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MODULE 2 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

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MODULE OBJECTIVES
• analyze the motion of objects along a straight line
• calculate and differentiate between average and instantaneous
velocity
• solve for instantaneous velocity using differential calculus

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POSITION, VELOCITY AND SPEED
position x: location of
particle with respect to
chosen reference point

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POSITION, VELOCITY AND SPEED
The displacement, ∆𝒙 of a particle is
the change in position in a given time
interval.

∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖

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POSITION, VELOCITY AND SPEED
The average velocity, 𝒗𝒙,𝒂𝒗𝒈 of
a particles is defined as the
particle’s displacement divided
by the time interval during
which that displacement occurs.

∆𝑥
𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡

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POSITION, VELOCITY AND SPEED

∆𝑥
𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡

52 − 30 𝑚
𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝟐. 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
10 − 0 𝑠

slope of the line


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POSITION, VELOCITY AND SPEED

Average speed of particle (scalar


quantity): total distance d traveled
divided by elapsed time t

𝑑
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Find the displacement and the average velocity of the car in the figure
between positions A and F.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the displacement, average
velocity, and average speed of the
car in the figure between positions
A and F.

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INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED
Instantaneous velocity, 𝒗𝒙 describes the velocity of a particle in a
precise instant.

x dx
vx  lim =
t → 0 t dt
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QUICK QUIZ 1
Under which of the following conditions is the magnitude of the average
velocity of a particle moving in one dimension smaller than the average
speed over the time interval?
(a) A particle moves in the +x direction without reversing.
(b) A particle moves in the −x direction without reversing.
(c) A particle moves in the +x direction and then reverses the direction
of its motion.
(d) There are no conditions for which this is true.
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QUICK QUIZ 2
As you drive, members of the highway patrol are more interested in

(a) your average speed


(b) your instantaneous speed

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QUICK QUIZ 3
Consider the one-dimensional motion of a race car which starts from
rest and speeds up to 100 m/s. Are there any points in the motion of this
object at which the instantaneous velocity has the same value as the
average velocity over the entire motion?

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QUICK QUIZ 4
Consider the one-dimensional motion of a spacecraft that drifts
through space at constant velocity. Are there any points in the motion
of this object at which the instantaneous velocity has the same value
as the average velocity over the entire motion? If so, identify the
point(s).

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position
varies with time according to the expression
x = −4t + 2t2, where x is in meters and t is in
seconds. The position–time graph for this
motion is shown in the figure.

a. Determine the displacement of the particle in


the time intervals t = 0 to t = 1 s and t = 1 s to
t = 3 s.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position
varies with time according to the expression
x = −4t + 2t2, where x is in meters and t is in
seconds. The position–time graph for this
motion is shown in the figure.

b. Calculate the average velocity during these


two time intervals (time intervals in a)

c. Find the instantaneous velocity of the


particle at t = 2.5 s.
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ANALYSIS MODEL
An analysis model is a common situation that occurs time and again
when solving physics problems.

The form of an analysis model can either be a description of


a. the behavior of some physical entity or
b. the interaction between that entity and the environment

car moving along a straight freeway particle under


at constant speed constant velocity
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ANALYSIS MODEL
Particle Under Constant Velocity
x ∆𝑥
vx ,avg  at constant velocity, 𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣𝑥 , so 𝑣𝑥 =
t ∆𝑡
since ∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 , then
𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
𝑣𝑥 =
∆𝑡
by rearranging, the equation becomes 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 ∆𝑡

𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 ∆𝑡 (for constant 𝑣𝑥 )
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ANALYSIS MODEL
Particle Under Constant Velocity
Graphical Representation
∆𝑥
𝑣𝑥 =
∆𝑡
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 ∆𝑡

the motion is taking place


at “fixed speed”
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
The velocity of a runner running along a straight line at a constant rate
was recorded by starting the stopwatch at the moment the runner
passes a given point and stopping it once she has passed another
points 20 m away. The time interval indicated on the stopwatch is 4.0 s.

(a) What is the runner’s velocity?


∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 20 − 0 m
𝑣𝑥 = = = = 𝟓. 𝟎 𝐦/𝐬
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 4.0 s

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
The velocity of a runner running along a straight line at a constant rate
was recorded by starting the stopwatch at the moment the runner
passes a given point and stopping it once she has passed another
points 20 m away. The time interval indicated on the stopwatch is 4.0 s.

(a) If the runner continues his motion after the stopwatch is stopped,
what is his position 10 s after the stopwatch was stopped?
unknown final position, 𝑥𝑓
m
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 ∆𝑡 𝑥𝑓 = 0 + 5.0 14 s = 𝟕𝟎 𝐦
s
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ANALYSIS MODEL
Particle Under Constant Speed Along a Curved Path
A change in the direction of motion of a particle signifies a change in
the velocity of a particle even though its speed is constant.
𝑑
𝑣=
∆𝑡
i.e. for a circular path,
2𝜋𝑟
𝑣=
∆𝑡

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ACCELERATION
A particle is said to be accelerating when its velocity changes with
time.

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ACCELERATION
A particle is said to be accelerating when its velocity changes with
time. The SI unit of acceleration is m/s2.

average acceleration

vx vxf − vxi


ax ,avg  =
t t f − ti

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ACCELERATION
Instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the average acceleration as
∆𝑡 approached zero.
instantaneous acceleration at point B

vx dvx
ax  lim =
t → 0 t dt

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ACCELERATION
Instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the average acceleration as
∆𝑡 approached zero.

vx dvx
ax  lim =
t → 0 t dt
𝑑𝑥
since 𝑣𝑥 = then
𝑑𝑡
dvx d  dx  d x 2 In one-dimensional motion, the acceleration
ax = =  = 2 (instantaneous) of a particle equals the second derivative
dt dt  dt  dt of x (particle’s position) with respect to time

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ACCELERATION
At tA: acceleration is at maximum because
the slope of the velocity-time graph is at
maximum

At tB: acceleration is zero when the


velocity is at maximum

At tC: acceleration reaches its most


negative value as velocity decreases
(maximum negative slope)

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ACCELERATION
NEGATIVE ACCELERATION

Negative acceleration does not necessarily mean that the object is slowing down.

acceleration (+) , velocity (+) → object is speeding up to the (+) direction


acceleration (-) , velocity (-) → object is speeding up to the (-) direction
acceleration (+), velocity (-) → object is slowing down
acceleration (-), velocity (+) → object is slowing down

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ACCELERATION
NEGATIVE ACCELERATION
Negative acceleration does not necessarily mean that the object is
slowing down.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis varies according to
the expression vx = 40 – 5t2, where vx is in meters per second and t is
in seconds.

a. (substitution problem) Find the average acceleration in the time


interval t = 0 to t = 2.0 s.

b. (derivation problem) Find the acceleration at t = 2.0 s.

Ans: (a) -10 m/s2, (b) -20 m/s2


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ANALYSIS MODEL
PARTICLE UNDER CONSTANT ACCELERATION

𝑎𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑎𝑥 (instantaneous)

consider 𝑡𝑖 = 0 and 𝑡𝑓 to be any later time 𝑡 then

𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑎𝑥 = =
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑡−0
rearranging,

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 for constant acceleration

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ANALYSIS MODEL
PARTICLE UNDER CONSTANT ACCELERATION

At constant 𝑎𝑥 , velocity varies linearly


in time

𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓
𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2

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ANALYSIS MODEL
PARTICLE UNDER CONSTANT ACCELERATION

𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓
𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
∆𝑥
Note that: 𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 = and ∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
∆𝑡

Substituting and rearranging,

1
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓 𝑡 for constant acceleration
2
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ANALYSIS MODEL
PARTICLE UNDER CONSTANT ACCELERATION

1 𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 for constant acceleration

1
2 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓 𝑡
2
for constant acceleration

derived from 1 and 2


2 2
3 𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑥 (𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 ) for constant acceleration
1
4 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 for constant acceleration
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
At t = 0, one toy car is set rolling on a straight track with initial position 15.0 cm,
initial velocity – 3.50 cm/s, and constant acceleration 2.40 cm/s2. At the same
moment, another toy car is set rolling on an adjacent track with initial position 10.0
cm, initial velocity +5.50 cm/s, and constant acceleration zero. (a) At what time, if
any, do the two cars have equal speed? (b) What are their speed at that time? (c) At
what time(s), if any, do the cars pass each other?

Ans: (a) 3.75 s, (b) 5.50 cm/s, (c) 0.6 s, 6.9 s


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FREE-FALLING BODIES
❑ Any object moving freely under influence of gravity alone,
regardless of its initial motion
➢ Objects thrown upward or downward and those released from
rest all falling freely once released

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FREE-FALLING BODIES
For a body in free-fall,
all objects are dropped with the same constant downward acceleration
(9.8 m/s2) under the influence of the Earth’s gravity

assuming that:
• air resistance is neglected
• slight variations in g as latitude changes is neglected

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FREE-FALLING BODIES

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FREE-FALLING BODIES
for free-fall,
motion is in y and ay = -g

𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 𝑣𝑦𝑓 = 𝑣𝑦𝑖 − 𝑔𝑡


1 1
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓 𝑡 𝑦𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦𝑓 𝑡
2 2
2 2 2 2
𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑥 (𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑣𝑦𝑓 = 𝑣𝑦𝑖 − 2𝑔 (𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 )
1 1 2
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑦𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦𝑖 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2 2
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QUICK QUIZ 5
What happens to the acceleration of a ball after it is thrown
upward into the air? (Neglect air resistance.)
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) increases and then decreases
(d) decreases and then increases
(e) remains the same

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QUICK QUIZ 6
What happens to the speed of a ball after it is thrown upward into
the air? (Neglect air resistance.)
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) increases and then decreases
(d) decreases and then increases
(e) remains the same

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A stone was thrown upwards with an initial velocity of 20.0
m/s from a height of 50.0 m. Find:

a. the time required to reach the maximum height,


b. the maximum height that can be reached by the stone,
c. the velocity of the stone when it returns to the height
from which it was thrown, and
d. the time for the stone to reach the ground.

Answers: a. 2.04s, b. 70.4m, c. -20m/s, d. 5.83s U S T FAC U LT Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G | 2 0 2 0


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SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
An attacker at the base of a 3.65-m high castle walk throws a rock
straight up with a speed of 7.40 m/s from a height of 1.55 m above the
ground.

a. Will the rock reach the top of the wall?


b. If yes, what maximum height can the rock reach? If no, what
minimum velocity is required for the rock to reach the top of the
wall?
c. How long will it take for the rock to reach the surface?

Answers: a. yes, b. 4.35 m, c. 1.70 s U S T FAC U LT Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G | 2 0 2 0

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