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CONSIDERATION OF THE CROSS SECTIONAL FORM

OF PIPE BENDS WHEN CALCULATING THEIR

LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE STRENGTH

V. A. Nakhalov, R. Z. Shron, UDC 620.178.3:621.774

R. Kh. Baraz, and R. K. Balashova

Pipes operating under cyclic loading conditions are damaged most often on bent sections where high
local stresses occur. The pipe cross section deformed when manufacturing the bend tries to take a round
form under the effect of internal pressure and secondary bending stresses occur in the wall of the bend
along with the primary tensile stresses.
The magnitude of the local stresses from internal pressure is usually determined by assuming the
pipe section to be elliptic. In this case the maximum stresses act at the vertices of the ellipse (points A,
B, and C in Fig. i) and can be found by the equations given in [I, 2]. Meanwhile, measurements show that
the actual sections of bends have an irregular shape which often differs considerably from an ellipse. As
a consequence of this the maximum stresses from internal pressure can differ appreciably from the values
calculated on the basis of an elliptic form of the section.
To evaluate the effect of the cross sectional form on stresses, we measured about 400 sections of pipe
bends measuring 32 x 4 mm (radius of the bend R = 60 mm) and 108 x 4.5 mm (R -- 500 mm) made with and
without the use of a mandrel. From the measurement data we determine the ovality of the seckion

Drnax-- Dmin 100%, (1)

== Dn
and by m e a n s of the method given in [3] we calculated the s t r e s s e s f r o m the internal p r e s s u r e in the bend
wall. In Eq. (1) Dmax, Dmin a r e the m a x i m u m and m i n i m u m outside d i a m e t e r s of the section; Dn is the
nominal outside d i a m e t e r of the pipe.
A c o m p a r i s o n of the m a x i m u m bending s t r e s s e s A a in the zone of point A of the m e a s u r e d pipes with
the s t r e s s e s A a e l at point A of a bend of elliptic section having the same ovality is shown in Fig. 2. As
we see f r o m the figure, the s t r e s s e s in bends of the r e a l
f o r m can exceed c o n s i d e r a b l y those in the bend of e l -
liptic section, e s p e c i a l l y in the case of small ovality when
local i r r e g u l a r i t i e s of the c r o s s sectional profile become
essential. In the case of ovality to 8% the s t r e s s e s
calculated with consideration of the actual f o r m of the
section can exceed by a f a c t o r of two and m o r e the values
obtained on the assumption of an elliptic profile.
The upper limit of the 99% confidence interval in
Fig. 2 i s approximated by the equation
A~
-- 0,9 • 9 . (2)
h%l
The known r e s u l t s of s t r a i n gauge m e a s u r e m e n t s of the
Fig. i. Characteristic points and dimen- bends of pipes with a d i a m e t e r f r o m 32 to 550 m m [1, 4,
sions of bend. 5, etc. ] also fall within the limits of this region.

Chelyabinsk. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. i0, pp. 121-124, October, 1973. Original
article submitted February 17, 1972.

9 J974 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West ]7th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
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copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

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