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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 14

Chapter 14 : CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS


5.1 CLEANING AGENT [SOAP AND DETERGENT]

5.1.1 SOAP

(a) Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids*.
 Fatty acids*  organic acid with long carbon chain ; CnH2n+1COOH ; n > 10.

Example of soap :
Type of soap Formula
Sodium laurate CH3 (CH2)10 COONa
Sodium palmitate CH3 (CH2)14 COONa
Potassium stearate CH3 (CH2)16 COOK
Potassium oleate CH3 (CH2)m CH=CH(CH2)n COOK

(b) Soap Preparation Process


(i) Soap can be made from animal fats or vegetable oils.
 Animal fats commonly used are from cows and goats
while vegetable oils often used are palm oil, olive oil and coconut oil.

(ii) Soap are prepared by hydrolysing fats/oils in potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide
solution [hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline condition],
 the reaction is called saponification.

(iii) The saponification process involves boiling fats/oil with concentrated sodium
hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide solution.
 The products are glyserol and the salts of fatty acids which are soaps.

General equation :

Fats/oil Sodium hydroxide Sodium salt of fatty acid Glycerol


(ester) + (alkali) (soap) + (alcohol)

or

H O H O
H C O C R H C O H R C
-
O Na +
O O
-
H C O C R’ + 3NaOH H C O H + R’ C O Na +
O O
-
H C O C R” H C O H R” C O Na+
H H
Fat/oil sodium hydroxide glycerol salt of fatty acid

 R, R’ and R” are long hydrocarbon chain (alkyl group).


 R, R’ and R” can be from the same or different groups.

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(c) The general formula of soap is : or


RCOO- Na+ RCOO- K+

 where R is alkyl group


Example of soap :

Oil/fat used Fatty Acid Soap


C11H23COOH C11H23 COONa
Coconut oil
Lauric acid Sodium laurate
C15H31COOH C15H31 COOK
Palm oil
Palmitic acid Potassium palmitate
C17H34COOH C17H34 COONa
Animal fats
Stearic acid Sodium stearate

Activity 1 :-

1 Soap can be produced by using ……………………and ………………………...

2 When soap is dissolved in water, it reduces the…………………………...of water.

3 Soap cannot be used in hard water which contains of the………….. ions and………… ions.

4 Soap is a common cleaning agent in daily life.


(a) Name the process of the production of soap.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) State two common materials used to prepare soap.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) State two medium where soap cannot clean effectively.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) State one property of soap.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

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Activity 2 :-

1 Diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to prepare soap.

Distilled water
+
Sodium chloride
Palm oil
+
Soap
Solution P Cool
Mixture

Heat

(a) Name the process of preparing soap.

…………………………………………………………………………….

(b) Name the solution P.

…………………………………………………………………………….

(c) State the purpose of adding sodium chloride to the reaction mixture in the
experiment.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Diagram below shows the structure of a soap ion.

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH 2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C - O-


||
O

Part X Part Y

Based on the diagram, which part is soluble in the water and grease?

Water : ………………………………………………………………

Grease : ……………………………………………………………..

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5.1.2 DETERGENT

(a) Detergent is cleaning agent that is not soap.


 Any cleaning agent that is not soap is a detergent.

(b) The different between soap and detergent is their raw material used.
 Soap  from animal fats or vegetable oils
 Detergent  from synthetic resources such as petroleum

(c) Detergents are sodium salts of alkylbenzene sulphonic acid or alkyl sulphonic acid.

(d) Two common groups of detergent are :


(i) Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate (sodium salt of alkylbenzene sulphonic acid)

O
R-O- -S-O-Na+
O

(ii) Sodium alkyl sulphonate (sodium salt of alkyl sulphonic acid)

R-O-S-O-Na+
O
 Where R represents a long chain hydrocarbon.

(e) Detergents are made from hydrocarbon obtained from petroleum.

(f) Preparation of detergent.


(i) Preparation of sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate
• Alkylation of alkene
 Long chain alkene of petroleum react with benzene to form alkyl benzene.

• Sulphonation of alkylbenzene
 The Alkylbenzene is then reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form
alkylbenzene sulphonic acid .

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• Neutralisation
 The alkylbenzene sulphonic acid is then converted to sodium alkylbenzene
sulphonate salt by the reaction with sodium hydroxide solution.

(ii) Preparation of Sodium alkyl sulphonate


• Hydration of long chain alkene
 A long chain alkenes (product of petroleum) are hydrated by steam to form a long
chain alcohol.

• Sulphonation of alcohol
 The long chain alcohol is then reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form
alkyl sulphonic acid.

• Neutralisation
 The alkyl sulphonic acid is then neutralised sodium hydroxide solution to produce
sodium alkyl sulphonate, which is salt.

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5.1.3 THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

(a) The cleansing action of soap :


1. A soap with the general formula RCOO-Na+ / RCOO-K+ is ionises in water to produce
sodium/potassium cation, Na+ (or K+) and soap ion/anion, RCOO-

2. A soap anion is made up of two parts :

O
-
R –C–O

Alkyl Carboxysilate ion

 R (alkyl) is a long hydrocarbon chain which are :


• Hydrophobic (repelled by water)
• Non-polar end (no charge)
• Soluble in oil or grease.

 –COO- is a carboxylate ion which are :


• Hydrophilic (soluble in water)
• Polar end (Negatively charged)
• Insoluble in oil or grease.

3. Example : Sodium laurate : CH3 – (CH2)10 – COONa

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 COO- Na+


CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

Hydrocarbon chain / hydrophobic Caboxylate ion / hydrophilic

Simplified representation of soap anion is :

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

4. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of soap anions work together to remove greasy
stains :

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• The soaps ionises in water to produce free moving soap anions and cations.
• Soap reduces the surface tension of water which will increase wetting ability of
water. Therefore, water wets the dirty cloth.
• The hydrophilic part of the soap ion / anions remains in water while the
hydrophobic part dissolve and penetrate into the grease.

water
Hydrophilic part
grease Hydrophobic part

Cloth

• By the movement of water during scrubbing and rubbing, grease is loosened and
lifted off the surface.

• The hydrophobic of soap anions surround the grease, the grease is suspended in the water.
• The grease is dispersed into smaller droplets
• The small droplets do not redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to repulsion between
negative charges on their surface.
• The droplets are suspended in water, forming an emulsion.
• Rinsing away the dirty water removes the grease droplets and the surface of the cloth is then
clean.

Small droplet of grease

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(b) The cleansing action of Detergent


• Detergent dissolves in water to form detergent ion / anion and sodium ion / cation.
For example the ionisation of sodium alkyl sulphate.

R-O-S-O-Na →
O

• The structure of a detergent anion is similar to a soap anion. The detergent anion also made up
of two parts  hydrophobic part and hydrophilic part.

Alkyl suphate ion :

R-O-S-O-
O
hydrophobic hydrophilic

Alkylbenzene sulphonate ion :

O
R-O- -S-O-
O

• The cleansing action of detergent is also very similar to soap, the hydrocarbon chain dissolve
and penetrate in grease while the sulphate ion group remain in water.

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Activity 3 :-
Draw diagrams to show the cleansing action of soap or detergent :

1. When soap or detergent is added


into the water, it dissolved to form
hydrophobic part and hydrophilic
part.

2. Hydrophobic part is soluble in the


grease and hydrophilic part is
soluble in water.

3. Soap anion can reduces the surface


tension of the water.

Mechanical agitation or heating


during scrubbing helps to pull the
grease free and break the grease
into small droplet.

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4. The droplet do not coagulate and


redeposite on the surface of cloth
due to the repulsion between the
negative charges of their surface.

These droplets are suspended in the


water forming an emulsion.

Rinsing washes away these droplets


and leaves the surface clean.

5.1.4 THE EFFECTIVENESS CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

(a) The effectiveness of soap is reduced when used in hard water.


(b) Hard water contains high concentration of calcium ion, Ca2+ and magnesium ion, Mg2+.
(c) These ions react with soap anions to form scum. [ Insoluble salt / a precipitate ]

2C17H35COO - (aq) + Mg2+(aq) → (C17H35COO)2Mg (s) ↓


Stearic anion/soap anion Insoluble magnesium stearate (scum)

2C17H35COO - (aq) + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca (s) ↓


Stearic anion/soap anion Insoluble calcium stearate (scum)

(d) Formation of scum reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning.
(e) Detergent anions do not form scum with calcium ions and magnesium ions.
 This means detergent can act as cleaning agent in hard water. Thus, detergent is more
effective than soap in hard water.

Cleaning Agent Soft water Hard water

Does not form scum Forms scum


Does not form scum Does not form scum

(f) Detergents generally contain a wide variety of additives. Additives are added to enhance its
cleaning efficiency.
Additive Function
Biological enzyme such as lipase, proteases,
Remove protein stains such as blood
cellulases and peptidase
Whitening agent such as sodium perborate
Convert stain into colourless substances
and sodium hypochlorite
Optical whitener To add brightness and whiteness to white fabric
To enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent
Builder such as sodium tripolyphosphate
by softening the water
Suspension agent such as To prevent the dirt particles remove from
carboxymethylcellulose redepositing on to cleaned fabric
Filler such as sodium sulphate, sodium To add to the bulk of the detergent and enable it
silicate to be poured easily
Foam control agent such as silicones To control foaming in detergent

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Fragrances Add fragrance to both fabrics and detergent

Activity 4 :-

1 Detergent is a type of sodium salt that can be used as cleaning agent.


(a) Name three materials used to prepare detergent.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Name an example of detergent.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) What is the advantage of using detergent as a cleaning agent?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) What is the disadvantage of using detergent as a cleaning agent.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 Soap cannot clean effectively in hard water but detergent can.


(a) What is hard water?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) What happens when a little of soap is shaken with hard water?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) With the exception of hard water, name another medium that is not suitable to be used with
soap?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Explain why detergent can be used in hard water.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 Additives in detergent increase the effectiveness of detergent as a cleaning agent.


(a) Name the additive that keeps the detergent powder dry.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(b) Name the additive that removes organic stain.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Name the additive that prevents the fading of colour

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Name the additive that reduces the formation of foam.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Activity 5 :-
1 Complete the following table to compare and contrast between soap and detergent.
Cleaning agent Soap Detergent
Sources

General formula

The structure of
polar end
(Hydrophilic)

Effectiveness

Formation of scum
Formation of
precipitate
pH
Effect on
environment

2 Diagram below shows the structural formulae of two cleaning agents.

(a) Compare the effectiveness of cleaning agent X and cleaning agent Y as cleansing agent.

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(b) Describe an experiment in laboratory to prepare a sample of soap from palm oil.

5.2 FOOD ADDITIVES

1. Food additives are added to food to :


 Improve its appearance, taste or texture.
 Preserve the food.
2. Food additive can be natural substances or synthetic compounds.

3. Food additives are classified according to their function.

Type of food additive Example Food Function / How it work?

Sausage, burger,
Sodium nitrate
luncheon meat. • Prevent food from being
Fruit juice, jam, soft spoil
Sulphur dioxide • Prevent or slow down
drink.
the growth of
Chilli and tomato microorganisms
Sodium benzoate sauce, oyster sauce,
fruit juice
• Prevent food from being
Salt Salted fish spoil
Preservative
• Remove water from the
cell of microorganism and
Sugar Jam retards the growth of
microorganism

• Prevent food from being


spoil
Vinegar Pickled • Provide acidic condition
that inhibit the growth of
microorganism.

Ascorbic acid Cake, biscuit, • Prevent oxidation that


Antioxidant (vitamin C), margarine, fruit causes rancid fats and
citric acid juice brown fruits.

Flavouring agent Monosodium Soup, frozen food, • Enhance the natural


glutamate (MSG) meat and fish based flavour of the food.
product

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Synthetic
• Produce artificial flavour
essences (ester) : Cake, jam, ice cream
Ethyl butanoate • Improve the taste/flavour

Aspartame, Drink and juice, • Sweeten the food, it has


Sucrose frozen dessert. less calories than sugar.
• To give flavour
Sucrose • To improve the taste
• As a sweetener

Ice cream, jelly, • Improve the consistency


Acacia gum
chewing gum. of food by giving a
Thickening agent
Agar or pectin, firmer, more uniform and
Jam smoother.
Gelatin
• Improves the texture of
food by preventing an
emulsion* from
Chocolate, ice separating out into a layer
Stabilisers Lecithin cream, butter, salad of water and oil.
dressing
* emulsions are either oil
droplets suspended in
water or water droplets
suspended in oil.
Azo compound Orange juice, jam
(tartrazine)
Add or restore the colour in a
Colouring Triphenyl food to make the food appearance
compound look more attractive.
Sweets, cake
(brilliant blue
FCF)

Activity 6 :-

1 Salt is an example of natural preservative.


(a) What is preservative?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) How does salt function as preservative?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) State another example of natural preservative.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(d) Name an artificial preservative.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 Ester is an example of flavouring.


(a) Name the substances used to prepare ester.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Name an ester that has apple flavour.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Name the substances used to prepare the ester named above.
Ester Substances Flavour

(d) State another example of flavouring.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 Food additives are used to enhance the quality of food.


For the following question, name the type of food additive that shows a particular function.
(a) Prevent foods from being oxidised.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Enhance the taste of the food.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Keep food to last longer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Improved the texture of food.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

4 Octyl ethanoate, pectin, tartrazine and benzoic acid are some of the food additives found in the
sample of jam.
(a) Name the preservative used.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(b) What is the function of pectin?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) What is the colour of jam?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) What is the colour of the jam?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

5 Aspartame is a type of ………………………that can be used to replace ………………………


Activity 7 :-
Diagram below shows a part of the label of a tin of sardines

Sardines in Tomato Sauce

Ingredients :
Sardines, tomato sauce, refined palm oil, salt,
xanthan gum and dye A

List all the food additives used in the sardines and their uses.

2 Diagram below shows a list of a type of food.

PINEAPPLE JELLY
• Ethyl butanoate
• Sucrose
• Citric acid
• Gelatin
• Sodium benzoate

From the list of ingredients, select two substances used as food addatives.
State the function of each food addative that you have selected.

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5.3 MEDICINE

1. A medicine is used to prevent or cure disease or to relieve pain.

2. Medicines can be classified to :


(i) Traditional medicine.
• Obtained from natural sources (plants or animals), without chemical
reactions.
• Prepared by boiling parts of the plants or crushed to make a paste.
• Usually not processed.

(ii) Modern medicine.


• Chemicals that are extracted from plants and animals or synthetic chemicals.
• It is manufactured in the form of liquid, capsules, powders and tablet.
• Usually processed in the laboratory.

5.3.1 Traditional medicine :


Complete the following table for some common traditional medicines and their functions :

Traditional medicine Function

Aloe vera (lidah buaya)

Bitter gourd (peria)

Ginger (halia)

Garlic (bawang putih)

Hibiscus (bunga raya)

Turmeric (kunyit)

Tamarind (asam jawa)

Hydrscotyle asiatica (pegaga)

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5.3.2 Modern medicine


Classification of modern medicines according to their effects on the body.
Type of modern
Function Example Note
medicine
• Relieves pain caused by
headache, toothache and
Aspirin arthritis.
( acetylsalicylic • Reduces fever and inflammation
acid) caused by infection.
 Causes internal bleeding
ulceration (not suitable for
Relieve pain gastric patients).
Analgesics without causing
unconsciousness • Relieves pain and reduces fever
Paracetamol • Does not reduces inflammation
• Does not irritate the stomach
• Cough medicine.
Codeine  Causes sleepiness.
C18H21NO3H2O  Misuse of codeine causes
addiction.

Used to treat
• Patient must take full course of
Penicillin the antibiotic prescribed by the
infections caused
doctor to make sure all the
by bacteria or
bacteria are killed, otherwise
fungi.
Antibiotic Antibiotics kill or
the bacteria may become
resistant/imune to the antibiotic.
slow down the Streptomycin
growth of bacteria  Side effect of antibiotics are
or fungi headache, allergic reaction and
dizziness.
Psychotherapeutic Used to treat Stimulant : • To reduce fatigue and elevate
mental illness amphetamine mood.
 Can cause addiction

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Antidepressant : • To reduce tension and anxiety


Barbiturates and
 Can cause addiction
tranquilizer
Antipsychotic : • To treat psychiatric illness with
chloropromazine severe mental disorder.

Activity 8 :-

1 Complete table below to differentiate between traditional medicines and modern medicines.

Traditional medicines Modern medicines

Usually not processed.


Usually …………… in laboratories.

Derived from …………….. or Synthesized based on substances


found in nature.
……………...

2 Aspirin is an example of analgesic.


(a) What is an analgesic?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Explain why patient should take plenty of water with aspirin.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 Penicillin and streptomycin are the examples of antibiotics.


(a) What is the function of an antibiotic?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Why are penicillin and streptomycin given by injection and not taken orally?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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4 Psychotherapeutic medicines can be classified into stimulant, antidepressant and antipsychotic.


Type of
Function Example Side effect
Psychotherapeutic

stimulant

antidepressant

antipsychotic

5 Diagram below shows a conversation between Aisyah and Zulkifli.

I have a bacterial infection.


I have a headache. The The doctor advised me to
doctor advised me to follow his prescription
take this medicine and strictly.
follow his prescription.

Aisyah Zulkifli

These two students met a doctor and some medicine were prescribed to them. For each medicine, state
its name, type and the correct usage.

Student Name of medicine Type of medicine Correct usage

Aisyah

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Zulkifli

END OF CHAPTER 5

Chapter 5 21 Chemicals for Consumers

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