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Recap
◼ What is an inverter/dc-Ac converter?
◼ Performance parameters
◼ Principle of operation
◼ Single phase half bridge inverter
◼ Single phase full bridge inverter
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6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase
Inverters
◼ In many industrial applications, the control of the output voltage of
inverters is often necessary:
(1) to cope with the variations of dc input voltage,
(2) to regulate voltage of inverters, and
(3) to satisfy the constant volts and frequency control requirement.
◼ There are various techniques to vary the inverter gain. The most
efficient method of controlling the gain is to incorporate PWM control
within the inverters.
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6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase
Inverters
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6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase
Inverters
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6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase
Inverters
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** This image is courtesy of prof. Sohail Ansari 7
** This image is courtesy of prof. Sohail Ansari 8
6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation
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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation
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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation
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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation
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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation
◼ If δ is the width of each pulse, the rms output voltage can be found
from:
𝑨𝒓
◼ The variation of the modulation index 𝑴 = from 0 to 1 varies the
𝑨𝒄𝒓
𝑻 𝝅
pulse width d from 0 to 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 and the rms output voltage Vo
𝟐𝒑 𝒑
from 0 to Vs.
◼ The general form of a Fourier series for the instantaneous output
voltage is:
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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation
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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation
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6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation
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6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation
◼ Since the desired output voltage is a sine wave, a reference sinusoidal
signal is used as the reference signal.
◼ Instead of maintaining the width of all pulses the same as in the case
of multiple-pulse modulation, the width of each pulse is varied in
proportion to the amplitude of a sine wave evaluated at the center of
the same pulse.
◼ The DF and LOH are reduced significantly.
◼ The gating signals as shown in Figure 6.14a are generated by
comparing a sinusoidal reference signal with a triangular carrier wave
of frequency fc.
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6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation
◼ This sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) is commonly used in
industrial applications.
◼ The frequency of reference signal fr determines the inverter output
frequency fo and its peak amplitude Ar controls the modulation index
M, and then in turn the rms output voltage Vo.
◼ Comparing the bidirectional carrier signal vcr with two sinusoidal
reference signals vr and -vr shown in Figure 6.14a produces gating
signals g1 and g4 respectively, as shown in Figure 6.14b.
◼ The output voltage is vo = Vs(g1 - g4). However, g1 and g4 cannot be
released at the same time. The number of pulses per half-cycle
depends on the carrier frequency.
◼ Within the constraint that two transistors of the same arm (Q1 and Q4)
cannot conduct at the same time, the instantaneous output voltage is
shown in Figure 6.14c. 19
6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation
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6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation
◼ The same gating signals can be generated by using unidirectional
triangular carrier wave as shown in Figure 6.14d. It is easier to
implement this method and is preferable.
◼ The gating signal g1, which is the same as g2, is generated by
determining the intersections of the triangular carrier signal
Vcr with the sinusoidal reference signal vr = Vr sin ωt.
◼ Similarly, the gating signals g4, which is the same as g3, is generated
by determining the intersections of the triangular carrier signal vcr
with the negative sinusoidal reference signal vr = -Vr sin ωt.
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6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation
◼ The algorithm for generating the gating signals is similar to that for
the uniform PWM in Section 6.6.1, except the reference signal is a
sine wave vr = Vr sin ωt, instead of a dc signal.
◼ The output voltage is vo = Vs(g1 - g4).
◼ The rms output voltage can be varied by varying the modulation
𝑨
index M, defined by 𝑴 = 𝒓 .
𝑨𝒄
◼ It can be observed that the area of each pulse corresponds
approximately to the area under the sine wave between the adjacent
midpoints of off periods on the gating signals.
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6.6.2 Sinusoidal pulse-Width modulation
◼ If δm is the width of mth pulse, Eq. (6.31) can be extended to find
the rms output voltage by summing the average areas under each
pulse as:
Reference
❑ Muhammad H Rashid, Power Electronics Circuits, Devices, and
Applications, 4th Edition is also available), Prentice-Hall Inc.
Reading Assignment
❑ Art. 6.1-6.4
❑ 6.6.1-2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVeERT4nyz8
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