22-06-20

Prestressed concrete
Dr. Faisal Shabbir
 Concrete

Richard P, and cheyrey (1995) achieved the

maximum compressive strength 810 MPa in
reactive powder concrete,

Highest compressive strength of concrete actually

used in construction has…
design compressive strength of 300 N/m2 ,which
has been developed and used by
Taisei Corporation in Japan

6/22/2020 DR FAISAL SHABBIR 2

Steel

ASTM A416 / A416M - 18 Standard

Specification for Low-Relaxation, Seven-
Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete.
minimum tensile strengths of 250 ksi [1725
MPa] and 270 ksi [1860 MPa], respectively

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High strength materials
Advantages
Less cross-sectional area
Reduction in weight resulting economical designs
Reduction in depth of members allow reduced building heights and savings
in utilities pipes and wires etc
Limitation
Cracking and deflections at service loads
Width and number of cracks are proportional to strain and stress in steel
Slender members may permit deflection

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Prestressed concrete
A prestressed concrete member is one in which there have been introduced internal
stresses of such magnitude and distribution that the stresses resulting from given external
loading are counteracted to a described degree
Prestressing applies a precompression to the member that reduces or eliminates tensile
stresses.

This technique
Allows cracking to be avoided or eliminated
Even deflection can be reduced to zero
Effect of prestressing
a. Method of achieving concrete stress control
b. As a mean of introducing equivalent loads
c. As a special variation of reinforced concrete by using High strength materials

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 Concrete stress control by prestressing

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 a. Concrete stress control by prestressing

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Conclusions
1. Prestressing can control or eliminate concrete tensile stresses
2. Eccentric pressure is much more efficient than concentric pressure
3. Variable eccentricity is preferable to constant eccentricity from the
view points of both stress control and deflection control.

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b. Equivalent Loads
The change in vertical alignment of a prestressing tendon will produce
a vertical force on the concrete beam.
This force together with prestressing force acting at the ends of the
beam through the tendon anchorages can be looked upon as a system
of external loads

How?????

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c. Prestress concrete as variation of
Reinforced concrete
• In the previous discussion concrete response was elastic and
there is no cracking. These conditions can prevail up to
service load level.
• As load is increased depending on prestressing effort
section may be uncracked, minor or fully cracked like
ordinary beams. Level of prestress can control level of
cracking.
• At inelastic stage under factored loading concrete will be in
cracked stage as shown in figure
• At factored loads cracks develop and external moments are
resisted by the internal forces couples Cz=Tz, just like
ordinary RC beams at overloads
• What is difference than????????? As steel is high strength it
will elongate??
• High strength steel must be pre-strained before application
of loads to prevent excessive cracking and large beam
deflections
• Use High strength concrete to ensure high Cz.

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Analysis and design of prestress
Not all three approached are not comprehensive

Concrete Stress Control analysis Equivalent loads analysis Reinforced concrete using Pre-
strained Steel
Strength Safety margins are not Strength Safety margins are not Strength analysis helps calculating
sure sure safety against collapse

Extent of cracking can be predicted Helpful in calculating deflection Cracking and deflection under
service loads can not be predicted

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 Sources of
Per stressing Sources of Prestress force

1-post tensioning by Jackets reacting

against abutments
If abutments fail???
2-Jacks reacting against beams
tied to cables or wires
3-Pre tensioning by use of massive
fixed abutments in casting yards
4- Thermal prestressing of steel
5- Expanding cement

6/22/2020 Which method will you prefer: Pre-stressing or post-tensioning??

13
Low strength versus High strength steel
low strength steel prestress is lost due to
shrinkage and creep effects.
•
• Long term strain in concrete???
High strength steel stressed to 150000psi
would strain
• Net strain would be =
• Stress after losses=127000psi, only 15%
stress loss.
• Amount of stress lost is independent of
original steel stress.
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Prestressing steel
ASTM A 416/A416M-18 (Standard Specification for Low-Relaxation, Seven-Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete)
ASTM A722/A722M-18 (Standard Specification for High-Strength Steel Bars for Prestressed Concrete)

How stress strain relation of Prestressing steel is different from

ordinary Steel???
yield point, E, Spread of curve b/w tensile strength and yield strength
Round wires
0.192-0.276inΦ, Cold drawing high carbon steel
Stress relieved by heat treatment
Up to 50 Wires are bundled to produce prestressing tendons
E=290000

Standard Cables
0.25-0.6Φ
Six wires are wound around a main wire at a pitch of 12-16 times dia of
strand.
Unbonded strand, E=260000psi, Bonded strand , E=270000psi

Alloy steel bars

Plain bars 0.75-1.375Φ deformed 0.625-2.5inΦ
E=270000psi
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Permitted Tensile stress

Why allowable stress limits are higher during stretching procedure

1 Steel stresses an steel strains are known precisely?
2 Acts as performance test ?

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Advantages of using high strength Concrete

1. Higher “E” to ensure reduced loss of prestress , reduced initial

elastic strain, reduction in creep,
2. High strength concrete compensates Higher bearing stresses that
redevelop at the ends of beam.
3. Use of high strength concrete permit the development of higher
bond stress in pretensioned construction
4. Higher strength can be easily obtained in controlled environment

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Classification of prestressed flexure members

ft=Extreme fiber stress in tension in the pre compressed tension zone

at service load considering section as uncracked.

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How much concrete can be stressed??

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Elastic Flexural Analysis
Class C
• Design is based on strength
• These have no service level stress
requirements
• These must satisfy strength and
serviceability requirements
• Service load stress calculations are
computed on the bases of cracked
section
• Prestressing is required primarily
for deflection control
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Design philosophy
• Permissible stresses
• Strength is sufficient
• Deflection at service loads
• Cracking at service loads
Class U and T
• Proportioned to limit stresses in
concrete and steel within
permissible limits
• This is to improve the performance
of members at service loads
• Elastic behavior of both steel and
concrete is considered
• Service load stress calculations are
computed on the bases of
uncracked section
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Prestressing force

Pe Concrete creep under sustained prestress force,

Concrete shrinkage, Relaxation of stress in the steel
Effective Prestress force
Till we reach the stage of service load

Pi Elastic shortening of concrete, slip of tendons,

Loss due to friction between tendon and concrete
in post-tensioning, friction between cable and
Initial Prestress force tendon alignment devices in pre-tensioning

Pj
Jacking force

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 Prestressing forces on Post-tensioned beam
Stress development
• Prestressing force
• Self weight moment
• Dead load moment
• Live load moments

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Concrete Stress
Distribution,
a. Effect of prestress
b. Effect of prestress +Self weight
C. Effect of prestress +Self weight+
Dead +live service loads

Effect of Holes on AC and Ic,

Effect on Ac and Ic in Pretensioned
beams

Concrete Stress Distribution,

a. Pi+SelfWeight
b. Pe+Service Loads
fci, fti=permissible stresses immediately after transfer
Fcs,fts= permissible stresses at service load
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 Kern of a section
Limiting points on cross section inside which the prestress force
resultant may be applied without causing tension anywhere in the
cross-section

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Prestressed I Beam with constant Eccentricity

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Prestressed I Beam with constant Eccentricity

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Prestressed I Beam with constant Eccentricity

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Prestressed I Beam with constant Eccentricity

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Flexural strength

normal Prestress
Stresses in steel and concrete increases Increased moments is resisted by the
in proportion to applied force up to or proportionate increased distance
beyond service load between the compressive and tensile
Distance between the stress resultants force resultants.
remains constant. Compressive moments resultant shifts
upward with the increase in load
Strength prediction for prestressing beams Account for….. Magnitude of internal forces remain
1.Different shape of stress strain curve for prestressing steel constant up to/somewhat beyond
2.Tensile strain is already present before actual loading service load
Strain compatibility analysis accounts for these in rational and
explicit way
After flexural tensile cracking steel
ACI318-Chapter 18
stress increases. Now beam behave like
ordinary beam.

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 Stresses in the Prestress steel.
ACI 318-08 chapter 18

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Nominal flexural strength and design strength

Combining above equations:-

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Stress block depth greater than flange

what is solution
If non prestressed steel is
used along with prestressed
Provides tension to balance the compression in the web. The total resisting moment steel

is the sum of the contributions of the two force couples: Why non prestressed
reinforcement is provided
Ans: If strength is
inadequate for required
safety margins.
What stress level should be
considered in NP steel
Ans: stress should be equal
to fy. And tension force will
be equal =As.fy

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 DMFT2

Limits for reinforcement

• Figure on right can be used to calculated
strength reduction factors
• Based on net tensile strain εt ACI classifies
Prestressed members as tension controlled
or compression control.
• In order to maintain strength reduction
factor of 0.9 a net tensile strain of 0.005 is DMFT3
required.
• Tensioned controlled member: net tensile
strain>0.005
• Compression controlled member: net Strain distribution and variation of
tensile strain<0.002 strength reduction factors
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Slide 34

DMFT2 variation of tsrength reduction fatcor with net tensile strain

Dr M Fiaz Tahir, 3/14/2019

DMFT3 net tensile strain c-dt ratio

Dr M Fiaz Tahir, 3/14/2019
Limits for
Reinforcement

• The maximum value of c/dt for a tension-controlled member, that is, with ε t = 0.005, is 0.375
• If beam does not meet above requirements it will no longer be a tensioned controlled and figure
on right must be used to calculate strength reduction factors.
• If c/dt>-.60 beam is over reinforced use alternative equations for determining flexural strength.
• As per ACI code 18.8.2 the minimum tensile reinforcement is required to support 1.2 times
cracking load of the beam calculated using modulus of rupture=7.5(fc’)^.5
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Limits for reinforcement

How to control cracking in beam and slabs with unbonded tendons??

Minimum bonded reinforcement
As=.004 A
(A=area between flexural tension face and centroid of gross concrete cross
section)

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Calculation of flexural strength of a beam

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Calculation of flexural strength of a beam

6/22/2020 EQ 19.6 is an Aci equation 38

Calculation of flexural strength of a beam

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Calculation of flexural
strength of a beam

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FLEXURAL DESIGN BASED ON CONCRETE STRESS
LIMITS
Beams with Variable Eccentricity

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Beams with Variable
Eccentricity
• For a typical Class U or T beam in which the tendon
eccentricity is permitted to vary along the span, flexural
stress distributions in the concrete at the maximum
moment section are shown in Fig. a
• The eccentric prestress force, having an initial value of P i ,
produces the linear stress distribution (1).
• Because of the upward camber of the beam as that force
is applied, the self-weight of the member is immediately
introduced,
• The flexural stresses resulting from the moment M o are
superimposed, and the distribution (2) is the first that is
actually attained. At this stage, the tension at the top
surface is not to exceed f ti , and the compression at the
bottom surface is not to exceed f ci , as shown in Fig a .

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 Beams with Variable
Eccentricity
• It will be assumed that all the losses occur at this stage, and
that the stress distribution changes to distribution (3).
• The losses produce a reduction of tension in the amount Δ f 1
at the top surface and a reduction of compression in the
amount Δ f 2 at the bottom surface.
• As the superimposed dead load moment M d and the service
live load moment M l are introduced, the associated flexural
stresses, when superimposed on stresses already present,
produce distribution (4).
• At this stage, the tension at the bottom surface must not be
greater than f ts , and the compression at the top of the
section must not exceed f cs .
• The requirements for the sections moduli S 1 and S 2 with
respect to the top and bottom surfaces, respectively, are

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Beams with Variable Eccentricity
where the available stress ranges f 1 r and f 2 r at the top and bottom
face can be calculated from the specified stress limits f ti , f cs , f ts ,
and f ci , once the stress changes Δ f 1 and Δ f 2 , associated with
prestress loss are known.
The effectiveness ratio R accounts for the loss of prestress and is
defined as
R =P e/P i
Thus, the loss in prestress force is
P i − P e = (1 − R ) P i

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Beams with Variable Eccentricity
• The changes in stress at the top and bottom faces, Δ f 1 and Δ f 2 , as losses occur,
are equal to (1 − R ) times the corresponding stresses due to the initial prestress
force Pi acting alone:

• where Δ f 1 is a reduction of tension at the top surface and Δ f 2 is a reduction of

compression at the bottom surface.

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Beams with Variable Eccentricity
• Thus, the stress ranges available as the superimposed load moments
M d + M l are applied are

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Beams with Variable Eccentricity

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Beams with Variable Eccentricity
• The cross section must be selected to provide at least these values of
S 1 and S 2 . Furthermore, since I c = S 1 c 1 = S 2 c 2 , the centroidal
axis must be located such that

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Beams with Variable Eccentricity
• From the Figure the concrete centroidal stress under initial conditions
f cci is given by

• The initial prestress force is easily obtained by multiplying the value of

the concrete centroidal stress by the concrete cross-sectional area A c

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Beams with Variable Eccentricity
• The eccentricity of the prestress force may be found by considering the
flexural stresses that must be imparted by the bending moment Pi e.
With reference to Fig. the flexural stress at the top surface of the beam
resulting from the eccentric prestress force alone is.

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Summary
Beams with Variable Eccentricity
• the required section moduli with
respect to the top and bottom
surfaces of the member are
found from these Equations.

• The centroidal axis should be

located using this Equation
• Concrete dimensions are chosen
to satisfy these requirements as
nearly as possible.

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 Summary
Beams with Variable Eccentricity
• The concrete centroidal stress
for this ideal section is given
by Eq

• the desired initial prestress

force by Eq. 

• its eccentricity by Eq

Note: The design requiring the lowest value of prestress force, and the largest practical eccentricity, will be the most economical.

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Example

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Solution
Stress limits are:-

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Solution

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Solution
• The required section moduli with respect to the top and bottom
surfaces of the concrete beam are

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Solution
• The values obtained for S 1 and S 2 suggest that an asymmetrical
section is most appropriate. However, a symmetrical section is
selected for simplicity and to ensure sufficient compression area for
flexural strength. The 28 in. deep I section shown in Fig. will meet the
requirements and has the following properties:

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Solution
• Next, the concrete centroidal stress is found from

• the initial prestress force is

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Solution
• the required tendon eccentricity at the maximum moment section of
the beam is

• Elsewhere along the span, the eccentricity will be reduced so that the
concrete stress limits will not be violated.

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Solution
• The required initial prestress force of 279 kips will be provided using
tendons consisting of 1/2 -in. diameter Grade 270 low-relaxation strands
.The minimum tensile strength is f pu = 270 ksi, and the yield strength may
be taken as f py = 0.90 × 270 = 243
• According to the ACI Code, the permissible stress in the strand immediately
after transfer must not exceed 0.82 f py = 199 ksi or 0.74 f pu = 200 ksi. The
first criterion controls. The required area of prestressing steel is
A ps = 279/199= 1.40 in 2
• The cross-sectional area of one 1/2 -in. diameter strand is 0.153 in 2 ;
hence, the number of strands required is
• Number of strands = 1.40/0.153 = 9.2
• Two five-strand tendons will be used, each stressed to 139.5 kips
immediately following transfer.
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• It is good practice to check
the calculations by
confirming that stress limits
are not exceeded at critical
load stages. The top and
bottom surface concrete
stresses produced, in this
case, by the separate
loadings are:

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• Thus, when the initial prestress force of 279 kips is applied and the
beam self-weight acts, the top and bottom stresses in the concrete
at midspan are, respectively,
f 1 = + 618 − 422 = + 196 psi
f 2 = − 2943 + 422 = − 2521 psi
• When the prestress force has decreased to its effective value of 237
kips and the full service load is applied, the concrete stresses are
f 1 = + 525 − 422 − 2532 = − 2429 psi
f 2 = − 2502 + 422 + 2532 = + 452 psi
• These stress distributions are shown in Fig . Comparison with the
specified limit stresses confirms that the design is satisfactory.

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FLEXURAL DESIGN BASED ON CONCRETE
STRESS LIMITS

Beams with Constant Eccentricity

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Assignment #2
FLEXURAL DESIGN BASED ON CONCRETE STRESS LIMITS
Beams with Constant Eccentricity
Write a note on the Design of beam with constant eccentricity tendons.
The beam in the preceding example is to be redesigned using straight
tendons with constant eccentricity. All other design criteria are the
same as before. At the supports, a temporary concrete tensile stress
f ti = 6 √f ci = 389 psi and
compressive stress f ci = 0.7 f ‘ci = 2940 psi are permitted.
Span of beam is= 40+Your Roll NO (up to roll No. 40)
Span of beam is= 40+(Your Roll NO/100) (Above 40)
Submission date: 1 week (to be submitted on Microsoft Teams)

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Partial prestressing
1. Flexural tensile stresses and cracking is permitted at service load
2. Flexural reinforcement includes both prestresses and non prestressed reinforcement.

Disadvantages of Full prestressing Advantages of Partial Prestressing

Full prestressing=>ft=0 1. Below service load no cracking
1. Large upward deflections/camber 2. At service load cracks form and close when load
is removed
2. Concrete creep enhances camber
3. Axial shortening and camber may be avoided
3. Beams suffer longitudinal shortening causing
further creep and elastic deformations 4. Ample warning at overload.
4. Heavy beam if overload fail in brittle mode. 5. Prestress steel area is decreased and some Non
prestressed steel is provided why??

ACI code no specific guidelines

1. Class T, service level stresses to be
below allowable stresses
2. Class C require crack control checks

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Partial prestress economy versus requirement

Is partial prestressing economical How much to prestress

Labor cost for placing rebars or
prestressed bars
Cost comparison Cost of
Tendons= 2xrebar cost
Strength of Tendons= 3xrebar
1. Nature of loading, bridges or
warehouses
2. Ratio of live load to dead load
3. Frequency of occurrence of
full service load
4. Corrosive environment

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Shape selection
1. I T and Box section are economical
2. TT 4 -12’ wide up to 60ft long suitable for roof
3. T suitable for 120ft and heavier loads
4. I and bulb T suitable for bridges and roof girders up to
140ft
5. Channel slab is suitable for floors up to 20ft
6. Box girder is suitable for bridges
7. Inverted T to provide bearing edges to other beams and
slabs

PCI handbook contains standard shapes and their properties

Why Unsymmetrical sections??

• Different stresses
• Flat surface is required
• Composite construction
• Support for other members

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 Tendon Profile
Moments and e are function of distance x
Tensile stress Positive and compressive stresses
negative

Lower limits of e
• First Unloaded stage
Tensile stresses at the
top of the fibers must
not exceed fti.
• At the bottom of the
unload beam stresses
must not exceed the
limiting initial
compression, fci

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Tendon Profile
Upper limits of e
• Fully loaded stage fcs.
• Fully loaded stage fts

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Tendon Profile

• Engineers plot the envelope of acceptable tendon profiles, for a typical case in which both
dead and live loads are uniformly distributed.
• Any tendon centroid falling completely within the shaded zone would be satisfactory from
the point of view of concrete stress limits.
• It should be emphasized that it is only the tendon centroid that must be within the shaded
zone; individual strands are often outside of it.
• The tendon profile actually used is often a parabolic curve or a catenary in the case of post-
tensioned beams. The duct containing the prestressing steel is draped to the desired shape
and held in that position by wiring it to the transverse web reinforcement, after which the
concrete may be placed.
• In pretensioned beams, deflected or harped tendons are often used. The strands are held
down at midspan, at the third points, or at the quarter points of the span and held up at the
ends, so that a smooth curve is approximated to a greater or lesser degree.
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Loss of prestress
Why does we loss prestress force
1. Elastic shortening of the concrete
2. Slip at the anchorage
3. Frictional losses along the tendon
4. Long term factors
5. Shrinakge
6. Creep
7. Relaxation of steel
Effective ratio=R=Pe/Pi
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Why we determine losses
Losses have no effect on nominal
strength of members with bonded
tendons
BUT
Under/over estimation of losses
effect service conditions camber,
deflection, cracking
1. Lumpsum bases
2. Separate losses
71
Lump-Sum Estimate of losses

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Estimate of Separate losses

• Slip at the Anchorage Loss estimation by time step

• Elastic Shortening of Concrete method
• Frictional losses Step by step method developed by
the committee on prestress losses
• Creep of the concrete of the prestressed concrete institute
• Shrinkage of the concrete
• Relaxation of the steel
Creep+shrinkage +relaxation losses
are 10 %of Pi

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Further reading

Shear: Flexural shear cracks and

web-shear cracks
Diagonal tension
Bond stress transfer length and
development length
Anchorage zone design
Deflection
Crack control for Class C Flexural
Members
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