Lecture 2: Cell structures and

functions
Dr O. Lilje, School of Biological 1
Sciences, University of Sydney
Atomic Molecular
Levels of Cellular
Organisation
Tissue
Organismal Organ
Organ systems
Dr O. Lilje, School of Biological 2
Sciences, University of Sydney
 Cell Theory
1839-Schleiden & Schwann
“All living organisms are composed of cells
and cell products, and all cells come from
pre-existing cells”
Dr O. Lilje, School of Biological 3
Sciences, University of Sydney
Typical structures of (eukaryotic)
animal cells? Prokaryotic-bacteria
cytosol
Organelles
compartmentalise
chemical reactions
4
 Organelles and Structures
Liquid
property due to
movement of
phospholipids
• Cell membrane/plasma membrane
– Phospholipid bilayer, aka phosphobilipid layer
– Centre: hydrophobic “water hating”
– Outside: hydrophilic “water loving”
• Protein channels
– Passive, allow movement across a gradient, high to low conc.
5
– Active, requires energy to move ions across the membrane
Organelles and Structures
• Nucleus
– Nucleolus
(assemble ribosomes)
− DNA
• Ribosomes
– Translation
mRNA translated protein
precursor
• Endoplasmic reticulum
– Rough
– Smooth
Sarcoplasmic reticulum• Assemble lipid
• Detoxify poisons eg
Dr O. Lilje, School of Biological
drugs and alcahol 6
Sciences, University of Sydney
 Organelles and Structures cont.
• Golgi apparatus/body
– Process and package
proteins
• Carbohydrates, lipids
• Hormones, channel
proteins
exocytosis
• Lysosomes
– Digest particles
– Cells defence endocytosis
7
Endomembrane system
Dr O. Lilje, School of Biological 8
Sciences, University of Sydney
 Organelles and Structures cont.
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine
diphosphate
break energy
(ADP)
• Mitochondria
– Cellular respiration
– “Powerhouse”
• Theory: bacteria? 9
Cellular respiration
Dr O. Lilje, School of Biological 10
Sciences, University of Sydney
 Organelles and Structures cont.
• Cytoskeleton
– Microtubules
• Centrioles
• Cilia and
flagella
– Intermediate
filaments
• Mechanical
support for
cells
• Actin, myosin
– Microfilaments
• microvilli 11