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5.1.1 SOAP
(a) Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids*.
Fatty acids* organic acid with long carbon chain ; CnH2n+1COOH ; n > 10.
Example of soap :
Type of soap Formula
Sodium laurate CH3 (CH2)10 COONa
Sodium palmitate CH3 (CH2)14 COONa
Potassium stearate CH3 (CH2)16 COOK
Potassium oleate CH3 (CH2)m CH=CH(CH2)n COOK
(ii) Soap are prepared by hydrolysing fats/oils in potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide
solution [hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline condition],
the reaction is called saponification.
(iii) The saponification process involves boiling fats/oil with concentrated sodium
hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide solution.
The products are glyserol and the salts of fatty acids which are soaps.
General equation :
or
H O H O
H C O C R H C O H R C
-
O Na +
O O
-
H C O C R’ + 3NaOH H C O H + R’ C O Na +
O O
-
H C O C R” H C O H R” C O Na+
H H
Fat/oil sodium hydroxide glycerol salt of fatty acid
Activity 1 :-
3 Soap cannot be used in hard water which contains of the………….. ions and………… ions.
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Activity 2 :-
Distilled water
+
Sodium chloride
Palm oil
+
Soap
Solution P Cool
Mixture
Heat
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
(c) State the purpose of adding sodium chloride to the reaction mixture in the
experiment.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Part X Part Y
Based on the diagram, which part is soluble in the water and grease?
Water : ………………………………………………………………
Grease : ……………………………………………………………..
5.1.2 DETERGENT
(b) The different between soap and detergent is their raw material used.
Soap from animal fats or vegetable oils
Detergent from synthetic resources such as petroleum
(c) Detergents are sodium salts of alkylbenzene sulphonic acid or alkyl sulphonic acid.
O
R-O- -S-O-Na+
O
R-O-S-O-Na+
O
Where R represents a long chain hydrocarbon.
• Sulphonation of alkylbenzene
The Alkylbenzene is then reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form
alkylbenzene sulphonic acid .
• Neutralisation
The alkylbenzene sulphonic acid is then converted to sodium alkylbenzene
sulphonate salt by the reaction with sodium hydroxide solution.
• Sulphonation of alcohol
The long chain alcohol is then reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form
alkyl sulphonic acid.
• Neutralisation
The alkyl sulphonic acid is then neutralised sodium hydroxide solution to produce
sodium alkyl sulphonate, which is salt.
O
-
R –C–O
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
4. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of soap anions work together to remove greasy
stains :
• The soaps ionises in water to produce free moving soap anions and cations.
• Soap reduces the surface tension of water which will increase wetting ability of
water. Therefore, water wets the dirty cloth.
• The hydrophilic part of the soap ion / anions remains in water while the
hydrophobic part dissolve and penetrate into the grease.
water
Hydrophilic part
grease Hydrophobic part
Cloth
• By the movement of water during scrubbing and rubbing, grease is loosened and
lifted off the surface.
• The hydrophobic of soap anions surround the grease, the grease is suspended in the water.
• The grease is dispersed into smaller droplets
• The small droplets do not redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to repulsion between
negative charges on their surface.
• The droplets are suspended in water, forming an emulsion.
• Rinsing away the dirty water removes the grease droplets and the surface of the cloth is then
clean.
R-O-S-O-Na →
O
• The structure of a detergent anion is similar to a soap anion. The detergent anion also made up
of two parts hydrophobic part and hydrophilic part.
R-O-S-O-
O
hydrophobic hydrophilic
O
R-O- -S-O-
O
• The cleansing action of detergent is also very similar to soap, the hydrocarbon chain dissolve
and penetrate in grease while the sulphate ion group remain in water.
Activity 3 :-
Draw diagrams to show the cleansing action of soap or detergent :
(d) Formation of scum reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning.
(e) Detergent anions do not form scum with calcium ions and magnesium ions.
This means detergent can act as cleaning agent in hard water. Thus, detergent is more
effective than soap in hard water.
(f) Detergents generally contain a wide variety of additives. Additives are added to enhance its
cleaning efficiency.
Additive Function
Biological enzyme such as lipase, proteases,
Remove protein stains such as blood
cellulases and peptidase
Whitening agent such as sodium perborate
Convert stain into colourless substances
and sodium hypochlorite
Optical whitener To add brightness and whiteness to white fabric
To enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent
Builder such as sodium tripolyphosphate
by softening the water
Suspension agent such as To prevent the dirt particles remove from
carboxymethylcellulose redepositing on to cleaned fabric
Filler such as sodium sulphate, sodium To add to the bulk of the detergent and enable it
silicate to be poured easily
Foam control agent such as silicones To control foaming in detergent
Activity 4 :-
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) What happens when a little of soap is shaken with hard water?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) With the exception of hard water, name another medium that is not suitable to be used with
soap?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
Activity 5 :-
1 Complete the following table to compare and contrast between soap and detergent.
Cleaning agent Soap Detergent
Sources
General formula
The structure of
polar end
(Hydrophilic)
Effectiveness
Formation of scum
Formation of
precipitate
pH
Effect on
environment
(a) Compare the effectiveness of cleaning agent X and cleaning agent Y as cleansing agent.
(b) Describe an experiment in laboratory to prepare a sample of soap from palm oil.
Sausage, burger,
Sodium nitrate
luncheon meat. • Prevent food from being
Fruit juice, jam, soft spoil
Sulphur dioxide • Prevent or slow down
drink.
the growth of
Chilli and tomato microorganisms
Sodium benzoate sauce, oyster sauce,
fruit juice
• Prevent food from being
Salt Salted fish spoil
Preservative
• Remove water from the
cell of microorganism and
Sugar Jam retards the growth of
microorganism
Synthetic
• Produce artificial flavour
essences (ester) : Cake, jam, ice cream
Ethyl butanoate • Improve the taste/flavour
Activity 6 :-
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) Name the substances used to prepare the ester named above.
Ester Substances Flavour
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4 Octyl ethanoate, pectin, tartrazine and benzoic acid are some of the food additives found in the
sample of jam.
(a) Name the preservative used.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Ingredients :
Sardines, tomato sauce, refined palm oil, salt,
xanthan gum and dye A
List all the food additives used in the sardines and their uses.
PINEAPPLE JELLY
• Ethyl butanoate
• Sucrose
• Citric acid
• Gelatin
• Sodium benzoate
From the list of ingredients, select two substances used as food addatives.
State the function of each food addative that you have selected.
5.3 MEDICINE
Ginger (halia)
Turmeric (kunyit)
Used to treat
• Patient must take full course of
Penicillin the antibiotic prescribed by the
infections caused
doctor to make sure all the
by bacteria or
bacteria are killed, otherwise
fungi.
Antibiotic Antibiotics kill or
the bacteria may become
resistant/imune to the antibiotic.
slow down the Streptomycin
growth of bacteria Side effect of antibiotics are
or fungi headache, allergic reaction and
dizziness.
Psychotherapeutic Used to treat Stimulant : • To reduce fatigue and elevate
mental illness amphetamine mood.
Can cause addiction
Activity 8 :-
1 Complete table below to differentiate between traditional medicines and modern medicines.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Explain why patient should take plenty of water with aspirin.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) Why are penicillin and streptomycin given by injection and not taken orally?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
stimulant
antidepressant
antipsychotic
Aisyah Zulkifli
These two students met a doctor and some medicine were prescribed to them. For each medicine, state
its name, type and the correct usage.
Aisyah
Zulkifli
END OF CHAPTER 5