1.1 An astronaut weighs 730 N in Houston, Texas, where the local acceleration of gravity is g=9.792 m/s 2.

What are the astronaut’s mass and weight on the moon, where g=1.67m/s2.

1.2 A dead-weight gauge with a piston diameter of 1 cm is used for the accurate measurement of pressure. If a
mass of 6.14 kg (including piston and pan) brings it into balance, and if g = 9.82 m/s2, what is the gauge
pressure being measured? For a barometric pressure of 0.997 bar, what is the absolute pressure?

1.3 At 27°C the reading on a manometer filled with mercury is 60.5 cm. The local acceleration of gravity is
9.784 m/s2 . To what pressure does this height of mercury correspond?

P1.13 An instrument to measure the acceleration of gravity on Mars is constructed of a spring from which is
suspended a mass of 0.40 kg. At a place on earth where the local acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s 2, the
spring extends 1.08 cm. When the instrument package is landed on Mars, it radios the information that the
spring is extended 0.40 cm. What is the Martian acceleration of gravity?

1.5 A team from Engineers Without Borders constructs a system to supply water to a mountainside village
located 1800 m above sea level from a spring in the valley below at 1500 m above sea level.
(a)  When the pipe from the spring to the village is full of water, but no water is flowing, what is the
pressure difference between the end of the pipe at the spring and the end of the pipe in the village?
(b)  What is the change in gravitational potential energy of a liter of water when it is pumped from the
spring to the village?
(c)  What is the minimum amount of work required to pump a liter of water from the spring to the
village?

P1.19 A gas is confined in a 0.47 m diameter cylinder by a piston, on which rests a weight. The mass of the
piston and the weight together is 150 kg. The local acceleration of gravity is 9.813 m/s , and atmospheric
pressure is 101.57 kPa
a) What is the force in newtons (N) exerted on the gas by the atmosphere, the piston and the weight,
assuming no friction between the piston and cylinder?
b) What is the pressure of the gas in kPa?
c) If the gas in the cylinder is heated, it expands, pushing the piston and weight upward. If the piston
and weight are raised by 0.83 m, what is the work done by the gas in kJ? What is the change in the
potential energy of the piston and weight?

Sample Problems: Cp

1. What is the heat (in kJ) required when 10 mol of ethylene is heated from 200 to 1,100 C at approximately
atmospheric pressure in a steady-state flow heat exchanger? Ans. 798.5 kJ

2. What is the final temperature when heat in the amount of 1,100 kJ is added to 30 mol of SO 2 initially at
300oC in a steady-state flow heat exchanger at approximately atmospheric pressure? Ans. 1273 K

Sample Problems: Work

1. A gas is contained within a piston-cylinder assembly expands in a constant- pressure process from a volume
of 0.30 m3/kg to a volume of 0.84 m3/kg. The mass of the gas is 1.25 kg. If the amount of energy transfer by
work is 75 kJ, calculate the pressure in bars. Ans. 1.11 bar
2. A gas expands against a variable opposing pressure given by P = 10/V where V is the volume (L) of the gas at
each stage of the expansion and P is the pressure in atm, Find the work done by the gas on expansion from 10
to 100 liters (in Joules). Ans. -2333J

3. The path followed by a gas during a particular mechanically reversible process is described by the equation:
𝑃 + 𝑎𝑉 = 𝑐 where a and c are constants. In the initial state, P1 = 60 bar and V1 = 0.002 m3; in the final state,
P2 = 20 bar and V2 = 0.004 m . Calculate the work for the process. Ans. -8000 J

Sample Problem: Reversible and Irreversible Process

1. One mole of an ideal gas is confined in a 0.3-m diameter cylinder by a piston on which rests a 100-kg
weight. The mass of the piston is 50 kg. The gas expands isothermally at 25 oC after the removal of weight.
Calculate the work done required for each of the following:
a) The 100-kg weight is removed in one step.
b) The 100-kg weight is removed in two steps, 50 kg/step.
c) The 100-kg weight is removed in four steps, 25 kg/step.
d) The weight is replaced by a pile of sand (100 kg) and the grains of sand are removed one at a time.

1.4 An elevator with a mass of 2,500 kg rests at a level 10 m above the base of an elevator shaft. It is raised to
100 m above the base of the shaft, where the cable holding it breaks. The elevator falls freely to the base of
the shaft and strikes a strong spring. The spring is designed to bring the elevator to rest and, by means of a
catch arrangement, to hold the elevator at the position of maximum spring compression. Assuming the entire
process to be frictionless and taking g – 9.8 m/s , calculate:
a) The potential energy of the elevator in its initial position relative to the base of the shaft.
b) The work done in raising the elevator.
c) The potential energy of the elevator in its highest position relative to the base of the shaft.
d) The velocity and kinetic energy of the elevator just before it strikes the spring.
e) The potential energy of the compressed spring.
f) The energy of the system consisting of the elevator and spring (1) at the start of the process, (2)
when the elevator reaches its maximum height, (3) just before the elevator strikes the spring, (4) after the
elevator has come to rest.

P1.4 At what absolute temperature do the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales give the same numerical
value? What is the value?

P1.6  Pressures up to 3000 bar are measured with a dead-weight gauge. The piston diameter is 4 mm. What is
the approximate mass in kg of the weights required?

P1.7 Pressures up to 3000(atm) are measured with a dead-weight gauge. The piston diameter is 0.17(in). What
is the approximate mass in (lbm) of the weights required?

P1.8 The reading on a mercury manometer at 25°C (open to the atmosphere at one end) is 56.38 cm. The local
acceleration of gravity is 9.832 m/s2. Atmospheric pressure is 101.78 kPa. What is the absolute pressure in kPa
being measured? The density of mercury at 25°C is 13.534 g/cm 3.
P1.9 The reading on a mercury manometer at 70(°F) (open to the atmosphere at one end) is 25.62(in). The
local acceleration of gravity is 32.243 ft/s2. Atmospheric pressure is 29.86 (in Hg). What is the absolute
pressure in (psia) being measured? The density of mercury at 70(°F) is 13.543 g/cm 3.

P1.10 An absolute pressure gauge is submerged 50 m (1979 inches) below the surface of the ocean and reads
P = 6.064 bar. This is P = 2434(inches of H2O), according to the unit conversions built into a particular
calculator. Explain the apparent discrepancy between the pressure measurement and the actual depth of
submersion.

P1.15 A group of engineers has landed on the moon, and they wish to determine the mass of some rocks. They
have a spring scale calibrated to read pounds mass at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 32.186
ft/s2. One of the moon rocks gives a reading of 18.76 on this scale. What is its mass? What is its weight on the
moon? Take g(moon) = 5.32 ft/s2.

P1.21 An automobile having a mass of 1250 kg is traveling at 40 m/s .What is its kinetic energy in kJ? How
much work must be done to bring it to a stop?

P1.22 The turbines in a hydroelectric plant are fed by water falling from a 50-m height. Assuming 91%
efficiency for conversion of potential to electrical energy, and 8% loss of the resulting power in transmission,
what is the mass flowrate of water required to power a 200-watt light bulb?

P1.17 A 70-W outdoor security light burns, on average, 10 hours a day. A new bulb costs $ 5.00, and the
lifetime is about 1000 hours. If electricity costs $ 0.10 per kWh, what is the yearly price of “security”, per light?

P1.18 A gas is confined in a 1.25 ft diameter cylinder by a piston, on which rests a weight. The mass of the
piston and weight together is 250 lbm. The local acceleration of gravity is 32.169 ft/s2, and atmospheric
pressure is 30.12 (in Hg).
a)  What is the force in lbf exerted on the gas by the atmosphere, the piston, and the weight, assuming
no friction between the piston and cylinder?
b)  What is the pressure of the gas in psia?
c)  If the gas in the cylinder is heated, it expands, pushing the piston and weight upward. If the piston
and weight are raised 1.7 ft, what is the work done by the gas in ft lbf? What is the change in potential
energy of the piston and weight?