Bathurst Pest Bird Management Strategy

Bathurst Pest Bird Management
Strategy
JULY 2012
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Document Verification
Project Title: Bathurst Pest Bird Management Strategy
Project Number: 2038

Project File Name: Bathurst Pest Bird Management Strategy
Revision Date Prepared by (name) Reviewed by (name) Approved by (name)
Draft 11/04/12 Freya Gordon Jacqui Coughlan
Final 09/07/12 Freya Gordon Jacqui Coughlan Erwin Budde
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www.nghenvironmental.com.au e ngh@nghenvironmental.com.au
unit 17, 27 yallourn st (po box 1037) suite 1, 216 carp st (po box 470) suite 1, 39 fitzmaurice st (po box 5464)
fyshwick act 2609 australia bega nsw 2550 australia wagga wagga nsw 2650 australia
t 61 2 6280 5053 f 61 2 6280 9387 t 61 2 6492 8333 t 61 2 6971 9696 f 61 2 6971 9693
suite 7, 5/18 griffin dr (po box 1037)

dunsborough wa 6281 australia
t 61 8 9759 1985
Bathurst Pest Bird Management Strategy
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 SITE DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................1
2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................. 3
3 PEST BIRD MANAGEMENT IN BATHURST CBD ............................................................................ 5
3.1 RECOMMENDED PRIORITY ACTIONS ...................................................................................................5
3.2 MONITORING .......................................................................................................................................7
3.2.1 Council Staff – CBD ................................................................................................................................ 7
3.2.2 Bathurst Community.............................................................................................................................. 8
4 MANAGING AND MONITORING NATIVE AND PEST BIRDS IN THE WIDER BATHURST REGION ...... 9
4.1 PRIORITY RECOMMENDATIONS ...........................................................................................................9
4.2 MONITORING .................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2.1 Data Collection .................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2.2 Timing .................................................................................................................................................. 11
5 RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................ 11
6 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 12
APPENDIX A RESULTS OF COMMUNITY SURVEYS ......................................................................... A-I
APPENDIX B PEST BIRD FACT SHEETS ........................................................................................... B-I
APPENDIX C MONITORING DATA SHEETS..................................................................................... C-I
APPENDIX D POINT CENSUS STATIONS.........................................................................................D-I
TABLES
Table 2-1. Overall objectives and performance indicators of the Bathurst Pest Bird Management Strategy
........................................................................................................................................................................4
Table 3-1. Implementation Schedule .............................................................................................................5
Table 4-1. Priority recommendations for managing and monitoring native and pest birds in the Bathurst
Region ...........................................................................................................................................................10
2038 Final i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In collaboration with Bathurst Regional Council, nghenvironmental has developed this pest bird
management strategy (PBMS) for the Bathurst Region to provide Council and property owners with
ecological information and details of management actions to be implemented for the management of
pest birds, particularly Feral Pigeons. The strategy also aims to assist the Bathurst community with
managing pest species, thereby encouraging native birds into their backyards.
The strategy also reflects that the control of pest birds, whether pigeons in the urban environment or
starlings in suburban and rural areas, is the responsibility of both property owners and landholders to
control the pests that reside or visit their properties. Collaborative approaches involving neighbours,
however, are useful and encouraged.
The PBMS outlines a pest bird monitoring program to be conducted by Bathurst Council staff and an
annual bird monitoring program to be conducted by members of the Bathurst Community.
This strategy has been prepared with input from Kate Grarock (ANU) and Darryl Jones (Griffith
University).
1 INTRODUCTION
In response to community concerns, Bathurst Regional Council identified the need to manage
populations of pest bird species in the urban and wider landscape through a pest bird management
strategy (PBMS). The issue of pest birds in Bathurst has raised a variety of concerns including human
health, damage to buildings, reduction in aesthetic value of buildings, and competition with native
species. Surveys were conducted of both the Bathurst business community and the general community
to identify:
• Pest bird species of utmost concern
• ‘Hotspot’ locations negatively impacted by pest birds
• Control methods currently being undertaken and their efficacy

The detailed results of these community surveys are provided in Appendix A. The results of these surveys
have guided the creation of this Management Strategy.
This strategy is primarily concerned with the management of Feral Pigeons in the central business district
(CBD), however, it is practical and cost effective to manage more than one species at a time.
Increasing the available habitat for native species is also a useful way to reduce pest bird species.
Introduced birds tend to prefer introduced plant species, and native bird species tend to prefer native
vegetation. Therefore, increasing native vegetation reduces habitat available for pest species and
encourages competition from native species, further reducing pest populations.
The PBMS will be reviewed after two years and updated if required on the basis of monitoring results
together with recommendations and input by external/independent experts in order to address any
changed conditions or new information that would influence the implementation of the strategy.
1.1 SITE DESCRIPTION

Bathurst is located 200km north-west of Sydney on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales (NSW).
The Bathurst Region has a population of around 40,000 and is one of the fastest growing regional centres
2038 Final 1
in NSW. The Bathurst Regional Council Local Government Area extends from Sunny Corner in the east to
Vittoria in the west, Hill End in the north and Abercrombie River in the South.
Bathurst has a central urban district surrounded by low density suburbia. The urban area has a mix of
native and exotic vegetation with pest bird species making up a significant proportion of the more
common local bird species. The peri-urban and rural landscape is a complex mosaic of pastoral and
cropping land interspersed with remnant vegetation of varying quality and completeness.
2038 Final 2
2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The purpose of the Bathurst Pest Bird Management Strategy is to outline the actions that will be
implemented to control and monitor populations of pest birds, primarily pigeons, in the Bathurst CBD.
The aim of the specified actions is to reduce the impact of pest birds in the wider Bathurst landscape.
The aims of the Pest Bird Management Strategy are:
• To provide information on the most effective and efficient ways for property owners to
deal with pest birds, particularly Feral Pigeons, in the urban environment.
• To enable both Council and the community to take steps towards implementing the
Strategy through a coordinated approach, thereby reducing the impacts of pest birds in
the Bathurst region.
• To monitor bird populations in the Bathurst region as a tool for gauging the effectiveness
of management actions.
• To provide the Bathurst Community with methods of controlling pest birds on their
properties, thereby encouraging native birds.
The management strategy provides the following:
• Background on the general ecology of identified pest birds: Feral Pigeon, Common Myna,
Common Starling, House Sparrow, and Common Blackbird (Appendix B).
• Background on general methods available to control pest birds that may be applicable to the
Bathurst Region. (Appendix B).
• A Pest Bird Monitoring Program for the Bathurst CBD to be carried out by Council staff (Chapter
3.2).
• An annual Bird Monitoring Program for the wider Bathurst region to be carried out by members
of the community (Chapter 3.2).
• Provides for revision and update of the monitoring program if required to reflect any new
findings relevant to the management of pest birds as a result of the monitoring work, or
information gathered by Council or others.
• An Implementation Schedule which details timing and responsibilities for all aspects of the
Management Strategy (Table 3-1).
Substantial background information and reference material is provided in Appendices at the end of this
document. These should be read in conjunction with the strategy and are referred to throughout the
strategy where relevant.
2038 Final 3
Table 2-1. Overall objectives and performance indicators of the Bathurst Pest Bird Management Strategy
Objective Target Performance Indicators Responsibility Timeframe

To reduce the Document a measurable Pest bird abundance Manager 20hrs per
number of difference in the (measured by Council Environment, year, over 4
pest birds in number of pest birds in surveys) is decreased Bathurst Regional years
the CBD the Bathurst CBD over a following implementation Council
period of 4 years of management strategy
To reduce the To continue to develop Review and update Manager After the first
number of the pest bird management strategy Environment, 2 years and
pest birds in management strategy accordingly Bathurst Regional then every 4
the CBD Council years
To reduce the A reduction in the Pest bird abundance is CBD businesses / Ongoing
number of number of pest birds on decreased following property owners
pest birds in CBD properties implementation of
the CBD management strategy
recommendations
To reduce the Document an increase Annual community Manager Ongoing
number of in the proportion of surveys show an increase Environment,
pest birds in native birds in the in native birds inhabiting Bathurst Regional
the CBD Bathurst region properties in Bathurst Council,
Community Groups,
Individuals
2038 Final 4
3 PEST BIRD MANAGEMENT IN BATHURST CBD

This section provides information to Council and the community on ways to manage pest birds such as
pigeons and sparrows in the Bathurst CBD.
3.1 RECOMMENDED PRIORITY ACTIONS

The following priority actions aim to reduce the impact of pigeons on CBD infrastructure and are to be
implemented by Council and/or property owners in the CBD. For information on actions in relation to a
particular pest bird, refer to the species fact sheet. These recommendations have been selected based on
their suitability for the urban environment, and for the Bathurst CBD in particular.
It is important to note that the control of pest birds is the responsibility of the property owner, similar to
that of controlling vermin such as rats and mice. However, to improve the success of management
actions, it is recommended that a collaborative approach be implemented between neighbouring
properties.
Table 3-1. Implementation Schedule
Action Description Timing Responsibility

Habitat management
Bins Ensure all bins in the CBD parks have lids to Priority – as Bathurst Regional
prevent pest birds from foraging on scraps. resources allow. Council
Ensure business waste bins and dumpsters Immediately. Property Owners
are kept closed at all times.
Signs Signs to discourage bird feeding. Within 12 months Bathurst Regional
of finalisation of Council
this strategy.
Native plantings Recommend the use of locally occurring Immediately / Bathurst Regional
native vegetation for any new street ongoing Council
plantings where appropriate and in
accordance with the Vegetation
Management Plan.
Exclusion Install netting, bird spikes, gutter guards Prior to peak Property Owners
and other recommended exclusion breeding season.
techniques on buildings with pest bird
issues.
Nest destruction Destruction of nests where feasible, Immediately. Property Owners
preferably during peak breeding times (July
to February).
Lethal control
Shooting Primarily a scaring technique in areas with When and where Property Owners
high numbers of birds. To be carried out by appropriate.
experienced and licensed personnel. Not
suitable in the long term as a preventative
action and should be used in conjunction
with other suitable methods.
Trapping Trapping program to be instigated by Annually, prior to Property Owners
Bathurst Regional Council. Businesses and peak breeding – partnerships
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property owners invited to participate in a season. recommended

collaborative effort. Costs to be shared by
participants. Should only be used in
conjunction with other management
techniques.
Monitoring Program
CBD Members of Council to conduct pest bird One survey per Bathurst Regional
surveys (Appendix C). month until Council
suitable
population
abundance
attained, then
quarterly.
Education
Distribute Distribute fact sheets and make available Ongoing Bathurst Council
information online.
Trial new techniques New approved methods or products should Ongoing Bathurst Council
be trialled, such as Eagle Eye.
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3.2 MONITORING
The purpose of the monitoring program is to monitor populations of pest birds in the CBD. Specifically it
aims to document the success of management techniques implemented by Council and members of the
CBD business community to control pest birds.
3.2.1 Council Staff – CBD

Following surveys of the Bathurst business community, locations with varying densities of pest birds were
identified. Council staff will monitor pest bird abundance, primarily feral pigeons, in the CBD through
point census surveys at the ten locations detailed below. The monitoring data sheet to be used by
council staff is provided in Appendix C. The aim of these surveys will be to monitor the pigeon population
in the CBD prior to and during the implementation of management methods. Survey results will allow
Council to gauge the success of those management methods and make any changes as required.
Methodology
Ten census stations will be monitored across the Bathurst CBD; five high density locations and five
medium to low density locations (see map). This will enable Council to detect changes in both the
abundance and distribution of pest birds in the CBD over time. For example, if management methods
have been concentrated in particular areas and there is a shift in pest bird occupation to historically less
popular sites. Please see monitoring data sheet for monitoring instructions (Appendix C). The following
point census stations will be monitored:
High density locations
• Census Station 1 -Westpac Building: 86 William St

• Census Station 2 –old TAFE complex: 83 William St
• Census Station 3 – Commonwealth Bank: 171 Howick St
• Census Station 4 – Rear of 165 George St (fronts Russell St)
• Census Station 5 - Machattie Park, near duck pond, viewed from George St
Medium to low density locations

• Census Station 6 – 104 Bentinck St
• Census Station 7 - Goodyear: 223 Howick St
• Census Station 8 - RCG Locksmiths: 223 Russell St
• Census Station 9 - Central Commercial Printers: 43-45 Keppel St
• Census Station 10 - John Matthews Pharmacy: 117 George St
Data Collection
All data will be recorded on project specific data sheets (provided in Appendix C). Minimum information
to be recorded during each monitoring session is:
• Date
• Time start and end
• Weather conditions
• Point Census Station
• Bird species present
• Abundance of each species at each point census station
2038 Final 7
• Photo reference
Photo Log
A photo log will be maintained with photographs taken of each point census station from a specified
location. This will assist in documenting the success of any management methods implemented at each
location, and to assist surveyors with species identification. Details of the photo log will be recorded on
the monitoring data sheets.
Timing
Pest bird monitoring within the CBD will be conducted between 7am and 9am. Approximately 60
minutes will be allocated to each survey, with the aim of conducting 12 surveys per year (<15 hours).
Monitoring will continue for up to 4 years unless data shows a clear decline in pest bird numbers. Surveys
can then continue on a quarterly basis to monitor trends.
3.2.2 Bathurst Community

Both pest birds and native bird species will be monitored through community surveys (See Section 4).
2038 Final 8
4 MANAGING AND MONITORING NATIVE AND

PEST BIRDS IN THE WIDER BATHURST REGION
This section provides information to the community on ways to discourage pest birds such as starlings
and mynas in the wider Bathurst region, encourage native birds and enhance native bird habitat. A
reduction in pest bird populations will reduce competition with native birds for roosting, foraging and
nesting habitat.
The five key pest bird species (listed in order of those that affect the Bathurst Community) taken into
consideration include:
• Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

• House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
• Feral Pigeon (Columba livia)
• Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis)
• Common Blackbird (Turdus merula)
Listed below are priority actions that residents can implement to enhance native bird populations. For
information on actions in relation to a particular pest bird, refer to the relevant species fact sheet
(provided in Appendix B).
4.1 PRIORITY RECOMMENDATIONS

The aim of these prioritised recommendations is to both manage populations of pest birds whilst also
maintaining populations of native bird species. These recommendations have been selected based on
the current literature regarding pest bird control and their suitability for the wider Bathurst region, and
discussion with pest bird experts.
It is important to note that the control of pest birds is the responsibility of the property owner, similar to
that of controlling vermin such as rats and mice. However, to improve the success of management
actions, it is recommended that a collaborative approach be implemented between neighbouring
properties.
2038 Final 9
Table 4-1. Priority recommendations for managing and monitoring native and pest birds in the Bathurst Region
Action Description
Habitat management
Native plantings Recommend the use of locally occurring native vegetation in backyards, and
modify garden to have a complex vegetation structure (include dense/spiky
shrubs that provide refuge for small birds from cats). Refer to the ‘Backyards
for Wildlife’ and ‘Rural Living Handbook’ for information on appropriate
plantings and managing native vegetation.
Exclusion Install netting, bird spikes, gutter guards and other recommended exclusion
techniques on buildings with pest bird issues.
Nest destruction Destroy nests of pest birds where feasible, preferably during peak breeding
times and prior to hatching of eggs.
Nest boxes Council will assist members of the community with the installation of nest
boxes to attract native birds to their gardens. Requires appropriate
placement as well as monitoring, to ensure pest birds are not using them.
Pets and pet food If pest birds are eating pet food (including poultry), feed pets in enclosed
area or remove food source after feeding.
Ensure that cats are kept inside overnight or have a bell on their collar to
reduce mortalities to native birds.
Lethal control
Trapping A trapping program may be instigated by Bathurst Regional Council and/or
members of the community depending upon the focus area. Council or pest
controllers may provide advice with regards to a successful trapping
program.
Monitoring Program
Community surveys Members of the community to conduct annual monitoring surveys in spring
on their properties (Appendix C).
Education
Access fact sheets and Fact sheets with information and recommendations to control pest birds will
additional resources be available through Bathurst Regional Council. Additional resources are
available on the Council website.
4.2 MONITORING
The bird survey will be carried out annually in spring by members of the community to monitor bird
species on their properties. The aim of these surveys will be to raise public interest in backyard wildlife,
and to gauge the success of any bird management methods that may have been implemented. It may
also enable Council to assess whether techniques used to encourage native species have been effective.
The Bathurst Region ‘Backyards for Wildlife’ booklet is a useful reference for local bird species.
Bathurst Regional Council will encourage public participation through various forms of media (e.g. local
newspaper, letterbox drop).
2038 Final 10
The methodology is as follows:
• Record all the birds you observe in your garden on a single day during ‘Bird Week’, over a
fixed 20 minute period between 7am and 10am. For assistance with survey information
and collation contact Birds In Backyards (http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/contact-us).
• Include birds in your front and back yards as well as the street side adjacent to your
house. Do not include birds seen only in your neighbours' gardens, or birds flying through
that do not land.
• Residents should keep records of any management actions implemented such as native
species plantings (timing, number, species) or pest bird control.
4.2.1 Data Collection

All data will be recorded on project specific data sheets (provided in Appendix C). They can be collected
from the Civic Centre/Library or downloaded from the council website
(www.bathurst.nsw.gov.au/environment/biodiversity). Minimum information to be recorded during each
monitoring session is:
• Date
• Time start and end
• Weather conditions
• Location/address
• Bird species present
• Abundance of each species
Completed data sheets can either be submitted online or delivered to the Civic Centre/Library.
Results will be collated by Bathurst Regional Council and made readily available to the Bathurst
community at www.bathurst.nsw.gov.au/environment/biodiversity.
4.2.2 Timing
Bird monitoring for ‘Bird Week’ will be conducted in spring. Members of the community will be
encouraged to participate between 7am and 10am on a day of their choosing during Bird Week (as
specified by Council). Twenty minutes will be allocated to each survey. It is recommended for
monitoring to continue for a minimum of 4 years. If the program is successful, then the survey should
continue for as long as practical, in order to obtain valuable information regarding bird populations in the
Bathurst Region, and to demonstrate trends in populations of native and pest birds in relation to
management activities.
5 RESOURCES
For further information please refer to:
• Bathurst City Vegetation Management Plan

• Backyards for Wildlife Booklet
• Draft Biodiversity Management Plan
• Rural Living Handbook
2038 Final 11
6 REFERENCES
Birds in Backyards. http://birdsinbackyards.net
Bomford, M. and Sinclair, R. 2002. Australian research on bird pests: impact, management and future
directions. Emu 102: 29-45.
City of Holdfast Bay. Feral Pigeon Control. South Australia.
http://www.holdfast.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Feral_Pigeon_Control.pdf
DECC NSW. 2007. Threatened and pest animals of Greater South Sydney. Office of Environment and
Heritage, Sydney.
Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia. 2008. Animal Pest Alert – Common Myna.
Department of Environment and Conservation Western Australia. 2007. Netting to reduce bird damage.
Department of Environment and Conservation Western Australia. 2007. Scaring and repelling birds to
reduce damage.
Eyre Peninsula Natural Resources Management Board. Banning the Bird: Controlling Starlings with
Trapping and Other Management Strategies. Government of South Australia.
Green, B. & Jones, D.N. Living With Wildlife: Common Myna. Suburban Wildlife Research Group,
Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University.
Howard, M., Barrett, P. Oldbury, D. 1993. Pest birds: The role of building design and maintenance.
Structural Survey 10(1):38 – 44.
Kirkpatrick, W. & Woolnough, A. 2007. Pestnote – Common Starling. Department of Agriculture and Food
Western Australia.
MacLeod, C.J., Tompkins, D.M., Drew, K.W. Pyke, N. 2011. Does farm-scale habitat composition predict
pest-bird numbers and distribution? Wildlife Research, 38, 464–474.
Martin, G. 2004. Feral pigeon control options. Department of Agriculture Western Australia.
Massam. M. 2005. Farmnote – Sparrows.Department of Agriculture Western Australia.
O’Keeffe, M.S. & Walton, C.S. 2001. Vertebrate pests of built-up areas in Queensland. Natural Resources
and Mines, Queensland.
Sharp, T. & Saunders, G. 2004. Shooting of Pest Birds. NSW Department of Primary Industries.
Sharp, T. & Saunders, G. 2004. Trapping of Pest Birds. NSW Department of Primary Industries.
Slocum, G.L. 1995. Could the Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) be Managed by Habitat Manipulation
in the ACT? Honours Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.
Tracy, J., Bomford, M., Hart, M., Saunders, G., Sinclair, R. 2007. Managing Bird Damage to Fruit and Other
Horticultural Crops. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.
Westood, D. & Massam, M. 2008. Farmnote – Blackbird. Department of Agriculture and Food Western
Australia
2038 Final 12
APPENDIX A RESULTS OF COMMUNITY SURVEYS

Business Community
A total of 94 people contributed to the Bathurst business community pest bird survey. Of these
respondents, 74.5% have an issue with pest birds in the CBD.
Extent of impact and key issues

• 69.1% of respondents identified Feral Pigeons as the major pest species in the Bathurst CBD,
followed by Common Starlings (28.7%) and House Sparrows (26.6%).
• The chief impact identified was ‘defecation on property’ (73.4%) followed by pest birds nesting in
buildings (46.8%), and being both an annoyance (39.4%) and causing damage to buildings
(39.4%). An additional impact included blocking roof guttering. This can be attributed to both
faeces and nesting pigeons.
• 44.2% of respondents have pigeons on their properties all the time, roosting and breeding.
Management actions being undertaken and efficacy

• 72.3% of respondents don’t have any infrastructure to keep pest birds away
• Of the 25.5% that do, bird spikes are the most common deterrent, but do not work all the time.
Birds are seen nesting and roosting between the spikes. Netting was identified as working most
of the time, but it is expensive, not always applicable, and birds are sometimes seen trapped
behind the netting.
• 19.1% of respondents have bird spikes. 61.1% of these say they do work, 33.3% say they
sometimes work, and 11.1% say they don’t work.
• 10.6% of respondents have netting. 90% of these respondents say that it does work, and 30% say
it only sometimes works.
• Some people have been having the gutters and roofs cleaned, but the birds simply return.
• Overall, heritage buildings appear to be a hotspot for pest bird activity.
• Other identified problem areas included: old TAFE buildings in George & Howick St, Catholic
Church, Cathedral (All Saints), Walshaw Hall, Church Bar, along Howick Street, the buildings
between Durham & Keppel along William Street, Bathurst High School area, roof of big shopping
centres, roof of 215 Howick St, on adjoining buildings at Country Fruit 165 George St and former
Salvation army building at 167-169 George St, around post office block, the conifers at the rear of
139 George Street, the Webb building in George Street, the court house, dock areas 1-5,
Machattie Park near the duck pond when people feed the ducks, above the Telstra ‘business
centre’ on Keppel St, Stannies, Old Bathurst Hospital, Holmhurst (former orphanage).
Willingness to be involved
• 72.3% of people would be willing to be involved in a coordinated approach to managing pest
birds in the CBD.
• 68.8% would like to be kept informed of the progress of the BMP.
2038 Final A-I

Community
Approximately 75 people contributed to the Bathurst pest bird community survey. 88% of these
respondents have a problem with pest birds in their area.
Extent and abundance of pest birds

• Common Starlings were the major pest bird (90.7%), followed by the House Sparrow (57.3%) and
Feral Pigeon (46.7%).
• The major impact of pest birds was identified as keeping native birds away (68%) and nesting in
buildings (66.7%), followed by defecating on property (61.3%). Another impact included
consuming pet food.
• 79.3% of respondents do not feed birds on their property, and 20.7% of respondents do, being
mostly native species (17.1%).
• Common Starlings and House Sparrows seem to be the species present on respondents’
properties all the time, whereas Feral Pigeons and Indian Mynahs are less common.
• Hotspots were identified as pine trees, properties with chickens, dense garden trees and shrubs,
Bathurst Public School, fruiting street trees, Munro St, and fruit farms.
Management actions being undertaken and efficacy

• 54.2% of respondents carry out activities to reduce the number of pest birds on their properties.
Of these, the most popular control method that seems to be successful is nest removal, followed
by fake predators and scarecrows. Methods that were listed as not working include bird spikes,
scare guns and trapping or shooting.
• Other control methods used – netting, gutter guards (costing several hundred dollars to $4000),
creating native habitat, pruning trees, high pressure water hose, Multicrop SCAT bird and animal
repellant, and dogs.
• All the management techniques employed had limitations.
Willingness to be involved
• 91.7% of respondents would be willing to carry out pest bird control.
80.6% of respondents would be willing to install nest boxes on their property.
2038 Final A-II

Summary Data
What pest birds affect Bathurst?

70
60
Number of respondents
50
40
Business Community
30
Community
20
10
0
Pigeons Starlings Indian Sparrow None Other
Myna
Impacts of pest birds

70
60
50
40
30
20 Business Community
10 Community
0
2038 Final A-III

Are people willing to be involved in a

coordinated approach to pest bird management?
70
60
50
40
Business Community
30 Community
20
10
0
Yes No
How often are there pest birds on the business

community's properties?
40
35
30
Feral Pigeon
25
Common Starling
20
Common Myna
15 House Sparrow
10 Common Blackbird
0
Never Sometimes Often (every day) All the time
2038 Final A-IV

APPENDIX B PEST BIRD FACT SHEETS
2038 Final B-I

PEST BIRD FACT SHEET
SPECIES PROFILE - FERAL PIGEON
Common Name: Feral Pigeon, Rock Dove

Scientific Name: Columba livia 1
Distribution & habitat:

 The Feral Pigeon is native to Europe, Africa and Asia. In Australia, it is found in large numbers in capital cities and larger
towns.
Feeding
 Although it is mainly a seed-eater, the Feral Pigeon will scavenge most scraps.
Breeding
 The main breeding season extends from July to February, although they can breed at any time.
 Pigeons can lay up to 2-3 broods per year.
 The female lays one or two white eggs in a crude nest of sticks, grass, and twigs.
 Nesting sites are situated along coastal cliff faces, as well as the artificial cliff faces created by apartment buildings with
accessible ledges or roof spaces.
 Pigeons nest in large colonies which quickly deface buildings with their droppings.
 Pigeon flocks are mobile, having different nesting, roosting and feeding sites.
 Pigeons can live for up to 15 years, although the average life span is three to four years.
Living with humans:
 Communal roosting and nesting habits create aesthetic and human health concerns.
 They are generally regarded as a potential health hazard to humans in urban environments, carrying such diseases as
Ornithosis (sometimes called psittacosis or parrot fever), Salmonellosis (salmonella) and the fungal infection,
Cryptococcosis, which may lead to meningitis. They also play some part in the transmission of such diseases as encephalitis
and histoplasmosis. Sometimes dermatitis, caused by pigeon mites that migrate from nests and bite people, is a problem.
They do pose sporadic health risks to humans, however the risk is generally very low.
 There are also economic costs associated with pigeons damaging public and private property through fouling these areas.
Control options:
 Scaring Devices: Audio & Visual
 Lethal: Shooting, Trapping, Poison, Egg Oil
 Habitat Management: Reduce habitat quality, Nest destruction, limit availability of food, Plant native vegetation, Exclusion
For further information see ‘Control Options’ fact sheet
Pigeon nest Pigeon nest and droppings on roof Pigeons roosting
2 3 4
1
http://expatlarissa.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/pigeon1.jpg;
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columba_livia_nest_2_eggs.jpg.
3
http://pigeoncontrolbrisbane.com.au
4
http://static.lifeislocal.com.au/multimedia/images/full/1826217.jpg
2038 Final B-II

FERAL PIGEONS - POTENTIAL CONTROL OPTIONS
Method Description Advantages Disadvantages
Scaring Devices
Audio Products that generate species-specific alarm and distress High public acceptability, non- The use of some is limited to
calls, predator attack and hunting calls, and other frightening lethal, low level of skill required situations away from residential
noises such as thunderclaps and shotgun blasts to frighten or inner city areas due to high
Examples:
birds from an area. Audio bird control products need to utilise noise levels, often only
Gas cannon, Birdfrite®, Sirens, Alarm calls.
a combination of different sounds at differing lengths and temporarily effective, variable
time intervals to be effective. It is recommended that audio success, shifts the problem, can
and visual deterrents are used together. If used together, be expensive
these audio, visual bird deterrents may convince pest birds to
leave the problem area, but often it is for a short time and
5 then the pest birds will return.
Visual Effectiveness is increased if a number of these techniques are High public acceptability, non- The use of some (eg. flashing
used in combination. lethal, low level of skill required lights) may be limited to situations
away from residential or inner city
Examples: Scarecrows,
predator models, lights, areas, often only temporarily
balloons, reflective effective, variable success, shifts
mirrors or tape. the problem.
6
Lethal
Shooting Shooting is used to directly reduce numbers of pest birds. Quick response to problem Labour intensive, costly,
Shooting as a lethal method can be effective in reducing animals, potential uses in rural opportunistic, rarely effective in
7 localised populations of birds when low numbers are involved. residential areas, high target achieving long-term reductions in
Shooting should only be used in a strategic manner as part of specificity. It is also humane if bird numbers or associated
a co-ordinated program designed to achieve sustained properly carried out. damage and may have limited
effective control. Shooting should be considered as just one value in bird control. It is also
activity in a broader integrated bird-control program. It is a unsafe if used by an unskilled
training technique to educate birds to associate the sharp, operator, and is unsuitable under
sudden noise with real danger, and real danger with humans most circumstances in densely
and human activities. It should therefore be started before populated areas. Other birds will
5
http://dailygunpictures.blogspot.com.au/2008/03/12-gauge-birdfrite-shotgun-cartridge.html
6
http://cgi.ebay.com.au/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?VISuperSize&item=260758343752
7
http://c.shld.net/rpx/i/s/pi/mp/1429/5855262301p?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyramydair.com%2Fimages%2FStoeger-Arms-X5-STGR-30006-Air-Gun-Rifle-combo.jpg&d=069d550a502d9d7b6e8e69d18eecdc9782a346a1
2038 Final B-III

other scaring tactics which can be introduced later to often move into an area to take
reinforce its scaring effects. If, for example, shooting is only the place of those that are killed.
initiated after birds have become used to a gas gun, they will Also, some species of bird learn to
not associate the loud bang with a real threat and the avoid shooters.
shooting will have much less of a scaring effect. Not
recommended as a stand alone method.
Trapping Various live-capture traps can be used. Trap sites should be May be effective in reducing high Slow and labour-intensive.
used in rotation to reduce trap shyness. During the breeding populations when coupled with Confinement in a trap causes fear
season most birds are territorial and so trapping may be less other control options such as nest and distress; therefore traps need
Examples: Walk-in cage traps, clap and sprung
traps, roost traps and nest traps effective. Also, for bird species with high rates of fecundity destruction. to be carefully managed. In many
(e.g. starlings and mynas) removing birds during or just prior incidences trapping does not have
to the breeding season may cause greater reductions in a long term effect on the
density in the long term. Trapped pest birds should be population. The number of birds
euthanased humanely after capture. caught and killed during trapping
8
The traps used should be specific for the target species. operations can be replaced as
Details of trap specifications and construction can be obtained quickly as the birds are removed.
from relevant State or private pest control officers. Bait It is important that the source of
material suitable to the species being trapped should be used. food is removed otherwise the
trapping exercise may be
Everyone who participates in trapping must adopt the animal
pointless.
welfare protocol. Euthanasia is the responsibility of the trap
operator and must be carried out in accordance with the
standard operating procedures produced by the Industry and
Investment NSW.
Poison Poisons specifically used for bird species are known as Effective. Can be used in Community resistance to their
avicides. The use of some is heavily regulated (ie. a chemical combination with trapping. use; their impacts on non-target
product used for the purpose of bird control that contains 4- species; animal welfare concerns;
Examples:
aminopyridine or alphachloralose or fenthion has been and (depending on the poison
1080, nicotine, strychnine, brodifacoum, Alpha-
declared to be a “restricted chemical product” as set out in used) their residual or secondary
chloralose, Fenthion methyl, carbon monoxide
Regulation 45 of the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals effects in the food chain.
Code Regulations 1995).
8
http://www.elitebird.com.au/uploads/_large_pigeon_trap_1.png
2038 Final B-IV

Egg oil Vegetable and mineral oils can be used to prevent hatching May be effective for reducing Labour intensive due to the
when the oils are applied directly to eggs in the nest. An small urban populations of pest inaccessibility of many bird nests.
advantage of applying oils, rather than destroying eggs or birds with extended breeding Therefore it may only be useful
nests, is that birds may continue incubating, in some cases seasons. for small or isolated pest
beyond the normal time for hatching. populations
9
Habitat Management
Reduce habitat quality Habitat quality can be reduced so that fewer resources are Long-term Not practicable for reducing
available for a pest species and their numbers decline. populations of pest birds over
Alternatively, pest birds can be lured away from an area by large areas. May conflict with
providing more attractive habitats or food elsewhere. It may vegetation management
10 be possible, however, to modify or remove isolated trees or legislation
shrubs that are used for roosting.
Nest destruction and limit availability of Pigeon nests are very simple and often consist of a few twigs. Limits resource availability (e.g. Potential poorly realised for most
food Pigeons are very persistent and destruction of the nest at breeding sites), high acceptance, species, can shift problem from
regular intervals will need to be implemented along with may be particularly effective in one place to another, May be
other control methods. combination with other ongoing activity,
Remove sources of food and water- (eg. don’t feed birds and measures, it is a passive method.
prevent access to bins.)
11
Native vegetation Native flowering plants can be planted to increase plant Long-term Colonisation by aggressive edge-
diversity and the extent of native vegetation thereby specialist honeyeaters (eg. noisy
increasing the diversity of birds, particularly native species. A miner)
balance of native shrubs and trees of varying heights is
recommended for conservation and may reduce the numbers
12 of pest birds.
9
http://vanessaruns.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/canola-oil.jpg
10
http://www.hcr.cma.nsw.gov.au/uploads/large/africanolive_maitlandvale.jpg
11
http://selector.com/au/suppliers/street-furniture-australia/products/monsoon-bin-enclosure
12
http://www.duckpond-design.com.au/theduckpond/13july2003.htm
2038 Final B-V

Exclusion Exclusion and habitat alteration are used extensively to Flexible use, High level of public High initial capital cost if large
minimise the impact of pest birds in many areas. The purpose acceptability, humane, expertise areas are to be covered. Poorly
is to deny them access to enter or use any structure as a for its installation and designed or maintained bird
Examples:
nesting or roosting site. It is important to prevent pest birds maintenance is readily available. proofing can lead to birds
Netting, bird spikes, gutter
from gaining access to roosting and nesting sites by sealing becoming fatally trapped or be
guard, BirdSlide, screening,
building alteration, wires, doorways, windows, open eaves etc. This may require ineffective. Bird spikes are useful
polybutene, high pressure extensive renovations or may be as simple as sealing a crack only in inaccessible situations due
hose. 13 or crevice using materials such as mesh or wooden panels. to risk of human injury.
Products such as netting (bird wire or mesh), wire coils or ‘bird
spikes' prevent pigeons from landing or roosting on building
surfaces.
13
http://www.homeimprovementpages.com.au/creative/galleries/260001_265000/260340/557x418/175392.jpg?v=1310032421; http://www.removepigeons.com.au/images/Bird%20ne tting%20at%20Coor%20web%20ready.JPG; http://absolutebirdcontrol.info/products/bird-spikes
2038 Final B-VI

SPECIES PROFILE - COMMON STARLING
Common Name: Common Starling

Scientific Name: Sturnus vulgaris
14
Distribution & habitat:

 Native to Europe, the Common Starling was introduced into Australia in the late 1850s through to 1870.
 They have become well established and have expanded their range, becoming a familiar sight around human habitation
throughout east and south-east Australia.
 They are characterised by their habit of roosting in very large numbers.
 Habitats with exotic flowering plants can be preferred by starlings.
 Starlings are fringe dwellers, because they can find food and shelter easily on the fringes of areas of vegetation.
 Large trees such as pine, elm, poplar and palms provide roosts for starlings during summer.
Feeding
 Common Starlings are most often seen searching for seeds and insects on lawns and in paddocks and have been
implicated in the spread of invasive weeds.
 Other food includes spiders, worms, human scraps and fruit crops.
 Starlings feed mainly on the ground and often in vast flocks.
 They compete for food resources with some native species.
Breeding
 The breeding season is mainly from August to January. At this time large flocks of Common Starlings break up into pairs or
small groups.
 Nest sites are any type of hollow, such as tree hollows and house roof voids. The birds are aggressive when competing for
nesting sites and readily drive out native species.
 Starlings will nest primarily in small patches of vegetation which are degraded and have little understorey.
 The nest is an untidy cup of grasses, leaves, twigs and items of rubbish. The pale blue eggs are incubated by both sexes
which also raise the young birds. Often two broods are raised in a season.
 Starlings return to the same area each year to breed, and their young will also use the same habitat as their parents.
Living with humans
 The Common Starling is a prominent bird in open cultivated areas, and is a well-known pest of orchards, causing damage
to fruit (particularly grapes and cherries), vegetable and cereal crops.
 Starlings are considered to be a major nuisance in urban areas. They will nest under rooves where they can infest houses
with bird lice, are often unwelcome in parks and shopping areas, especially at night where the roosting flocks can be
unsightly, noisy and can contaminate the area with droppings..
 Implicated in carrying and transmitting diseases to man and other animals.
 Compete with native species for nest hollows and contaminate nesting sites by coating their nest cavities with a deep
lining that quickly becomes contaminated with parasites, so hollows become unsuitable for other species.
Control options
 Habitat Management: Reduce habitat quality, Nest destruction, Limit availability of food, Plant native vegetation ,
Exclusion
 Lethal: Trapping (during or just prior to the breeding season), Egg Oil
For further information see ‘Pest Birds - Potential Control Options’ fact sheet
14
http://dl.id.au/photo_birds/2007-07-31_0452.jpg
2038 Final B-VII

Common Starling nest Common Starling at hollow Myna Magnet trap
15 16 17
15
http://www.ozanimals.com/image/albums/australia/Bird/Starling_eggs_1.jpg
16
http://www.ozanimals.com/image/albums/australia/Bird/Starling_eggs_1.jpg
17
http://www.pestit.com/images/mynaMagnetTrap.jpg
2038 Final B-VIII

PEST BIRDS - POTENTIAL CONTROL OPTIONS
Lethal
Trapping Various live-capture traps can be used. Trap sites should be used in rotation to May be effective in reducing high Slow and labour-intensive.
reduce trap shyness. During the breeding season most birds are territorial and so populations when coupled with Confinement in a trap causes fear
trapping may be less effective. Also, for bird species with high rates of fecundity other control options such as nest and distress; therefore traps need to
Examples: Walk-in
cage traps, clap and (e.g. starlings and mynas) removing birds during or just prior to the breeding destruction. be carefully managed. In many
sprung traps, roost season may cause greater reductions in density in the long term. Trapped pest incidences trapping does not have a
traps and nest traps birds should be euthanased after capture. long term effect on the population.
The traps used should be specific for the target species. Details of trap The number of birds caught and
specifications and construction can be obtained from relevant State/Territory pest killed during trapping operations can
control officers. Bait material suitable to the species being trapped should be be replaced as quickly as the birds
used. are removed. It is important that the
source of food is removed otherwise
Targeting communal roosting sites is recommended.
the trapping exercise may be
18 pointless.
Egg oil Vegetable and mineral oils can be used to prevent hatching when the oils are May be effective for reducing small May have a high labour cost due to
applied directly to eggs in the nest. An advantage of applying oils, rather than urban populations of pest birds with the inaccessibility of many bird nests.
destroying eggs or nests, is that birds may continue incubating, in some cases extended breeding seasons. Therefore it may only be useful for
beyond the normal time for hatching. small or isolated pest populations
19
Habitat Management
Reduce habitat Habitat quality can be reduced so that fewer resources are available for a pest Limits resource availability; long- Not practicable for reducing
quality species and their numbers decline. Alternatively, pest birds can be lured away term populations of pest birds over large
from an area by providing more attractive habitats or food elsewhere. It may be areas. May conflict with vegetation
possible, however, to modify or remove isolated trees or shrubs that are used for management legislation
roosting.
Common Myna: Modify or remove isolated trees or shrubs that are used for
20 roosting. Keep palm trees well trimmed. Common Mynas are ground foragers in
open habitats. Therefore, modifying vegetation structure, such as ensuring the
presence of understorey shrubs and reducing the amount of short grass cover will
18
http://www.pestit.com/images/mynaMagnetTrap.jpg
19
http://vanessaruns.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/canola-oil.jpg
20
http://www.hcr.cma.nsw.gov.au/uploads/large/africanolive_maitlandvale.jpg
2038 Final B-IX

reduce the amount of foraging habitat for the species. Remove known roost trees
(as long as they are not providing habitat for native birds). .
Nest destruction Removing breeding habitat or nests can be a very effective technique for Limits resource availability (e.g. Potential poorly realised for most
and limit managing pest bird numbers on your property and within a district. breeding sites), high acceptance, species, can shift problem from one
availability of food Removing nearby food sources may also reduce damage on a local scale. Remove may be particularly effective in place to another. May need to be an
sources of food and water (pet food bowls, bird baths and bird feeders, modify combination with other measures, it ongoing activity.
stock trough). is a passive method.
Common Starling: Will return to the same area each year to breed, and their
young will also use the same habitat as their parents, therefore removing breeding
21 habitat can be every effective.
Common Myna: Check that Mynas are not taking over nest boxes in your garden.
Mynas thrive where there is easy access to food. Seed for native birds will attract
mynas and they will quickly dominate your garden. If you see mynas at your bird
feeder or in your garden, stop putting out birdseed immediately. Feed pets inside,
or if that is not possible, put pet food inside during the day. Feed chickens and
ducks in a secure pen so mynas can’t get to the food. If you feed goats or horses, it
is best to stay with the animals while they are feeding and clean up spilled or
leftover pellets or grain. Cover or bag horse manure around stables.
House Sparrow: Sparrow populations will continue to increase if nests are allowed
to remain. Removal of nests, eggs and young tends to discourage birds from
buildings. However, sparrows are persistent and nest removal must be repeated
every two weeks during the breeding season. Long insulated poles may be used to
remove nests from high places and destroyed to prevent reuse. Cover any source
of grain or food to prevent access by sparrows.
Native vegetation Native flowering plants can be planted to increase plant diversity and the extent of Long-term Colonisation by aggressive edge-
native vegetation thereby increasing the diversity of birds, particularly native Attracts native birds specialist honeyeaters
species. Habitats with exotic flowering plants can be preferred by introduced bird
species such as starlings and European blackbirds. A balance of native shrubs and
trees of varying heights is recommended for conservation and may reduce the
numbers of pest birds. Fence patches of vegetation off and rehabilitate remnant
22
vegetation to improve its quality. If possible, make the patches bigger or more
connected to other patches.
Common Starling: Starlings will nest primarily in small patches of vegetation which
are degraded and have little understorey. Starlings are fringe dwellers, because
they can find food and shelter easily on the fringes of areas of vegetation. Plant
21
http://www.birdremovalbrisbane.com.au/images/bird%20nest%20brisbane.jpg
22
http://www.duckpond-design.com.au/theduckpond/13july2003.htm
2038 Final B-X

native species around your property, such as eucalypts, bottlebrushes and
grevilleas. Large trees like pine, elm, poplar and palms provide roosts for starlings
during summer.
Common Myna: A balance of native shrubs and trees of varying heights is
recommended for conservation and may reduce the numbers of pest birds.
Replace thick, exotic trees in your garden such as Canary Island date palms,
Mediterranean cyprus or ivy with eucalypts or other native species. Native
flowering bushes such as bottlebrushes and grevilleas will encourage native birds
such as honeyeaters and lorikeets that chase away mynas. However, as these
native birds also chase away little insect-eating birds such as fairy wrens (Malurus
spp.), plant a mix of low spiky bushes to ensure wrens have a place to hide.
Common Blackbird: Remove fruiting weeds, especially Cotoneaster, and replace
them with native plants. To avoid colonisation by aggressive edge-specialist
honeyeaters (for example, noisy miners), O’Neill (1999) suggests that revegetation
should not include more than 20% of nectar-producing shrubs.
Exclusion Exclusion and habitat alteration are used extensively to minimise the impact of Flexible use, High level of public High initial capital cost if large areas
pest birds in many areas. The purpose is to deny them access to enter or use any acceptability, humane, expertise for are to be covered. Poorly designed
structure as a nesting or roosting site. It is important to prevent pest birds from its installation and maintenance is or maintained bird proofing can lead
Examples:
gaining access to roosting and nesting sites by sealing doorways, windows, open readily available. to birds becoming fatally trapped or
Netting, bird spikes,
eaves etc. This may require extensive renovations or may be as simple as sealing a be ineffective. Bird spikes are useful
gutter guard,
BirdSlide, screening, crack or crevice using materials such as mesh, wooden panels, or a tennis ball. only in inaccessible situations due to
building alteration, Products such as netting (bird wire or mesh), wire coils, gutter guards, or ‘bird risk of human injury.
wires, polybutene, spikes' prevent birds from landing or roosting on building surfaces.
high pressure hose. For new buildings, sloping (at an angle of no less than 45°) rather than level
windowsills provide a much less attractive perching point. Closing all openings of
0.75 inches or larger and attaching signs flat against buildings can also assist in
control of pest birds.
23
23
http://www.homeimprovementpages.com.au/creative/galler ies/260001_265000/260340/557x418/175392.jpg?v=1310032421; http://absolutebirdcontrol.info/products/bird-spikes
2038 Final B-XI

SPECIES PROFILE - COMMON MYNA
Common Name: Common Myna, Indian Myna

24
Scientific Name: Sturnus tristis
Distribution & habitat

 Introduced at Melbourne from south-east Asia between 1862 and 1872, it established quickly.
 Found along the east and south-east coasts of Australia.
 Closely associated with human habitation. In the evening, large groups of Common Mynas gather in communal roosts,
mainly in the non-breeding season, in roof voids, bridges, and large trees, and numbers can reach up to several thousand.
 Now regarded as one of the world’s 100 most significant invasive species.
Feeding
 Common Mynas are accomplished scavengers, feeding on almost anything, including insects, fruits and vegetables, scraps,
pets' food and even fledgling sparrows.
 They are ground foragers in open habitats. Mynas thrive where there is easy access to food (including native bird seed and
pet food).
Breeding
 Common Mynas form breeding pairs from September to March, when they find a protected nesting site.
 During the breeding season there is considerable competition for nesting sites.
 Nests are messy and consist of a variety of materials including leaves, grasses, feathers and assorted items of rubbish.
 In urban environments, Mynas nest in man-made structures including holes in many artificial structures (e.g. walls and
ceilings of buildings, drains, walls, ventilators, underneath bridges, machinery, the eaves of houses), making these birds a
nuisance to humans. Nests are also placed in the dead fronds of palms, and in tree hollows, which are used by native birds.
 Throughout the breeding season nesting territories are defended aggressively by both sexes.
 The success of the Myna appears to be associated with its ability to construct nests very quickly (1-2 weeks), lay and rear a
large clutch (4-5 eggs), and to produce successive broods (i.e. 2-3 clutches every breeding season).
 After March, Mynas join larger groups and move to communal roosts.
Living with humans
 Communal roosting and nesting habits creates aesthetic and human health concerns.
 There are also economic costs associated with Mynas damaging property through fouling these areas.
 They cause damage to fruit and grain crops.
 They invade gardens, feeding from flowering shrubs, seed put out to attract native birds, and pet food.
 Intense competition often exists between Mynas and native birds for nesting hollows near human settlements, with Mynas
often successfully harassing and excluding native species. Impacts to parrots and gliders are of greatest concern. A decline
in the breeding success of many native bird species has been attributed to the spread of the Myna.
Control options
 Habitat Management: Reduce nest site availability, Nest destruction, Limit availability of food, Plant native vegetation,
Exclusion
 Lethal: Trapping (during or just prior to the breeding season)
For further information see ‘Pest Birds – Potential Control Options’ fact sheet
24
http://www.lanecove.nsw.gov.au/Living%20in%20the%20Area/Parks/Facilities/images/myna-id-for-web.jpg
2038 Final B-XII

The native Noisy Miner is commonly Common Myna nest in roof
confused with the Common Myna
25 26
25
http://www.richmondvalley.nsw.gov.au/content/Image/Reports/environment/Noisy_Miner_Bird.jpg
26
http://www.yimag.org.au/assets/images/myna_nest2.jpg
2038 Final B-XIII

SPECIES PROFILE - COMMON BLACKBIRD
Common Name: Common Blackbird

27
Scientific Name: Turdus merula

 Breeds in Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand.
 Introduced to Australia at Melbourne in the 1850s.
 Most often found in urban areas and surrounding localities, but has successfully moved into bushland habitats.
 It is often seen in orchards, vineyards and gardens, as well as along roadsides and in parks.
 Habitats with exotic flowering plants can be preferred by introduced bird species such as the Common Blackbird.
Feeding
 Eats insects, earthworms, snails, spiders and a range of seeds and fruit.
 Mainly forages on the ground, probing and scratching at leaf litter, lawns and soil.
Breeding
 Breeds from September to January.
 Common Blackbirds build a cup-shaped nest of dried grass, bound with mud, and lined with fine grasses.
 The nest is usually placed in a tree, shrub or low bush, but they will also use tree hollows.
Living with humans
 The Common Blackbird can be a pest in orchards, parks and gardens, being rather destructive of ground vegetation,
particularly backyard vegetable patches.
 Blackbirds have also been implicated in the spread of weed species including blackberry, bitou bush and boneseed.
 They are aggressive and compete with native species for food and nesting sites.
Control options
Exclusion
 Lethal: Trapping, Egg oil
Blackbird in nest Blackbird eggs Blackbird in garden
28 29 30
27
http://biosnaps.gaiaresources.com.au/BDRS/images/mv/species/360407.jpg
28
http://www.lemis.com/grog/Photos/20081104/big/blackbird-3.jpeg
29
http://gallery.hd.org/_exhibits/natural-science/_more2010/_more06/blackbird-nest-in-suburban-garden-with-blue-speckled-eggs-in-London-England-1-VG.jpg
30
http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4076/4870317712_c2b1bd453b_d.jpg
2038 Final B-XIV

HOUSE SPARROW
Common Name: House Sparrow

31
Scientific Name: Passer domesticus

 Introduced from Britain between 1863 and 1870, firstly in Victoria, but later into other areas including Sydney, Brisbane and
Hobart. It quickly established itself in urban areas throughout eastern Australia.
 House Sparrows occur in and around human habitation, as well as cultivated areas and some wooded country.
 Usually stay in the same region all year round, but may be partially migratory in some areas.
Feeding
 One reason for the successful establishment of the House Sparrow is its ability to feed on a wide range of foodstuffs
including insects, spiders, berries, seeds, flower buds and scraps of food discarded by humans.
 There are many reports of birds entering canteens in buildings to feed, with birds even learning to activate automatic doors
in order to gain entry.
Breeding
 They breed all year round, but breeding may be more concentrated in spring and summer.
 Male and female House Sparrows form permanent pair bonds. Both sexes build the nest and care for the young.
 The nest is a large, untidy ball of grass, wool and feathers, lined with feathers and finer plant material. It is usually located in
suitable areas in buildings, such as roof voids and crevices in walls, but may be placed under bridges, in thick bushes or in
tree hollows. House sparrows use the same nest from year to year, which results in a build-up of nest debris and insects
associated with their nest.
 Several broods may be produced in the extended breeding season.
 Living for up to four to seven years, the House Sparrow can have up to five breeding seasons, during which time up to three
broods of 4-6 eggs may be laid.
 Sparrow populations will continue to increase if nests are allowed to remain.
Living with humans
 Although the introduction of the House Sparrow was deliberate it quickly became a major pest. Today, the species is so well
established in the east that no amount of effort will exterminate the ever-expanding population.
 House Sparrows cause damage to fruit, vegetable, grain and oilseed crops, and compete with native species for nest
hollows.
 They can destroy insulation and cause fire hazards with nesting material.
 They also pose human health issues associated with the spread of parasites (e.g. bird mites).
Control Options
Exclusion
 Lethal: Trapping, Egg Oil
31
http://papagano-ken.blogspot.com.au/ 2010_07_01_archive.html
2038 Final B-XV

House Sparrow at nest House Sparrow nest in building House Sparrow eggs
32 33 34
32
http://my.opera.com/RobinL/blog/california-house-sparrows
33
http://houstongardens.blogspot.com.au/2010/04/house-sparrow-nest.html
34
http://www.sialis.org/images/hospeggs051707005.jpg
2038 Final B-XVI

Bathurst Pest Bird Management Strategy

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Bathurst Pest Bird Management Strategy

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Bathurst Pest Bird Management

suite 7, 5/18 griffin dr (po box 1037)

Project Number: 2038

suite 7, 5/18 griffin dr (po box 1037)

3.2.2 Bathurst Community.............................................................................................................................. 8

4.2.2 Timing .................................................................................................................................................. 11

Table 3-1. Implementation Schedule .............................................................................................................5

• Pest bird species of utmost concern

• ‘Hotspot’ locations negatively impacted by pest birds

• Control methods currently being undertaken and their efficacy

1.1 SITE DESCRIPTION

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Objective Target Performance Indicators Responsibility Timeframe

3 PEST BIRD MANAGEMENT IN BATHURST CBD

3.1 RECOMMENDED PRIORITY ACTIONS

Action Description Timing Responsibility

property owners invited to participate in a season. recommended

3.2.1 Council Staff – CBD

• Census Station 1 -Westpac Building: 86 William St

Medium to low density locations

3.2.2 Bathurst Community

4 MANAGING AND MONITORING NATIVE AND

• Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

4.1 PRIORITY RECOMMENDATIONS

The methodology is as follows:

4.2.1 Data Collection

• Bathurst City Vegetation Management Plan

APPENDIX A RESULTS OF COMMUNITY SURVEYS

Extent of impact and key issues

Management actions being undertaken and efficacy

• Overall, heritage buildings appear to be a hotspot for pest bird activity.

• 68.8% would like to be kept informed of the progress of the BMP.

2038 Final A-I

Extent and abundance of pest birds

Management actions being undertaken and efficacy

• All the management techniques employed had limitations.

2038 Final A-II

What pest birds affect Bathurst?

Impacts of pest birds

2038 Final A-III

Are people willing to be involved in a

How often are there pest birds on the business

2038 Final A-IV

APPENDIX B PEST BIRD FACT SHEETS

2038 Final B-I

Common Name: Feral Pigeon, Rock Dove

Distribution & habitat:

2038 Final B-II

2038 Final B-III

2038 Final B-IV

2038 Final B-V

2038 Final B-VI

Common Name: Common Starling

Distribution & habitat:

2038 Final B-VII

2038 Final B-VIII

2038 Final B-IX

2038 Final B-X

2038 Final B-XI

Common Name: Common Myna, Indian Myna

Distribution & habitat

2038 Final B-XII

2038 Final B-XIII

Common Name: Common Blackbird