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U S T FAC U LT Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G | 2 0 2 0
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MODULE OBJECTIVES
• analyze the motion of objects along a straight line
• calculate and differentiate between average and instantaneous
velocity
• solve for instantaneous velocity using differential calculus
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POSITION, VELOCITY AND SPEED
position x: location of
particle with respect to
chosen reference point
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POSITION, VELOCITY AND SPEED
The displacement, ∆𝒙 of a particle is
the change in position in a given time
interval.
∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
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POSITION, VELOCITY AND SPEED
The average velocity, 𝒗𝒙,𝒂𝒗𝒈 of
a particles is defined as the
particle’s displacement divided
by the time interval during
which that displacement occurs.
∆𝑥
𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡
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POSITION, VELOCITY AND SPEED
∆𝑥
𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡
52 − 30 𝑚
𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝟐. 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
10 − 0 𝑠
𝑑
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Find the displacement and the average velocity of the car in the figure
between positions A and F.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the displacement, average
velocity, and average speed of the
car in the figure between positions
A and F.
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INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED
Instantaneous velocity, 𝒗𝒙 describes the velocity of a particle in a
precise instant.
x dx
vx lim =
t → 0 t dt
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QUICK QUIZ 1
Under which of the following conditions is the magnitude of the average
velocity of a particle moving in one dimension smaller than the average
speed over the time interval?
(a) A particle moves in the +x direction without reversing.
(b) A particle moves in the −x direction without reversing.
(c) A particle moves in the +x direction and then reverses the direction
of its motion.
(d) There are no conditions for which this is true.
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QUICK QUIZ 2
As you drive, members of the highway patrol are more interested in
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QUICK QUIZ 3
Consider the one-dimensional motion of a race car which starts from
rest and speeds up to 100 m/s. Are there any points in the motion of this
object at which the instantaneous velocity has the same value as the
average velocity over the entire motion?
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QUICK QUIZ 4
Consider the one-dimensional motion of a spacecraft that drifts
through space at constant velocity. Are there any points in the motion
of this object at which the instantaneous velocity has the same value
as the average velocity over the entire motion? If so, identify the
point(s).
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position
varies with time according to the expression
x = −4t + 2t2, where x is in meters and t is in
seconds. The position–time graph for this
motion is shown in the figure.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position
varies with time according to the expression
x = −4t + 2t2, where x is in meters and t is in
seconds. The position–time graph for this
motion is shown in the figure.
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 ∆𝑡 (for constant 𝑣𝑥 )
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ANALYSIS MODEL
Particle Under Constant Velocity
Graphical Representation
∆𝑥
𝑣𝑥 =
∆𝑡
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 ∆𝑡
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
The velocity of a runner running along a straight line at a constant rate
was recorded by starting the stopwatch at the moment the runner
passes a given point and stopping it once she has passed another
points 20 m away. The time interval indicated on the stopwatch is 4.0 s.
(a) If the runner continues his motion after the stopwatch is stopped,
what is his position 10 s after the stopwatch was stopped?
unknown final position, 𝑥𝑓
m
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 ∆𝑡 𝑥𝑓 = 0 + 5.0 14 s = 𝟕𝟎 𝐦
s
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ANALYSIS MODEL
Particle Under Constant Speed Along a Curved Path
A change in the direction of motion of a particle signifies a change in
the velocity of a particle even though its speed is constant.
𝑑
𝑣=
∆𝑡
i.e. for a circular path,
2𝜋𝑟
𝑣=
∆𝑡
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ACCELERATION
A particle is said to be accelerating when its velocity changes with
time.
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ACCELERATION
A particle is said to be accelerating when its velocity changes with
time. The SI unit of acceleration is m/s2.
average acceleration
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ACCELERATION
Instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the average acceleration as
∆𝑡 approached zero.
instantaneous acceleration at point B
vx dvx
ax lim =
t → 0 t dt
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ACCELERATION
Instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the average acceleration as
∆𝑡 approached zero.
vx dvx
ax lim =
t → 0 t dt
𝑑𝑥
since 𝑣𝑥 = then
𝑑𝑡
dvx d dx d x 2 In one-dimensional motion, the acceleration
ax = = = 2 (instantaneous) of a particle equals the second derivative
dt dt dt dt of x (particle’s position) with respect to time
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ACCELERATION
At tA: acceleration is at maximum because
the slope of the velocity-time graph is at
maximum
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ACCELERATION
NEGATIVE ACCELERATION
Negative acceleration does not necessarily mean that the object is slowing down.
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ACCELERATION
NEGATIVE ACCELERATION
Negative acceleration does not necessarily mean that the object is
slowing down.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis varies according to
the expression vx = 40 – 5t2, where vx is in meters per second and t is
in seconds.
𝑎𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑎𝑥 (instantaneous)
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑎𝑥 = =
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑡−0
rearranging,
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ANALYSIS MODEL
PARTICLE UNDER CONSTANT ACCELERATION
𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓
𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
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ANALYSIS MODEL
PARTICLE UNDER CONSTANT ACCELERATION
𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓
𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
∆𝑥
Note that: 𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 = and ∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
∆𝑡
1
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓 𝑡 for constant acceleration
2
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ANALYSIS MODEL
PARTICLE UNDER CONSTANT ACCELERATION
1
2 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓 𝑡
2
for constant acceleration
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FREE-FALLING BODIES
For a body in free-fall,
all objects are dropped with the same constant downward acceleration
(9.8 m/s2) under the influence of the Earth’s gravity
assuming that:
• air resistance is neglected
• slight variations in g as latitude changes is neglected
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FREE-FALLING BODIES
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FREE-FALLING BODIES
for free-fall,
motion is in y and ay = -g
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QUICK QUIZ 6
What happens to the speed of a ball after it is thrown upward into
the air? (Neglect air resistance.)
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) increases and then decreases
(d) decreases and then increases
(e) remains the same
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A stone was thrown upwards with an initial velocity of 20.0
m/s from a height of 50.0 m. Find: