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Power Electronics : MTS-447

(3-3-0)

Lecture 40: DC–AC Converters (Inverter)


Chapter-6
Dr. Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman
hafizzia@mail.au.edu.pk

Department of Mechatronics Engineering


Air University, Islamabad

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Recap
◼ What is an inverter/dc-Ac converter?
◼ Performance parameters
◼ Principle of operation
◼ Single phase half bridge inverter
◼ Single phase full bridge inverter

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6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase
Inverters
◼ In many industrial applications, the control of the output voltage of
inverters is often necessary:
(1) to cope with the variations of dc input voltage,
(2) to regulate voltage of inverters, and
(3) to satisfy the constant volts and frequency control requirement.

◼ There are various techniques to vary the inverter gain. The most
efficient method of controlling the gain is to incorporate PWM control
within the inverters.

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6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase
Inverters

◼ The commonly used techniques are:


1. Single-pulse-width modulation
2. Multiple-pulse-width modulation
3. Sinusoidal pulse-width modulation
4. Modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation
5. Phase-displacement control
◼ Among all these techniques, the sinusoidal pulse-width modulation
(SPWM) is commonly used for a voltage control.
◼ However, the multiple-pulse-width modulation provides a foundation
for better understanding of the PWM modulation techniques.

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6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase
Inverters

Sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM)


◼ The modified SPWM gives limited ac output voltage control.

◼ The phase-displacement control is normally used for high-voltage


applications, especially phase displacement by transformer
connections.
◼ The SPWM, which is most commonly used, suffers from drawbacks
(e.g., low fundamental output voltage).

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6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase
Inverters

◼ The following advanced modulation techniques that offer improved


performances are also often used. However, these are not covered
further in this book.
◼ Trapezoidal modulation
◼ Staircase modulation
◼ Stepped modulation
◼ Harmonic injection modulation
◼ Delta modulation

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** This image is courtesy of prof. Sohail Ansari 7
** This image is courtesy of prof. Sohail Ansari 8
6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

◼ Several pulses in each half-cycle


of the output voltage are
generally produced to reduce the
harmonic contents and to
increase harmonic frequencies
for reducing the size and costs of
filtering.
◼ The generation of gating signals
for turning on and off transistors
is shown in Figure 6.12a by
comparing a reference signal
with a triangular carrier wave.

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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

◼ The gate signals are shown in


Figure 6.12b. The frequency of
reference signal sets the output
frequency fo, and the carrier
frequency fc determines the
number of pulses per half-cycle
p.
◼ The modulation index controls
the output voltage. This type of
modulation is also known as
uniform pulse-width
modulation (UPWM).

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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

◼ The instantaneous output


voltage is
𝒗𝒐 = 𝑽𝒔 𝒈𝟏 − 𝒈𝟒
◼ The output voltage for
single-phase bridge inverters
is shown in Figure 6.12c for
UPWM.

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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

◼ If δ is the width of each pulse, the rms output voltage can be found
from:

𝑨𝒓
◼ The variation of the modulation index 𝑴 = from 0 to 1 varies the
𝑨𝒄𝒓
𝑻 𝝅
pulse width d from 0 to 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 and the rms output voltage Vo
𝟐𝒑 𝒑
from 0 to Vs.
◼ The general form of a Fourier series for the instantaneous output
voltage is:

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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

◼ The general form of a Fourier series for the instantaneous output


voltage is:

◼ The coefficient Bn in Eq. (6.32) can be determined by considering a


pair of pulses such that the positive pulse of duration δ starts at 𝝎𝒕 =
𝜶 and the negative one of the same width starts at 𝝎𝒕 = 𝝅 + 𝜶.
◼ This is shown in Figure 6.12c. The effects of all pulses can be
combined to obtain the effective output voltage.

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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

◼ If the positive pulse of 𝒎𝒕𝒉 pair starts at 𝝎𝒕 = 𝜶𝒎 and ends at 𝝎𝒕 =


𝜶𝒎 + 𝜹, the Fourier coefficient for a pair of pulses is:

◼ The coefficient Bn of Eq. (6.32) can be found by adding the effects of


all pulses,

◼ A computer program is used to evaluate the performance of multiple-


pulse modulation. 15
6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

◼ The distortion factor is reduced significantly compared with that of


single-pulse modulation.
◼ However, due to larger number of switching on and off processes
of power transistors, the switching losses would increase.
◼ With larger values of p, the amplitudes of LOH would be lower, but
the amplitudes of some higher order harmonics would increase.
◼ However, such higher order harmonics produce negligible ripple or
can easily be filtered out.

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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

◼ Gating sequence. The algorithm for generating the gating signals is


as follows:

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6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation
◼ Since the desired output voltage is a sine wave, a reference sinusoidal
signal is used as the reference signal.
◼ Instead of maintaining the width of all pulses the same as in the case
of multiple-pulse modulation, the width of each pulse is varied in
proportion to the amplitude of a sine wave evaluated at the center of
the same pulse.
◼ The DF and LOH are reduced significantly.
◼ The gating signals as shown in Figure 6.14a are generated by
comparing a sinusoidal reference signal with a triangular carrier wave
of frequency fc.

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6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation
◼ This sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) is commonly used in
industrial applications.
◼ The frequency of reference signal fr determines the inverter output
frequency fo and its peak amplitude Ar controls the modulation index
M, and then in turn the rms output voltage Vo.
◼ Comparing the bidirectional carrier signal vcr with two sinusoidal
reference signals vr and -vr shown in Figure 6.14a produces gating
signals g1 and g4 respectively, as shown in Figure 6.14b.
◼ The output voltage is vo = Vs(g1 - g4). However, g1 and g4 cannot be
released at the same time. The number of pulses per half-cycle
depends on the carrier frequency.
◼ Within the constraint that two transistors of the same arm (Q1 and Q4)
cannot conduct at the same time, the instantaneous output voltage is
shown in Figure 6.14c. 19
6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation

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6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation
◼ The same gating signals can be generated by using unidirectional
triangular carrier wave as shown in Figure 6.14d. It is easier to
implement this method and is preferable.
◼ The gating signal g1, which is the same as g2, is generated by
determining the intersections of the triangular carrier signal
Vcr with the sinusoidal reference signal vr = Vr sin ωt.
◼ Similarly, the gating signals g4, which is the same as g3, is generated
by determining the intersections of the triangular carrier signal vcr
with the negative sinusoidal reference signal vr = -Vr sin ωt.

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6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation

◼ The algorithm for generating the gating signals is similar to that for
the uniform PWM in Section 6.6.1, except the reference signal is a
sine wave vr = Vr sin ωt, instead of a dc signal.
◼ The output voltage is vo = Vs(g1 - g4).
◼ The rms output voltage can be varied by varying the modulation
𝑨
index M, defined by 𝑴 = 𝒓 .
𝑨𝒄
◼ It can be observed that the area of each pulse corresponds
approximately to the area under the sine wave between the adjacent
midpoints of off periods on the gating signals.

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6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation
◼ If δm is the width of mth pulse, Eq. (6.31) can be extended to find
the rms output voltage by summing the average areas under each
pulse as:

◼ Equation (6.34) can also be applied to determine the Fourier


coefficient of output voltage as:

◼ A computer program is developed to determine the width of


pulses and to evaluate the harmonic profile of sinusoidal
modulation.
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Reference and Reading Assignment

Reference
❑ Muhammad H Rashid, Power Electronics Circuits, Devices, and
Applications, 4th Edition is also available), Prentice-Hall Inc.
Reading Assignment
❑ Art. 6.1-6.4

❑ 6.6.1-2

❑ How inverter works? Very good short video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVeERT4nyz8

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