rectangle ABCD x length of wall = 1.2 x 6 x 1 = 7.2 t.
Total pressure P = P1 + P2 = 10.8 + 7.2 = 18 T. Ans.
Point of application of the resultant pressure –
Let Y = Height of the point of application from the bottom of the wall.
Taking moments of all pressures about D and equating the same –
P x Y = [ pressure ABC x 6 / 3 ] + [ Pressure ABDE x 6 / 2 ]
18 x y = [ 10.8 x 2 ] + [ 7.2 x 3 ] = 21.60 + 21.60 = 43.20 m
Y = 43.60 / 18 = 2.40 m. Ans.

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Q. 40. - Draw a realistic dimensioned sketch of -

RCC ‘T’ beam, showing its reinforcement in a longitudinal section, cross section and a
sectional plan. [ LDCE 1996 ]

Ans. – L Section of the T Beam

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 36

 Cross Section of Slab with T Beam

**************************************************
Q. 41.- Draw the Shear force and Bending movement diagram with values. [ LDCE 2007 ]

Ans.-

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 37

Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = - ( 2 + 2 x 1 ) = - 4 T. FB = - 2 T, FC = - 2 T.
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = - [ ( 2 x 4 ) + 1 x 2 x 2 / 2 = - [ 8 + 2 ] = - 10 T M. MB = - ( 2 x 2 ) = - 4 TM. MC = 0,

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Q. 42. - Draw the typical reinforcement details in the following RCC Beam. [ LDCE 2007]

Ans.-

*********************

Q. 43. - Write short notes on the following :

i. Draw and explain the ‘Stress- Strain’ curve of mild steel. Also mark the corresponding
points in the graph to represent the yield stress & ultimate strength. Which stress is
taken in our design calculations and why? [ LDCE 2003, 2006 ]
Draw and explain the ‘Stress- Strain’ curve of mild steel. [ LDCE 2008 ]
ii. Yeild stress and ultimate stress. [ LDCE 2007, 2008 ]
iii. Yeild stress. [ LDECE 2012 ]
iv. In what ways a riveted joint can fail. [ LDCE 2008 ]

Ans.- ( I ) Stress- Strain’ curve of mild steel –

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 38

The stress level at which a metal or other material ceases to behave elastically. The stress
divided by the strain is no longer constant. The point at which this occurs is known as the yield
point.
Common metals like steel, brass, aluminum behave in a predetermined fashion when subjected
to external force. When a metal rod is pulled gradually, its length increase the stress and strain
graph, when drawn will appear as shown below –

It can be seen that from A to B the graph is a straight line which means that the elongation to
force applied.
Beyond the point B the metal yield and elongation is much more than the force applied then at
Point c there is ultimate failure. The Point B denotes yield strength and point C denotes ultimate
strength.
Safe stress or Working stress or Ultimate stress is taken in our design calculations because
stress up to which a structure can work safely without permanent set well within elastic limit.

( ii ) Yeild stress and ultimate stress - As above.

( iii ) Failure of a Riveted Joint –

The Riveted joint may fail in any of the following manners :-
i. Tearing of the plate between rivet holes :- The strength of the plate is reduced by rivet
holes and plate may tear off along the line of the rivet holes.
ii. Shearing of rivet :- The rivet s fail by shearing if the shearing stress exceeds their
shearing strength.
iii. Bearing of plate or rivet :- The plate or rivet is crushed if the compressive stress exceeds
the bearing strength of the plate or the rivet.
iv. Edge cracking :- The plate will crack at the back of a rivet if it is placed very near to the
edge of the plate.

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Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 39

Q.44. - Draw a typical reinforcement diagram ( cross section ) of one way continuous roof ( 5 x 6
m span ) Slab simply supported on brick walls. [ LGS 2003 ]

Ans.- Typical reinforcement diagram ( cross section ) of one way continuous roof ( 5 x 6
m span ) Slab simply supported on brick walls-

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Q.45.- ( a ) As an AEN what precautions you will take while casting of an RCC slab of room.
( b ) Show the details of reinforcement of an over hanging canopy with a sketch.
[ LGS 2007 ]
Ans.- ( a ) Following precautions you will take while casting of a RCC slab of a room –
xii. Adequate quantity of material of material of approved quality available at site.
xiii. The form work props are in order.
xiv. The reinforcement is as per approved drawing and spacers for cover is provided.
xv. Concrete is mixed in a mechanical mixture.
xvi. Least time less between mixing of laying of concrete.
xvii. Foreign material such as wood shaving etc. are removed from form work before lay
concrete.
xviii. Water cement ratio is controlled.
xix. Cement added to the correct proportion.
xx. Compaction mechanically.
xxi. Provide opening / cavities wherever indicated.
xxii. Laying to be done continuously. If unavailable take necessary precautions.

( b ) Details of reinforcement of an over hanging canopy -

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 40

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Q.46.- Draw the Shear force diagram for following beam. [ LDCE 2008 ]

Ans.- Taking moment about A

RB x 8 = ( 4000 x 6 ) + 2000 x 4 x 4/2 = 24000 + 16000 = 40000, RB = 40000 / 8 = 5000 N.
And RA = ( 4000 + 2000 x 4 ) – 5000 = 12000 – 5000 = 7000 N.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = - 7000N, FC = 5000 - 4000 = + 1000 N, FD = + 5000 N, FB = + 5000N.
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = ( 5000 x 4 ) – ( 4000 x 2 ) = 20000 – 8000 = 12000 Nm., MD = 5000 x 2 = 10000
Nm., MB = 0
Maximum Bending Moment –
X / 7000 = (4 – x) / 1000 , 1000 x = 28000 – 7000 x , 1000 x + 7000 x = 28000 , 8000 x =
28000 , x = 28000 / 8000 = 3.5 m.
MM = ( 5000 x 4.5 ) – ( 4000 x 2.5 ) – ( 0.5 x 2000 x 0.5 / 2 ) = 22500 – 10000 – 250 = 22500
– 10250 = 12250 Nm.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 41

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Q. 47.- Draw bending moment and shear force diagram for a beam having live loads as
indicated below. Assume dead load of the beam as 0.25 t / m. Also show the typical
arrangement of main and distribution reinforcements for this beam.
( WCR LDCE 2012 )

Ans.- RA + RB = 3.00 + 0.25 x 6.00 + 1 x 4.5 + 1.50

= 3.00 + 1.50 + 4.50 + 1.50 = 10.50 T
Taking Moment about A –
RB x 4.50 = 1.50 x 6.00 + 0.25 x 6.00 x 3.00 + 1 x 4.50 x 2.25 + 3.00 x 1.50 – 2.00 ( - 2 T Due
to anticlockwise couple )
RB x 4.50 = 9.00 + 4.50 + 10.125 + 4.50 – 2.00 = 26.125 T
RB = 26.125 / 4.50 = 5.80 T
RA = 10.50 – 5.80 = 4.70 T

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 42

Shear Force – The S. F. Diagram is shown in fig and the values are Tabulated hear –
FA = + 4.70 T,
FD = 4.70 – 0.25 x 1.50 – 1 x 1.50 = 4.70 – 0.375 – 1.50 = 4.70 – 1.875 = + 2.825 T
FB = - 0.175 – 1 x 3.00 – 0.75 x 3.00 = - 0.175 – 3.00 – 0.75 = 3.925 T
FC = 1.875 – 0.25 x 1.50 = 1.875 -0.375 = + 1.50 T
Bending Moment – The B.M. Diagram is shown in fig and the values are Tabulated hear –
MA = 0, MC = 0,
MD = 4.70 x 1.50 – 0.25 x 1.50 x 0.75 – 1 x 1.50 x 0.75
= 7.05 – 0.28 – 1.125 = 7.05 – 1.405 = 5.645 Tm.
At D the B.M. will suddenly decrease from 5.645 to 2 Tm because of anti clock wise couple as
shown in fig. 5.645 – 2.00 = 3.845 Tm.
MB = 4,70 x 4.50 – 3.00 x 3.00 – 1 x 4.50 x 2.5 – 0.25 x 4.50 x 2.25 – 2.00
= 21.15 – 9.00 – 10.125 – 2.53 – 2.00 = 21.15 – 23.655 = - 2.505 Tm.

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Q. 48 - Draw the bending moment diagram for the following beam indicating values at critical
locations. [ LDCE 2012 ]

Ans.- Taking moments about A

RB x 6 = ( 4 x 6 x 3 ) + ( 8 x 4 ) + ( 8 x 2 ) = 72 + 32 + 16 = 120
RB = 120 / 6 = 20 T
And RA = ( 8 + 8 + 4 x 6 ) – 20 = 40 – 20 = 20 T.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 43

 Bending Moment Diagram
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = ( 20 x 2) – ( 4 x 2 x 1 ) = 40 – 8 = 32 Tm ,
MD = ( 20 x 4 ) – ( 4 x 4 x 2 ) – ( 8 x 2 ) = 80 – 32 – 16 = 80 - 48 = 32 Tm. MB = 0
Maximum Bending Moment –
Since RA = RB Hence Maximum Bending Moment at Center.
MM = ( 20 x 3 ) - ( 4 x 3 x 1.5 ) – ( 8 x 1 ) = 60 – 18 – 8 = 34 Tm.

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Q.49.- Draw shear force diagram for the following beam showing values. [ LDCE 2012 ]

Ans.- Shear force - The S. F. Diagram is shown in fig and the values are Tabulated hear –
FC = 0 T, FB = 1 x 1.5 = 1.5 T, and 1.5 + 1 = 2.5 T, FA = ( 1 x 3 ) + 1 = 4 T.

Shear Force Diagram

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Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 44

Q. 50. - In what manner prestressed concrete technology is economical and superior to RCC
structure ? Explain with the help of a typical bending moment or stress diagram.
[ LDCE 2012 ]
Ans.- Prestressed concrete technology is economical and superior to RCC structure of the
following reasons –
1. A Prestressed concrete member is a member of concrete in which internal stresses are
introduced in a planned manner so that the stresses resulting from the superimposed
loads are counteracted to a desired degree.
2. Concrete has a high compressive strength compared to its very low tensile strength.
3. In RCC members due to the low tensile resistance of concrete a large quantity of steel
reinforcement is provided so that the entire tensile resistance is taken as offered by the
reinforcement.
4. Concrete will also offer a tensile resistance along with the steel reinforcement and in this
process will develop minute tensile stress.
5. Under the usual superimposed working loads the concrete present in the tension zone of
a reinforced concrete member will develop cracks not being able to can from to the
strains taking place in the steel.
6. A reinforced concrete member has other weaknesses too.
7. The dimensions of the member may also have to be determined from diagonal tensile
stress considerations.
8. In the case of beams where large shear forces exist the beam sizes have got to be large
to limit the diagonal tensile stresses under certain limits.
9. In the concrete member is also found to develop cracks even the absence of loads due
to the shrinkage of concrete in the hardening stage.
10. Prestressed concrete member are thinner in section & therefore not heavy.
In a Prestressed concrete member all the above defects and weaknesses are made up due to
under example –
A simply supported prestressed by a tendon provided through its centroidal longitudinal axis. Let
the beam be subjected to an external load system. Let P be the prestressing force supplied by
the tendon. Due to this prestressing force the compressive stress induced in concrete fa = P / A
where A is the sectional area of the member. If due to the dead load and external loads. The
bending moment at a section is M than the extreme at the section due bending moment alone.
Fb = ± M / Z Where Z is the section modulus of the beam section.

F = fa ± fb = P / A ± M / Z
Stress at the extreme top edge = P / A + M / Z
Stress at the extreme Bottom edge = P / A - M / Z
The amount of prestressing force we can reduce the tension at bottom or eliminate entire
tension or introduce compression throughout the section of a beam so that it can resist
considerably greater bending moment than ordinary reinforced concrete beam.

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Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 45

Q. 51. - What steps are involved in designing a retaining wall? Also indicate various forces to be
considered with help of a diagram. [ LDCE 2012 ]
Ans. - Steps involved in designing a retaining wall –
1. Design constants – For M15 and Fe 415, σcbc = 5 N / mm2, m = 18.66, σst = 230 N / mm2,
x = 0.29d, z = 0.90d, Mr = 0.65 bd2, pt = 0.32.
2. Trial dimensions of wall -
i. The length of the base is between 0.4 to 0.7 times the height of the wall.
ii. Toe to base ratio is 1 : 4.
iii. The thickness of base slab shall be more than thickness of the stem at the bottom.
iv. The minimum thickness of the stem shall be 200 mm.
3. Earth pressure on wall –
From Rankine’s theory of earth pressure –
WH2 ( 1 – sin F )
P = -------(--------------)
2 ( 1 + sin F )
Where – P = total pressure on wall acting at H / 3 from the base. H = total height in meters.
W = weight of density of earth in kN / m3 . F = angle of repose of earth.

4. Bending moment & Thickness of stem -

Bending moment M = P x H / 3
Thickness of stem - M = Mr = 0.65 bd2
5. Steel - M
Ast = ------
σst z
6. Distribution Steel – 0.12 % of Ag Where Ag = Cross section area of stem at center.
7. Stability of retaining Wall -
Factor of safety for overturning – Moment due to load of wall
------------------------------------- ≥ 1.5
Moment due to force P
Factor of safety for Sliding - Total load of wall x µ
----------------------------- ≥ 1.5
Force P
Where - µ = coefficient of friction between base and the ground below.
8. Check for shear - V
v = -------
bd
For concrete M15 and pt = 0.31 and c = 0.22 N /mm2

Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 46

If c > v no shear reinforcement is required.
9. Development length - F σs
Ld = ------------
4 bd

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Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings 47