CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class

12 Physical Education 2019 Outside Delhi

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12
Physical Education 2019 Outside Delhi Set-I
Time allowed : 3 hours
Maximum marks: 70
General Instructions:
 The question paper contains 26 questions.
 All questions are compulsory.
 Question no. 1 to 11 carry 1 mark each. Answers to these questions should
be in approximately 10-20 words each.
 Questions no. 12 to 19 carry 3 marks each. Answers to these questions
should be in approximately 30-50 words each.
 Questions no. 20 to 26 carry 5 marks each. Answers to these questions
should be in approximately 75-100 words each.
** Answer is not given due to change in the present syllabus
Section – A
Question 1.
What do you understand by ‘Planning in Sports’? [1]

Question 2.
Write briefly about ‘Micronutrients’. [1]
OR
Suggest two reasons, why our body requires food-supplements.
Answer:

Question 3.
Mention any two disability ettiquettes. [1]
Answer:
Two Disability Ettiquette are :
1. While going to help someone with a disability, ask if he or she needs it, and
listen to any instructions the person may want to give.
2. When planning events involving persons with disabilities, consider their needs
ahead of time.
Question 4.
What do you mean by Intellectual Disability? [1]
Answer:
Intellectual Disability is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability
and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. It involves problems with general
mental abilities that affect functioning in two areas :
1. Intellectual functioning (such as learning, problem solving, judgement).
2. Adaptive functioning (activities of daily life such as communication and
independent living).
Question 5.
Which type of deformity is “Kyphosis”? [1]
OR
What is Motor Development ?
Answer:
Kyphosis is an excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the
back. In other words kyphosis is a deformity of the spine of the upper back causing
an exaggerated outward curve.
OR
Answer:
Motor development refers to the development of a child’s bones, muscles and ability
to move around and use his or her environment. Motor development can be divided
into two sections:
gross motor development and fine motor development.
1. Gross motor development involves the development of the large muscles in
the child’s
body. These muscles allow us to sit, stand, walk and run, among other
activities.
2. Fine motor development involves the small muscles of the body, especially in
the hand.
Question 6.
Among females, what type of Menstrual Dys-function is called Amenorrhea? [1]
Answer:
Amenorrhea is when menstruation is absent during the reproductive years, between
puberty and menopause.
1. Primary amenorrhea—Menstruation never takes place. It fails to occur at
puberty.
2. Secondary amenorrhea—Menstruation starts but then stops.
Question 7.
What do you mean by “Bulimia” ? [1]
OR
Give two objectives of Extramural activities.
Answer:
It is a life-threatening eating disorder. People with bulimia may be eat large amounts
of food with a loss of control over the eating and then purge, trying to get rid of the
extra calories in an unhealthy way. There is a fear of to puton weight.
OR
Answer:
Two Objectives of Extramural Activities are :
1. To provide experience to students.
2. To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques.
Question 8.
Which test will you suggest to measure general motor ability ? [1]
Answer:
Barrow Motor test measures the general motor ability (speed, strength, coordination,
power). In this test there are three item standing broad jump, zigzag run and
medicine ball throw.
Question 9.
On the basis of physiological parameters, mention any two gender differences. [1]
Question 10.
Which type of sports injury is known as “Strain” ? [1]
OR
What do you mean by soft tissue injuries?
Answer:
Strain is an injury to muscle or tendon. Tendons are fibrous cords of tissue that
attach muscles to the bone. Strains often occur in foot, leg (typically the hamstring)
or back.
OR

Answer:
Soft-tissue injury includes damage of muscles, ligaments, and tendons. The result
can be pain, swelling, bruising, and damage. Soft-tissue injuries are classified as the
following :
Contusions, Sprains, Tendonitis, Bursitis, Stress injuries, Strains.
Question 11.
Which method will you suggest to develop endurance? [1]
Answer:
Methods to develop endurance are Interval Method, Repetition Method, Continuous
method, Fartlek Method.
Section – B
Question 12.
Explain about the procedure and advantages of ‘Bhuj angasana’. [3]
Answer:
The meaning of Bhujang is cobra and asana means yoga pose. Bhujangasana is the
stretching yoga exercise of the front torso and the spine. Bhujangasana is the final
stage when the cobra is ready to attack its prey by raising its hood; hence the name
is cobra pose.
Procedure :
1. Lie down on the stomach by keeping legs together.
2. Put palms besides shoulder and the head should rest on the ground.
3. With inhaling raise head up to navel region and try to see the roof.
4. Maintain the position till 10 to 60 seconds with steadily inhaling and exhaling.
5. Come to the original position slowly with deep exhalation.
Advantages:
1. It helps to strengthen up the spine and relieves backache.
2. Helps in improving the efficiency of the kidneys.
3. It is good for digestion. It gives a good massage to the organs of abdominal
region such as stomach, pancreas, liver and gallbladder.
4. It is helpful in treating of many digestion relation conditions such as
constipation, indigestion, etc.
5. It is beneficial against slipped disc or sciatica.
6. It regulates thyroid gland thus helps to maintain good health.
7. It improves lung capacity: The cobra pose helps to expand the chest thus
beneficial for breathing related problems.
Question 13.
What is the role of Yoga in preventing lifestyle diseases? [3]
Discuss about meal intake guidelines for pre, during and post sports event. **
Answer:
Yoga places a great importance on a proper and healthy lifestyle whose main
components are healthy activities, healthy relationships, healthy thoughts, healthy
food, and healthy recreation. The holistic art and science of yoga is the best lifestyle
ever designed and is effective in managing prevalent lifestyle disorders such as
diabetes and hypertension.
(i) Role of Yamas and Niyamas :
Yama is for building interpersonal relationship and niyama is for developing self-
discipline majorly through healthy relationships, healthy food, and healthy thoughts
and this helps in developing the ability to face stress thereby preventing lifestyle
diseases.
(ii) Yoga asanas :
It works in the human body through tissues and muscles. Asana helps in removal of
waste products and carbon dioxide, supply of oxygen, internal secretion of the
endocrine glands and functioning of nerve-connections. Yoga asana creates a
feeling of gentle massage to the digestive systems and makes abdominal muscles
strong and elastic thereby our digestive system functions better.
Deep and rhythmic breathing multipes the competence of the respiratory system.
Further, oxygen-rich blood is supplied to every tissue of the body and this in turn
helps the body to be healthy. All the above development helps in better healthy
activities and healthy recreation there by preventing life-style diseases.
(iii) Pranayama increases lungs capacity :
Pranayama increases lungs capacity helps to perform endurance activity with ease.
Pranayama provides relaxation. Relaxed mind helps to understand the situations of
life better and also helps to keep oneself cool during demanding situation. It helps in
removal of toxins like lactic acid from the muscles which helps in removing muscle
soreness.
All the above development helps in healthy activities, healthy relationships, and
healthy thoughts there by preventing lifestyle diseases
(iv) Role of Pratyahar, Dhrana, Dhyana :
Helps to concentrate. Improvement in concentration helps to get involved in the work
meaningfully for longer duration. It helps to overcome stress. Dhama and Dhyana
helps one to relax and face the situation boldly. This helps in developing healthy
activities, healthy relationships, and healthy thoughts there by preventing lifestyle
diseases.
Question 14.
Pawan got admission in class IX in a reputed school. All the students of his class
welcomed him. After few days Aryaman, the class monitor observed that Pawan’s
behaviour is different from other students. He is aggressive, rude and non-
cooperative. He finds it difficult to make friends. Even in school, nobody wants to be
his friends. Aryaman had read about ODD in a science magazine in the library,
which was similar to Pawan’s behaviour. He discussed this situation with his
classmates and suggested to interact and be friends with Pawan. This would help
him to remain calm and happy.
Answer the following questions based on the above passage :
(a) What do you mean by ODD?
(b) What are the symptoms of ODD?
(c) What values are shown by Aryaman? ** [3]
Answer:
(a) Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a childhood disorder that is defined by a
pattern of hostile, disobedient, and defiant behaviours directed at adults or other
authority figures.
(b) Symptoms of ODD are as follows :
1. Rude, aggressive and non-cooperative.
2. Difficulty to make friends.
3. Often and easily loses temper.
4. Is frequently touchy and easily annoyed by others.
5. Is often angry and argumentative.
6. Often argues with adults or people in authority.
7. Often actively refuses to comply with adults’ requests or rules.
Question 15.
What are the causes of Osteoporosis ? [3]
OR
Write briefly about the prevention and management of “Anorexia”.
Answer:
Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle, so brittle that a fall or even
mild stresses such as bending over or coughing can cause a fracture.
Causes of Osteoporosis are as follows :
1. Women are much more likely to develop osteoporosis than are men. Lowered
sex hormone levels tend to weaken bone. The reduction of oestrogen levels in
women at menopause is one of the strongest risk factors for developing
osteoporosis.
2. The old age people are at greater risk of osteoporosis.
 3. Having a parent or sibling with osteoporosis puts greater risk to have
osteoporosis
4. Low calcium intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss
and an increased risk of fractures.
5. Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens bone in both
men and women.
6. Long-term use of oral or injected corticosteroid medications, such as
prednisone and cortisone, interferes with the bone-rebuilding process.
OR
Answer:
Prevention of Anorexia
Prevention is a term that can refer to either the elimination of factors causing eating
disorders :
1. Teach children not to be pre-occupied with their weight. It means placing less
emphasis on appearance and more on personality and individuality.
2. Teachers and school counsellors should educate about the causes and
perpetuating factors of eating disorders.
3. Teachers should also educate students about accepting a wide range of
weights and the dangers of dieting.
4. School students can be engaged in discussions about social pressures on
women to be thin, pressure to achieve, as well as prejudice against fat.
5. Teachers can initiate discussions focussing on ways of achieving a sense of
self-worth and role-play exercises to develop assertiveness skills.
6. Teachers identifying students with low self-esteem or family problems should
recommend counselling for those students.
Management of Anorexia
1. The treatment options should be discussed fully with the patient in order that
he or she can make informed choices.
2. Health care professionals involved in the treatment of anorexia nervosa
should take time to build an empathic, supportive and collaborative relationship
with patients.
3. Motivation to change may go up and down over the course of treatment and
the therapist needs to remain sensitive to this.
Question 16.
Explain the various factors affecting projectile trajectory. ** [3]
Question 17.
Explain the various types of axes of rotation. [3]
Answer:
An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at the joint takes
place in a plane about an axis. There are three axis of rotation.
1. Sagital Axis : It passes horizontally from posterior to anterior and is formed by
the intersection of the sagital and transverse planes.
2. Frontal Axis : It passes horizontally from left to right and is formed by the
intersection of the frontal and transverse planes.
3. Vertical Axis : It passes vertically from inferior to superior and is formed by the
intersection of the sagital and frontal planes.
Question 18.
What do you mean by coping strategies? Write briefly. ** [3]
OR
Explain the strategies for enchancing adherence to exercise.
Answer:
Getting started and continuing an exercise program can be a challenging yet,
rewarding undertaking. There is no clear ‘best strategy’ for increasing exercise
adherence, rather following interventions should be considered a tool box of
strategies that could be used in order to find a successful formula for different groups
or individuals for the purpose of adhering to exercise:
1. Work out with friends.
It helps to have companion, social support and encouragement.
2. Choose an activity you like.
Start by identifying activities that you enjoy. One is more likely to stick to a
program if it is fun and convenient. Activity of one’s choice will pull one to
continue practicing it.
3. Learning new activity.
The new challenge will prompt one to come back and learn challenge.
4. Begin easy and slowly increase effort. Slowly increase the load of performing
the activity reduces, the chances of sore muscles or injury. Aim for small but
regular improvements.
5. Cross-training.
Performing same thing every day may be boring. Try different activities. This
type of training will keep one away from becoming bored with exercise.
6. Goal Setting
Goals should be self-set, flexible, and time based. Setting realistic short-term
goal will motivate one to do task and note ones progress toward goal.
7. Keep a record of progress.
It will act as a progress chart showing where one has reached are and how
much one has to progress. Seeing one’s improvement motivates one work
towards one goals.
8. Establish a routine.
Fix a time for exercise. As one sticks to routine, exercise will become a habit
9. Combine family-time with exercise. Evening walk, yoga with family will help
develop bond with family members and also in exercise adherence.
10. Provide cues for exercises.
Place posters and quotes to motivate while performing exercise.
Question 19.
Write briefly about the techniques of Stress management. [3]
Answer:
Stress induces bodily or mental tension. Techniques of stress management are as
follows :
1. Own one’s own feelings-Do not blame someone else for personal feelings.
2. Express what one is feeling-Do not blame someone else for personal feelings.
3. Express what one is feeling, get it out or forgive.
4. Reduce caffeine and sugar-By reducing the amount of coffee, soft drinks,
chocolate, and sugar snacks in diet, one will feel more relaxed and will sleep
better.
5. Get enough sleep-Adequate sleep refreshes the mind and body.
6. Include rest and relaxation in daily schedule-This time provides a break from
all responsibilities and recharge oneself.
7. Spend time with positive people-A strong support system will buffer one from
the negative effects of stress.
8. Keep sense of humour. This includes the ability to laugh at one self. The act
of laughing helps the body fight stress.
9. Don’t try to control the uncontrollable. Many things in life are beyond our
control-particularly the behaviour of other people.
10. Learn to forgive-Free oneself from negative energy by forgiving and moving
on.
11. Focus on the positive-When stress is getting one down, take a moment to
reflect on all the things one appreciates in one’s life, including one’s own
positive qualities and gifts.
12. Eat a healthy diet.
 13. Go for a walk.
14. Spend time in nature.
15. Call a good friend.
16. Play with a pet.
17. Work in garden.
18. Read a good book.
19. Take a long bath.
20. Listen to music.
21. Watch a comedy.
22. Get a massage.
Section – C
Question 20.
What is league tournament? Draw a fixture of nine (9) teams on the basis of league
tournament using cyclic method. Explain British method to declare the Winner. [5]
Answer:
In a league tournament, each team competes with every other team participating in
the tournament. Winners are decided on the basis of the points acquired after all the
competitions. For each win a team may be awarded 2 points, for draw 1 point and for
a loss no point is awarded. Formulae to find the number of matches in a league
tournament = n (n – 1)/2, where n = number of teams participating in the tournament.
The number of matches in a league tournament of 9 teams = 9 (9 -1)/2 = 36
matches. In a single league tournament, every team competes with every other team
participating in the tournament once. In a double league tournament, every team
competes with every other team participating in the tournament twice.
Advantages of league Tournament:
1. Luck factor does not have a role to play as each team gets to play with all the
teams.
2. If a good team has lost a match, it still can be winner of the tournament
because it has other matches to play.
3. There is less pressure on players to perform well bacause each match is not
crucial.
4. More number to matches for players to show their talent and also for the
selectors to spot the talent.
Disadvantages of league Tournament:
1. It takes more time to finish the tournament. Number of matches in a league
tournament is more compared to knock-out tournament.
2. It is not economical
Each match is not crucial. So, some matches may become boring for
sopectators

Number of Matches = N(N-1)/2 = 9(9-1)/2= 36

N = Number of teams
British Method to Decide the Winner
In British method to decide winner in a league tournament, team which wins secures
2 points and for a draw 1 point and for a loss a team gets zero points.
Formulae for deciding the winner in a league tournament by British Method is
number of points secured divided by maximum point which can be secured whole
multiplied by 100. Percentage scored by a team = (Number of points
secured/Maximum point which can be secured) 100
If there are 9 teams maximum points which can be scored by a team are 18 points (9
× 2) and the team which has secured 10 points will have a percentage score of
(10/18 ) 100 is equal to 55 percentage. The team which has higher percentage will
be considered winner.
Question 21.
Explain macro-nutrients and their role in our diet. [5]
Answer:
Macronutrients are defined as chemical substances required in large amounts by the
body for survival. The three macro-nutrients are protein, carbohydrates, and fats.
The amounts of different macro-nutrients a person needs as well as the ratio of
nutrients to each other varies by age, lifestyle (sedentary, active, or very active),
gender, health status, and health goals.
Types of Macronutrients Calories per Macronutrient

Carbohydrates 4 calories per gram of carbohydrates

Protein 4 calories per gram of protein

Fats 9 calories per gram of fat

Role of micro-nutrients in our diet :
(a) Carbohydrates include starches, sugars, and fiber.
(b) Body uses carbohydrates to fuel the body.
(c) Carbohydrates come in two forms complex and simple. Simple carbohydrates
include sugars like table sugar and high fructose corn syrup, which have one or two
sugar molecules (mono- and disaccharides). Honey and maple syrup contain simple
sugars, as well as other nutrients. Complex carbohydrates are long chains of simple
sugars stuck together, also called polysaccharides. They can be either starches or
fiber (cellulose from plants). Foods like whole wheat pasta and white potatoes
contain complex carbohydrates.
(d) Adults should get between 45-65% of their daily calories from carbohydrates.
(e) Humans don’t produce the enzymes necessary to digest fiber.
(f) Sources of Carbohydrates : The best carbohydrates are micro nutrients dense
whole foods that contain sugar or starches along with fiber. Breads, cereals, pasta,
rice, beans and peas, and starchy vegetables such as potatoes, green peas, corn
honey, candy, soft drinks, and frosting or icing are sources of carbohydrates.
(ii) Proteins
(a) Protein is the building block responsible for the growth and maintenance of eyes,
skin, hair, nails, organs, and muscle tissue.
(b) During digestion, protein is broken down into smaller chains called polypeptides
and individual units called amino acids for absorption. Of the 22 amino acids that
make up proteins, nine are called “essential” amino acids, which means that our
bodies do not produce them and must get them from food. These include histidine,
isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and
valine. Histidine is unique in that it is only required during infacy.
(c) Protein embeds themselves in cells to regulate what goes in and out. They even
envelop and transport some molecules to other locations in the body.
(d) Enzymes that catalyze the various chemical reactions in the body are made of
folded chains of amino acids.
(e) The body creates hormones like leptin, immune proteins like interferon and
antibodies using amino acids.
(f) Sources of Protein
Nuts, seeds, grains and vegetables, are called incomplete proteins because they do
not contain all nine essential amino acids together, as meats, eggs and dairy
products do. One won’t develop a protein deficiency on a plant-based diet as long as
one eats a balanced died that combines plant foods with different amino acids.
(iii) Fat
(a) Fat is the densest source of energy in the diet.
(b) In the body, fats make up cell membranes, steroids, cholesterol, and 60% of the
brain.
(c) Fats support the absorption of fat soluble vitamins, cushion organs, and acts as
largest form of energy storage.
(d) Fats should account for 25-35% of the daily calories.
(e) Dietary fats include saturated and unsaturated fats.
(f) Saturated fats tend to come from animal sources, while most plant fats are
unsaturated. There are also important essential fatty acids, namely omega-3 and
omega-6. As with essential amino acids, the term essential means that the human
body cannot produce it and we must get these from our diet. There is also an
unnatural type of fat known as trans fats. Trans fats are often described as poison.
Trans fat raise “bad” LDL cholesterol and have no place in a healthy diet.
(g) Sources of Fat
Nuts, seeds, avocados, olives, coconut, dark chocolate, grape seed oil, sunflower oil,
walnut oil, sesame oil, coconut oils, meat are good source of fat.
Question 22.
Explain ‘Flat Foot’ and ‘Knock Knees’ and also suggest corrective measures for both
postural deformities. [5]
Answer:
1. Flat Foot

Flat foot is one physical deformity on which the medial longitudinal and transverse
arches of foot are depressed and medial border of foot comes in contact with
ground. In other words, in this deformity the arch of the foot collapses, with the entire
sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. Flat
foot deformity can be diagnosed with a very simple test called as ‘Wet Foot test’. It
creates problem in walking and running.’
Causes of knock knee are
1. Birth defect.
2. Overweight or obesity.
3. Deficiency of the vitamin D, calcium, etc. during childhood.
Knock Knee
Knock-knee is a type of postural deformity. In this deformity, both the knees touch
each other in normal standing position. It creates problem in walking and running.
Causes of Knock Knee are :
1. Birth defect.
2. Overweight or obesity.
3. Deficiency of the vitamin D, calcium, etc. during childhood.
Corrective Measures for Knock Knee and Flat Foot
Following exercises can be performed as a remedy for Flat Foot deformity :
1. Walking on heels.
 2. Walking on inner and outer side of feet.
3. Walking on toes.
4. To perform up and down the heels.
5. Jumping on toes for some time.
6. To skip on rope.
7. To perform the yogic asana.
8. Surgery
9. Standing on toes
10. Picking small stone with toes and placing it a little far
11. Perform yogic asana like Tadasana (Tree posture), Vajrasana and
Utkatasana (Chair posture).
Following exercises can be performed as a remedy for Knock Knee deformity :
1. Walking on the outer edge of the brick (One feet on one side and other on
other side)
2. Names of the yoga exercise which help in treatment of knock knee :
Padmasana (Lotus posture), Vatayanasan (Horse face posture), Bhadrasana
(Gracious pose) etc.
3. Use of walking callipers may also be beneficial.
4. Keep a pillow between the knees and stand erect for some time.
Question 23.
Write in detail about AAPHER (American Alliance For Health, Physical Education
and Recreation) Motor Fitness Test. ** [5]
OR
What do you know about Harvard Step Test? Explain its procedure and
administration.
Answer:
The Harvard Step test is a test to test aerobic fitness :
Equipment required : Step or platform 20 inches / 50.8 cm high for men and 16
inches for women, stopwatch, and metronome or cadence tape. Things to be done
before the test: Explain the test procedures to the subject. Perform screening of
health risks and obtain informed consent. Prepare forms and record basic
information such as age, height, body weight, gender, test conditions. Check step
height and set metronome.
Procedure : The athlete steps up and down on the platform at a rate of 30 steps per
minute (every two seconds) for 5 minutes or until exhaustion. Exhaustion is defined
as when the athlete cannot maintain the stepping rate for 15 seconds. The athlete
immediately sits down on completion of the test, and the total number of heart beats
are counted between 1 to 1.5 minutes after finishing. This is the only measure
required if using the short form of the test. If the long form of the test is being
conducted, there is an additional heart rate measures at between 2 to 2.5 minutes,
and between 3 to 3.5 minutes.
Scoring : The Fitness Index score is determined by the following equations :
Fitness Index (short form) = (100 × test duration in seconds) divided by (5.5 × pulse
count between 1 and 1.5 minutes).
Fitness Index (long form) = (100 × test duration in seconds) divided by (2 × sum of
heart beats in the recovery periods).
Rating Fitness index (long form)

Excellent >96

Good 83-96

Average 68-82

Below average 54-67

Poor <54
Question 24.
What are the effects of exercise on Respiration System ? Write in detail. ** [5]
Question 25.
What do you understand by fracture? How can fracture be classified? Explain. [5]
Answer:
A bone fracture is a medical condition where the continuity of the bone is broken. A
break in the bone that does not damage surrounding tissue or tear through the skin
is known as a closed fracture. On the other hand, one that damages surrounding
skin and penetrates the skin is known as a compound fracture or an open fracture.
Classification of Fracture:
1. Comminuted fracture: The bone is shattered into many pieces.
2. Compression (crush) fracture : Generally occurs in the spongy bone in the
spine. For example, the front portion of a vertebra in the spine may collapse
due to osteoporosis.
3. Greenstick fracture : The bone partly fractures on one side, but does not
break completely because the rest of the bone can bend. This is more common
among children, whose bones are softer and more elastic. 5
4. Hairline fracture : A partial fracture of the bone. Sometimes this type of
fracture is harder to detect with routine X-rays.
5. Impacted fracture : When the bone is fractured, one fragment of bone goes
into another.
6. Longitudinal fracture : The break is along the length of the bone.
7. Oblique fracture : A fracture that is diagonal to a bone’s long axis.
8. Spiral fracture : A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been
twisted.
9. Stress fracture : More common among athletes. A bone breaks because of
repeated stresses and strains.
10. Transverse fracture : A straight break right across a bone.
11. Complicated fracture : Structures surrounding the fracture are injured.
Question 26.
What do you understand by coordinative ability? Discuss about different types of
coordinative abilities. [5]
OR
Write in detail about strength improving methodisometric, Isotonic and Isokinetic.
Answer:
Coordination is the ability to integrate separate motor systems with varying sensory
modalities into efficient movements. The harmonious working together of the
synchrony, rhythm, and sequencing aspect of one’s movements is crucial to
coordinated movement. Various parts of the body may be involved, such as eye foot
coordination, as in kicking a ball or walking upstairs. Eye-hand coordination is
evident in fine motor activities such as bead stringing, tracing and clay modelling or
in gross motor activities such as catching, striking or volleying a ball.
Different Types of Coordinative ability Following are different types of coordinative
abilities :
(i) Coupling Ability : Coupling ability to synchronize movements and direction
efficiently and to let different parts to cooperate in order to achieve a desired and
smooth movement. Coupling ability of the body is considered as capacity of an
individual to perform better coordination of different parts of the body. For example,
while dribbling a basketball, the coordination of both the limbs is required.
(ii) Reaction Ability : Reaction ability is a skill to react quickly to a stimulus. For
example, chaser in Kho-Kho runs quickly after Kho is given.
(iii) Balance Ability : Balance ability is known as capability of an individual to maintain
balance while the body is in motion. Even during distributed balance regaining the
lost balance is known as balance ability.
(iv) Orientation Ability : The orientation ability is a skill to determine and change the
position in complex situations. For example, defending an opponent in football, the
position is changed according to the movement of opponent.
(v) Adaptation Ability: Adaptation ability is the capability of a person to change the
movement on the basis of predicted changes. This ability is achieved after mastering
the skills.
(vi) Rhythm Ability : Rhythm ability is to make out motor actions on a well-defined
rhythm. Rhythm ability enables to grasp and express rhythm which is externally
determined or contained in the motor activity itself.
OR
Answer:
(i) Isometric:
They are exercises in which muscular tension is built without any visible movement
of muscle being used. Contraction during such an exercise is called isometric
contraction. Work done during isometric exercise is zero. Isometric exercise is
practiced by pushing or pulling an immovable object like a wall or bar anchored to
the floor. Isometric exercise increases muscle tension significantly but fails to change
the length of the muscles. Today, it is primarily used for rehabilitation purposes.
Examples:
1. Balancing on one foot.
2. Pressing against the wall.
3. Standing with heavy load on head.
4. Maintaining a sitting posture without a chair.
5. Holding a weight at arm’s length.
6. Attempting to lift an immoveable object. Characteristic of isometric exercise
o The amount of heat generated and tension developed is higher than
that of isotonic.
o Increased muscular tension leads to tremor in muscles.
(ii) Isotonic:
Exercise where we can see movement of an object on application of force is called
Isotonic exercise and contraction of the muscle during such an exercise is called
isotonic contraction. Isotonic exercises are carried out against a fixed resistance. As
each muscle moves through its complete range, isotonic contraction creates tension
with maximum effort at the beginning and end of each exercise. Two types of
muscular contraction take place while performing Isotonic exercise they are
concentric contraction in which length of the muscle decreases from the normal size
and eccentric contraction in which length of the muscle increases from the normal
size.
Examples :

Light rhythmic Lifting free weights, like

Running downhill Sit-ups and push up
exercise dumbbells and barbells

Landing on the ground after a

Hammer throw Triple Jump
jump
(iii) Isokinetic:
They are exercises in which speed remains same throughout the range of
movement. It can be also called as a combination of isometric and isotonic
contraction. Isokinetic exercise uses a machine that controls the speed of contraction
within the range of motion. Cybex and Biodex machines provide this kind of workout,
but these machines are generally used by physical therapists and not readily
available to most people. Exercise which can be found similar to isokinetic exercise
in sports activity are :
1. Ice skating
2. Chin ups
3. Rope climbing
4. While Rowing
5. While Swimming