Wah Engineering College

Submitted By, Submitted To,

Irfan Ahmed Sir Jamshaid Usman
Hanzala Siddique

Digital Image Processing

Project Report

Department Of Mechatronics Engineering

Wah Engineering College, Wah Cantt.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In performing our assignment, we had to take the help and guideline of some
respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this
assignment gives us much Pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude
to Mr. Jamshaid Usman, for giving us a good guideline for assignment
throughout numerous consultations. I would also like to expand our deepest
gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us for making this
project.

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 ABSTRACT
Vision is a major source of information for human beings. ‘ Earlier it was impossible to
achieve but due to the development of new technologies it has been made possible’. Image
processing has its impact on communication devices also. By digital image processing we can
enhance the image , extract the text from image, edges of images can be detect and we can
apply other effects also . We can get any details about the images . There are many
applications of digital image processing. Almost this technique is use in every field , medical
field , rorbotics., neural networking , also useful in Crime branch for investigation.

The project mainly deals with one of the application of digital image processing that is
detecting edges in the images.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 DEFINATION:
Digital image processing is concerned with processing of an image. Image processing is a
method to perform operations on images like enhancing images, extracting text from image,
detecting edge of image and many other operations. In digital image processing we take an
image and convert that image in different forms. Like if we take color image we can convert
it into grey image. In this both the input and output is an image. Usually Image Processing
system includes treating images as two dimensional signals while applying already set signal
processing methods to them.

Today, its is rapidly growing technology. It forms core research area within engineering and
computer science disciplines too. Image processing has its wide applications in robotics,
machine learning, neural networking, signal processing, medical field, graphics and
animations and in many other fields.

1.2 HISTORY:
Many techniques of digital image processing were developed in ,1960s at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bell Laboratories, University of
Maryland. The cost of processing of image was very high. But that changed in 1970s, when
digital image processing grow rapidly as cheaper computer and hardware became available.
Images then could be processed in real time. With the development of fast computers

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available in 200s,digital image processing has become one of the most common form of
image processing. It is used because it is not only the most versatile method, but also the
cheapest.

1.3 STAGES IN IMAGE PROCESSING:

1.4 APPLICATIONS:

 Almost in every field, digital image processing puts a live effect on things and is growing
with time to time and with new technologies.

1. Image sharpening and restoration-

It is the process in which we can modify the image. We can convert the color image to
grey image, sharpening, enhancement of the image, detecting edges, and recognition
of images.
2. Medical field-
Now a days if we have brain tumor through the image processing the tumor is detect
that where the tumor is. Also it is used to detect any kind of cancer.
Xray imaging, medical CTScan , UV imaging depends on the functioning of digital
image processing.
3. Robot -Vision-

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 There are several robotic machines which work on this technique. Through this
technique robots find their ways. Like they can detect the hurdle and line follower
robot.
4. Pattern- recognition-
It involves study of image- processing. It is also combined with the artificial
intelligence such that computer-aided diagnosis, handwriting- recognition and
images- recognition can be easily implemented.
5. Video processing-
The collection of frames and pictures are arranged in such a way that movement of
pictures become faster. It involves frame rate , motion detection, reduction of noise
and color space conversion etc.
1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

Advantage:

1. Processing of images are faster. It require less time to process the image. There is no
need of films and other photographic equipment.
2. Interactive method for detecting face, recognizing fingerprints, detecting cancer .
3. It is eco friendly process since it does not require chemicals while processing images.
4. We can change the quality of image. We can compress , enhance , quality of image
produced are good.
5. Image can be made in any required format.
6. Now a days each and every book is available on the digital stage. The demand and
needs of people are changing so having optimized digital book is need of todays
generation so the digital image processing plays vital role in publishing world.
7. Errors in images can easily be rectified.
8. It analyse blood cells and their composition in our body.
9. Through this technique robots can detect their visions.
10. Its also helps in pattern recognition.

Disadvantage:

1. It is more time consuming.

2. It is cost effective.

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 3. More complex program are required for implement digital image
processing.

2. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION:

2.1 INTRODUCTION:

This section defines the project plan for ‘EDGE DETECTION OF IMAGE’. The
functionality of the system, scope of the project and other information about specifications is
included in this plan.

2.1.1 Purpose:
The purpose of this software is to take the input image and detect the edges in
that image.

2.1.2 Intended Audience:

It is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing
problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations

2.1.3 Intended Use:

This software can be use to develop any application using different algorithms,
data analysis, medical field, scientific and engineering graphics, solving
mathematical problems using functions
2.1.4 Scope:
The scope of software is vast. It can be used for designing video, electric
circuits. Can be use in medical industry , automobile industry.

2.1.5 Definition and acronyms:

MATLAB – Matrix Laboratory

2.2 OVERALL DISCRIPTION ABOUT SOFTWARE “MATLAB”:

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For implementing digital image processing we can write code in any language like python,
java and any other language. We can also use the software ‘MATLAB’ which offers lots of
feature to programmers for exploring their imagination and can make any projects related to
digital image processing by using their coding skills.

Some features of MATLAB are:

1. It has several in built commands and math functions that help in performing
mathematical calculations.
2. It also provides an interactive environment for design and problem solving.
3. MATLAB features a family of add on application specific solutions called toolboxes.
Toolboxes allow us to learn and apply special technology.
4. We can add toolboxes for signal -processing, control -systems, neural- networks, and
many other areas.
5. It has facilities for displaying vectors as graphs, and printing these graphs.
6. It include high level function for two dimensional and three dimensional data
visualization, image processing,and presentation graphics.
7. We can create GUI with the help of GUI guide to make our project more effective.
8. GUI guide contains many inbuilt functions through which we can make many
unintrols like pushbutton, toggle buttons, lists , checkboxex, axes.
9. It provides many functions and algorithms with external applications and
languages such as C, Java, .NET .

2.3SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
The software requires the following to be in the system.
2.3.1 Toolboxes
2.3.2 Minimum 5GB space required

3. SOFTWARE DESIGN:

 User interface

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 This prototyping of this GUI is done with the help of GUI
Guide.

Fig 1 designing of GUI

 After creating the above GUI , the image is taken as input

 Convert the coloured input image in gray scale image.

 From the list choose the suitable edge detector of your choice
and click on apply button.

 Final image which detect the edges in the input image.

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4. SOFTWARE TESTING:
4.1 The edges must be detect in image using different edge detecting
operator

The image in MATLAB database must be correctly detect the edges in the input
image.

Test steps:

1. Click on the get input image button.

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 2. Now choose any of the operators from the list box and click on apply
button.
3. Check the output image.
4. If you does not choose any option by default the grayscale image will be
displayed.

Result: The edges should be detect in the input image.

fig 2 input image

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 Input Image Gray Image

Sobel Prewitt

Log Canny

Fig 3 Apply any operator

5.CONCLUSION:

In a discpline of computer vision digital image processing is becoming popular day by day.

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Edge detection is the initial step of recognizing object. Edges describe the boundaries of the
object that is useful for identification of objects that are presented in the scene such as X-ray
image. Edge detection is mostly use in image – segmentation . But all the edge detection
techniques are not same. They are different from each other. In this paper we have made
attempt to detect the edges in the input images using different methods. This different edge
detection technique is implemented through the software ‘MATLAB R2008a’. It has been
observed that canny edge detection is more superior than prewitt , sobel , log , roberts edge
detector.

6. Advantages and disadvantages of edge- detectors:

7. FUTURE SCOPE

Due to the fast development in the computer technology , future of the image- processing is
going to be more flexible. Digital image processing has wide range of applications. In future
it has been expected to be less expensive. Due to advancement of this technology there will

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be millions of robots in world. Advances in the image- processing and artificial intelligence
will involve spoken commands, translation of languages, recognizing the finger prints,
tracking of people and things, diagnosing medical conditions, performing surgery and
automatically driving all forms of transport. With an increasing power of modern
computing, the concept of computation can go beyond the present limits and in future, image
processing technology will advance . The future trend in remote sensing will towards
improved sensors that record the same scene in many spectral channels. Graphics data is
becoming important now a days in image processing app1ications. In future image processing
technique will play import role in space also.

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