PROBLEM 1.

64
KNOWN: Inner surface heating and new environmental conditions associated with a spherical shell of
prescribed dimensions and material.
FIND: (a) Governing equation for variation of wall temperature with time. Initial rate of temperature
change, (b) Steady-state wall temperature, (c) Effect of convection coefficient on canister temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible temperature gradients in wall, (2) Constant properties, (3) Uniform,
time-independent heat flux at inner surface.
PROPERTIES: Table A.1, Stainless Steel, AISI 302: ρ = 8055 kg/m3, c p = 535 J/kg⋅K.
& − E& &
ANALYSIS: (a) Performing an energy balance on the shell at an instant of time, E in out = Est .
Identifying relevant processes and solving for dT/dt,

( ) ( ) ( 4
)
q′′i 4π ri2 − h 4π ro2 ( T − T∞ ) = ρ π ro3 − ri3 c p
3
dT
dt
dT 3 ⎡ q′′i ri2 − hro2 ( T − T∞ ) ⎤ .
=
p (
dt ρ c r 3 − r 3 ⎣o i ) ⎦

Substituting numerical values for the initial condition, find

⎡
( 0.6m )2 ( 500 − 300 ) K ⎤⎥
W W
3 ⎢105 2 ( 0.5m ) − 500 2
2
dT ⎞ ⎣ m m ⋅K ⎦
⎟ =
dt ⎠i kg J ⎡ 3⎤ 3
8055 3 510 ( 0.6 ) − ( 0.5 ) ⎦⎥ m
3
m kg ⋅ K ⎣⎢
dT ⎞
dt ⎟⎠i
= −0.084 K/s . <
& = 0, it follows that
(b) Under steady-state conditions with E st
( ) ( )
q′′i 4π ri2 = h 4π ro2 ( T − T∞ )

2
q′′i ⎛ ri ⎞
2
105 W/m 2 ⎛ 0.5m ⎞
T = T∞ + ⎜ ⎟ = 300K + ⎜ ⎟ = 439K <
h ⎝ ro ⎠ 500W/m 2 ⋅ K ⎝ 0.6m ⎠

Continued …..
 PROBLEM 1.64 (Cont.)

(c) Parametric calculations were performed using the IHT First Law Model for an Isothermal Hollow
Sphere. As shown below, there is a sharp increase in temperature with decreasing values of h < 1000
W/m2⋅K. For T > 380 K, boiling will occur at the canister surface, and for T > 410 K a condition known
as film boiling (Chapter 10) will occur. The condition corresponds to a precipitous reduction in h and
increase in T.

1000

900

800
Temperature, T(K)

700

600

500

400

300
100 400 800 2000 6000 10000

Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K)

Although the canister remains well below the melting point of stainless steel for h = 100 W/m2⋅K, boiling
should be avoided, in which case the convection coefficient should be maintained at h > 1000 W/m2⋅K.
COMMENTS: The governing equation of part (a) is a first order, nonhomogenous differential equation
( )
with constant coefficients. Its solution is θ = ( S/R ) 1 − e − Rt + θi e − Rt , where θ ≡ T − T∞ ,

( ) ( )
S ≡ 3q′′i ri2 / ρ c p ro3 − ri3 , R = 3hro2 /ρ cp ro3 − ri3 . Note results for t → ∞ and for S = 0.